ࡱ> r~bjbjVV4<<- ~ ~ 8 lx,f2222jjj+++++++$.0+]jfjjj+224W,***jH 22+*j+***2@# K&*+m,0,*91(91**B91H*xjj*jjjjj++T)jjj,jjjj91jjjjjjjjj~  : Weather conditions impacts on maize yields in Vukovar-Syrmium County (Croatia) Danijela Tomsic Third year year of Agricultural Management professional study Vlado Kovacevic University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia Faculty, Department, Full address, Country, e-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:vkovacevic@pfos.hr" vkovacevic@pfos.hr Abstract: Fluctuations of field crops yields in Croatia among years are relative high as result of environmental conditions differences during the individual growing season. In general, the higher and good distributed precipitations as well as lower air-temperatures during three summer months (June-August) are more favorable for maize. Aim of this study was testing of precipitation and temperature regime influences (the data of State Hydrometerological Institute) on maize yields (the data of State Bureau for Statistics) in the Vukovar-Syrmium County (VSC) for 3-year period 2005-2007. The growing season 2007 was unfavorable for maize growing. Water shortage in combination with high air-temperatures, especially during the summer months, is main reason for yield loss. For example, under more favorable conditions of 2005 precipitation in three-month period in Gradiste close to Zupanja (June-August) was 364 mm or close to twofold in comparison with the long-term mean. At the same period, mean air-temperature was for 0.5 oC higher. However, under unfavorable conditions of 2007, precipitation at the same period was about third part lower and air-temperature for even 2.2 oC higher As result of these conditions are average yields of maize in VSC 8.38 t/ha and 5.39 t/ha, for 2005 and 2007, respectively. Key words: precipitation, air-temperatures, maize yield, Vukovar-Syrmium County, Croatia Introduction Maize is the first-ranged field crop on the arable lands in Croatia. According to the data of State Bureau for Statistics in the period 2000-2007 mean annually acreage (in thousand hectares) of main field crops (in the bracket: mean yield in t/ha) were as follows: maize 359 (5.40), winter wheat 202 (4.13), soybean 49.2 (2.16), sunflower 30.2 (2.16) and sugar beet 27.5 (39.43). Majority of maize growing areas in Croatia has been distributed in the Pannonian region (the eastern, central and northwestern part of the country). This region participating close to 50% in the state territory. However, only 4 % of maize growing area is distributed in remaining half part of Croatia (Mountain and Mediterranean region). Fluctuations of mentioned field crops yields among years are relative high as result of environmental conditions differences during the individual growing season. With that regard, annually maize yield variation for 2000- 2007 period was in range from 3.86 t/ha to 6.92 t/ha. In general, the higher and good distributed precipitations as well as lower air-temperatures during three summer months (June-August) are more favorable for maize (Kovacevic et al., 2009; Kovacevic and Josipovic, 2005; Josipovic et al., 2005; Maklenovic et al., 2009; Markulj et al., 2010; Sostaric and Josipovic, 2006). Aim of this study was testing of precipitation and temperature regime influences on maize yields in the Vukovar-Syrmium County for 3-year period 2005-2007. Material and methods Description of the area Vukovar-Sirmium County (VSC) covers area of 2441km2 or 4.3 % of the state territory. It is situated in the SE edge of Pannonian region. The Danube makes the natural border to the East, the Sava to the South, while toward W, NW and N directions are situating Osijek-Baranya and Brod-Posavina Counties. VSC is the lowest part of Pannonian Croatia (the Holocene and Pleistocene terraces) with altitude ranging from 80 to 120 m. In general, the VSC area has mainly fertile soils, for example, calcaric chernozem, eutric cambisol, calcaric regosol, eutric and mollic gleysols and calcaric fluvisol. Arable land acreage of VSC (only cultivable areas) is (status 2007) 128091 ha (or 15.4 % in level of the country), of this are 60% cereals, 19 % oil crops, 7 % forage crops, 11 % sugar beet and 3 % other crops. VSC participating (status 2007) in individual field crops acreages (Croatia = 100%) with 10.5 % (maize), 21.7% (wheat), 39.9% (sugar beet), 32.7% (soybean) and 22.4% (sunflower), respectively. Average yields of these crops are higher in VSC in comparison to the state means because of more favorable agroecological conditions in VSC than in rest part of Croatia (Skoric et al., 1985). Collection of the data The data of State Bureau for Statistics (Statistical Yearbooks) were used as source of maize yield data. State Hydrometeorological Institutes in Zagreb were source of meteorological data (Gradiste close to Zupanja). Results and discussion VSC participating with 11% in maize production in Croatia (4-year average 2007-2010) and yields are the higher in comparison with the state mean mainly because of prevailing of more fertile soils. Maize yields in VSC was for 21%, 14% and 9% higher than the state mean, for 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively (Table 1). Intensity of yield differences between VSC and Croatia is depending mainly on the weather characteristics. In general, these differences are higher under normal weather conditions (for example, the 2005 growing season) and lower under drought stress (for example, 2007). The growing season 2007 was unfavorable for maize growing. Water shortage in combination with high air-temperatures, especially during the summer months, is main reason for yield loss. For example, under more favorable conditions of 2005 precipitation in three-month period in Gradiste (June-August) was 364 mm or close to twofold in comparison with the long-term mean. At the same period, mean air-temperature was for 0.5 oC higher. However, under unfavorable conditions of 2007, precipitation at the same period was about third part lower and air-temperature for even 2.2 oC higher (Table 2). As result of these conditions are average yields of maize 8.38 t/ha and 5.39 t/ha, for 2005 and 2007, respectively (Table 1.). Irrigation is direct intervention for substitution of water deficit in the critical stages of maize growth and alleviation of yield differences among years. Adaptation of soil and crop management practices (terms of sowing, fertilization, choice of more tolerant hybrids etc.) could be used as indirect contributions for alleviation of yield losses under dry year conditions. Table 1. Acreage, production and grain yields of maize in VSC and Croatia Tablica 1. Povrine, proizvodnja i prinosi kukuruza u VSC i Hrvatskoj Acreage (ha) , production (t) and grain yields (t/ha) of maize for three-year period Po~ete povraine (ha) proizvodnja (t) i prinosi kukuruza(t/ha) za period osd tri godine2005.2006.2007.hatt/hahatt/hahatt/haVukovar-Syrmium County (VSC) / Vukovarsko-srijemska ~upanija (VSC)326702737778.38269892008057.44302621631155.39Croatia / Hrvatska31889122067296.9229625119345176.5328838014245994.94Arable land under crops (ha) in Croatia and contribution of maize Oranice koje se obrauju (ha) u Hrvatskoj i udjel kukuruza848620 ha856249 ha830088 haMaize 37.6 %Maize 34.6 %Maize 34.5 %Table 2. Meteorological data for Gradiste (close to Zupanja) Weather Bureau Tablica 2. Meteoroloaki podaci za Gradiate kod }upanje Year God.Gradiste - Weather characteristics: 10-day (a = 1-10; b =1 1-20 and c = 21-30) values; LTM = long-term (1981-2000) means Gradiste -Vremenske prilike : J-M = januar-mart; 10-dnevne vriejdnosti (a = 1-10; b =1 1-20 and c = 21-30); LTM = viegodinji prosjek 1981-2000Apr.MayJune / JuniJuly / JuliAug./ Aug.Septa-ca-cabcabcabcPrecipitation (mm) / Oborine (mm)20054944598582484791366482006913958249143141206711200761302172623633010184LTM535776625560Average air-temperature (oC) / Srednje temperature zraka (oC)200512.017.115.320.723.519.521.723.519.019.220.417.4200613.016.612.821.525.522.122.826.119.922.317.317.8200713.818.220.624.123.522.024.824.421.222.923.814.811.816.919.721.521.217.0 Conclusions Precipitation quantities and their distribution accompanying with temperature regime have considerable influences on maize crops yield in Vukovar-Syrmium County. In general, low yields of maize are in close connection with the lower precipitation and the higher air-temperatures, especially during summer period. With that regard, the growing season 2007 was especially unfavorable compared to the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. References Josipovic M., Kovacevic V., Petosic D. & Sostaric J. 2005: Wheat and maize yield variations in the Brod-Posavina area. Cereal Res. Commun. 33:229-233. Kovacevic V.& Josipovic M. 2005: Maize yield variations among the years in the Eastern Croatia. In: Proceedings of the XL Croatian Symposium on Agriculture with International Participation (Kovacevic V. and Jovanovac Sonja Eds.), 15-18 February 2005, Opatija, Croatia, p. 455-456. Kovacevic V., Sostaric J., Josipovic M., Iljkic D. & Markovic M. 2009: Precipitation and temperature regime impacts on maize yields in eastern Croatia. Research Journal of Agric. Sci. 41: 49-43. Agroprint Editorial Timisoara. Maklenovic V., Vuckovic S., Kovacevic V., Prodanovic S.& Zivanovic Lj. 2009: Precipitation and temperature regimes impacts on maize yields. In: Proc. of 44th Croatian and 4th International Symposium on Agriculture (Maric S. and Loncaric Z. Editors.), 16 th 20 th Febraury 2009, Opatija; Faculty of Agriculture Osijek, p. 569-573. Markulj A., Marijanovic M., Tkalec M., Jozic A.& Kovacevic V. 2010: Effects of precipitation and temperature regimes on maize (Zea mays L.) yields in northwestern Croatia. Acta Agriculturae Serbica 29: 39-45. Skoric A., Filipovski P.& Ciric M. 1985: Klasifikacija tala Jugoslavije, ANU-BiH, Sarajevo. Sostaric J.& Josipovic M. 2006: Weather and soil influences on maize yield in the eastern Croatia. Universitatea se Stiente Agricole si Medicina Veterinara Iasi, Lucrari Stiintifice 49, seria Agronomie : 161-167. 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Openito, vee koli ine dobro rasporeenih padavina u kombinaciji s neato ni~im temperaturama tokom tri letna meseca (Juni-Avgust) su povoljniji za kukuruz. Cilj ovoga rada bio je analizirati uticaj oborinskog i temperaturnog re~ima na prinose kukuruza u Vukovarsko-srijemskog ~upaniji (VSC) za trogodianji period 2005-2007. Vegetacija 2007. nije bila povoljna za gajenje kukuruza. Suaa u kombinaciji s visokim temperaturama vazduha, osobito u letnim mesecima, su glavni razlog za niske prinose. Tako je u povoljnim uslovima 2005. padavine u tri meseca (Juni-Avgust: Gradiste kod }upanje) bile 364 mm ili skoro dvostruko vee u usporedbi s viaegodianjim prosekom, dok su temperature vazduha bile za 0.5 oC viae. Meutim, u istom periodu 2007. padavina je bilo za treinu manje uz temperature vazduha za 2.2 oC iznad viaegodianjeg proseka. Kao rezultat takvih okolnosti su i prose ni prinosi kukuruza u VSC 8.38 t/ha i 5.39 t/ha, za 2005., odnosno za 2007. godinu. 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