ࡱ> fTbjbjVV 7\<<% B B 8,>W$ QVSVSVSVSVSVSV$X[JwVwVVRRR,QVRQVRRReWS0ԪￒKGS=VW0>WOS[KL[WSWS[ T0RwVwVDOF>W[B K:1Zlatko Korunic 2Vlatka Rozman 2Anita Liska 1 Diatom Research and Consulting Inc., 14 Tidefall Dr. Toronto, ON, M1W 1J2, Canada 2 Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Department for Plant Protection, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, 3 Trg Sv. Trojstva, 31100 Osijek, Croatia Initial effectiveness of several grain protectants on wheat against three stored grain insect pests Abstract This study was initiated in order to determine the initial effectiveness of the mixture of chlorpyrifos-methyl and deltamethrin (Storicide II), pirimiphos methyl (Actellic 5E), spinosad (Spinosad Technical 92%), and the mixture of diatomaceous earth and deltamethrin against the adults and the progeny of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle when applied to Ontario soft white wheat. The mixture of diatomaceous earth (DE) and deltamethrin (DM) contains very low quantities of DE and small amounts of insecticide DM technical powder dissolved in natural solvent and soap. Clean Ontario soft white wheat with 13.6% moisture content was used in the experiment. The insecticide concentrations were: 3 ppm (parts per million) of chlorpyrifos methyl (CP) and 0.5 ppm of deltamethrin (DM) in Storicide II, 10 ppm of Actellic 5E, 1 ppm of spinosad, and 90 ppm of DE and 0.1 ppm of DM in the mixture of DE/DM. Storicide II applied at 3 ppm of CP and 0.5 ppm of DM was effective against all three insect species and caused 100% mortality of adults and reduced the progeny by 100%. Actellic 5E applied at 10 ppm caused very high mortality of rice weevil and red flour beetle (100%) and the reduction of the progeny was almost 100 % (higher than 99%). However, this concentration wasnt high enough to control lesser grain borer. After the exposure time of 21 days the mortality was only 38% and the progeny reduction was 96.8%. Spinosad applied at 1 ppm was highly effective against the adults and the progeny of lesser grain borer but the effectiveness against the adults and the progeny of rice weevil and red flour beetle wasnt good enough. Spinosad controlled the adults of rice weevil and red flour beetle after the exposure time of 21 days for 91% and 22%, respectively and reduced the progeny of the same species for 23.6% and 39.6 only. The mixture DE/DM caused 100% mortality of all three insect species after 14 days of the exposure to treated grain and reduced the progeny by 100%. Immediately after the treatment Storicide II and the mixture DE/DM controlled rice weevil, lesser grain borer and red flour beetle adults and the progeny successfully. However, 10 ppm of Actellic 5E didnt control the adults and the progeny of lesser grain borer and 1 ppm of spinosad didnt control the adults and the progeny of rice weevil and red flour beetle. Key words: grain protectants, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, wheat, initial effectiveness. 1Zlatko Koruni 2Vlatka Rozman 2Anita Liaka 1 Diatom Research and Consulting Inc., 14 Tidefall Dr. Toronto, ON, M1W 1J2, Canada 2 Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijek, Zavod za zaatitu bilja, Sveu iliate Josip Juraj Strossmayer u Osijeku, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska Po etno djelovanje pojedinih insekticida na atetnike uskladiatene paenice Sa~etak Ovim istra~ivanjem nastojalo se utvrditi po etno djelovanje nekoliko insekticida za suzbijanje tri vrste atetnika uskladiatene paenice. Na kanadskoj paenici (Ontario, meka bijela paenica) istra~ivala se djelotvornost mjeaavine klorpirifos-metila i deltametrina (Storicide II), pirimifos metila (Actellic 5E), spinosada (spinosad tehni ki 92%) i mjeaavine dijatomejske zemlje (DZ) i deltametrina (DM) na odrasle insekte i potomstvo Sitophilus oryzae (L.) - ri~inog ~i~ka, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) - ~itnog kukulji ara i Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) - rastog braanara. Mjeaavina dijatomejske zemlje i deltametrina (DZ/DM) sadr~i vrlo niske koli ine dijatomejske zemlje i deltametrina otopljenog u prirodnom otapalu i deterd~entu. Koncentracije aktivnih substanci primjenjenih insekticida bile su: 3 ppm (3 dijela na milijun dijelova, odnosno 3 mg aktive supstancije na kg zrnene robe) klorpirifos-metila (CP) i 0,5 ppm deltametrina u formulaciji Storicide II, 10 ppm Actellic 5E, 1 ppm spinosada, i 90 ppm DZ i 0,1 ppm DM u mjeavini DZ/DM. Storicide II je bio djelotvoran na sve tri vrste tetnika i izazvao je 100%-tnu smrtnost odraslih insekata i 100%-tno smanjenje njihovog potomstva. Actellic 5E izazvao je vrlo visoku smrtnost ri~inog ~iaka i rastog braanara (100%) i smanjio je njihovo potomstvo za gotovo 100% (viae od 99%). Meutim, primjenjena koncentracija od 10 ppm nije bila dostatna da suzbije odrasle insekte ~itnog kukulji ara. Nakon izlaganja odraslih insekata na tretiranoj paenici tijekom 21 dan smrtnost je bila samo 38%, a smanjenje populacije potomstva iznosilo je 96.8%. Spinosad primjenjen u koncentraciji od 1 ppm bio je visoko djelotvoran na odrasle insekte i potomstvo ~itnog kukulji ara, ali djelotvornost na odrasle insekte i potomstvo ri~inog ~iaka i rastog braanara nije bila zadovoljvajua. Nakon izlo~enosti odraslih insekata na tretiranoj paenici tijekom 21 dan smrtnost ri~inog ~iaka bila je 91%, a rastog braanara samo 22%. Potomstvo je bilo smanjeno za 23.6% kod ri~inog ~iaka i 39.6% kod rastog braanara. Mjeaavina DZ/DM izazvala je nakon 14 dana izlo~enosti odraslih insekta na tretiranoj paenici 100%-tnu smrtnost sve tri vrste insekata i 100%-tno smanjenje njihovog potomstva. Insekticidi Storicide II i mjeaavina DZ/DM u primjenjenim koncentracijama uspjeano su suzbili odrasle i potomstvo sve tri vrste insekata na svje~e tretiranoj paenici. Primjenjena koncentracija Actellic 5E od 10 ppm nije bila dovoljno visoka da suzbije odrasle insekte i potomstvo ~itnog kukulji ara, a koncentracija spinosada od 1 ppm je uspjeano suzbila odrasle insekte ri~inog ~i~ka, ali nije bila dovoljno visoka za suzbijanje potomstva ri~inog ~i~ka, te odraslih insekata i potomstva rastog braanara. Klju ne rije i: insekticidi za skladiata, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum, paenica, po etno djelovanje. Introduction Prevention of the infestation with insects in stored product is important to grain handlers, grain processors, farmers and consumers. Each of the many methods of stored-product insects control has its place and its advantages in an integrated program. Insecticides applied directly to wheat, and often to the granaries themselves, are classified as protectants (contact insecticides). They are designed to persist so that infestation is controlled throughout the grain storage period. Since these insecticides are applied directly to food or food storage facilities, they must meet strict regulatory requirements in terms of toxicology and safety. Of the different classes of grain protectants, organophosphorus (malathion, fenithrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos methyl, dichlorvos) and pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, permethrin, bifenthrin) are the most commonly used. They give residual (prolonged) protection against insect infestations and are relatively safe to apply. However, there are problems with chemical conventional grain protectants, for example: Because of stringent and expensive toxicology requirements, the registration of new insecticides, or the re-registration of existing insecticides, is difficult. Depending on the substrate, (e.g., steel, wood, wheat, etc.), relative humidity and grain moisture content and temperature, organophosphate insecticides can rapidly lose their effectiveness. This is especially important in warmer countries. Overuse or miss-use of grain protectants has lead to significant resistance to insecticides. Resistance to several organophospahtes and pyrethroids is common throughout most of the world. The presence of insecticide residues on foods is gaining more attention. In some cases, insecticides are over-applied (perhaps to compensate for insect resistance to the pesticide) and residue tolerances are exceeded. In other cases, processors will not accept grain with residues which exceed their own specified limits. Finally, consumers in general, are becoming more concerned about the pesticide residues in the foods they eat ( Arthur 1994; Arthur and Zehner 1994; White and Leesch 1996; Desmarchelier 1998, unpublished data;). This study was initiated in order to determine the initial effectiveness of few grain protectants currently in use or promising ones. In the experiment the following insecticides were used: the mixture of chlorpyrifos methyl and deltamethrin (Storicide II), pirimiphos methyl (Actellic 5E), spinosad (spinosad Technical 92%), and the mixture of diatomaceous earth and deltamethrin against the adults and the progeny of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle Ontario soft white wheat grains were treated with these insecticides. Materials and Method Mixed-sex adult of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, 7 to 21 days old, were used in the experiment. S. oryzae and R. dominica were cultured on wheat with approximately 14% m.c. T. castaneum was cultured on white flour with 5% brewers un-activated yeast. Rearing was conducted at 30 +1oC and 70+5% RH. Un-infested clean soft white wheat from Ontario, Canada, with 13.6% moisture content was used in the experiment. In each replication there was 200 grams of clean whole wheat kernels in 500 ml glass jars. The insecticide formulations at determined concentrations were added to the grain in each of the large jars containing 200 grams of wheat. The jars were tightly closed with the lids and thoroughly shaken by hands for one minute. Untreated grain serves as control (0 ppm). Then 50 unsexed 7-21 day old adults of either S. oryzae, R. dominica or T. castaneum were added into each jar. There was only one species per jar. Three (3) replicates of the same treatment were used. The insecticide concentrations were as follows: - Storicide II at 3 ppm of chlorpyrifos methyl active ingredient (a.i.) and 0.5 ppm of deltamethrin ai - Actellic 5E at 10 ppm of pyrimiphos methyl ai - Spinosad Technical at 1 ppm ai, and - mixture DE/DM at 90 ppm of DE and 0.1 ppm of DM ai. The replicates (jars) with treated and untreated grain were maintained at 30( ( 1.0(C and 70% ( 5% r.h. To determine mortality in each treatment, grain was sieved 7, 14 and 21 days after insects were introduced, and the number of dead and alive insects was recorded. All dead insects were removed 7 and 14 days post-introduction and all dead and live insects were removed after 21 days post-introduction and jars were maintained for an additional 21 days (total of 56 days post-introduction) before being sieved again to determine the number of adult offspring generated. The producer of Storicide II (mixture of chlorpyrifos-methyl and deltamethrin) is Bayer Crop Science, USA. This formulation contains 21.6% of chlorpyrifos methyl and 3.7% of deltamethrin. It is registered for use on small grains (barley, oats, rice, sorghum milo and wheat). The producer of Actellic 5E (pirimiphos-methyl) is Agriliance, USA. It contains 57% of pirimiphos methyl. Actellic 5E is registered for use on corn, including pop corn and grain sorghum. The producer of spinosad technical with 92% of active ingredient is the company Bioseen, China. In the USA spinosad is registered as grain protectant at 1 ppm on different grains. However, it is still not yet on the market as a grain protectant. The mixture of diatomaceous earth and deltamethrin (DE/DM) is developed by the company Diatom Research and Consulting. The producers of DE and DM technical are the Chinese companies. The primary use of this mixture is in the protection of stored grains. Statistical analysis Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the exposure period according to the GLM (general linear model). Significant differences were shown by LSD test (least significant difference) and entered in tables. Data processing was conducted by SPSS 11.0 for Windows. Results The results of the effectiveness of Storicide II, Actellic 5E, spinosad and the mixture of DE/DM on wheat grain against 3 stored grain insect species are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Table 1. The effectiveness of grain protectants against Sitophilus oryzae on treated wheat grain FormulationConcentration (ppm)Sitophilus oryzae average adults mortality (%) after daysNumber of adults (progeny)*7 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****14 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****21 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****56 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****Untreated00.7 0.66c6.0 3.05c10.0 3.05c 429.3 38.22a **DE/DM10099.3 0.66a100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a0.0 0.00cActellic 5E10100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a0.3 0.33cSpinosad Tech. 92171.3 6.35b86,0 3.05b88.7 2.90b163.6 11.83bStoricide II3CP;0.5DM***100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a0.0 0.00c* number of live insects (adults progeny) ** DE diatomaceous earth; ***CP chlorpyripfos methyl; DM - deltamethrin **** - means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly (P>0.05) different as determined by the LSD-test Table 2. The effectiveness of grain protectants against Rhyzopertha dominica on treated wheat grain FormulationConcentration (ppm)Lesser grain borer adults average mortality (%) after daysNumber of adults (progeny)*7 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****14 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****21 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****56 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****Untreated02.0 1.15b2.0 1.15c2.7 0.66c229.3 18.09a**DE/DM10097.3 1.76a100.0 0.00 a100.0 0.00a0.0 0.00cActellic 5E107.3 1.76b24.6 3.52b38.0 7.21b7.3 1.76bSpinosad Tech. 921100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00 a100.0 0.00a1.3 0.66cStoricide II3CP;0.5DM***98.6 1.33a100.0 0.00 a100.0 0.00a0.0 0.00c* number of live insects (adults progeny) ** DE diatomaceous earth; ***CP chlorpyripfos methyl; DM - deltamethrin **** - means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly (P>0.05) different as determined by the LSD-test Table 3. The effectiveness of grain protectants against Tribolium castaneum on treated wheat grain FormulationConcentration (ppm)Tribolium castaneum average adults mortality (%) after daysNumber of adults (progeny)*7 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****14 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****21 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****56 days  EMBED Equation.3 ****Untreated00.6 0.66c0.6 0.66c5.3 1.33c101.0 4.04a**DE/DM10068.6 5.8b100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a0.0 0.00cActellic 5E10100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a0.6 0.66cSpinosad Tech. 9210.0 0.00c10.0 1.15b22.0 1.15b40.0 17.00bStoricide II3CP;0.5DM***100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a100.0 0.00a0.0 0.00c* number of live insects (adults progeny) ** DE diatomaceous earth; ***CP chlorpyripfos methyl; DM - deltamethrin **** - means in the same column followed by the same letters are not significantly (P>0.05) different as determined by the LSD-test Mortality caused by DE/DM applied at 90 PPM of DE and 0.1 ppm of DM. In the case of S. oryzae, at the 7 d exposure interval, >99 % of the exposed individuals were dead All adults were dead after exposure interval of 14 days (Table 1). For R. dominica, after 7 d of exposure interval, the adults mortality was >97%, and after 14 d 100% (Table 2). In the contrast with the above species, in the case of T. castaneum after the exposure interval of 7 d, the mortality was 68.6%. However after 14 d exposure interval the mortality was 100% (Table 3). Mortality caused by Actellic 5E applied at 10 ppm. For S. oryzae and T. castaneum after 7 d of exposure interval, mortalities were 100 % (Table 1, 3). However, for R. dominica after 7 d exposure interval the mortality was very low, 7.3% only. After 21 d interval the mortality was still low, 38% only (Table 2). Mortality caused by Spinosad Tech. 92% applied at 1 ppm. For S. oryzae after 7 d exposure interval the adultsmortality was 72.3% but after 14 d exposure interval, the mortality was 199% (Table 1). For R. dominica after 7 d exposure interval, the mortality was 100% (Table 2). However, the mortality of T.castaneum after 7 d exposure interval the mortality was zero and after exposure interval of 21 d the mortality was stll very low, 22% only (Table 3). Mortality caused by Storicide II applied at 3 ppm of CP and 0.5 ppm of DM. Storicide II caused 100% mortality of all three tested insect species after 7 d exposure interval (Table 1, 2 and 3). Progeny production on treated wheat. DE/DM and Storicide II reduced the progeny of all thre insect species by 100% (Table 1,2 and 3). Actellic 5E reduced the progeny of S. oryzae, R. dominica and T. castaneum by >99%, 96.8% and 98.7%, respectively. Spinosad reduced the progeny of S. oryzae, R. dominica and T. castaneum by 70.7%, 99.4% and 69.4%, respectively (Table 1, 2 and 3). Discussion and conclusions Organophosphorus insecticides (OP) are currently widely used as grain protectants. However its use should be reduced because of the risk of their residues, and gradual loss of effectiveness due to resistance (Collins 1993; Collins et al. 1993; Lorini and Galey 1996). The promising alternatives to OP are the pyrethroids, particularly deltamethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (Arthur 1994). Deltamethrin is used in the fields of stored grain protection, plant protection, livestock protection and public health. Deltamethrin has very broad spectrum of control, and it is considered the most effective of the pyrethroids. It is up to three times more active than some pyrethroids (Deltamethrin; EXTOXNET 1995). It is used as a stored grain protectant in several countries in Europe, China and some other developing countries. Deltamethrin is effective in controlling the lesser grain borer and its strains which are resistant to common OP insecticides (Daglish et al. 1995; Daglish 1998; White and Leesch 1996). In the USA as a grain protectant deltamethrin is used in a mixture with another pyrethroid cyfluthrin at the concentration of 0.5 ppm and in the formulation Storicide II with chlorpyrifos methyl. However, pyrethroids including deltamethrin are not effective enough in controlling Sitophilus spp. and Tribolium spp. (Daglish 1994; Daglish et al. 1996) and a high level of resistance to pyrethroids has developed (Collins 1990, Collins and al. 1993). Resistance to deltamethrin also has been reported (Guedes et al. 1995, Lorini and Galley 1966). The combination of insecticides from different groups may overcome resistance and the weak effectiveness of pyrethroids against some stored grain insects species. OP have been mixed with different groups of insecticides including pyrethroids (Bengston et. al 1980, Zhang Gualiang et al. 1990, Duguet et al. 1990, Arthur 1994, Daglish 1996, 1998, Wilkin et al. 1998), The concentrations used in these mixtures were still pretty high: chlorpyrifos methyl 8 ppm + deltamethrin 0.4 ppm; pirimiphos methyl 2.5 ppm or 5 ppm + deltamethrin 0.25 ppm or 0.5 ppm; chlorpyrifos methyl 2 ppm + cyfluthrin 2 ppm; chlorpyrifos methyl 10 ppm + bioresmethrin 1 ppm + piperonyl butoxide (PBO) 8 ppm; malathion 10 ppm + permethrin 1 ppm + PBO 10 ppm; fenitrothion 10 ppm + d-phenothrin 1 ppm + PBO 10 ppm; fenitrothion 12 ppm + fenvalerate 0.5 ppm +PBO 8 ppm; fenitrothion 4% + cyfluthrin 0.1% (dustable powder); chlorpyrifos methyl 10 ppm + methoprene 2 ppm; chlorpyrifos methyl 10 ppm + methoprene 1 ppm; malathion 12 ppm + methoprene 1 ppm; metacriphos 10 ppm + methoprene 1 ppm; fenitrothion 6 ppm + methoprene 0.5 ppm. Despite of the increased efficacy and lower concentrations in some cases, because of still pretty high concentrations of both OP and pyrethroids in the mixtures, residues may be still concerns with consumers. Several studies using insects of stored products have shown synergism between OP and pyrethroids (Douget et al. 1990; Zhang et al. 1990; Daglish 1998; Richter et al. 1998; Mansee and Montasser 2003). However, this is not always the case, because the laboratory experiments carried out with six protectants combinations of fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl and methacrifos-methoprene) and deltamethrin+piperonyl butoxide were not synergist (Daglish (1998). In order to reduce or overcome the toxicity and residues problems, safe and natural insecticide based on diatomaceous earth is used as a part of an integrated stored products protection measures. However, there are several problems that limit its widespread use: high dosages, reduction of the bulk density and flowablity of grain, dusty to apply, low efficacy against some insects and reduction in efficacy at high moisture contents (Korunic, 1998; Fields, 1999). In order to reduce DE dosages of use and reduce of its adverse effect on grain characteristics, DE is often mixed with other compounds such as silica gel, dry honey, un-activated yeast and sugar to increase the efficacy (Korunic and Fields 1995; Subramanyam and Roesli 2000; Quarles and Winn 2006). However, high doses of these mixtures still have a significant negative effect on grain bulk density and flowability (Jackson and Webley 1994; Korunic et al. 1998). One of the possible solutions to the implications that are caused by the use of DEs high doses is the combined use of DE with other, reduced-risk methods, such as low concentrations of synthetic insecticides (Korunic 2001; Stathers 2003; Arthur 2004a, 2004b; Athanassiou 2006; Athanassiou and Korunic 2007; Chanbang et al. 2007), in a mixture with plant extracts, (Korunic 2007, Athanassiou and Korunic, 2007). The results presented in this study confirmed the results of the above mentioned authors. The producer of Actellic 5E, Agriliance, USA recommends dose of use approximately 6 ppm or 6 mg of a.i. per kg of grain. However, in different descriptions and published papers, the dose of 10 ppm is recommended. In our experiment 10 ppm was applied. This applied concentration wasnt high enough to control R. dominica successfully. The results confirmed that pirimiphos methyl is pretty weak against adults and the progeny R. dominica and against the progeny of S. oryzae. The producer of Storicide II, Bayer Crop Science, USA, recommends the use the dose of 3 ppm of chlorpyrifos-methyl and 0.5 ppm of deltamethrin. In our experiment the recommended dose was applied. The mixture in Storicide II formulations and the recommended concentrations successfully controlled all three insect species on wheat. However, due to our opinion, this formulation contains too high quantities of both active ingredients and one of the a.i. (CP) is already phased out from the market in several countries because of several reasons such as toxicity, risk of residues and long term adverse effect on mammalians. The producer of Spinosad Technical is the company BIOSEEN, China. Spinosad is registered by the USA EPA to be used as a grain protectant at dose of 1 ppm of a.i. In our experiment we used the dose of 1 ppm and this concentration wasnt high enough to control adults and the progeny of S.oryzae and T.castaneum. It is proved that spinosad has very good effectiveness against some species and low effectiveness against other species. In the field of stored product protection spinosad applied alone in the concentration up to 1 ppm gives excellent results against Rhyzopertha dominica, but the results against adults and the progeny of Sitophilus (weevils) and Tribolium (flour beetles) are not so good. According to the several published papers, higher concentrations than 1 ppm, even up to 3 ppm, and the exposure period of 14 to 21 days are needed to control T. castaneum and the progeny of S. oryzae. In order to mitigate the effect of diatomaceous earth (DE) on bulk density and grain flowability, and to reduce the quantity of deltamethrin (DM) residue in the grain, during the recent years a new formulation was developed. The new developed formulations DE/DM powder ready to use contains very low concentrations of DE and DM dissolved in natural, solvents and carriers. The toxicity of formulations against mammals is extremely low and this formulation is safe and ecologically acceptable. The concentration of the active ingredients (a.i.) in the formulations is several times lower in the comparison with the concentrations when these active ingredients are used alone (Korunic and Rozman, 2010, Korunic et al., 2010). DE/DM formulation was applied at 90 ppm of DE and 0.1 ppm of DM and was effective against all 3 tested insect species equally and the effectiveness is equal to the effectiveness of one of the most effective grain protectant Storicide II. References Athanassiou, C.G., 2006. Toxicity of beta cyfluthrin applied alone or in combination with diatomaceous earth against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum DuVal (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on stored wheat. Crop Protection 25,788-794. Athanassiou C.G., Korunic Z., 2007. 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