ࡱ> bjbjVV4<<C   ^^^^^rrr8vTr+f ([*]*]*]*]*]*]*$J-/*^$$$*^^4+&&&$F^^[*&$[*&&&p)6 r %:&G*+0+&0C%60&&B0^'@0jp& !000**y&L000+$$$$0000000000  $: Precipitation and Temperature Regimes as a Factor of Maize and Wheat Yields in Posavina Canton (Federation of B&H, Bosnia and Herzegovina) Jurica Jovi 3rd year of bachelor study Mirta Rastija University of Josip Juraj Strosssmayer, Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Plant Production, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, e-mail: mrastija@pfos.hr Abstract: Maize and wheat are the most widespread field crops in FB&H. In the last decade maize and wheat harvested area covering about 24% and 11%, of total arable lands area of FB&H, respectively. A great share of that production belongs to Posavina Canton, although it is the smallest one. The aim of this study was testing the impacts of weather conditions, primarily precipitation and air temperature regimes, on maize and wheat yields in FB&H and Posavina Canton during 2000-2009 decade period. Average maize yield was by 0.93 t ha-1 and wheat yield by 0.65 t ha-1 higher in Posavina Canton than in Federation. Considerable variation of grain yields among years is observed. Maize yield in Posavina Canton ranges from 3.72 to 6.06 t ha-1, while wheat yield fluctuated from 2.15 to 4.63 t ha-1 On average, yields of these crops were higher for more than 20 % in Posavina Canton than in FB&H. Crops yields were highly dependent on weather. In dry and warmer growing seasons the lowest maize yield was achieved, while wheat yield reducing, beside drought and too high temperatures, could be consequences of water surplus. In the observed decade period, growing season 2003 is marked as the least favourable for both, maize and wheat growing. Key words: maize, wheat, yield, precipitation, air-temperature Introduction Maize and wheat are the most frequently field crops on the arable lands in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H). According the data of Federal Bureau for Statistics, maize and wheat are growing on approximately 24% and 11% of total arable lands area, respectively. Weather conditions, especially precipitation and temperature regimes have considerable effects on annual yields of field crops. Drought stress and high air temperatures, or water excess often cause crops yield reducing. Yield variations among years for the short period is mainly result of weather conditions, especially precipitation and temperature regime during growing season (Kovacevic et al., 2005). As a rule, larger quantities of well-distributed rainfall and lower air temperatures during three summer months are more favorable for maize growing (Kovacevic et al., 2010a). Pep and Kovacevic (2011) showed that the rainfall in spring have the most decisive effect on the wheat yields. Weather and soil conditions in the extensive wheat production may have a 60% effect on the wheat yield, while the using of more intensive technology can reduce this impact up to 25% (Pep, 2009). Impact of precipitation and temperature regimes on main crops yield is well documented in Croatia, Serbia and Hungary (Josipovic et al. 2005, 2010; Kovacevic et al., 2009, 2010b; Kovacevic and Josipovic 2005; Marijanovic et al., 2010; Markulj et al., 2010; Paunovic et al., 2010). The aim of this study was testing weather characteristics impacts on maize and wheat yields in FB&H with emphasis on the Posavina Canton. Material and methods Description of the area Federation of B&H (FB&H) covers 51% of Bosnia and Herzegovinas total area and it is divided in ten counties. Posavina Canton (PC) is the smallest one, with total area of 324.6 km2 or 1.24 % of the Federation and it is situated in its northern part. The south bank of Sava river and Brod-Posavina County in Croatia is the border toward north and Republic of Srpska is the border of PC toward west, south and east. PC is divided in three municipalities as follows: Domaljevac-amac (44.4 km2), Od~ak (158.4 km2) and Oraaje (121.8 km2). This part of country is characterized by a moderate continental climate with mean annual precipitation quantity of about 800 mm while the mean annual air temperatures ranges from 10 to 11C. Collection of the data Statistical Yearbooks of FB&H (2006-2010) and Reports of Federal Bureau for Statistics (2000-2004) in Sarajevo were used as a source of data for maize and wheat yields and harvested area. Weather data were collected from the Hydrometeorolgical Institute of FB&H, station Grada ac which is situated 20 km from Samac toward south. Monthly precipitation quantity and mean air-temperatures for ten-year period (2000-2009) during wheat and maize growing season were shown. Results and discussion Maize is the most widespread crop on the arable land of FB&H. In the period from 2000-2009 it covered 48610 ha annually, or about 24% of total sown land. At the same time, maize harvested area in the Posavina Canton was on average 5528 ha per year, what represent almost 40% of total land capacity in the PC. The greatest share in maize production have Oraje municipality. Average ten-year maize yield was for 0.93 t ha-1 higher in Posavina Canton than in Federation. However, great variability among years is evident. Maize grain yield ranged from 2.18 to 4.92 t ha-1 in FB&H, and from 3.72 to 6.06 t ha-1 in PC (Table 1.). From ten-years series can be singled out three years (2000, 2003, and 2007) with very low yield. Mean yields for these years were 4.67 t ha-1, 3.80 t ha-1 and 3.47 t ha-1 for DS, ODZ and OR municipality, respectively, what was for 18%, 38% and 33% lower in comparison with three more favourable years (2002, 2005 and 2009) when on average maize grain yield was 5.67 t ha-1 (DS), 6.10 t ha-1 (ODZ) and 5.20 t ha-1(OR). This variability could be attributed to different weather conditions, primarily to dry season. For example, in less favourable years (2000, 2003 and 2007), amount of precipitation during period May-August (data not shown) was on average only 178 mm, while in more favourable years precipitations in the same period was almost two fold higher (351 mm). Table 1. Maize harvested area and grain yields in FB&H, Posavina Canton (PC) and its municipalities Harvested area(ha) of maizeGrain yield of maize (t/ha)YearFB&HPCMunicipality of PC*FB&HPCMunicipality of PCDSODZORDSODZOR2000 2001 2002 2003 200447919 46539 49453 50906 485564200 3888 4874 6089 5793750 550 800 860 8801000 1114 1204 2349 21332450 2224 2870 2880 27802.18 3.61 4.06 2.90 4.384.20 4.25 5.46 3.72 4.806.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 5.02.5 3.5 5.3 3.9 4.24.0 4.2 5.1 3.2 5.22005 2006 2007 2008 200948511 48355 47154 50023 486855916 5980 6074 6323 6140800 800 740 740 5302393 2650 2714 2783 27502723 2530 2620 2800 28604.50 4.67 3.74 4.63 4.925.64 5.27 3.98 5.53 6.065.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 5.06.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 7.05.5 4.6 3.2 5.2 5.0Mean486105528745210926743.964.895.204.944.52* Municipalities of PC: DS = Domaljevac-`amac, ODZ = Od~ak and PR = Oraaje) It is well known that for maize growing is particularly important availability of water in the summer months, especially during flowering, pollination and early grain development. Drought stress in that period can seriously decrease yield. Kova evi and Josipovi (2005) confirmed that precipitation shortage and higher air temperatures during summer in the East Croatia region lead to much lower grain yield. Growing season of 2000 was extremely dry and hot, as during June - August period only 59 mm of rainfall was recorded and air temperature was for 3.1 C higher compared to long term mean (Table 2.). In 2003 and 2007 amount of precipitation during summer also was much lower, for 43% and 31%, respectively, while June-August air temperatures was increased by as much as 4.1 C in 2003 and 3.3 C in 2007. From the data presented in Table 2. it could be seen that mean air temperature in the three summer months of last decade raised for more than 2 C in comparison with reference climate period 1961-1990. In the growing seasons of 2002, 2005 and 2009 higher maize grain yield was achieved. As a consequence of better weather condition in these years yield in Posavina Canton was in average for 25% higher than in three dry years. The greatest difference in yield is evident in Od~ak municipality, where mean maize grain yield in 2000 was only 2.5 t ha-1, whilst in favourable 2009 yield of 7.0 t ha-1 was recorded (Table 1.). Table 2. Weather data (June-July period) and grain yield of maize in Posavina Canton (PC) YearPrecipitation (mm) and mean air-temperatures (C)MaizeJuneJulyAugustTotal mmMean CyieldmmCmmCmmCt/ha2000 2001 2002 2003 200419 258 64 53 10422.7 19.1 21.9 24.4 19.333 65 52 63 9822.9 23.1 23.1 22.7 21.67 16 87 31 3725.5 23.8 21.4 25.5 21.559 339 202 147 23923.7 22.0 22.1 24.2 20.84.20 4.25 5.46 3.72 4.802005 2006 2007 2008 200996 114 92 44 8719.7 19.8 22.7 21.7 19.4158 33 52 71 6221.3 23.8 24.5 22.1 23.3155 155 33 34 9019.4 19.8 23.0 22.9 23.1408 302 177 149 23920.1 21.1 23.4 22.2 21.95.64 5.27 3.98 5.53 6.06Mean9321.16922.86422.622622.24.89Mean (1961-90)9819.08620.97320.325720.1 Wheat is second-ranged field crop in FB&H. In the period from 2000-2009 it was grown in average on 21611 ha per year, what represent about 11% of total arable land in FB&H. In the same period, wheat harvested area in the Posavina Canton covered 2823 ha annually, or about 19% of total sown land in the PC. The mean ten-year wheat yield in Posavina Canton was somewhat higher (3.73 t ha-1) than in FB&H (3.08 t ha-1), but also with considerable variability among years. In Federation wheat grain yield ranged from 2.16 to 3.94 t ha-1, and in Posavina Canton from 2.15 to 4.64 t ha-1 (Table 3.). The DS is characterized by the highest yield, but this is also the smallest municipality. In 2003 the lowest wheat yield (2.15 t ha-1) in all three municipalities was achieved. Although in the winter growing period of that year was sufficient amount of precipitation, even too high at the sowing time (October), the rest of season was very dry (Table 4.) From March to June only 62 mm was recorded, while analogical data for the long term average is 329 mm. However, low wheat yield was observed in the very wet 2001, when only in June was 258 mm of rainfall. Kovacevic (2005) reported that the lower yields of wheat are mainly in connection with oversupplies of water, especially in the autumn/winter period. Josipovic et al. (2005) also stated that water surplus reduces the wheat yield. Table 3. Wheat harvested area and grain yields in FB&H, Posavina Canton (PC) and its municipalities YearHarvested area (ha) of wheatGrain yield (t/ha) of wheatFB&HPCMunicipality of PC*FB&HPCMunicipality of PCDSODZORDSODZOR2000 2001 2002 2003 200423658 24879 25927 21879 201841582 2098 2619 2674 2692280 200 350 290 100702 968 1215 1444 1562600 930 1054 940 10302.60 2.16 2.87 2.25 3.263.81 2.96 3.54 2.15 4.014.1 3.5 4.0 2.3 5.04.3 2.8 3.0 1.9 3.33.1 3.0 4.0 2.5 5.02005 2006 2007 2008 200921328 20015 19622 19604 190113223 3329 3248 3330 3431250 300 250 250 2901733 1879 1748 1800 16211240 1150 1250 1280 15203.01 3.27 3.65 3.83 3.943.67 3.79 4.20 4.64 4.535.0 5.0 4.5 5.5 5.53.6 3.6 4.3 4.2 4.33.5 3.8 4.0 5.1 4.6Mean216112823256146710993.083.734.443.533.86* Municipalities of PC: DS = Domaljevac-`amac, ODZ = Od~ak and PR = Oraaje) In general, amount of precipitation in wheat growing season during observed decade considerably fluctuate (452 - 794 mm), as well as air temperature (8.3-12.1 C). It is obvious that vegetation seasons which were unfavourable for maize regarding weather conditions, was not unfavourable for wheat, except 2003. For example in 2007, which was also dry and very hot as mean air temperatures for the whole vegetation period was higher by 3.9 C, an adequate wheat yield was reported. The highest yield in PC was recorded in 2008 and it was by 54% higher than the lowest one from 2003. Table 4. Weather data during winter wheat growing season (October-June) in Posavina Canton (PC) Year of harvestPrecipitation (mm)OctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJuneTotal2000 2001 2002 2003 200456 35 12 111 174117 38 111 71 39113 55 51 54 3038 104 17 73 9731 59 56 28 6043 73 26 13 1931 97 97 13 17348 75 117 36 8919 258 63 53 104496 794 551 452 7842005 2006 2007 2008 200952 9 18 129 33117 24 38 118 6043 108 44 62 4748 41 62 37 5957 36 76 12 2958 86 71 88 7787 115 18 47 1367 74 67 77 8396 114 92 44 87623 606 486 614 487Mean637361584555697393589LTM*547966595966739298646Air temperatures (C)Mean2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 13.0 14.8 15.7 13.2 10.04.0 12.2 4.0 11.0 9.32.5 5.1 -1.7 1.7 2.3-0.6 3.7 2.1 -0.2 -0.15.6 5.3 7.8 -1.9 3.98.3 11.6 9.6 7.7 6.815.8 11.6 11.0 11.6 11.819.2 18.9 18.7 20.6 15.122.7 19.1 21.9 24.4 19.310.1 11.4 8.3 9.8 8.72005 2006 2007 2008 200914.9 12.2 14.9 10.6 14.36.3 5.8 9.8 4.3 8.62.4 2.1 4.4 0.4 4.02.1 -1.5 7.8 3.6 -1.1-1.9 1.9 7.2 6.9 2.85.4 6.0 9.4 8.0 7.412.1 12.9 14.5 12.9 14.616.8 16.3 18.2 18.1 18.619.7 19.8 22.7 21.7 19.48.6 8.4 12.1 9.6 9.8Mean13.47.52.31.63.88.012.917.121.19.7LTM11.56.21.6-0.42.36.411.315.919.08.2* LTM - Long term mean 1961-1990 It can be concluded that although PC is the smallest canton of FB&H covering less than 2% of its territory, it has considerable role in maize and wheat production in the Federation, with share of about 11 % (maize) and 13 % (wheat) harvested area, respectively. Yields of these crops are considerably higher (23% for maize and 21% for wheat) in PC than in FB&H. However, crops yields are significantly affected by a numerous factors and yield variability among years can not be explained only by the different weather conditions. References Josipovi, M., Kova evi, V., Petoai ,D., `oatari, J. (2005): Wheat and maize yield variations in the Brod-Posavina area. Cereal Research Communications, Vol. 33(1): 229-233. Josipovic, M., Kovacevic, V., Kaucic, D., Sostaric, J., Plavsic, H. (2010): Impacts of precipitation and temperature regimes on maize yields in Croatia. Agrar- es Videkfejlesztesi Szemle 2010, vol. 5. (1) Supplement (CD issue), Szegedi Tudomanyegyetem Mezogazdasagi Kar (Editor Horvath J.): 338-343. Kova evi, V. (2005): Wheat yield variations among the years in the eastern Croatia. In: Proceedings of the XL Croatian Symposium on Agriculture with International Participation (S. Jovanovac and V. 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Acta Agriculturae Serbica, Vol?@KLOPYZ]ce&(FH`b8%&23>?KL/LM.0Jʻʯʯʠʻʯʯʯʯʉzʻʯhm!hm!CJaJmH sH hm!h"gCJaJhm!CJaJmH sH hm!h"gCJaJmH sH hqmCJaJmH sH hqmhqmCJaJmH sH hqmh"gCJaJmH sH hZACJaJmH sH h{$8h{$8CJaJmH sH h{$8CJaJmH sH 0JLhj:Tdz|4$&46VXlptv02DF^`ڲڦڏڏڏڏڏhqmCJaJhm!h"gCJaJmH sH hm!CJaJmH sH Uhqmhm!CJaJmH sH hqmhqmCJaJmH sH hm!CJaJhm!h"gCJaJhqmh"gCJaJmH sH hqmCJaJmH sH 8. XV, 30: 117-123. Markulj, A., Marijanovi, M., Tkalec, M., Jozi, A., Kova evi, V. (2010): Effects of precipitation and temperature regimes on maize (Zea mays L.) yields in northwestern Croatia. Acta agriculturae Serbica, Vol. XV, 29: 39-45. Paunovi, A., Kova evi, V., Madi, M., Jeli, M., Iljki, D. (2010): Uticaj vremenskih prilika na prinose paenice u periodu 2000.-2007. godine. Zbornik radova, XV savetovanje o biotehnologiji, 26.  27. Marta 2010.g, a ak, Srbija. Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Agronomski fakultet u a ku: 29-36. Pep, P., Kovacevic, V. (2011): Regional analysis of winter wheat yields under different ecological conditions in Hungary and Croatia. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 59(1):23-33. Pep, P. (2009): A nvnytermeszts aktulis krdsei. (Current questions in crop production.) In: Harcsa M. (ed.), V. Nvnytermesztsi Tudomnyos Nap.Nvnytermeszts: Gazdlkods-Klmavltozs-Trsadalom, Keszthely, 2009. Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest:17-20.     ,8:Xʿud\X\X\X\XdhdjhdU h1MhS@CJaJmH sH %h1MhSB* CJaJmH phsH (h1MhSB* CJ\aJmH ph%sH  h1MhQj@CJaJmH sH  h1Mh6&@CJaJmH sH hm!h~LCJaJhMyhRSCJaJhRSCJaJh!}CJaJh"gCJaJhm!h"gCJaJhm!CJaJ $*$a$gdQjgdS 2&P :pkj. 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