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: EDUCATION OF MARITIME MANAGERS
Dr. sc. Mila Nadrljanski, docent
University of Split, Faculty of Maritime Studies
Zrinjsko-Frankopanska 21000 Split
E-mail:milamika 60@yahoo.com
Mr Vicko Batinica, dipl. ing.
General Manger Brodospas
Obala Lazareta 2 21000Split
E- mail: vicko.batinica@brodospas.hr
M i r a Z o k i , l e c t o r
E - m a i l : m i r a . z o k i c @ g m a i l . c o m
U n i v e r s i t y o f Z a g r e b , F a c u l t y o f T r a f f i c a n d T r a f f i c E n g i n e e r i n g
T h e g o a l o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o s h o w c o n t e m p o r a r y a p p r o a c h t o e d u c a t i o n a n d i m p r o v e m e n t o f m a n a g e r s , a n d t o d i s c u s s i s s u e s o f m a r i t i m e m a n a g e r training. The purpose of the paper is to draw attention to needs of permanent education, as well as to show new possible conceptual solutions of managers education. Many Croatian companies are aware of the importance of business education in order to survive in todays unstable business world. However, business practices in many countries show that business education plays an insignificant role when it comes to priorities.
Keywords: management, maritime, maritime education
INTRODUCTION
Many Croatian companies are aware of the importance of business education in order to survive in todays unstable business world. However, business practices in many countries show that business education plays an insignificant role when it comes to priorities. The goal of this paper is to show contemporary approach to education and improvement of managers, and to discuss issues of maritime manager training. The purpose of the paper is to draw attention to needs of permanent education, as well as to show new possible conceptual solutions of management education.
In everyday use, terms as maritime, maritime economy and maritime transport are equal, whereas they differ in professional language. Term maritime is broader than term maritime economy or term maritime transport. By its basic definition, maritime is an interdisciplinary, scientific area and presents a complex system which includes all activities and skills on sea and in relation to sea, such as seamanship, shipping, offshore exploitation, port exploitation, ship building, maritime economy and maritime sport. Croatia has always been a maritime oriented country, which implies that the maritime has had a special
treatment since ancient times, and that treatment should be present hereafter.
Croatian maritime education should take advantage of this fact, as well as of chronic lack of maritime vocation, and via better motivating of young people and improving the system of education, gain a world quality staff which would, according to tradition, be competitive on world maritime market. Croatian ship owners should increase cooperation with educational profession in order to motivate students and engage in the practical part of educational program.
In the future, distance education is seen as a good education model which would provide increasing of the students number and decreasing of the costs at the same time which hasnt often been the case in practice.
By noticing all these facts, we have chosen the complex interdisciplinary approach to distance education research, with application on maritime manager training, which is also one of the current issues.
The approach to human capital indicates that market value of company depends more on non-material resources than on material. These are the three main elements of human capital:
expert skills;
competence, and
competence achieved via training on and out of workplace.
Individual skills will be improved by advanced qualifications and a higher level of expert skills. If companies approach to that with the goal to improve human capital, organizational performances of the company will also be improved. On the other hand, better organizational performances have to reflect on national performances. For the majority of authors, terms such as controlling, leadership and management have the same meaning, i.e. they are synonyms. However, each of the above mentioned terms, apart from a slight content similarity, also has dissimilarities. Non-distinguishing of certain terms content, as well as necessary decision-making (controlling or leading) by applying of rules, is the reason why so many companies in Croatia achieve under average business results.
This paper speaks about the necessity of permanent education in management field. Primarily, it is necessary to define the term management, bearing in mind that English verb to manage, from which the term management originates, can be differently interpreted. Some languages, such as Swedish, French, and Croatian, don't have a unique term which would completely correspond to the English word manage. In those languages, terms like control, leading or dispose of something are used in that context. When the native speakers of those languages want to use that term within the meaning of the English word, they simply borrow English term management. In Spanish, synonymous term manejar (literal translation of word manage) means use or handle and it is used only in the context of handling a horse or a carriage. The Spanish use terms to direct or control when the meaning of their statements refers to the meaning of the term manage.
What is management if some languages don't have appropriate word for that term, and some socio-political systems actually forbid it? In some dictionaries, such as American Collegiate Dictionary, synonyms like dominate and command can be found. Oxford dictionary also adds meanings manipulate and endure. It is interesting that no dictionary gives lead and motivate as its synonyms.
The essence of term management, in its widely accepted meaning, can be interpreted by means of manager process such as it is learned or applied in practice, and it is actually a value process. It is logic that management is observed in the light of its function: what is management for? To achieve appropriate explanation, the function of management has to be free of value criteria, without any socio-political and cultural implications on any field, no matter which managing is in question (managing yourself and your family, a profit or non-profit activity or a country) because it is a conceptually unique and similar process. The only difference is in dimension and type of managed item.
Managers and business people on high positions, who graduate from business schools, often feel blank and unsatisfied, they got used to growing and multiplication of their knowledge, they are intellectually curious, and their horizon became more embracive. When they return to their companies, they maybe don't find the same dynamic, they feel lonely and can't share their dilemmas connected with efficient and effective business decision-making with anybody.
Competences that manager acquires are created along with formal education and training, as well as in area of non-formal education. In modern management, coming-out of common work-rooms
and collective deliberation is necessary today, because there is no innovation or originality if consensus exists in economic business because then average is developed. Inside the modern companies today there are coaches who have extended their role of instructing to education and innovation. They are increasingly involved in extra tasks, such as development of human potentials, professional guiding, carrying over non-formal education and competence estimating.
Todays world displaces one paradigm by the other (a new one) and that is where change, development and differentiation happen. Todays companies need better and quicker ways of achieving results of quality managers. First of all, experience and solitude time are too slow and inefficient teachers. Today, it is necessary to learn quickly and to be confident and categorical in quick business decision-making which develops in the right direction. Due to constant technological changes in the world of business, corporative training, which assumes permanent improvement and learning, is becoming one of the main prerequisites for job security and for obtaining qualifications for new employment. Many companies substitute the concept of permanent employment for investments in lifelong learning of their employees. Permanent knowledge and skill training are becoming the essence of employment. In the training system, the most important is education of top-employees, i.e. education of top-managers because of the level of their responsibility. Since the education of managers has not been present in transition countries, the majority of those with that title need additional education in higher education institutions or via training or lectures.
Dynamic changes that take place in the economy of the European Union require innovated knowledge and constant acquiring new working skills. Lifelong education is the priority of every society, because dynamic social and economic development and growth can be based only on quality higher educated entrepreneurs, managers and experts. For Croatia, which is in the process of accelerated entrepreneurship transmission, in order to create conditions for developed marketing entrepreneur society which should be joined with the European Union in the following years, lifelong education of all population categories is of great importance.
Models of lifelong entrepreneur education can be different and depend on companys total strategy, as well as on previous knowledge and skills of program attendants. The most common sources of business education for companies are educational institutions or consultancy companies. That is why entrepreneur education in developed countries is today based on using the information education technology and new methods for learning and memorizing, with programs for quick learning of business and management by using computers.
One of the possible ways for quick entrepreneur education in Croatia is multimedia distance education from the field of entrepreneurship and management. Informatics technology provides a great number of variants for gaining the new knowledge. Knowledge is becoming a product. That is normal in some areas such as accounting, law or marketing. Software companies and companies, who create data bases, have found out completely new forms of knowledge. Considering the changes rate and the complexity of business, old models on which they are based, showed certain limitations. The real problem can be found in complete disagreement and dysfunction between today's business environment and the classical business model. In fact, the wrong model can transform company in a negative way and become the reason for its failure. Lifelong education is very useful for individuals, employers, but also for industry, sector and widely, for society. If it becomes a habit, continual learning provides individual and social improvement, as well as economic prosperity. Some important advantages for individuals are:
Gaining knowledge and skills which are not achieved during formal education, and they are necessary not only for a job individual is doing or for a job he wants to do, but also for modern way of living (informatical literacy, financial management).
People learn things which are necessary in this particular moment, which increase the chances to use those knowledge and skills immediately, but also chance that they understand, memorize and use what they have learned more quickly.
The ability of updating personal capacities because European and global integrations dictate trends which individuals have to follow if they want to achieve standard of living in developed countries.
Capability to change profession has become necessary, since periodic changes in careers, significant or insignificant, happen to many people.
Lifelong education enables older employees with more experience to stay competitive and highly respectable in the labour market.
And, off course, gaining new knowledge means more chances for employment.
Almost everything listed above present the advantages that lifelong education brings to the companies. For employers who educate their employees, the most often mentioned benefit is companys increased competitiveness in the market and a more efficient business activity, which probably brings more income. However, the fact that employees in organizations which encourage continual education are more motivated and satisfied, is often ignored. It shouldnt be neglected how difficult it is to find employment in our conditions today, as well as to employ good experts. In such potential employees opinion, employers should be qualified as desirable. Hereafter, a more educated society is, as a whole, more content, democratic, tolerant, and more ready to take an action and stand out for itself briefly becomes more responsible. Therefore, lifelong education doesnt represent a number of advantages, it has become a necessity.
THE EDUCATION OF MANAGERS
In contemporary market business activity, responsibility for business effects widely refers to management in transitional conditions. In complex and turbulent business environment, achieving good business results depends on numerous factors. One of them is the quality of modern managers work. There are many approaches to improvement of managers quality, but those who deal with this problem systematically and provide a comprehensive and consistent management improvement, are rare.
In working places structure of an average company, the relationship between executive working places and those of managers, often does not exceed proportion of 90:10. Influence on achieving the business results is significantly different. The percentage of achieved business system results is 80:20 in favour of business system managers.
Control function is the most significant for working and development of business system. Contemporary demands which management should accomplish made improvement of skills and management knowledge a common practice. By joining the European Union, the role of management changes and new knowledge from the field of management are required. At the same time, a question of being ready for Europe arises. The majority of domestic managers have no formal education from management field, and majority of them have never improved their management skills and knowledge via trainings and briefings at working place. The level of management skills and knowledge is the result of experiences achieved via practice, and which are insufficient for effective management.
The awareness of the price of delusion that management skills and knowledge can be achieved only through experience is already obvious. Investment in people and their knowledge is a criterion of every societys development. Without qualified and educated people there is no economic development of any country. The quality of human resources presents one of the crucial sources of a society wealth. Modern economy requires trained people, people who can assimilate with new trends. Investing in education and improvement of people is one of the most important elements of a countrys development policy. Planning of employees and their education is a crucial question of any society, and that is why it doesnt represent an expense but an investment in the future. In modern economy, knowledge is the most appreciated resource in contemporary business activity. Knowledge management is one of the most necessary components of modern management. Market increasingly searches for creative and innovative people, and for knowing the market, an ever growing fund of knowledge is necessary. Knowledge is the most appreciated and best paid, even though this statement sounds like clich. The more knowledge person possesses, the more will he be paid. Person who possesses knowledge feels safe, because that person can easily find a new employment whenever he wants.
MANAGERS REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The purpose of this paper is to emphasize strategic approach to innovation of management education methods and forms. There are conditions and, above all, reasons for introducing and expanding distance education. Modern management treats employees as the greatest companys value (and not the instrument of work). Behaviour in an organization is not examined in theory completely. Management greatly uses and supports distance education. Development elements of companies, administrative, scientific and educational institutions see e-learning as an effective way of monitoring, consideration of situations, communication and connection in business, as well as very significant solution for cost savings.
Management is a group of functions aimed at efficient and effective use of resources, in order to achieve organizations goals. Efficient using resources premeditated and efficiently concerning the costs. Effective by making right decisions and applying them successfully. Management is process of human and material resources coordination in order to achieve the goal. Management consists of all organizational activities for achieving the goal and it is a process of decision-making for achieving the goal. The manager is a person who accepts the work and the role of manager.
Successful organizations are efficient and effective. They need to:
Achieve the goal;
Create the balance between conflict goals, and
Accomplish efficiency.
Managers knowledge and skills are:
Technical
ability to do the job and to understand how a job can be done. This is extremely significant for operational level.
Interpersonal
ability of communicating, understanding and motivating individuals and groups (in organizations and environment).
Conceptual
ability of abstract thinking. Knowing how organization and environment function, as well as thinking systematically.
Diagnostic
ability of recognizing the situation, cause and consequence.
Communicative
ability of receiving information and ideas (from others) and efficient communicating (hand over) personal ideas and information to others.
Decision making
ability of problem and opportunity (chance) recognition and definition, as well as the choice of relevant direction of problem solving and achieving the goal.
Time management
ability to decide the priority and delegating.
In elaboration of special phenomena of maritime business policy, special attention is dedicated to these sub-policies, as priority tasks of maritime management:
production policy of maritime ship owners
personnel policy of maritime ship owners
market policy of maritime ship owners
financial policy of maritime ship owners
ecological policy of maritime ship owners
development policy of maritime ship owners
To define the politics of maritime ship owners properly, it is necessary to anticipate the policy of maritime ship owners and many scientifically based activities: the activities of production policy, personnel policy, market policy, financial policy, ecological and development policy of maritime.
Permanent training is indispensable to management personnel. Many forms of additional education are necessary for employed managers at an age when, due to business or family obligations, they are not able to attend traditional university classes and programs that are obligatory in a certain time or place. Educational institutions, faculties, have employed experts with a tradition and quality which is in accordance to the world offers of educational program. Therefore, distance education must be organized primarily for all the interested students. Some courses can thereby be offered as complementary to the traditional way of learning, while some will be completely realized through distance courses. For example, in the last several years, many faculties have explored ways to enable different experts with different profiles (not necessarily experts in informatics) to get involved in developing programs for distance education. In making and using such programs, many so called courseware tools available in the market can be used. Using such tools, any author can make a course online with no previous knowledge on programming. Basic skills of internet use and of producing web pages are enough. One of such tools is HYPERLINK "http://www.webct.com" WebCT. It was developed in mid-90s on the University of British Columbia in Canada, but is now distributed by a commercial company. Being one of many available tools, WebCT surely has advantages and disadvantages in relation to other tools. Every teacher thinking about the choice of tools must consider that fact in order to choose what suits his working style best. Although "courseware" tools facilitate preparation and leading a distance course, this complex area requires involving a team of experts in various disciplines (experts on different subjects, methodic, informatics, designers). Thus, beside mastering the technology, team work and many managing skills are of vital importance when developing distance education programs.
Nowadays, persons with wide knowledge are very hard to find. Earlier, the dominant opinion was that the knowledge a young person gained during their schooling was completely enough for their entire working period. Furthermore, education in the strict sense of the word was not necessary, but was connected to age. It has already become a dominant opinion that one should change jobs 5 to 6 times during his/her working period in order to have a successful, rich and eventful career. Education in modern conditions must have a permanent character because knowledge gained in early ages cannot be sufficient later. It is indispensable to develop a passion for constant acquisition of new knowledge. Investment in knowledge is an important factor in personal and professional development. It lessens the disproportion between skills one owns and the skills necessary in his working environment. In the 21st century, a request for permanent learning is obvious more than earlier not only in schools and universities but also afterwards. We are talking about lifelong education, which is a means for achieving economical and social goals. By means of permanent education, employees gain new knowledge and apply them in practice. Investment in people and their knowledge is a basis for the development of any company - without qualified and educated people there can be no development.
CONCLUSION
People are what stands behind any successful company: people, their knowledge, expertise and competence are the future of every company. Permanent education is a condition for subsistence of every company. The fact that the capacity of a company does not only depend on technological modernization, but also on the level of education and on involving science into technological and economical processes, is becoming increasingly important. Among the requirements of todays dynamical scientific-technological progress, particularly great demands are made when it comes to the quality of human resource as the main source of society wealth. Modern economy requires a well trained, adjustable work force, so that education and specialization of employees and managers presents an inseparable part of any successful development policy. A company obtains its competitiveness on the market by the quantity of skills and knowledge its employees have (among other things). Knowledge presents a foundation for competitive advantage of a company and ensures its long-term growth and development. Knowledge and learning are increasingly becoming a part of organizational culture.
LITERATURE
[1]M.F. Paulsen. (2006). Megatrends in e-learning provision: Preliminary project report on Sweden Finland, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. HYPERLINK "http://www.amazon.com/Foundations-Distance-Education-Routledge-Studies/dp/0415139090/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1238344085&sr=1-1" Foundations of Distance Education (Routledge Studies in Distance Education) by Desmond Keegan (Paperback - Oct 21, 1996)
[2] Tadin, Hrvoje (2007.),
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