ࡱ> IKHmq`OxbjbjqPqP?~::+WWWWWWWWooo8ppdWhq(8q(`q`q`q\tFvfwd@BBBBBB$hSTfW(tt@((fWW`q`q#$,,,(W`qW`q@,(@,,WW@`qq @ihqo\*G<ԉT@WX4wbz,<||}pwwwffȊdwww((((WWWD e WWWeWWWWWWWWW EFFECT OF FOLIAR FERTILIZERS ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT INDEX AND YIELD OF POTATO CROP GROWN UNDER WATER STRESS CONDITIONS Tea HORVAT 1 Milan POLJAK 1  Boris LAZAREVI 1 Zlatko SVE NJAK 2  Tomislav KARA}IJA 1 1 Department of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetoimunska 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, e-mail: thorvat@agr.hr 2 Department of Field Crop Production, Grassland and Forages, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of three foliar fertilizers (Epso Salt, Megagreen and Drin) and control treatment (with no foliar fertilizer) on the chlorophyll content index, tuber size and yield of potato crop grown under water stress conditions. The experiment was conducted during three growing seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007) in the greenhouse using variety 'Courage' and arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Foliar fertilization was carried out five times during vegetation in the period from the start of tuber formation to the stage of full tuberization. Water stress was induced at the full tuberization growth stage. There was no significant difference in chlorophyll content index in potato leaf influenced by foliar fertilizers between water stress conditions and optimum water supply. However, tuber yield was significantly reduced by an average of 15 % under water stress conditions. In addition, water stress resulted in a significantly higher number of 0-25 mm size tubers, but lower number of 50-75 mm size tubers. Foliar application of Epso Salt brought about similar tuber yields under conditions of water stress and optimum water supply. In contrast, Megagreen, Drin and control treatment achieved significantly higher tuber yield under optimum water supply when compared to water stress conditions. Keywords: potato, foliar fertilizers, water stress, chlorophyll content index, tuber yield Introduction Water stress is an important factor which induces significant alterations in plant physiology and biochemistry (El-Tayeb, 2006). It causes inhibition of growth which is reflected in a restriction of chlorophyll content and photosynthesis, dry matter formation and yield (Poljak et al., 2005; Hnili ka et al., 2007). The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is well known as one of the most sensitive crops to water stress. Water stress during mid and late bulking periods reduces yield while increases the percentage of undersized tubers and causes tubers brown spots (Horvat et al., 2008). Soil fertilization is not always sufficient to meet the needs of crops, especially in water stress conditions, because the root is not able to absorb nutrients in adequate quantities from the upper layer of dry soil. Furthemore, in water stress conditions transport of certain nutrients (Ca, Mg, B, Mn) that are transported through the plant by xylem is limited. Apart from soil fertilization, fertilizers can be applied foliar through leaves and stems. On the market there are different foliar fertilizers, which are often mixtures of micronutrients and secondary nutrients. Their application is recommended to increase the yield and quality of crops. However, there are very few scientific results based on their effectiveness on the plants metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of foliar fertilizers on the chlorophyll content index, tuber size and yield of potato crop grown under water stress conditions. Materials and methods The experiment was conducted during three growing seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007) in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb in partly controlled conditions. Potato tubers of variety 'Courage' were planted in 25 L pots filled with a mixture of soil and perlite at a ratio of 3:1. The basic fertilization, calculated per pot, was carried out with 700 kg ha-1 NPK 7:20:30 and 250 kg ha-1 KAN at pre-planting. The experiment consisted of three foliar fertilizers (Epso Salt (Mg, S, B, Mn), Drin (alpha amino acid), Megagreen (Ca) and control treatment (with no foliar fertilizer) and was arranged in a randomized split-plot design with three replications. Foliar fertilization was carried out five times during vegetation (50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 days after planting) in the period from the start of tuber formation to the stage of full tuberization. Foliar fertilizers were applied as instructed by manufacturers (Epso Salt at a dose of 25 kg ha-1, Drin 0,5 l ha-1 and Megagreen at a dose of 2 kg ha-1) with the water consumption of 300 l ha-1 calculated per pot. Drip irrigation was used. Water deficit stress was induced at the full tuberization growth stage (90 days after planting) by interrupting the irrigation. Chlorophyll content index in potato leaves was measured by portable CCM 200 apparatus (ADC, Bio Scientific Ltd. UK) on the second and sixth day after exposure of plants to water stress. After 20-day exposure of plants to water stress, fresh tuber yield and the number of tubers by size were calculated. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance. Mean separation was obtained using a protected LSD test at the 0,05 probability level when significant F-tests (P d" 0.05) were observed. Results and discussion Chlorophyll content index significantly differed depending on the water stress conditions and optimum water supply conditions in individual growing seasons (Figure 1). In 2005 and 2006, a significant difference in chlorophyll content index in water stress and optimum water supply conditions was not found. In contrast, chlorophyll content index in water stress conditions in 2007 was 18,7 and was significantly lower by 40 % compared to optimum water supply conditions (31,0). Reduction of chlorophyll content in water stress conditions was reported by Kiani et al. (2008). There was no significant difference in chlorophyll content index in potato leaf influenced by foliar fertilizers between water stress conditions and optimum water supply in both growing seasons. The analysis of variance showed that water stress significantly influenced the potato tuber yield and number of 0-25 mm and 50-75 mm size tubers (Table 1). Potato tuber yield was significantly reduced in water stress conditions by an average of 15 % and amounted 370,0 g per plant compared with 433,5 g per plant under optimum water supply conditions. The negative impact of water stress during and at the end of tuber bulking on potato yield and quality was also found by Pereira and Shock (2006). The authors reported the reduction in yield and specific gravity and increase in reducing sugar in potato tuber due to water stress.  EMBED Excel.Chart.8 \s  Figure 1. The average chlorophyll content index in stress and non stress conditions in growing seasons 2005, 2006 and 2007. LSD 0,05 =5,9; bars apply for comparing stress and non stress conditions within the same growing season. Foliar treatments significantly differed in tuber yield produced under water stress and optimum water supply conditions (Table 1). Table 1. Combined analysis of variance for potato yield and number of tubers by size. Source of variationPotato yield (g per plant)Number of tubers by size 0-25mm 25-50mm 50-75mmGrowing season (GS)***NS*Treatment (T)*NSNS*GS TNSNSNSNSStress (S)***NS*GS S*NSNSNST S*NSNSNSNS Not significant; * Significant at P d" 0.05; ** Significant at P d" 0.01 Foliar application of Epso Salt brought about similar tuber yields under conditions of water stress and optimum water supply (Figure 2). In contrast, plants subjected to control, Megagreen and Drin had a significantly higher tuber yield under optimum water supply when compared to water stress conditions. Takacs-Hajos et al. (2007) indicated a positive impact of foliar fertilizer Epso Salt on the yield and quality of sugar beet. In water stress conditions Megagreen treatment achieved a higher yield (418,3 g per plant). The smallest yield in stress conditions was obtained under the influence of Drin treatment. In water stress conditions, a significantly higher number of 0-25 mm size tubers, but lower number of 50-75 mm size tubers was determined. The likely reason is that in water deficit conditions the stoma closure decreased the intensity of photosynthesis, prevented the translocation of assimilates into the tuber and further thickening. A reduced number of larger tubers in water stress conditions was reported by Walworth and Carling (2002). The absence of interaction between treatments and stress indicate that treatments responded similarly in the number of tubers by size in water stress and optimum water supply conditions (Table 1).  EMBED Excel.Chart.8 \s  Figure 2. The average yield of potato tubers following application of foliar treatments compared with control in stress and non stress conditions. LSD 0,05 = 33,53 g per plant; bars apply for comparing treatment in stress and non stress conditions. Conclusions A significantly lower average tuber yield was attained in water stress conditions. In addition, water stress resulted in a significantly higher number of 0-25 mm size tubers, but lower number of 50-75 mm size tubers. Our findings have shown a positive impact of foliar fertilizer Epso Salt on potato tuber yield in water stress conditions. There was no significant difference in chlorophyll content index in potato leaf influenced by foliar fertilizers between water stress conditions and optimum water supply. References El-Tayeb, M.A.: 2006. Differential response of two Vicia faba cultivars to drought: Growth, pigments, lipid peroxidation, organic solutes, catalase and peroxidase activity. Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 54: 1. 25-37. Hnili ka, F.  Hnili kov, H.  Martinkov, J.  Blha, L.: 2007. The influence of drought and the application of 24  epibrassinolide on the formation of dry matter and yield in wheat. Cereal Research Communications, 35: 2. 457-460. Horvat, T.  Poljak, M.  Maji, A.  Sve njak, Z.  Jurki, V.: 2008. Effects of foliar fertilization and water stress on yield and physiological characteristics of potato. 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Kiani, S:P. Maury, P. Sarrafi A. Grieu, P.: 2008. QTL analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Plant Sciences, 175: 565-573. Pereira, A.B. Shock, C. C.: 2006. Development of irrigation best management practices for potato from a research perspective in the United States. Sakia.org e-publish, 1: 1. 1-20. Poljak, M.  osi, T.  Herak-usti, M.  Horvat, T.  Buturac, I.: 2005. Potato nitrogen fertilization efficiency. Proceedings of the XL Croatian Symposium on Agriculture with International Participation. Faculty of Agriculture, University of J. J. Strossmayer, Osijek, 369-370. Takacs-Hajos, M.  Szabo, L.  Racz, I.  Mathe, A.  SzQke, E.: 2007. The effect of Mg-leaf fertilization on quality parameters of some horticultural species. Cereal Research Communications, 35: 2. 1181-1184. Walworth, J.L.  hVhhhhhhh"iiijmmmmntt uu,u.u0u4u6u:u̱wki`PHDHDhKQ9jhKQ9Uh h?k5CJaJmH sH hOg5CJaJUh hOg5CJaJhOghOg5CJaJh h?kCJaJh h?k5CJaJh h`1CJaJh h`15CJaJh h`15CJaJmHsHhOh`1CJaJh`15CJaJhOh`156CJaJhOh`15CJaJh$7h`15CJaJmHsHhiu@uDuFuuu x xxx &`#$gdRx  gdN  lgdR$a$gda/$$@& ^`a$gda/$$@& ^`a$gd  Carling, D.E.: 2002. Tuber initiation and development in irrigated and non-irrigated potatoes. American Journal of Potato Research, 79: 6. 387-395.     Vol. 59, 2010, Suppl. Nvnytermels IX. 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