ࡱ> `abcdefghijklmnwRoot Entry F2`luWordDocument eObjectPool  I ISummaryInformation(s  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWs \]^op} z v{ z{|}~CompObjj                          ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q t u v w x y y   FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.69q [ Stanice su u biti povijesni dokumenti. Povijest je zapisana u njihovim genima. Usporedba makromolekularnih sekvenci nudi velike mogunosti za zakljuivanje o filogenetskim odnosima putem kojih je premotena razliitost postojeeg ivog svijeta. Vrlo koristan molekularni kronometar su molekule poput ribosomalnih RNA-molekula s jedinstvenom, postojanom i visoko ouvanom ulogom koja je utemeljena u ranim razdobljima evolucije. Danas je openito prihvaeno da se na molekularnoj razini ivi svijet dijeli na tri udaljene grupe, domene - Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya. Postoje brojne zajednike molekularne znaajke izmeu Archaea i Eucarya koje ukazuju na opeg pretka, odvojenog od Bacteria. To je prilino jasno potkrijepljeno njihovim mehanizmima transkripcije, translacije i replikacije. Doba prave komparativne genetike nastupilo je 1996. godine potpunim sekvenciranjem genoma i analizom predstavnika sve tri glavne grane ivota. Molekularna karakterizacija otkriva evolucione odnose, ne samo meu organizmima ve i unutar eukariotske stanice, meu organelima. Prvobitno su mitohondriji i plastidi bili u uskom evolucijskom odnosu sa specifinom grupom Bacteria, imenom alfa-proteobakterije i cijanobakterije. Ali jesu li oni monofiletiki ili polifiletiki? Komparativna analiza organizacije plastidnog genoma ukazivala je na pojedinani primarni endosimbiontski dogaaj, tj. na injenicu da svi plastidi, bez obzira na pigment, sastav i morfologiju, potjeu od zajednikog organela prekursora. Gledite prema kojem su mitohondriji takoer monofiletikog podrijetla trenutno podupire komparativna analiza ribosomalne RNA velikih ribosomalnih podjedinica. Endosimbiotsko tj. bakterijsko podrijetlo nekih drugih staninih organela kao to su mikrotubuli i peroksisomi, jo uvijek nije ire prihvaeno. Slino, kimerini model podrijetla eukariotskog jezgrinog genoma (fuzija arheona i bakterija) najnoviji podaci ne podupiru u dovoljnoj mjeri. The present view on the origin of the eukaryotic cell Cells are in essence historical documents. The history is written in their genes. Comparison of macromolecular sequences offer a great potential for inferring phylogenetic relationships spanning the diversity of extant life. Very useful molecular chronometers are molecules like the ribosomal RNA's - molecules with universal, constant and highly constrained functions that were established at early stages in evolution. It is now generally accepted that on the molecular level the living world is divided into three distinct primary groups, domains - Archaea, Bacteria, Eucarya. There are a number of molecular features specifically shared between Archaea and Eucarya to suggest a common ancestry, apart from the Bacteria. This is most clearly documented in their transcription, translation and replication systems. The era of true comparative genomics has been ushered in 1996 by complete genome sequencing and analysis of representatives of all three major branches of life. Molecular characterization reveal evolutionary relationships not only among organisms but also within the eukaryotic cell, among organelles. Primarily mitochondria and plastids bear a close evolutionary relationship to specific groups of Bacteria, namely alfa-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively. But are they monophyletic or polyphyletic? Comparative analysis of plastid genome organization led to the conclusion of a singular primary endosymbiotic event, i.e. that all plastids regardless of their pigment composition and morphology are derived from a common precursor organelle. The view according to which mitochondria are also of monophyletic origin is at present supported by comparative analysis of ribosomal RNA of the large ribosomal subunits. The endosymbiotic, i.e. bacterial origin of some other cell organelles such as microtubules and peroxisomes, eventually hydrogenosomes lacks the wider acceptance. Similarly, the chimeric model for the origin of the eukaryotic nuclear genome (fusion of an archaeon and a bacterium) remains unsupported enough by current data. Mick Bailey, Karin Haverson, Christopher R. Stokes University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS18, 7DY, U.K. Modeli funkcioniranja T-stanica u lamini propriji crijeva U sisavaca lamina proprija crijeva gusto je naseljena T-limfocitima (LLP). Istraivanja LLP u ljudi i svinja pokazala su da rezidentne CD4+ stanice prvenstveno izraavaju izoformu CD45 molekule niske molekulske mase koja se redovito nalazi na pamteim T-stanicama. Osim toga, ini se da je njihova prisutnost u lamini propriji crijeva ovisna o poticanju antigenima iz okolia. Ova su zapaanja dovela do ope prihvaene postavke da su CD4+ T-stanice u crijevu ukljuene u imunosni nadzor i osiguravanje brzih imunosnih odgovora na antigene s kojima su prethodno dole u dodir. Ovaj se model temelji na injenici da je specifinost lokalnih (crijevnih) T-stanica ponajvie usmjerena na antigene patogenih organizama s kojima je jedinka ve bila u dodiru. Nedavna su istraivanja pokazala da su T-stanice iz lamine proprije crijeva vrlo neobina subpopulacija limfocita. Naime, svinjski LLP nakon in vitro poticanja transkribiraju uputu za interleukin-2 (IL-2) i sintetiziraju, a potom izluuju male koliine IL-2, ali su sposobni transkribirati uputu za sintezu komponenti molekule receptora za IL-2 i izraavati taj receptor na svojoj povrini. U skladu s rezultatima dobivenima za visoko diferencirane ljudske sistemske CD45RO stanice, i svinjski LLP umiru nakon poticanja, ali se ipak mogu spasiti od stanine smrti dodavanjem egzogenog rekombinantnog IL-2. Slino tomu, i ljudski LLP nakon in vitro poticanja umiru postupno posredstvom FAS-a. Teko je uskladiti ova opaanja s poticanjem i reguliranjem, za jedinku korisnih, zatitnih imunosnih odgovora na lokalnoj (crijevnoj) razini. Meutim, ovakav bi mehanizam imunosnog odgovora mogao biti ukljuen u reguliranje i obuzdavanje nepotrebnih imunosnih odgovora na nekodljive antigene iz okolia, kao to su primjerice oni iz hrane. Treba istaknuti dvije osobitosti kojima se odlikuju ovi modeli: (1) specifinost crijevnih T-stanica , i (2) posljedice poticanja za preivljavanje i smrt tih stanica u in vivo uvjetima. Budui pristupi ovim modelima svakako su izazov za razmatranje. Models for the function of T cells in the intestinal lamina propria In mammals, the lamina propria of the intestine is heavily populated with T-lymphocytes (LPL). Studies in humans and in pigs have demonstrated that resident CD4+ cells express primarily the low molecular weight isoform of the CD45 molecule, normally associated with memory T cells. Further, their presence in the intestinal lamina propria appears to be dependant on environmental challenge. These observations have led to the widely accepted suggestion that CD4+ T cells in the intestine are engaged in surveillance and in the provision of rapid responses to recall antigens. This model implies that the specificity of local T cells is primarily for previously experienced pathogens. Recent studies have demonstrated that T cells from the lamina propria are an unusual subset. Pig LPL transcribe and secrete little interleukin-2 (IL-2) when activated in vitro, but do transcribe and express components of the IL-2 receptor. Consistent with results for highly differentiated, human systemic CD45RO cells, pig LPL die following activation, but can be rescued by exogenous recombinant IL-2. Similarly, in vitro-activated human LPL die by a FAS-mediated process. It is difficult to reconcile these observations with the provision of useful, protective responses. However, such a system may be involved in the regulation of inappropriate responses to harmless environmental antigens such as those in food. Two features distinguish these models: firstly, the specificity of local T cells; secondly, the consequences of activation for cell survival and cell death in vivo. Future approaches will be discussed. Zoran Zgaga Laboratorij za biologiju i genetiku mikroorganizama, , Prehrambenobiotehnoloki fakultet Sveuilitau Zagrebu, Krnjavoga 25,10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Kvasac Saccharomyces cerevisiae - to nakon sekvencije? Kvasac Saccharomyces cerevisiae je najvaniji industrijski mikroorganizam ali i modelni organizam u nizu temeljnih biolokih istraivanja. Mali, jednostanini eukariot, koristi se u istraivanjima kontrole ekspresije gena, strukture i organizacije kromosoma, kontrole staninog ciklusa, mehanizama popravka oteenja u DNA; homologne rekombinacije, mejotike diobe Genetike manipulacije stanicama kvasca na najbolji nain ujedinjuju prednosti klasine genetike i tehnologije rekombinantne DNA, a umjetni kromosomi kvasca (YAC), koriste se u analizi sloeniji genoma, ukljuujui i ljudski genom. Sekvencioniranje cjelokupnog kvaevog genoma, koje je dovreno prole godine, simboliki oznaava metodoloku i koncepcijsku prekretnicu u modernoj genetici. Koja je budunost kvasca kao eksperimentalnog organizma u tim novim okolnostima? The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is sequenced - what next? The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most important industrial microorganism but also a model organism in fundamental biological research. This small unicellular eucaryote is used in studies of gene expression, chromosomal structure and organization, cell cycle control, mechanisms of DNA repair, homologous recombination, meiotic division Genetic manipulation of yeast cells is greatly facilitated by successful combination of classical and recombinant DNA techniques and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are used in analyses of complex genomes, including human. Sequencing of the complete yeast genom, which was completed last year, symbolically represents the methodological and conceptual milestone in modern genetics. What is the future for yeast, as an experimental organism, in these new circumstances? Ivan Bai, Zoran Tadi, Vesna Lackovi Zavod za animalnu fiziologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Stres sindrom: ryanodinski receptor (RYR1) gen i maligna hipertermija u ljudi i svinja Stres sindrom (maligna hipertermija- MH) je posljedica potencijalno smrtonosnog odgovora na anestetike, a razlog joj je genetska predispozicija jedinke. Ryanodinski receptor(RYR1) gen u skeletnoj muskulaturi vezan je na nastanak MH u ljudi i svinja. U jedinki genetiki predodreenih za razvitak MH anestezija dovodi do kontrakcije skeletne muskulature, pojaanog metabolizma, povienja temperature i simptoma ije ne sprijeavanju razvoju dovodi do oteenja tkiva i smrti. Nastup MH u svinja dovodi do stresom inducirane smrti ili do znakovito smanjene kakvoe mesa. Poremeenost prometa Ca++ u kanaliima sarkoplazme miine stanice (RYR1 receptor) prokazana je razlogom nastanka MH u ljudi svinja u biokemijskim, fiziologijskim i genetskim istraivanjima uzronosti bolesti. U svinja jednostavna mutacija u RYR1 genu jest razlogom razvoja bolesti u svim uzgojima, dok se ipak ini da je u ljudi heterogena genetska osnovica sindroma MH u obiteljima. Prikazat emo rezultate istraivanja MH PCR tehnologijom u uzgojima svinja u Hrvatskoj i usporediti ih s istim u svijetu. Stress syndrome: ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene and malignant hyperthermia in human and swine Malignant hypertermia (MH) is a devastating, potentially lethal response to anesthetics that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals. The skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene has been linked to human and porcine MH. In humans genetically predisposed to MH anesthesia can induce skeletal muscle rigidity, hypermetabolism, and high fever, which if not immediately reversed, can lead to tissue damage or death. The corresponding condition in swine leads to stress-induced deaths and devalued meat products. Abnormalities in theCa2+ release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (the ryanodine receptor) have been implicated in the cause of both the porcine and human syndromes by physiological andbiochemical studies and genetic linkage analysis. In swine, a single founder mutation in RYR1can account for all cases of MH in all breeds while in human families a series of differentRYR1 mutations are likely to be uncovered indicating a heterogeneous genetic basis for the human syndrome. Results of studies with PCR performed to detection of occurrence of MH among swine breeds in Croatia will be presented. Sabina Rabati, Dragan Dekaris Imunoloki zavod, Rockefelleova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Razvoj imunoreaktivnosti u djece Pregledno je prikazana novija literatura o posebnostima imunoreaktivnosti u novoroenadi i djece. Nakon kratkog razmatranja opih obiljeja imunoreakcija, govori se o stanicama u uroenoj imunosti, dakle o polimorfonuklearnim leukocitima te posebno o neutrofilnim, eozinofilnim i bazofilnim leukocitima i mastocitima. Potom se razmatraju svojstva monocita i makrofaga te uroenoubilakih stanica. Govori se i o humoralnim komponentama uroene imunosti, tj. o sustavu komplementa, fibronektinu i C-reaktivnom proteinu. Nakon razmatranja suvremenih shvaanja o osobinama uroene imunosti djece govori se o specifinim, steenim imunoreakcijama. Najprije su prikazane antigen-prezentirajue stanice (makrofagi, dendritine stanice), a potom humoralna imunost, tj. sistemske funkcije B-limfocita i imunoglobulini. Prikazane su i steene celularne imunoreakcije s posebnim osvrtom na razne aspekte fenotipa i funkcije T-limfocita (TCR-1, povrinski fenotip, memorijski i naivni T-limfociti, proliferacija in vitro, citotoksike efektorske funkcije, pomoniki i supresorski T-limfociti, citokini). Kratko su razmotreni i novi podaci o lokalnoj imunosti u neonatalnom razdoblju. Na kraju se daju zakljuci koji saimlju glavna obiljeja imunoreakcija u novoroenadi i male djece. Development of immuneresonsiveness in children Recent literature on the specificities of immune responsiveness in newborns and children is reviewed. After brief presentation of the general features of immunoreactions and an account is given of the cells in innate immunity i.e. of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and especially of neutrophiles, eosinophiles and basophiles as well as mastocytes. Then, the features of monocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells are discussed, as well as the humoral components of innate immunity, i.e. the complement system, fibronectin and c-reactive protein. Current concepts of the characteristics of specific, acquired immune reactions are also presented. Antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells) are described first, followed by humoral immunity, i.e. systemic functions of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulines. Acquired cellular immunoreactions are discussed, with special reference to various aspects of the phenotype memory and naive T-lymphocytes, proliferation in vitro, cytotoxic effector functions, helper and supressor T-lymphocytes, cytokines). A brief account is also given of the latest data on local immunity in the neonatal period. In conclusion, the main features of immunoreactions in newborns and small children are summarized. Antonieta Poar-Domac Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Ouvanje i aktivna zatita bioraznolikosti u Jadranskom moru Najvea opasnost za bioraznolikost mora su ljudske aktivnosti koje se odvijaju na uem kopnenom priobalnom i u pliem morskom, litoralnom pojasu. Smatra se da 67% svjetske ljudske populacije ivi uz ili najvie 60 km od morske obale. Pritisak na to podruje neprestano se poveava i posljednjih se tridesetak godina u priobalnom pojasu broj stanovnika udvostruio. Zahvati u tom podruju s unitavanjem morskog dna (luke, marine, umjetne plae, nasipi, odlaganje zemlje i sl.), ribolov (profesionalno ribarenje, koarenje, portski ribolov) i razne vrste oneienja (anorganske soli, organske estice, teki metali, krupni otpad i sve ostalo to smanjuje prozirnost) izravno utiu na ivotne zajednice infralitorala i gornjeg dijela cirkalitorala koji su spremnici bioraznolikosti mora. Poljoprivreda, ribarstvo i turizam osnove su ivota i odrivog razvitka u hrvatskom priobalju a posebno na otocima. Usprkos spoznajama o osjetljivosti ekosustava mora nije do sada u nas organizirana ni primjerena zatita ni uinkovito upravljanje (gospodarenje) prirodnim zalihama. U sadanjem trenutku brzog razvitka i promjena u priobalnom podruju praenje i predvianje promjena ima osobito znaenje. Predvianje promjena u priobalju mogue je s velikom vjerojatnou samo u onim podrujima gdje se dugorono prate promjene i gdje su obavljena opsena znanstvena istraivanja. Upravljanje priobalnim podrujima i smisleno iskoritavanje prirodnih zaliha zahtijeva dakle stalno zalaganje u istraivanju priobalja, smisleno cjelovito planiranje razliitih djelatnosti uz angairano sudjelovanje javnosti. Ukoliko elimo ouvati i zatititi Jadran potrebno je prihvatiti novi nain razmiljanja i djelovanja te urno, otrijim mjerama zatite obuhvatiti vee povrine priobalja i otvorenog mora. Mrea posebno zatienih podruja (morski parkovi, posebni rezervati, posebna stanita itd.) u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog mora s organiziranim upravljanjem tj. gospodarenjem po strogo utvrenim pravilima omoguila bi ouvanje ili bre uspostavljanje povoljnih uvjeta okolia. Samo aktivnom zatitom odreenih podruja - stanita ugroenih vrsta - omoguava se njihovo nesmetano razmnoavanje i razvitak mladih osjetljivih stadija te izravno utie na ouvanje bioraznolikosti. Preservation and active protection of biodiversity in Adriatic Sea Human activities in the narrow coastal zone and shallow littoral zone represent a great danger for marine biodiversity. It is estimated that 67 % of world human population lives in coastal zone or mostly in zone from the ocean coast up to 60 km in the continent. Pressure on that area is continuously increasing and numbers of inhabitants in coastal zone has doubled in last 30 years. Development in the coastal zone area connected with sea bottom destruction (harbors, marines, artificial beaches, dikes, soil depositing, etc.), fishing (professional fishing, trawling, sport fishing), and different sorts of pollution (inorganic salts, organic particles, heavy metals, solid waste and other things that increase water turbidity) have direct influence on living communities in infralittoral zone and in upper zone of circalittoral which are sources of biodiversity in the sea. Agriculture, fishery and tourism are basis of sustainable life and development in Croatian coastal zone, especially on islands. In spite of knowledge about marine ecosystem sensitivity, up to now neither adequate protection nor effective management of natural resources were organized in Croatia. In present moment of fast development and changes in coastal zone, monitoring and foreseeing of changes is particularly important. Successful foreseeing of changes is possible only for those areas where extended scientific research and monitoring have been undertaken. Management of the coastal zone and wise use of the natural bioresources require constant efforts in coastal zone research, wise planing in whole of different activities with an active participation of public. If we want to preserve and protect Adriatic Sea we have to accept new way of thinking and acting, and as soon as possible put big areas of coastal zone and open sea under more strict measures of protection. A network of specially protected areas (marine parks, reserves, protected habitats, etc.) in Croatian part of Adriatic Sea, which would have an organized management i. e. management according to strictly established rules, would make possible preservation or faster establishment of favorable environmental conditions. Only with an active protection of certain areas - habitats of endangered species - their undisturbed breeding and development of young sensitive stages is possible, and in this way it is directly influenced on preservation of biodiversity. Drako erman Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Biodiverzitet Hrvatske Biodiverzitet je danas jedna vrlo popularna rije koju je predloio zoolog E. O. Wilson, a iji nam latinski korijeni (bios - ivot, diversitas - raznolikost) ujedno i poblie opisuju pojam bioloke raznolikosti. Raznolikost je temeljno svojstvo svih ivih sustava, na svim razinama: od molekula do ekosustava. Ova raznolikost je izvor Ijepote ivota koja nas okruuje, osnova razvitka ivih oblika i evolucije ivota predmet biolokih istraivanja od genetike, biljne i ivotinjske sistematike do ekologije i znanosti o okoliu. Biodiverzitet dakle ukljuuje (1) genetsku raznolikost, (2) raznolikost vrsta i (3) raznolikost ekosistema. Biodiverzitet je oduvijek bio predmetom istraivanja taksonoma i sistematiara od Carla Linnea nadalje, genetiara od Gregora Mendela nadalje i ekologa od Ernesta Haeckela dalje, ali ovaj pojam razmahao se naroito istom nakon to smo postali svjesni kako i u kojoj mjeri Ijudske djelatnosti, pogotovo one u razvijenim industrijskim drutvima (naroito u prvoj, primitivnoj i agresivnoj fazi njihova razvitka) ugroavaju ivot i zdravlje prirode, okolia i samog ovjeka. Svaki etvrti ovjek umire danas u Europi od raka, a u SAD tri od etiri obitelji suouju se s rakom. Zdravlje ovjeka rezultat je njegove heterozigotnosti ali i zdravlja okolia u kojem ivi, a kojeg nepromiljenim djelatnostima i tzv. neogranienim tehnolokim optimizmom sve bre unitava. UNESCO je stoga pokrenuo program "ovjek i biosfera" da pokua sveobuhvatno razmotriti konflikt neobuzdanog razvitka i zatite prirode, tj. zatite biodiverziteta i stoga ustanovio Rezervate biosfere kako bi zatitio svjetski vrijedne i jedinstvene tipove ekosistema, ali ujedno osigurao u njima uvjete za odriv razvitak lokalnog puanstva. U Hrvatskoj je 1977. u Svjetsku mreu Rezenvata biosfere ukljuen Velebit, a pred nama je pokretanje postupka za prvi Prekogranini rezervat biosfere uz porijeja Mure i Drave, i tamonjih hrastovih uma. Biodiversity of Croatia Biodiversity has become a very popular word, originally proposed by zoologist E.O. Wilson, whose Latin roots describe the term in detail (bios - life, diversitas - diversity). Diversity is the basic property of all the life systems: from molecules till ecosystems. This diversity is the source of beauty of the life forms around us, it is the source of development and evolution of life forms and is the topic of biological research from genetics, plant and animal taxonomy till ecology and environmental sciences. Biodiversity includes therefore (1) genetic diversity, (2) species diversity and (3) ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity has always been the topic of research of taxonomists since Carl Linne, geneticists since Gregor Mendel and ecologists since Ernest Haeckel. This term has really become the buzz word of today only after the world has become aware of the degree that the best developed industrial centuries have endangered the life and health of nature, of our environment, and of our own health. One out of four Europeans dyes today from cancer, and three out of four American families are confronted today with some sort of cancer. Human health is the consequence of our heterozygocity, but also of the environmental health we live in which is being constantly degraded. UNESCO has started therefore the "Man And Biosphere" (MAB) program in an attempt to consider conflict resolution between development and conservation of nature, i.e. conservation of biodiversity and established Biosphere Reserves with the goal to conserve the World Network of the uniquely important types of ecosystems, but at the same time ensuring in them conditions for sustainable development of local population. In 1977 Croatia has proposed The Velebit Mountain in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, and we are about to start the nomination for the first Transborder Biosphere Reserve of the river ecosystems of Mura and Drava and the associated oak forests. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Nella Ler1, Gabrijela Kovaevi2, Ivana Ivani2, Erika Salaj-mic1, eljkoTrgovevi1 1Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Genetika analiza recS-a, novog gena odgovornog za popravak i rekombinaciju u bakteriji Escherichia coli Identificirali smo novi gen odgovoran za popravak DNA u bakteriji Escherichia coli. Gen je nazvan recS; njegova genetika karakterizacija prikazana je u ovom radu. Produkt gena recS (RecS) vjerojatno sudjeluje u RecBCD putu rekombinacije obzirom da dvostruki mutanti recB recS pokazuju istu osjetljivost na UV zraenje kao i stanice mutirane u recB genu. To potvruje i nalaz da rekombinacijske izmjene u recS stanicama nisu povezane s interakcijom na mjestu Chi, 5'-GCTGGTGG-3'. Chi stupa specifino u interakciju s RecBCD enzimom; nai rezultati pokazuju da ova interakcija u in vivo uvjetima zahtijeva prisutnost RecS produkta. Kada je recS mutacija prisutna u recF stanicama, tada ona smanjuje rekombinaciju nakon Hfr konjugacije i P1 transdukcije. Isto tako, osjetljivost na UV zraenje je poveano u recF recS stanicama u odnosu na jednostruki recF mutant. To ukazuje da RecS djeluje neovisno od RecF puta rekombinacije. Genetic analysis of recS, a new repair and recombination gene in Escherichia coli We identified a new DNA repair gene in Escherichia coli. This gene is designated recS; its genetic characterization will be presented. Since radiosensitivity of the recB recS double mutant is the same as that of recB cells, the recS gene product (RecS) probably participates in the RecBCD pathway of recombination. Such a notion is confirmed by the finding that recombinational exchanges in recS cells are not focused at the Chi octamer, 5'-GCTGGTGG-3'. Chi interacts specifically with the RecBCD enzyme; our results thus show that under in vivo conditions, this interaction also requires RecS. When the recS mutation is introduced into the recF background, it decreases the yield of recombinants after Hfr conjugation and P1 transduction. Also, radiosensitivity of recF recS cells is greater than that of the recF single mutant. This suggests that RecS acts independently of the RecF pathway of recombination. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Dragutin Petranovi, Ksenija Vlahovi, Davor Zahradka, Senka Didi, Mirjana Petranovi Institut " Ruer Bokovi", P.P. 1016, 10001 Zagreb, Hrvatska Antirekombinaze u stanicama Escherichia coli Eksperimentalni sustav koji se sastoji od bakteriofaga ( i bakterije E. coli, upotrebljavali smo za prouavanje genetike rekombinacije i popravka DNA. Eksperimenti su otkrili aktivnost dviju antirekombinaza u ozraenim SOS-induciranim stanicama. Jedna je helikazna aktivnost enzima RecBCD. U letalno oteenim stanicama ona antagonizira lokospecifinu rekombinaciju u krianjima izmeu profaga i bakterijskog kromosoma te opu rekombinaciju u krianjima izmeu profaga i bakteriofaga. Drugu antirekombinaznu aktivnost pokazuje helikaza II. Pri povienim razinama ona antagonizira RecA,RecF-ovisnu multiplicitetnu reaktivaciju zraenjem inaktiviranog bakteriofaga. Antirecombinases in Escherichia coli cells Experimental system consisting of ( phage and E. coli cells has been used to study the genetics of DNA recombination and repair. The experiments have revealed two antirecombinase activities in irradiated SOS-induced cells. One is RecBCD helicase activity. In lethally damaged cells it antagonizes the site-specific recombination occurring in prophage x bacterial chromosome crosses and the general recombination occurring in prophage x phage crosses. The other antirecombinase activity is displayed by helicase II. At the elevated levels this activity antagonizes RecA,RecF-dependent multiplicity reactivation of the phage inactivated by radiation. Ana Rogulja, Nedeljko Pavlovi, Suzana Juki, Vladimir Deli PLIVA d.d., Istraivaki institut, Bioiosinteza i biotehnologija, PrilazbarunaFilipovia25,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Reduktazna aktivnost i stabilnost plazmida u rekombinantnim sojevima bakterije Erwinia citreus Za mjerenje in vitro aktivnosti 2,5-diketo-D-glukonat reduktaze su koriteni slijedei mikroorganizmi: Erwinia citreus ATCC 31623 (roditeljski soj), E. citreus DSM 3404 (rekombinantni soj s kloniranim genom za 2,5-DKG reduktazu iz bakterije Corynebacterium sp. i s kriptikim plazmidom) i E. citreus C-4/pCBR13 (rekombinantni soj s kloniranim genom za 2,5-DKG reduktazu iz bakterije Corynebacterium sp. i bez kriptikog plazmida). Analizirana je i plazmidna DNA (elektroforezom u gelu agaroze), te je odreena segregacijska stabilnost plazmida pCBR13. Bakterije su uzgojene u tikvicama, stanice su sakupljene, isprane i razbijene ultrazvukom. Testovi na reduktaznu aktivnost su provedeni u staninim ekstraktima mjerenjem pada apsorbancije NADPH pri 340 nm. Koriteni su sljedei supstrati: 2,5-diketo-D-glukonat, 2-keto-D-glukonat, 5-keto-D-glukonat i 2-keto-L-gulonat. Reakcijski produkti su odreeni HPLC metodom. Sva etiri stanina ekstrakta su pokazala najveu aktivnost prema 2,5-DKG, ali su reakcijski produkti bili razliiti. Stanini ekstrakt bakterije E. citreus ATCC 31623 je pokazao aktivnost od 0.2289 U mg-1 prema 2,5-DKG kao supstratu, a kao glavni produkt je dao 5-KDG, to dokazuje da ne posjeduje reduktazu. Stanini ekstrakt bakterije E. citreus DSM 3404 je pokazao aktivnost od 0.2691 U mg-1 prema 2,5-DKG kao supstratu, ali je kao glavni produkt dao 5-KDG. Stanini ekstrakt bakterije E. citreus C-4/pCBR13 je pokazao izuzetno visoku aktivnost od 0.6598 U mg-1 prema 2,5-DKG kao supstratu, i kao glavni reakcijski produkt je dao 2-KLG, to pokazuje da ovaj soj eksprimira klonirani gen. Elektroforeza u gelu agaroze je pokazala da je plazmid pCBR13 bio prisutan u oba rekombinantna soja, dok je roditeljski soj sadravao samo kriptiki plazmid. Testovi na segregacijsku stabilnost plazmida su dali sljedee rezultate: soj E. citreus DSM 3404 nije pokazao segregacijsku nestabilnost tijekom arnog rasta kroz 50 sati. Soj E. citreus C-4/pCBR13 je takoer pokazao nisku razinu plazmidne nestabilnosti. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je razina ekspresije kloniranog gena povezana sa stabilnou plazmida tijekom arnog uzgoja, ali je aktivnost kloniranog proteina ovisna i o drugim imbenicima. Reductase activity and plasmid stability in recombinant strains of Erwinia citreus The following microorganisms were used for measuring the in vitro activity of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase: Erwinia citreus ATCC 31623 (the parental strain), E. citreus DSM 3404 (recombinant strain with cloned gene for 2,5-DKG reductase from Corynebacterium sp. and cryptic plasmid) and E. citreus C-4/pCBR13 (recombinant strain with cloned gene for 2,5-DKG reductase from Corynebacterium sp. and without cryptic plasmid). Plasmid DNA from all three strains was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, and segregational plasmid stability was determined. Bacteria were grown in shake flasks, cells were harvested, washed and sonicated. Tests for reductase activity were performed in cell-free extracts by measuring the decrease in NADPH absorbance at 340 nm. The following substrates were used: 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate, 2-keto-D-gluconate, 5-keto-D-gluconate and 2-keto-L-gulonate. Reaction products were identified by HPLC. All three cell-free extracts showed the highest activity towards 2,5-DKG, but the reaction products varied. The cell-free extract of E. citreus ATCC 31623 showed an activity of 0.2289 U mg-1 towards 2,5-DKG as substrate, and gave predominantly 5-KDG as a reaction product, which proves that it does not have the reductase. The cell-free extract of E. citreus DSM 3404 showed an activity of 0.2691 U mg-1 for 2,5-DKG as substrate, but gave predominantly 5-KDG as a reaction product. The cell-free extract of E. citreus C-4/pCBR13 showed an extremely high activity of 0.6598 U mg-1 for 2,5-DKG as substrate, and gave predominantly 2-KLG as a reaction product, which shows that this strain expresses the cloned gene. Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA showed that plasmid pCBR13 was present in both recombinant strains, while the parental strain contained only the cryptic plasmid. Tests for segregational plasmid stability gave the following results: E. citreus DSM 3404 did not show segregational instability during 50-hour batch growth. Strain E. citreus C-4/pCBR13 also showed a low level of plasmid instability. The obtained results showed that the level of expression of cloned gene is related to plasmid stability during batch growth, but the activity of a cloned protein is affected by other factors as well. Sreko Jeleni1, Andreas Bachmair2 1Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Bioloki odsjek Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Department of Cytology and Genetics, Institut of Botany, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Rennweg 14, Austria Ekspresija retrotranspozona duhana Tto1 u biljci ArabidopsisthalianaL. Retrotranspozoni predstavljaju najraireniju grupu pokretnih genetikih elemenata u eukariota. Iako obuhvaaju znaajan dio svakog biljnog genoma (do 12%), ne zna se gotovo nita o njihovoj pozitivnoj ulozi (ako je ima) u rastu, razvoju i opem stanju biljke domaina. Veliki broj kopija retrotranspozona oteava izuavanje ovih elemenata u prirodnom domainu, stoga je u ovom radu istraena mogunost ekspresije retrotranspozona duhana Tto1 u biljci Arabidopsis thaliana. Aktivnost retrotranspozona u heterolognom domainu mogla bi predstavljati osnovu za izuavanje ivotnog ciklusa retrotranspozona, meudjelovanja retrotranspozona i domaina, procesa horizontalnog prijenosa, kao i mogunosti primjene retrotranspozona u utvrivanju strukture i funkcije gena. U ovome radu korijenje biljke A. thaliana transformirano je retrotranspozonom Tto1 primjenom agrobakterija. Osim divljeg tipa retrotranspozona upotrijebljene su i dvije mutante s nefunkcionalnim genom za integrazu ili proteazu. Obje mutante sadravale su i intron ugraen u gen za integrazu. Aktivnost retrotranspozona Tto1 analizirana je u kalusnim linijama induciranim na transformiranom korijenju. U svim kalusima transformiranim divljim tipom retroelementa dolo je do homologne rekombinacije izmeu dugih rubnih ponavljajuih sljedova (LTR) kopije retrotranspozona u T-DNA. Isto se dogodilo u veini kalusa transformiranih retroelementom s nefunkcionalnom proteazom. U ostalim kalusima transformiranim istom mutantom nije utvrena aktivnost retrotranspozona, to se i oekivalo. Suprotno opisanim rezultatima, niti u jedne kalusne linije transformirane retrotranspozonom s mutiranom integrazom nije dolo do homologne rekombinacije i u svih je uzoraka utvren produkt reverzne transkripcije. Prema tome, retrotranspozon Tto1 moe biti aktivan u stanicama biljke A. thaliana. Expression of the tobacco retrotransposon Tto1 in the plant ArabidopsisthalianaL. Retrotransposons are the commonest class of eukaryotic transposable elements and have recently been shown to occupy a large proportion (up to 12%) of all plant genomes. However, little can be said about their contribution (if any) to growth, development and biological fitness of the host organisms. An impediment to investigation of retrotransposons in native host is the considerable background of copies. To circumvent this problem we have tried to express tobacco retrotransposon Tto1 in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression of retrotransposons or reconstitution of individual steps of retrotransposon life cycle in heterologous hosts, might be a way to learn more about host-element interaction and might shed light on the interesting problem of horizontal transfer. It would be also very valuable to develop the system for gene tagging based on the retrotransposons particularly for the plant A. thaliana. In this study the roots of A. thaliana were transformed with Tto1 using agrobacterial system. In parallel with wild type two derivatives of Tto1 with mutations in integrase or protease domain have been tested. In order to asses the activity of Tto1 an intron was inserted into the integrase domain in both mutated constructs. In all calli lines derived from roots transformed with wild type Tto1, the homologous recombination between two long terminal repeats of the Tto1 copy in T-DNA has occurred. The same has happened with the most protease minus derivatives. The rest of the protease minus constracts did not show detectable activity of transposition. In contrary, no homologous recombination occurred in integrase minus derivatives and all of them underwent reverse transcription as PCR and Southern blot results showed. In this study Tto1 was able to complete its life cycle in heterologous host A. thaliana. Hrvoje Fulgosi1, Alexander V. Vener3, Lothar Altschmied2, Bertil Andersson3 , Reinhold G. Herrmann2 1Ruer Bokovi Institute, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Botanisches Institute der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt, Menzinger Str. 67, Mnchen, Germany 3Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Molekularno kloniranje imunofilina iz lumena fotosintetskih membrana i njegova povezanost s novim putem prijenosa signala Tijekom pokuaja izolacije proteinske fosfataze iz tilakoidnih membrana kloroplasta pinata (Spinacia oleracea) izolirali smo i mikrosekvencionirali dosad nepoznati protein od 38 kDa. Primjenom degeneriranih oligonukleotidnih klica za lananu reakciju polimeraze (PCR) i tehnikom radiolokog pretraivanja lgt 11 cDNA biblioteke zelenih listova pinata izolirali smo njegovu cjelokupnu cDNA. Usporedbom izvedenog slijeda aminokiselina s poznatim proteinskim domenama utvrdili smo da na amino zavrnom dijelu proteina postoji dimerizirajua domena tipa leucinskog zatvaraa i domena za vezanje fosfataze. Ovom analizom utvrdili smo i postojanje podruja na karboksilnom zavretku slinog imunofilinima - proteinima s peptidil-prolil izomeraznom (rotamaznom) aktivnou ukljuenim u procese aktivacije imunolokog odgovora kod sisavaca. Tehnikom unosa in vitro translatiranog i s 35S-metioninom obiljeenog proteina, pokazali smo da ova cDNA kodira prekursor koji moe biti unesen u izolirane, cjelovite kloroplaste pinata i ugraen u zrelom obliku u lumen njihovih tilakoidnih membrana. mRNA, kodirana jednom kopijom gena, konstitutivno je eksprimirana i njezino nakupljanje ovisno je o svjetlosti. Western analizom proteina (upotrebom antiseruma na heterologno eksprimirani protein u stanicama E. coli) pokazali smo da se ovaj protein nakuplja u malim koliinama i u nefotosintetskim tkivima (korijen), kao i u etioliranim klijancima. Dokazali smo i rotamaznu aktivnost proienog 38 kDa proteina i njegovu inhibiciju Ciklosporinom A kod konane koncentracije od 10 mM. Nadalje, tijekom praenja inhibicije rotamazne aktivnosti zabiljeili smo i istodobnu aktivaciju proteinske fosfataze. Rezultati ukazuju na moguu ulogu 38 kDa proteina u regulaciji fosfatazne aktivnosti i upuuju na postojanje novog puta prijenosa signala. Identification of immunophilin-like rotamase from thylakoid lumen and its involvement in a novel signal-transduction pathway A 38 kDa protein from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) thylakoid membranes was co-purified with a protein phosphatase activity and microsequenced. A set of low-degenerated oligonucleotide primers was designed and used for isolation of it's full length cDNA in a two-step procedure combining PCR and radiological screening of lgt11- based spinach green leaf cDNA library. Comparison of clone deduced amino acid sequence with all known protein sequences revealed a putative leucin-zipper and phosphatase binding domains in N-terminal part of the protein. This analysis further identified regions within C-terminal part similar to immunophilins - components involved in phosphatase mediated activation of mammalian T-cells. In organello import assays disclosed that isolated cDNA encodes a precursor protein which can be imported into isolated spinach chloroplasts and translocated into the thylakoid lumen. mRNA, encoded by a single copy gene, is constitutively expressed and accumulates in light dependent manner. Low amounts of this protein can be detected by Western analysis (using antiserum raised against overexpressed protein) in nonphotosynthetic root tissues and etiolated seedlings - suggesting a role in early stages of plastid development. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (rotamase) assay demonstrated that the purified 38 kDa protein possesses this enzymatic activity, and that it's action can be inhibited by addition of 10 mM of cyclosporin A. Furthermore, at the same concentration of inhibitor concomitant activation of the protein phosphatase was detected. These findings suggest a possible role of 38 kDa protein in regulation of thylakoid protein phosphatase, and point toward the existence of a novel signal-transduction pathway. Marijana Krsnik-Rasol, Hana ipi, Biljana Balen Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Proteinski biljezi u transformaciji stanica gomolja krumpira Cilj rada bio je istraiti promjene u ekspresiji gena do kojih dolazi tijekom pretvorbe normalnih stanica gomolja krumpira (Solanum tuberosum L.) u tumorske. Rast tumora izazvan je bakterijom Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6S3 koja sadri divlji tip plazmida. Povrinski steriliziran gomolj izrezan je u ploice promjera 10 mm, debljine oko 5 mm. Ploice su stavljene na 1%-tnu agarsku podlogu i zaraene s po 20 (L bakterijske suspenzije ili, u kontroli, s po 20 (L sterilne hranidbene podloge za uzgoj bakterija. Nakon 7, 14 i 21 dan inkubacije (25(C, 16 sati svjetlost) ekstrahirani su proteini iz stanica povrinskog sloja. Za ekstrakciju je koriten 0,1M Tris/HCl pufer (pH 8,0). Omjer mase tkiva i volumena pufera iznosio je 1:1,5. Homogenat je centrifugiran pri centrifugalnoj sili 38000 g, 50 min (4(C). Supernatant je podvrgnut elektroforetskoj i spektrofotometrijskoj analizi. U intaktnom gomolju aktivnost peroksidaza vrlo je niska, tijekom razvitka tumora ona raste, pa je 14. dana 100-150 puta via od poetne vrijednosti. U kontroli je maksimalna vrijednost oko 80 puta via od poetne. Intaktni gomolj bogat je proteinima, a kvantitativno su najistaknutiji oni molekularne mase od: 71, 68, 52, 49, 42, 26, 17,5 i 13 kDa. Karakteristian protein gomolja od oko 42 kDa - patatin - kao i neki proteini manjih molekularnih masa (26,17,5 kDa) prestaju se sintetizirati u tumoru. U tkivu intaktnog gomolja utvrena je samo jedna peroksidaza slabe pokretljivosti u smjeru anode. Tijekom inkubacije kontrolnih ploica gomolja javljaju se 4 nova izoenzima, od kojih su samo dva prisutna u tumoru. U ekstraktu gomolja razdvojene su 3-4 skupine izoesteraza. Esteraza slabe pokretljivosti nestaje u tumoru, a znatno je smanjena aktivnost dva izoenzima vee pokretljivosti. Promjene u ekspresiji gena tijekom tumorske transformacije stanica gomolja krumpira oituju se u elektroforetskoj slici ukupnih proteina te izoenzima peroksidaze i esteraze. Primijeeno je smanjenje broja proteinskih i izoenzimskih vrpci u tumorskom tkivu. Ukupna aktivnost peroksidaza via je u tumoru nego u kontroli. Protein markers related to transformation of potato tuber cells The aim of the work was to follow changes in gene expression during transformation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber cells. Tumors were induced with Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6S3, harboring a wild type of Ti plasmid. Surface sterilized tubers were cut into discs 5 mm thick and of 10 mm in diameter. The discs were placed onto 1% agar plates and inoculated with 20 (L of bacterial suspension or, for the control, with 20 (L of sterile nutrient broth used for bacterial growth. After 7, 14 and 21 days of incubation at 25(C and 16 h photoperiod proteins were extracted from surface parts of the discs. As an extraction buffer Tris/HCl (0.1M, pH 8.0) was used. The biomass and buffer volume relation was 1:1.5. Homogenate was centrifuged at 38000 g at 4(C for 50 min. The obtained supernatant was analyzed spectrophotometrically and electrophoretically. In the intact tuber tissue guiacol peroxidase activity was hardly measurable. It was increasing during tumor development reaching its maximum (100-150 times initial value), on the 14th day of incubation. Maximum activity of the control was 80 times higher than the initial activity. A broad protein spectrum characterized the intact tuber tissue. The most prominent proteins were of 71, 68, 52, 49, 42, 26, 17.5 and 13 kDa. A characteristic tuber protein of about 42 kDa - patatin - and some other low molecular weight (26, 17.5 kDa) proteins disappeared during tumor development. Only one anodic peroxidase of low mobility and 3 to 4 groups of izoesterases were present in intact tuber extracts. On the day 14 and 21 four new izoperoxideses appeared in the control discs. Only two of them were noticed in tumors. One izoesterase of low mobility disappeared in tumors and two izoenzymes of higher mobility were less expressed than in the control. Changes in gene expression during tumor transformation of potato tuber cells are reflected in electrophoretic pattern of proteins, izoperoxidases and isoesterases. The number of protein and isoenzyme bands diminished during tumor transformation. Total peroxidase activity was higher in tumors than in the control. Jasmina Rokov1, Branka ajavec1, Boris Lenhard1, Ivana Weygand-uraevi2 1Zavod za molekularnu genetiku, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za biokemiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet,Strossmayerovtrg14, 10000 Zagreb,Hrvatska Gen SerZMo kodira organelnu seril-tRNA sintetazu iz kukuruza U sklopu istraivanja odnosa strukture i funkcije citoplazmatskih i organelnih seril-tRNA sintetaza (SerRS) karakterizirana je cDNA (SerZMo) dobivena iz biblioteke cDNA kukuruza. Ova cDNA kodira protein sa znaajnim stupnjem homologije s prokariotskim enzimima SerRS. Odreivanje slijeda nukleotida pokazalo je da klon ne sadri dio signalnog slijeda za upuivanje u organele. Da bismo utvrdili identitet kloniranog gena, eksprimirali smo regiju koja, na temelju usporedbe sa SerRS iz ostalih organizama, odgovara zrelom proteinu. Mutagenezom in vitro uvedeni su poetni kodon, te odgovarajua restrikcijska mjesta koja omoguuju jednostavno kloniranje u ekspresijski vektor pET11d. Rekombinantni plazmid pET11dSerZMo komplementirao je temperaturno osjetljivu mutaciju u genu za SerRS bakterije Escherichia coli. Zreli protein SerZMo overeksprimiran u E. coli uinkovito je aminoacilirao bakterijsku tRNASer in vitro, dok je kvaeva tRNA bila lo supstrat. Ovi podaci ukazuju na strukturnu i funkcionalnu slinost proteina SerZMo s prokariotskim seril-tRNA sintetazama, te identificiraju SerZMo kao prvu kloniranu organelnu SerRS u biljaka. SerZMo gene codes for maize organellar seryl-tRNA synthetase Towards our goal to analyze structure/function relationship among cytoplasmic and organellar seryl-tRNA synthetases (SerRS), we have characterized a Zea mays cDNA clone (SerZMo) encoding a protein with significant homology to prokaryotic SerRS enzymes. The alignment has also revealed that the clone probably lacks the 5end sequence coding for the part of the organellar targeting signal. In order to verify the functional identity of SerZMo, an expression cassette, containing the region that codes for putative mature protein, was constructed. The construct complemented a temperature-sensitive mutation in Escherichia coli serS gene in vivo. Mature SerZMo protein overexpressed in E. coli, efficiently aminoacylated bacterial tRNASer in vitro, while yeast tRNA was a poor substrate. These data identify SerZMo as an organellar maize seryl-tRNA synthetase, the first plant organellar SerRS to be cloned. Ksenija Vlahovi, Mirjana Petranovi, Davor Zahradka, Dragutin Petranovi Zavod za molekularnu genetiku, Institut "Ruer Bokovi", Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Enzim RecBC(D) inhibira rekombinaciju profaga ( u ozraenim stanicama Escherichia coli Nai nedavni eksperimenti i oni objavljeni ranije (Petranovi i sur., 1984, Mol. Gen. Genet. 196: 167; Trgovevi i sur., 1987, Mutat. Res. 184: 1) pokazuju da se u UV-ozraenim lizogenim stanicama E. coli odvija proces koji onesposobljuje profag ( za lokospecifinu i opu rekombinaciju. Gubitak rekombinogenosti profaga odvija se u stanicama koje ugibaju i odraava se kao nesposobnost profaga da se nakon toplinske indukcije izree iz kromosoma domaina te kao njegova nesposobnost da se rekombinira s inficirajuim fagom. Toplinska inducibilnost opada s vremenom u stanicama divljeg tipa i u mutantima recF, recG, ruvA, ruvB, ruvC i recG ruvC. S druge strane, toplinska inducibilnost je sauvana u mutantima recA i recB. Sposobnost profaga za rekombinaciju u krianjima profag x fag progresivno opada u stanicama divljeg tipa i u mutantima recG, ruvA, ruvB, ruvC i recG ruvC, a, suprotno tome, ne mijenja se u mutantima recB. Iz ovih rezultata zakljuujemo da intermedijeri DNA nastali djelovanjem enzima RecBC(D) tijekom neuspjenog rekombinacijskog popravka inhibiraju lokospecifinu i opu rekombinaciju profaga. RecBC(D) enzyme inhibits recombination of ( prophage in irradiated Escherichia coli cells Our recent experiments and those reported earlier (Petranovi et al., 1984, Mol. Gen. Genet. 196: 167; Trgovevi et al., 1987, Mutat. Res. 184: 1) show that UV-irradiated E. coli lysogens are engaged in a process leading to the inability of ( prophage to participate in site-specific and general recombination. The loss of the prophage recombinogenicity develops in dying cells and becomes manifest as a failure of prophage to excise itself from the host chromosome upon heat-induction and as its failure to recombine with the infecting phage. Heat-inducibility decreases with time in repair proficient cells and in some mutants including recF, recG, ruvA, ruvB, ruvC and recG ruvC. On the other hand, it is preserved in recA and recB mutants. The ability of prophage to recombine in prophage x phage crosses progressively falls in repair proficient cells and in recG, ruvA, ruvB, ruvC and recG ruvC mutants. In contrast, it remains unchanged in recB mutants. From these results we infer that DNA intermediates formed by RecBC(D) enzyme during the unsuccessful recombinational repair inhibit the subsequent site-specific and general recombination of prophage. Davor Zahradka, Ksenija Vlahovi, Mirjana Petranovi, Nikola Ljubei, DragutinPetranovi Zavod za molekularnu genetiku, Institut "Ruer Bokovi", Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Inhibicija diobe stanica Escherichia coli izazvana UV zraenjem Oteenja u molekuli DNA izazivaju kod bakterije Escherichia coli prolaznu inhibiciju stanine diobe, praenu filamentacijom stanica. Mi smo prouavali SOS-neovisni mehanizam inhibicije diobe kod bakterija ozraenih ultravioletnim (UV) svjetlom. U radu smo se koristili sfiA sfiC mutantima E. coli K-12. Usporednom upotrebom fazno-kontrastne i fluorescencijske mikroskopije pratili smo filamentaciju stanica i promjene u izgledu njihovih nukleoida nakon UV zraenja. Uoili smo da veina neseptiranih filamenata posjeduje jedinstvenu masu DNA , koja po veliini odgovara veem broju nukleoida normalne veliine. Oporavak septacije koincidira s odvajanjem pojedinanih nukleoida od velike mase DNA. Septumi se u pravilu formiraju u prostoru izmeu dvaju odvojenih nukleoida. To ukazuje na mogunost da je filamentacija ozraenih bakterija barem dijelom izazvana poremeajem u odjeljivanju nukleoida. Ovakav zakljuak se slae s ope prihvaenom pretpostavkom o vrstoj sprezi izmeu particije nukleoida i septacije. UV-induced division inhibition in Escherichia coli In Escherichia coli, damage to DNA causes transient division inhibition followed by cell filamentation. We have investigated the SOS-independent mechanism of division inhibition in bacteria irradiated with ultraviolet light (UV). For this purpose, we used sfiA sfiC mutants of E. coli K-12. The combination of phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy served us to follow cell filamentation and changes in nucleoid morphology after UV. The results show that the majority of nonseptate filaments contains one DNA mass, whose size corresponds to several normal nucleoids. The recovery of septation coincides with the separation of normal sized nucleoids from the large DNA mass, allowing septa to enter in the space between two separated nucleoids. This suggests that filamentation of irradiated cells is at least partly caused by disturbance of nucleoid partition. Such conclusion is in accordance with the generally accepted assumption that partition and septation are tightly linked. Gordana ajo1, Ana Traven2, Erika Salaj-mic1, eljko Trgovevi1 1Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Prisutnost plazmida utjee na fiziologiju recD mutanta bakterije Escherichia coli RecBCD enzim sastoji se od tri podjedinice: RecB, RecC i RecD. Nedostatak RecD podjedinice nema utjecaj na normalnu fiziologiju bakterije E. coli. Za razliku od recB i / ili recC stanica, recD mutanti su po svojstvima vrlo slini divljem tipu bakterija: rekombinaciono su sposobni, rezistentni na UV zraenje i potpuno vijabilni. Meutim, u ovim mutantima replikacija plazmida je kvalitativno i kvantitativno drugaija od one u divljem tipu E. coli. U ovom radu smo pokazali da ovako promijenjeni metabolizam moe utjecati na normalnu fiziologiju recD mutanata. Ako stanice mutirane u recD genu sadre plazmide, npr. pACYC184 ili pBR322, poveava se njihova otpornost na zraenje, a smanjuje im se sposobnost restrikcije nemodificiranog faga ( ((restriction alleviation(). Ovaj plazmidom inducirani odgovor bakterija neovisan je o lexA genu, ali zahtjeva prisutnost funkcionalnog RecA proteina. Po tome se razlikuje od SOS odgovora, a mogao bi odravati derepresiju posebne mree bakterijskih gena. The presence of plasmids affects the physiology of Escherichia coli recD cells The absence of the RecD polypeptide, one of the three subunits of RecBCD enzyme, has only a slight effect on the normal physiology of E. coli. Unlike recB and / or recC cells, recD mutants resemble wild-type bacteria: they are recombination proficient, resistant to UV light and fully viable. In these mutants, however, plasmid replication is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that in wild-type E. coli. We showed that this altered metabolism affects the normal physiology of recD mutants. Radioresistance of the recD cells carrying plasmids, such as pACYC184 or pBR322, is enhanced, while the cellular capacity to restrict unmodified phage ( is decreased ((restriction alleviation(). This plasmid-induced response is independent of the LexA function, but requires the presence of the functional RecA protein. It thus differs from the SOS response and might reflect derepression of a specific network of the bacterial genes. Nataa Peri, Mirela Ivani, Vinja Baun-Druina Laboratorij za biologiju i genetiku mikroorganizama, Prehrambeno-Biotehnoloki Fakultet, Krnjavoga25,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Indukcija gena aidB1 u ada-neovisnom obliku u uvrA i uvrB mutantima bakterija Escherichia coli i Salmonella typhimurium Izlaganjem stanica bakterije E. coli subletalnim dozama alkilirajuih agensa inducira se adaptivni odgovor koji je odgovoran za rezistenciju stanica ove bakterije na smrtonosna i mutagena djelovanja ovih agensa. Dolazi do indukcije gena ada i alkA, kao i barem jo dva gena alkB i aidB. Indukcija gena aidB u bakteriji E. coli je dvojno regulirana: u ada-ovisnom obliku tijekom tretmana stanica alkilirajuim agensima, te u ada-neovisnom obliku tijekom rasta stanica u anaerobnim uvjetima ili pri uzgoju stanica u podlozi s acetatom pri pH vrijednosti od 6,5. U ovom smo radu ispitali indukciju gena aidB1 u bakterijama E. coli i S. typhimurium (divlji tip, uvrA, uvrB) anaerobiozom i dodatkom natrijevog-acetata u medij pri pH od 6,0 do 6,8. Indukciju gena aidB1 smo pratili mjerenjem aktivnosti enzima -galaktozidaze u sojevima koji sadre plazmid s operonskom fuzijom aidB1::Mud1 (bla, lac). Nai su rezultati ukazali na gotovo etiri puta veu aktivnost -galaktozidaze u stanicama divljeg tipa E. coli, uz tretman stanica s 50 mM natrijevim-acetatom (pH 6,0). Ova je indukcija praena u semianaerobnim uvjetima uzgoja. U bakterijama E. coli i S. typhimurium s nefunkcionalnim mehanizmom za ekscizijski popravak nukleotida, meutim, nema indukcije gena aidB1 tijekom anaerobioze i uzgoja u podlozi s acetatom. ada-independent induction of aidB1 gene in uvrA and uvrB mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium Exposure of E. coli to sublethal doses of DNA-alkylating agents induces the adaptive response which confers resistance to the killing and mutagenic effects of these agents, by inducing the expression of ada and alkA along with at least two other genes, alkB and aidB. The aidB gene of E. coli is subject of dual regulation by ada-dependent alkylation induction and by anaerobiosis or by acetate at pH 6.5 in an ada-independent fashion. In this study we have examined the induction of aidB1 gene in E. coli and S. typhimurium (wild type, uvrA, uvrB) by anaerobiosis and by addition of sodium acetate to growth media, at acidic pH ranging 6.0 to 6.8. Induction of aidB1 gene was monitored by assaying -galactosidase activity in extracts obtained from strains containing plasmid with fusion of Mud1 (bla, lac) to aidB1. Our results have shown that the treatment with 50 mM sodium acetate at an extracellular pH of 6.0 caused an almost four fold increase -galactosidase activity in wild type of E. coli. This induction was observed under semianaerobic condition. However aidB1 gene could not be induced by anaerobiosis and by acidification of media in nucleotide excision repair deficient strains of E. coli and S. typhimurium. Maja Bili Nei, Vladimir Deli Istraivaki institut, PLIVA, Prilaz baruna Filipovia 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Sekvencijska analiza replikona plazmida pPZG500 iz bakterije Erwiniacitreus Replikacijska regija plazmida pPZG500 (3,8 kb) lokalizirana je na 2,1 kb EcoRI/EcoRV fragmentu DNA. Nukleotidni niz replikona sekvencioniran je neradioaktivnom fluorescentnom dideoksi metodom (ABI PRISM 377). U tu svrhu egzonukleazom III "stupnjevito skraen" replikon, neradioaktivno je obiljeen metodom lanane reakcije polimeraze. Kompjuterskom obradom dobivenih podataka sekvenciranja pomou odgovarajuih programa (DNA Star, Gene Jock, Strider), te usporedbom sa razliitim bazama podataka, utvreno je da sekvenca replikona plazmida pPZG500 ima oko 50% podudarnosti sa ColE1 i p15A replikonima. Takoer su odreene mogue -10 i -35 regije, te primarni i sekundarni nizovi za RNAI i RNAII, kao i mogua oriV i oriT mjesta u plazmidu. Rezultati su pokazali da replikon plazmida pPZG500 ima dva otvorena okvira itanja, osam moguih mjesta za vezanje DnaA proteina, te jedan obrnuto ponavljajui niz od 13 bp. Postignuti rezultati o molekularnom ustroju replikona pPZG500,doprinijeli su spoznaji o nainu replikacije ovog, za rod Erwinia najmanjeg replikona, te e omoguiti konstrukciju pogodnih vektora za kloniranje u tom bakterijskom rodu. Sequence analysis of the replicon of the Erwinia citreus plasmid,pPZG500 Replication region of plasmid pPZG500 was localized at 2.1 kb EcoRI/EcoRV DNA fragment. Nucleotide sequence of replicon was analyzed by nonradioactive fluorescent dideoxi method (ABI PRISM 377). Nested deleted replicon by exonuclease III was nonradioactive labeled by polymerase chain reaction. The sequence data were analyzed by computer programs (DNA Star, Gene Jock, Strider) and were comparised by different data bases. It was found that nucleotide replicon sequence of plasmid pPZG500 was 50% homologous to ColE1 and p15A replicons. The -10 and -35 regions and the primary and secondary structures of RNAI and RNAII were determined, as well as, putative oriV and oriT sites. The results showed that the replication of plasmid pPZG500 had two open reading frames, eight possible DnaA binding sites and a 13 bp long inverted repeat sequence. These results were useful for understanding the modus of replication of this smallest replicon in the genus Erwinia, and will be considered for construction of possible cloning vectors in that genus. Lada-Ivana Horvat1, Andrea Paravi2, Daslav Hranueli2, John Cullum1 1LB Genetik, Universitt Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany 2PLIVA d.d., Istraivaki institut, Prilaz baruna Filipovia 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Mutageneza transposonom u bakterije Streptomyces rimosus Transposoni su svestrano oruje za genetiku manipulaciju u bakterija. Jedna je od njihovih moguih primjena snabdijevanje bakterijskih kromosoma pokretnim restrikcijskim mjestima za fiziko mapiranje. Nedavno je izraena fizika mapa 8 Mb dugoga linearnog kromosoma bakterije S. rimosus, proizvoaa kliniki vana antibiotika oksitetraciklina. eljeli smo upotrijebiti transposone za daljnja istraivanja. Stoga je u stanice soja S. rimosus MV1 elektroporacijom uvedena DNA plazmida pUKG403 koji ima mehanizam replikacije osjetljiv na temperaturu i transposon Tn5424 (Irnich & Cullum, Biotechnol. Lett., 16, 437-442, 1994.). Plazmid pUKG403 stabilno se odrava u soju S. rimosus MV1 (pUKG403) i pokazuje gubitak genetikoga biljega (tsr gen) tijekom rasta pri temperaturi od 37 (C kao to je zapaeno i u bakterije S. lividans. Nakon uzgoja stanica soja MV1 (pUKG403), pri temperaturi od 37 (C, izolirane su kolonije otporne prema tiostreptonu meu kojima je bilo auksotrofnih mutanata. Nije, meutim, bilo mogue potvrditi gubitak plazmidne DNA iz stanica nakon uzgoja pri povienoj temperaturi, jer stanice vrste S. rimosus imaju produkt aphII gena pa su prirodno otporne prema djelovanju neomicina. Stoga je konstruiran plazmid pPZG200 uvoenjem genetikoga biljega odgovornog za otpornost prema eritromicinu (mls) u jedinstveno BglII restrikcijsko mjesto to se nalazi unutar aphII gena. Zahvaljujui plazmidu pPZG200 omogueno je praenje gubitka plazmidne DNA iz stanica. Istraivan je gubitak otpornosti prema eritromicinu (biljeg plazmida) u mikrobnim kolonijama otpornim prema tiostreptonu (Tn5424 biljeg). Poloaj je transpozicije potvren pokusima gel-elektroforeze u pulsirajuem elektrinom polju. Transposon mutagenesis in Streptomyces rimosus Transposons are versatile tools for the genetic manipulation of bacteria. One of their uses is the provision of portable restriction sites for physical mapping. We recently developed a physical map of the 8 Mb linear chromosome of S. rimosus, the producer of clinically-important antibiotic oxytetracycline and wanted to use transposons for further studies. The temperature-sensitive replication plasmid pUKG403 which carries Tn5424 (Irnich & Cullum, Biotechnol. Lett., 16, 437-442, 1994) was introduced into S. rimosus MV1 by electroporation. pUKG403 was stable maintained in S. rimosus and showed loss of the transposon thiostrepton resistance marker on growth at 37 (C as previously seen in S. lividans. Transposition events were isolated by selecting thiostrepton resistance after growth at 37 (C and they included a number of auxotrophs. However, loss of plasmid vector sequences at 37 (C could not be directly monitored using the pUKG403 neomycin resistance gene (aphII) because S. rimosus is naturally resistant to neomycin. We therefore constructed the plasmid pPZG200, by introducing an erythromycin resistance (mls) gene into the unique BglII site of pUKG403. Using pPZG200 the elimination of vector sequences from S. rimosus cells could be monitored by testing thiostrepton resistant (Tn5424 marker) colonies for loss of erythromycin resistance (vector marker). Pulse-field gel electrophoresis analysis of the genomic DNA of auxotrophic transposants confirmed the positions of transpositions. Helena etkovi, Vera Gamulin Odjel za molekularnu genetiku, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Struktura cDNA za tirozin-kinazu iz morske spuve Sycon aphanus Tirozin-kinaze (TK) predstavljaju veliku grupu enzima koji imaju vanu ulogu u staninom odgovoru na razliite vanstanine podraaje. U stanicama eukariota, kontrola proliferacije i diferencijacije posredovana je djelovanjem tirozin-kinaza. cDNA biblioteka iz morske spuve S. raphanus u lambda ZAP Express( vektoru pretraena je pod niskim uvjetima hibridizacije, a kao proba koritena je digoksigeninom obiljeena kinazna domena (katalitika domena) cDNA za TK iz spuve Geodia cydonium. Pratei postupak za in vivo eksciziju (Stratagene) selektirani pBK-CMV rekombinantni fagmidi izdvojeni su iz lambda ZAP Express( vektora pomou ExAssist( bakteriofaga i E. coli XLORL stanica. Primarna struktura EcoRI/XhoI cDNA fragmenta iz S. raphanus duine 3.9 kilobaza odreena je dideoksi metodom sekvenciranja DNA. Kodirajua regija je duga 2639 parova baza (879 aminokiselina) i protein kodiran ovom cDNA pokazuje slinosti s brojnim citoplazmatskim TK. Tirozin-kinaza iz S. raphanusa sadri 252 aminokiseline dugu sauvanu kinaznu domenu (katalitika domena), a sadri takoer podruje poznato kao SH2 domena. Kinazna je domena kao i kod drugih TK, podijeljena na 11 manjih subdomena i smjetena na karboksilnom kraju proteina. Visoko sauvane aminokiseline unutar katalitike domene, koje imaju vane uloge u katalizi, su takoer potpuno sauvane u TK iz spuve. Najvia homologija TK spuve naena je s FER protoonkogen tirozin-kinazom iz ovjeka i s FES protoonkogen tirozin-kinazom iz mia (c-fes/fps TK), udaljenim lanovima podporodice Src TK. Citoplazmatska TK iz spuve S. raphanus, analizirana u ovom radu, je filogenetski najstariji poznati lan nereceptorskih TK kod viestaninih organizama. Sequence analysis of cDNA coding for the protein tyrosine kinase from marine sponge Sycon raphanus The protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) represent a large family of enzymes, which play important roles in the response of cells to different extracellular stimuli. In eukaryotic cells, the control of cell proliferation and differentiation is mediated by the action of tyrosine kinases. cDNA library from marine sponge S. raphanus prepared in the lambda ZAP Express( vector, was screened under low stringency conditions using as a probe digoxygenin labeled kinase domain (catalytic domain) of Geodia cydonium PTK cDNA. Following an in vivo excision procedure (Stratagene), selected pBK-CMV recombinant phagemids were excised from the lambda ZAP Express( vectors using the ExAssist( helper phage and E. coli XLORL cells. Primary structure of the 3.9 kilobases (kb) long EcoRI/XhoI cDNA insert from S. raphanus was determined using dideoxy chain termination method. Open reading frame is 2639 base pairs long (879 amino acids), and encoded protein shows similarity with numerous members of non-receptor PTK. S. raphanus PTK contains conserved kinase domain (catalytic domain), which is 252 amino acids long and also contains region known as SH2 domain. The kinase domain, like in other PTKs, is divided into 11 smaller subdomains and lies near the carboxyl terminus of the protein. Highly conserved individual amino acids within the catalytic domain known to play important roles in catalysis are also fully conserved in this sponge PTK. The highest homology was found with FER proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase from Homo sapiens and FES proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase from Mus musculus (c-fes/fps PTKs), which are distant members of the Src subfamily of PTK. S. raphanus non-receptor PTK analysed in this work is the oldest known member of the non-receptor PTK in metazoan organisms. Tamara Bai - Zaninovi1, Angelo Salvatore Calcagnile2, Eugenia Dogliotti2 1Laboratorij za biologiju i genetiku mikroorganizama, Prehrambeno-Biotehnoloki Fakultet, Krnjavoga 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Instituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy Prerasporedi, delecije i multiple mutacije u humanim stanicama inducirani UV svjetlom Mutacijski spektri izazvani djelovanjem UV-zraenja istraivani su na inducibilnomciljnom, spojenom genu - MT-I/gpt. Ovaj gen nalazi se na plazmidu u kojeg je ugraen i dio EB virusa pa time ovaj plazmid dobiva svojstvo da se unutar stanice domaina odrava u episomalnom obliku. Humane stanice linije 293 transformirane su s dvije vrste plazmida. Odreeni broj stanica transformiran je plazmidom pF1-EBV dok se u drugima nalazio pTF-EBV. Obje vrste transformiranih stanica ozraene su UV svjetlou (14J/m2). Plazmidi izolirani iz provjerenih mutanata, analizirani su restrikcijskim endonukleazama a zatim i sekvencionirani. Populacija mutanata nakon razgradnje restrikcijskim enzimima, prilikom elektroforeze u agaroznom gelu pokazala se kao vrlo heterogena to se tie veliine plazmida. Oigledno je da su mnogi plazmidi, osim tokastih mutacija, sadravali multiple mutacije, ponekad velike delecije, duplikacije kao i prerasporede, koji su u nekim sluajevima, povezani sa delecijama i/ili insercijama. Iako se neke od ovih sloenih mutacija mogu pripisati spontanom nastanku, veina bi ih mogla biti izazvana UVzraenjem. UV-induced rearrangements, deletions and multiple mutations in UVirradiated human cells UV-induced mutational spectra were analyzed in an inducible marker gene, the MT-I/gpt fusion gene, carried by an EBV- derived shuttle vector episomaically maintained in human cells. 293 human cell line was transformed either with pF1-EBV or with pTF-EBV shuttle vectors and the cells were exposed to UV light (14 J/m2). Mutant plasmids were isolated, characterized by restriction endonuclease digestion and subjected to sequence analysis. The analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis, after the digestion with the restriction enzymes, revealed that the mutant plasmid population was quite heterogeneous in size showing both presumptive point mutations and also gross rearrangements, mainly deletions or elections/insertions. Sequence analysis showed that, besides base substitutions, there is a presence of a significant number of multiple mutations, some large deletions and few duplications. Although some deletions and rearrangements might be spontaneous the majority should be induced by UV light. Snjeana Mihaljevi1, Tamara Tramiak Milakovi1, Sibila Jelaska2 1Institut Ruer Bokovi, 10000 Zagreb, Bijenika 54, Hrvatska 2Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovnomatematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, 10000Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, Hrvatska Transformacija stanica somatskih embrija Panieve smreke (Piceaomorika) posredstvom agrobakterija Razvijen je sustav za prijenos gena u stanice somatskih embrija Panieve smreke (Picea omorika) posredstvom agrobakterija. Somatski embriji jako embriogene linije BB19 zaraeni su bakterijama A. tumefaciens sojem LBA4404 koji sadri binarni vektor s genima za otpornost na kanamicin (NPTII) i za (-glukuronidazu (GUS). Privremena ekspresija gena GUS histokemijski je kvantificirana brojanjem eksplantata koji su imali plave pjege, etiri do osam dana nakon sukultivacije s agrobakterijama. imbenici presudni za uspjenu transformaciju bili su starost embrija i kratka prethodna obrada. A. tumefaciens soj LBA4404 koji nije sadravao gen GUS (kontrola) nije izazivao plavo obojenje karakteristino za aktivnost gena GUS. Odreen je utjecaj karbenicilina i cefotaksina (antibiotici koji se upotrebljavaju za uklanjanje agrobakterija iz kulture) na somatsku embriogenezu Panieve smreke. Zbog inhibitornog djelovanja karbenicilina na proliferaciju embriogenoga tkiva (60%-tno smanjenje potencijala) poeljno je izostaviti njegovu primjenu pri transformaciji Panieve smreke. Karbenicilin je koio i nastanak embriogenoga tkiva iz somatskih embrija ove vrste. Smrtna koncentracija kanamicina za stanice netransformiranoga embriogenog tkiva bila je 10 mg/L. Nakon mjesec dana u kulturi do 60% embrija ostalo je GUS-pozitivno. Ti somatski embriji upotrijebljeni su za ponovno poticanje embriogenoga tkiva. Tkivo uzgojeno na selekcijskoj podlozi upotrijebljeno je za PCR i Southern analizu. Agrobacterium-mediated cell transformation of Picea omorika somaticembryos Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer system that targets cells of Picea omorika somatic embryos was developed. Somatic embryos derived from the highly embryogenic line BB19 were infected with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing a binary vector with genes for kanamycin resistance (NPTII) and (-glucuronidase (GUS). Transient GUS expression events were quantified histochemically by determining the frequency of explants exhibiting blue spots indicative of GUS at four to eight days after cocultivation with Agrobacterium. Critical factors influencing an optimal transformation were the embryo stage, and a short preculture treatment. A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404 that did not contain the GUS gene (control) did not elicit any blue staining characteristic of GUS activity. The effect of carbenicillin and cefotaxime (antibiotics used to eliminate Agrobacterium from cultures) on somatic embryogenesis of Picea omorika was determined. Carbenicillin strongly reduced embryogenic tissue proliferation (60% reduction) and ought to be omitted in transformation procedure of Picea omorika. Kanamycin also inhibited embryogenic tissue initiation in somatic embryos of this species. The lethal kanamycin concentration for non-transformed embryogenic tissue cells was 10mg/L. Up to 60% of embryos remained GUS positive after one month in culture. These somatic embryos were used to re-induce embryogenic tissue. The putative transformed embryogenic tissue were subjected to PCR and Southern blot analysis. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Jasna Puizina1, Draena Pape2 1Zavod za biologiju, Fakultet prirodoslovno-matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja Sveuilita u Splitu, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Hrvatska 2Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Molekularno-citogenetika obiljeja prirodnih krianaca i poliploida luka Allium cepa L. Primjenom Feulgen tehnike bojenja kromosoma i C-pruganja dokazane su hibridne strukture kariotipova prirodnih diploidnih i triploidnih krianaca luka Allium cepa, koji se pod nazivom ljutika (Allium cepa var. viviparum) tradicionalno kultiviraju na podruju June Hrvatske. U cilju identifikacije podrijetla genoma njihovih kariotipova, primijenjena je tehnika genomske hibridizacije in situ. DNA sonde vrsta A. cepa i A. fistulosum cjelovito su obiljeile po 8 kromosoma u kariotipu diploidne "Ljutike - talijanke", 2n=2x=16. S kromosomima triploidne "Ljutike" , 2n=3x=24, hibridizirale su DNA sonde luka A. cepa i tzv. himalajskog luka A. roylei Stearn, svaka cjelovito obiljeavajui po jedan genom, (8 kromosoma). DNA sonda luka A. fistulosum nije hibridizirala s kromosomima triploida. Podrijetlo treeg genoma u kariotipu "Ljutike" zasada je ostalo nerazjanjeno i pretpostavlja se da bi mogao potjecati od tree, nepoznate Allium vrste. Usporedbom molekularno-citogenetikih obiljeja domae "Ljutike" s indijskim prirodnim kriancem "Pran" (2n=3x=24), ustanovljeno je da ta dva oblika posjeduju visoko slian fundamentalni kariotip, slinu koliinu DNA (2c=43 pg), identian uzorak razdvajanja DNA fragmenata nakon amlifikacije genomskih DNA primjenom RAPD tehnike. S obzirom na veliku slinost domae "Ljutike" i indijskog "Prana" te identifikacije genoma endemine himalajske vrste Alium roylei u kariotipu "Ljutike", zakljueno je da je dalmatinska "Ljutika", vjerojatno u davna vremena, unesena u nae krajeve s podruja Centralne Azije I Dalekog Istoka. Molecular-cytognetical characterization of the natural hybrids and polyploids of common onion Allium cepa L. By application of Feulgen and Giemsa C-banding techniques the hybrid structures of natural diploid and triploid hybrids of common onion Allium cepa were confirmed. Those two forms are under the name shallot (Allium cepa var. viviparum) traditionally cultivated in the region of South Croatia. For the purpose of identification of the origin of genomes in their karyotypes, technique genomic in situ hybridization was applied. In the diploid karyotype of "Ljutika talijanka" (2n=2x=16) DNA probes of A. cepa and A. fistulosum completely labeled 8 chromosomes each. DNA probes of A. cepa and so-called Himalayan onion A. roylei Stearn hybridized with the chromosomes of triploid "Ljutika" (2n=3x=24). Each DNA probe labeled one genome (8 chromosomes). DNA probe of A. fistulosum failed to hybridize with the chromosomes of triploid. Origin of the third genome remained unresolved, but one can assume it originate from the third, yet unknown Allium species. Comparison of the molecular-cytogenetical characteristics of "Ljutika" and Indian natural triploid "Pran" (2n=3x=24) revealed similar fundamental karyotype, highly similar DNA content (2C=43 pg), and identical electrophoresis banding pattern of the DNA fragments after the amplification of their genomic DNAs by RAPD technique. With respect to high similarity between domestic "Ljutika" and Indian "Pran", as well as identification of the endemic Himalayan species Allium roylei in the karyotype of "Ljutika", it was concluded that Dalmatian "Ljutika", was introduced, probably in ancient times, to our regions from the region of Central Asia and Far East. Irena Mokov, Jure Beljo Duhanski institut Zagreb, Planinska 1, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Dobivanje dihaploida duhana tehnikom kulture korijena Duhan (Nicotiana tabacum L.) je biljna vrsta veoma pogodna za razliita biotehnoloka istraivanja, a postupak dobivanja haploida kulturom antera proveden je prvi put na duhanu. Dobivanje haploida ima u oplemenjivanu duhana i praktinu vrijednost. Razvojem haploida iz hibrida F1,F2 generacija ili sintetika te njihovom diploidizacijom dobiju se homozigotne linije duhana za krae vrijeme (3-4 godine), za to bi uobiajenim oplemenjivakim postupcima trebalo 7-10 godina. Ovom tehnikom u svijetu su ve dobivene korisne oplemenjivake linije duhana. U Duhanskom Institutu Zagreb ve vie godina se primjenjuje dobivanje haploida tehnikom kulture antera u cilju razvoja novih kultivara otpornih na neke tetne patogene ili s nekim drugim korisnim svojstvima. Kultura antera se provodi prema aseptikim metodama kulture tkiva. Tehnika diploidizacije zasniva se na poticanju regeneracije izdanaka u tkivu nasaenih lisnih diskova haploida koji sadravaju sredinju lisnu ilu. Meutim, ovakvim postupkom dobije se relativno malen postotak regeneriranih dihaploida. U cilju poveanja uinkovitosti diploidizacije haploida primjenjena je tehnika kulture korijena. Segmenti korijena odsjeeni 2-4 cm od vrha korijena regeneriranih biljica duhana, dobivenih tehnikom diploidizacije, nasaeni su na istu podlogu za regeneraciju izdanaka koja se koristi pri diploidizaciji. Dobiveni lisni izdanci duine oko 5 mm nasauju se na podlogu za zakorjenjivanje. Postupkom kulture korijena od 165 uzoraka dobiveno je 66 dihaploida ili 40%, dok je uobiajenom metodom diploidizacije dobiveno 38 dihaploida ili 23%. Na osnovi tih rezultata, tehnika kulture korijena pokazala se uinkovitijom u poveanju broja dihaploidnih biljaka, te se moe uspjeno primjenjivati u oplemenjivanju za razvoj novih homozigotnih linija. Production of doubled haploid lines in tobacco throughtherootcultureprocedure Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a plant species very suitable for biotechnological research, and it was the first species used in the production of haploid plants through anther culture. The production of haploids has a practical value in tobacco breeding as well. By production of haploids from F1, F2 hybrids and synthetic cultivars and their diploidization, homozygous lines can be produced in a relatively short period (3-4 years), while the conventional breeding process lasts for 7-10 years. In this way, useful breeding lines of tobacco have already been obtained in the world. In order to obtain new cultivars resistant to some pathogens or with other useful properties, the production of haploid plants through anther culture has been applied in the Tobacco Institute Zagreb for several years. Anther culture is carried out by aseptic procedures of tissue culture. Diploidization is based on stimulating the regeneration of leafy shoots from the midvein tissue. However, quite a small percentage of regenerated diploids is obtained in this way. To attain more efficient diploidization from haploids, the root culture procedure was applied. Root segments excised 2-4 cm from the tip of regenerated tobacco obtained by diploidization procedure, were transferred to the same medium used for midvein cultures. After the regenerated leafy shoots were about 5 mm long, they were transferred to the inoting medium. A total of 66 diploids were obtained from 165 samples (40%) by the root culture procedure, in comparison with 38 diploids (23%) obtained by the conventional procedure. These results indicate that the root culture procedure is more efficient for the production of diploids and can be successfully used in tobacco breeding for the development of new homozygous lines. Sonja iljak-Yakovlev1, Malika Cerbah1, Joelle Caulaud2, Draena Pape1 1Laboratoire d'Evolution et Systematique, Universite Paris-Sud, Bat. 362, 91405 OrsayCedex,France 2Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Usporedna citogenetika istraivanja vrsta Picea abies (L.) Karsten i Picea omorika (Pani) Purk. iroko rasprostranjena vrsta P. abies i paleondemina (tercijarni relikt) usko lokalizirana vrsta P. omorika podvrgnute su detaljnim citogenetikim istraivanjima. Identian kromosomski broj 2n = 24 i morfoloki slian kariotip ovih vrsta zahtijevali su primjenu najmodernijih metoda molekularne citogenetike u cilju otkrivanja interspecijske diferencijacije na kromosomskoj razini. U tu svrhu primijenjene su tehnike diferencijalnog bojenja pomou fluorokroma specifinih za DNA bogatu A-T (Hoechst 33258) ili G-C bazama (Chromomycin A3), i fluorescentna hibridizacija in situ sa rDNA sondama za markiranje 18S i 5S ribosomskih lokusa. Koliina nuklearne DNA i odnos A-T i G-C baza odreene su pomou tehnike protone citometrije. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na znaajne diferencijacije na kromosomskoj i genomskoj razini to moe objasniti postojanje reproduktivne barijere izmeu ove dvije istraivane vrste. Cytogenetic comparison of Picea abies (L.) Karsten and Picea omorika (Pani) Purk. A wild distributed species Picea abies and a paleoendemic (a tertiary relict) narrow localized Picea omorika have been cytogenetically investigated. Both of them showed identical chromosome number 2n = 24, and morphologycally similar karyotypes. We used some molecular cytogenetic techniques to find out whether any interspecific difference at chromosomal level exists. Two differential fluorescent banding techniques using A-T specific fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258 and G-C specific fluorescent dye Chromomycin A3 were applied as well as a fluorescent in situ hybridization method for detection of 18S and 5S rDNA gene clusters. The nuclear DNA content and the amount and relation between A-T and G-C base pairs were determined by flow cytometry technique. Obtained results showed a significant differentiation on chromosomal and genomic level which could explain the reproductive barriers between investigated Picea species. Vinja Besendorfer1, Milena Bui1, Marijana Samardija1, Marija Editaoli2,DraenaPape1 1Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Bioloki odsjek Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut Planina i more, Franjevaki put 1, 21300 Makarska, Hrvatska Raspodjela heterokromatina i poloaj nukleolarnih organizatora u kromosomima luka Allium commutatum Guss. Luk Allium commutatum Guss. karakteristina je vrsta centralno-istonog Sredozemlja koja zauzima otvorena stanita u blizini mora i to uglavnom na malim otocima. U Hrvatskoj, ova je vrsta rasprostranjena na otocima ali i obalnom podruju. Istraivanje kariotipa provedeno je na populaciji s otoka Palagrue primjenom klasinih tehnika bojenja Feulgenom i Giemsom, tehnikom Giemsa C-pruganja, bojenjem fluorescencijskim bojama te srebro-nitratom. Utvreno je da vrsta A. commutatum ima diploidan broj kromosoma 2n=2x=16. Kromsomski komplement ini est metacentrinih parova kromosoma, jedan submetacentrini par sa sekundarnim suenjem i akrocentrini par kromosoma sa satelitom. Veliina kromosoma iznosi od 14,15-9,28 (m. Giemsa C-pruganjem utvrena su etiri tipa C-pruga: centromerne - nalaze se na svim kromosomima, interkalarne - nalaze se na estom paru i u podruju sekundarnog suenja osmog para kromosoma, pericentrina - nalazi se u podruju sekundarnog suenja sedmog para kromosoma, te telomerne - nalaze se na oba kraka prvog, drugog i etvrtog kromosomskog para te kraem kraku treeg i satelitu osmog kromosomskog para. Primjenom chromomycin A3 (CMA)/DAPI dvostrukog bojenja kromosoma dobiveni su CMA pozitivni, odnosno DAPI negativni signali u podruju sekundarnih suenja sedmog i osmog para kromosoma, to ukazuje da se radi o podruju nukleolarnih organizatora (NOR). Interkalarna C-pruga estog para kromosoma je DAPI pozitivna. NOR-specifino bojenje sa srebro-nitratom pokazalo je da se nukleolarni organizatori nalaze u podruju sekundarnih suenja sedmog i osmog para kromosoma. Broj aktivnih NOR-ova varirao je izmeu stanica jedne jedinke od 1-4 to se podudaralo s brojem jezgrica u interfaznim jezgrama. Tijek mejoze analiziran u matinim stanicama peluda bio je pravilan to ukazuje na visok stupanj homozigotnosti kromosoma istraivane populacije. Dobiveni rezultati posluit e za daljnje usporedne analize drugih populacija ove vrste kao i srodnih vrsta ovog dijela Sredozemlja. Distribution of heterochromatin and location of nucleolar organizing region in Allium commutatum Guss. Allium commutatum Guss. is characteristic species of the central and eastern Mediterran that inhabits open fields near the sea, mainly on small islands. In Croatia, this species is spread on islands and the coast. The population from Palgrua island was investigated karyologically by a conventional Feulgen and Giemsa staining, Giemsa C-banding technique, fluorescent and silver staining. It is established that A. commutatum has diploid chromosome number 2n=2x=16. The chromosome complement consisted of six metacentric pairs, one submetacentric with secondary constriction and one acrocentric chromosome pair with satellite. The chromosome size varied from 14.15 (m for the longest to 9.28 (m for the shortest chromosome pair. Chromosomes exhibited four types of Giemsa C-bands: centromeric, intercalary, pericentric and telocentric. Centromeric bands were present on all chromosomes, intercalary on the sixth chromosome pair and in secondary constriction of the eighth chromosome pair, pericentric in the secondary constriction of the seventh chromosome pair and telomeric on both arms of the first, second and fourth chromosome pair as well as on the short arm of the third pair and on the satellite. Chromomycin A3 (CMA)/DAPI double staining revealed CMA positive and DAPI negative signals in the secondary constriction of the seventh and eighth chromosome pairs that indicate the position of the nucleolar organizing regions (NORs). Intercalary C-band of the sixth chromosome pair showed DAPI positive signal. NOR-specific silver staining confirmed that NORs were located in secondary constrictions. The number of active NORs varied from 1-4 between cells of the same individual what was in correlation with the number of nucleoli in interphase cells. The meiosis in pollen mother cells was regular what suggest the high homozygousity of chromosomes in investigated population. Results obtained would be helpful in comparative investigations of other populations of the same and related species in this part of Mediterran. Ruica Lasan1, Vlasta Hitrec1, Ljiljana Letica1, Dubravka Muini1, Davor Begovi1, Joop Wiegant2 1Kliniki bolniki centar Zagreb, Klinika za djeje bolesti Medicinskog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Citogenetski laboratorij, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Sveuilite u Leidenu, Leiden, Nizozemska Identifikacija kromosomskih abnormalnosti fluorescentnom in situ hibridizacijom Danas se FISH metoda esto koristi u klinikoj citogenetici za nadopunu rezultata analize metafaznih kromosoma. Moe se koristiti za utvrivanje porijekla marker kromosoma te za otkrivanje numerikih aberacija, inverzija, malih translokacija, delecija i duplikacija. Popis primjena metode jo raste. Jo jedna kljuna prednost metode jest u tome to se pomou nje mogu analizirati interfazne jezgre. Svako se tkivo moe upotrijebiti kao izvor stanica; primjerice, korionske resice, stanice amnionske tekuine, pa ak i fetalne stanice u perifernoj krvi majke; isto tako, preparati tumora, leukemijske stanice ili histoloki preparati dobiveni autopsijom. Prikazana su dva sluaja adiranih kromosoma i jedan s malim prekobrojnim marker kromosomom. Rezultate konvencionalne citogenetike upotpunili smo FISH metodom. 1. sluaj: Kariotip 46, XY, add (13p?) naen je konvencionalnim citogenetskim postupcima u mukog dojeneta s dizmorfnim obiljejima i tjelesnom retardacijom. Painting probom za kromosom 13, FISH metodom naen je ekstra kromatin kao duplikacija regije 13. 2. sluaj: 7-godinja djevojica s neto dizmorfnih obiljeja i mentalnom retardacijom imala je kariotip 46, XX, add (9p?). Analiza roditeljskih kariotipova nije bila mogua. Painting probe za kromosome 4 i 9 pokazale su kako adirani materijal potjee s kromosoma 4. 3. sluaj: Prenatalnom kromosomskom analizom amniocita zdrave trudnice (2.trudnoa) dobiven je kariotip s malim prekobrojnim bisatelitnim marker kromosomom. In situ hibridizacijom za centromeru kromosoma 15 naeno je kako je marker kromosom derivirani bisatelitni kromosom 15. Danas se metoda FISH koristi na mnogim bazinim i dijagnostikim podrujima humane genetike, u sluajevima koje konvencionalne citogenetske i molekularne metode ne mogu rijeiti ili ih rjeavaju samo uz velike tekoe. Identification of chromosomal abnormalities using fluorescence in situ hybridization The FISH technique is now frequently used in the clinical cytogenetics to improve the analysis of metaphase chromosomes. It can be used to determine the origin of marker chromosomes, as well as to detect numerical aberrations, inversions, small translocations, deletions or duplications. The list of the methods applications is still growing. The techniques another crucial advantage is that it can analyze interphase nuclei. Any given tissue can be used as the cell source; for example chorionic villi, amniotic fluid cells, or even fetal cells in maternal peripheral blood, as well as tumor sections, leukemic cells or paraffin-embedded material obtained post mortem. Two cases with chromosome addition and one with a small supernumerary marker chromosome are presented. Conventional cytogenetics was complemented by the FISH. Case 1: The karyotype 46,XY,add (l3p?) was found by conventional cytogenetics in a male infant with dysmorphic features and a somatic retardation. Using chromosome 13 paint probe, extra chromatin was identified by the FISH technique as a duplicated region of chromosome 13. Case 2: A 7-year old girl with some dysmorphic features and a mental retardation had karyotype 46, XX, add (9p?). Parental karyotype analysis was not available. Whole chromosome 4 and 9 paint probes showed that the additional material was from chromosome 4. Case 3: The prenatal chromosome amniocyte analysis in a 26-year old healthy mother pregnant for the second time, revealed a karyotype with a small bisatellited supernumerary marker chromosome. In situ hybridization with centromere probe for chromosome 15 demonstrated that the marker was derived from chromosome 15. The FISH technique is now implemented in many basic and diagnostic fields of human genetics in cases that cannot be solved, or can be solved only with great difficulties, using conventional cytogenetic and molecular techniques. Vlatka Zoldo1, Sonja iljak-Yakovlev2, Vinja Besendorfer1, Draena Pape1 1Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Bioloki odsjek Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Laboratoire d'evolution et systematique vegetales, Universite Paris-Sud XI CNRS-URA 2154, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France Raznolikost veliine podruja nukleolarnih organizatora (NOR) izmeu jedinki istih vrsta hrasta (Q. robur i Q. petraea) Podruja nukleolarnih organizatora (NOR) predstavljaju mjesta ribosomskih rDNA gena na eukariotskim kromosomima koji kodiraju za sintezu 18-5.8-18 S rRNA. Iako je broj NOR-ova vrstno-specifian, poznato je da on moe varirati izmeu jedinki iste vrste pa ak i izmeu stanica jedne jedinke. Kod vrsta roda Quercus primijeena je raznolikost veliine, a rijetko broja NOR-ova, izmeu jedinki istih vrsta (Q. robur i Q. petraea) nakon bojanja fluorescencijskom bojom kromomicin. hibridizacijom Fluorescencijskom "in situ" (FISH) potvreno je da su ove kromomicin pozitivne telomerne regije zaista mjesta ribosomskih gena. Primijeena je takoer pojava fuzije NOR-ova koja moe onda rezultirati nejednakom izmjenom ribosomskih gena na homolognim kromosomima, te zbog toga raznolikou veliine NOR-ova. NOR-ovi su takoer pokazivali satelitno ponaanje. U odreenom broju stanica sateliti su bili prisutni kao samostalni fragmenti. Takvi su fragmenti u mitozi stvarali anafazne mostove te zaostajali za svojim anafaznim grupama. U mejozi, kada su kromosomi maksimalno kondenzirani, nikada nisu primijeeni samostalni "satelitni" fragmenti, a segregacija kromosoma koji nose kromomicin pozitivne NOR-ove bila je pravilna. Size variation of nucleolar organizing region (NOR) between different seedlings of the same oak species (Q. robur and Q. petraea) Nucleolar organizing region (NOR) is chromosomal locus of the eukariotic ribosomal DNA genes coding for the 18-5.8-28S rRNA. Number of NORs is species-specific but sometimes it can vary between individuals of the same species and even between cells of the same plant. Size variation and rarely number variation of NORs between different plants of the same oak species (Q. robur and Q. petraea) is noticed after chromomycin fluorescent staining. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) confirmed that chromomycin positive signals were really regions of ribosomal genes. NORs had tendency to fuse together which can lead to unequal rearangements of the ribosomal genes on two homologoue chromosomes and therefore, to NOR-size variation. NORs showed satellite behaviour. They were also frequently detached from the satellite chromosomes and appeared as free spherical chromomycin positive fragments. In mitosis, they formed anaphase bridges or lag after their anaphase groups. In meiosis, when chromosomes were maximally contracted, they were always located on two homologues forming bivalent and segregation was regular. Daslav Hranueli PLIVA d.d., Istraivaki institut, Prilaz baruna Filipovia 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Evolucija genoma streptomiceta Vrste roda Streptomyces jesu Gram-pozitivne, sporogene bakterije koje tijekom vegetativne faze rastu u obliku micelija. Zbog micelijskoga oblika rasta streptomicete su u poetku bile klasificirane kao plijesni. Poslije su, na temelju citologije, biokemije i genetike, ispravno klasificirane kao bakterije. Dok su kromosomi u veine bakterija kruni, u streptomiceta su linearni i gotovo dvostruko vei (oko 8 Mb) od kromosoma bakterije Escherichia coli. Genetikim mapiranjem vrsta roda Streptomyces otkrivene su dvije neobine pojave: (a) jedan nasuprot drugom mapirana su 2 duga luka "priguenih podruja", bez ijednog genetikog biljega, a (b) geni, iji produkti sudjeluju u biosintezi nekih metabolita, takoer se nalaze suprotno jedan od drugoga na genetikim mapama. Te su se pojave mogle sluajno dogoditi ili nastati kao posljedica udvostruavanja manjeg kromosoma u zajednikog pretka. Streptomicete bi mogle biti mogua veza izmeu jednostaninih prokariota (bakterija) i micelijskih niih eukariota (plijesni). Zbog toga je vrlo vano shvatiti znaenje evolucije genoma vrsta roda Streptomyces. Vrsta S. rimosus, proizvoa antibiotika oksitetraciklina (OTC), opisana je genetikim i fizikim metodama. Nakupina otc gena je klonirana i restrikcijski mapirana. Fizika mapa linearnog kromosoma dugoga 8 Mb pokazala je da se ta nakupina nalazi u genetiki "priguenom podruju", oko 600 kb od jednoga kraja kromosoma. Taj poloaj izaziva njezine uestale amplifikacije i/ili delecije. U mutanata II. skupine dolo je do delecije jednoga kraja kromosoma s cjelovitom nakupinom otc gena. Izolirani su, meutim, njihovi spontani pseudorevertanti s obnovljenom sposobnou biosinteze OTC-a. Restrikcijske analize i analize hibridizacije njihovih DNA upuuju na prisutnost druge nakupine otc gena na kromosomu vrste S. rimosus to bi bio prvi fiziki dokaz pretpostavke Davida Hopwooda krajem ezdesetih godina. Evolution of Streptomyces genomes Streptomyces are Gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria which grow vegetatively in a mycelial form. Historically, they were classified as fungi, with whom they share a common habitat and overall appearance. Subsequently, they were classified correctly as bacteria - based on their cytology, biochemical composition and genetics. Whereas almost all prokaryotic chromosomes are circular, those of Streptomycetes are linear and almost twice the size (about 8 Mb) of Escherichia coli chromosome. Genetic mapping of several species has revealed two striking features: (a) 2 long arcs of 'silent regions', opposite each other, with no identifiable genetic marker and (b) genes involved in biosynthesis of certain metabolites also diametrically-opposite on the linkage map. These features might have occurred by serendipity, but could also have arisen from the duplication of a smaller progenitor chromosome. Streptomyces could represent a possible link in evolution between unicellular prokaryotes and mycelial lower eukaryotes, so understanding more about the evolution of their genomes is important. S. rimosus, the oxytetracycline (OTC) producer, was characterized genetically and physically. The OTC-cluster was cloned and a restriction map derived. Physical map of the 8 Mb linear chromosome shows that it lies in a 'genetically-silent' region, some 600 kb from one chromosome end, which accounts for its frequent spontaneous amplifications and/or deletions. Class II mutants deleted one chromosomal end including the whole cloned OTC-cluster. However, pseudo-revertants of the Class II mutants that had regained the OTC activity were isolated. Restriction mapping and hybridization studies of their DNA suggest the existence of the second OTC-cluster in the S. rimosus chromosome that will be the first physical evidence of the hypothesis formulated by David Hopwood some time ago. Bojana Brajenovi-Mili1, Jadranka Paravi1, Miljenko Kapovi1, Josip Bai2, Aleksandra Frkovi3 1Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet, Sveuilite u Rijeci, BraeBranchetta20,51000Rijeka,Hrvatska 2Centar za zdravstvenu zatitu ena, Dom zdravlja Rijeka, Strossmayerova24, 51000 Rijeka,Hrvatska 3Klinika za ginekologiju i porodnitvo, Medicinski fakultet, Sveuilite u Rijeci, Kreimirova 42, 51000Rijeka,Hrvatska Prenatalni test probira za Downov sindrom i defekt neuralne cijevi Najea aberacija u humanoj patologiji je trisomija 21. kromosoma ili Downov sindrom. Uestalost trisomije 21 u opini Rijeka je 1,66/1000 ivoroene djece. Srednja vrijednost dobi majki djece s Downovim sindromom je 29,4(6,7. Ova je bolest najei uzrok uroene mentalne retardacije i vaan socijalno zdravstveni problem. Prenatalna dijagnostika kromosomskih aberacija bazira se na kariotipizaciji ploda, ali se ne moe primijeniti u svih trudnica zbog dodatnog rizika za gubitak ploda nakon amniocenteze. Cilj prenatalnog probira je odrediti pacijentice s poveanim rizikom za trisomiju 21. Tri se kriterija koriste za odreivanje rizika u populaciji: dob majke, ultrazvune anomalije i biokemijski biljezi u serumu trudnice. U Hrvatskoj se amniocenteza preporua trudnicama iznad 35 godina starosti. Znakovi trisomije 21 teko se utvruju ultrazvunim metodama. U svrhu detekcije Downovog sindroma i defekta neuralne cijevi autori su mjerili razinu dva biokemijska biljega u serumu trudnica: alfa-fetoprotein i slobodnu (-podjedinicu korionskog gonadotropina u kombinaciji sa starosnom dobi majke. Od ukupnog broja istraivanih trudnica (1052), u 7,88% utvren je rizik za Downov sindrom, od toga je 7,69% bilo lano pozitivnih. Rizik za defekt neuralne cijevi utvren je u 1,42% trudnica, a kod 13% rizik je i potvren. Rezultati ukazuju da su alfa-fetoprotein i slobodna (-podjedinica korionskog gonadotropina u kombinaciji sa starosnom dobi majke pouzdani biljezi u prenatalnom testu probira za Downov sindrom i defekt neuralne cijevi. Prenatal screening test for Down syndrom and neural tube defects Down(s syndrome is the most frequent genetic disease. The incidence of trisomy 21 in the municipality of Rijeka was 1.66/1000 new-born children. The mean age of mothers of Down(s syndrome children was 29.4(6.7 years. This chromosomal disease is the most frequent cause of mental retardation raising an important public health problem. Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal anomalies is based on fetal karyotyping, but cannot be proposed in all situations because of the cost and the risk of fetal death due to amniocentesis. The aim of screening is to define patients at increased risk for trisomy 21. Three criteria are currently used to define an at risk-population: maternal age, ultrasound anomalies, and maternal serum markers. In Croatia, amniocentesis is proposed to patient over 35 years of age. Ultrasounds signs for trisomy 21 are often difficult to identify at routine echography. We have applied our multimarker approach of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and free (-chorionic gonadotropin in combination with maternal age for Down screening and detection for neural tube defects. Down syndrome risk ( 1:250 was considered screen positive. A total of 1052 pregnancies were studied and 7,88% were screen positive, but false screen positive were 7,69%. Risk for neural tube defects were detected in 1.42% and in 13% of them we confirmed defect. Our preliminary data indicate that alpha-fetoprotein and free (-chorionic gonadotropin in combination with maternal age might be a sensitive marker for Downov syndrome screening and neural tube defects. Neda Skakelja, Ivan Katavi Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Karioloka istraivanja riba Jadrana Ovaj rad donosi pregled citogenetskih istraivanja Jadranskih riba. Prvenstveno se osvre na istraivanja provedena u bivoj Jugoslaviji, te prikazuje sadanja dostignua i planove hrvatskih znanstvenika na tom podruju. Rad se zasniva na prouavanju literaturnih podataka te lanaka i radova objavljenih u relevantnim publikacijama. Prema posljednjim podacima ukupno 406 vrsta riba ivi u Jadranu, od kojih su u bivoj Jugoslaviji na svega 18 provedena karioloka istraivanja. Rezultati tih istraivanja priloeni su u anexu rada. Karioloka obiljeja poznata su za jo 20 drugih vrsta, koje su ive u Jadranu, ali su istraivane drugdje u Mediteranu. Sva istraivanja stranih autora takoer su prikazana u ovom radu. Od 1996. u tijeku je projekt istraivanja kariotipova sparidnih vrsta Jadrana, koji se provodi u okviru laboratorija za akvakulturu pri Institutu za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u Splitu. Iznose se i dosadanja otkria s tog projekta te budui planovi za karioloka istraivanja pod okriljem laboratorija. Karyological research on marine fish of the Adriatic This paper brings an overview of cytogenetic research on fish species from the Adriatic. It mainly points out the research conducted in former Yugoslavia, and gives up-to-date achievements and future plans of Croatian scientists in that field. The paper is based on the analysis of available articles published in relevant journals. According to most recent data, 406 fish species inhabit the Adriatic, out of which karyotypes of only 18 have been determined in the former Yugoslavia. Results of comprehensive studies on those karyotypes are annexed to this report. Karyologic features are also known for additional 20 species that inhabit the Adriatic, but which were studied elsewhere in the Mediterranean. This paper brings the list of achievements of all foreign authors and all the species studied. As of 1996., a project for research on karyotypes of Adriatic sparid species is going on in the laboratory of aquaculture at the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split. Current results of that project are also included in this paper. Lada Luki, Vera Gamulin Odjel za molekularnu genetiku, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenikacesta54,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Ubikvitin kod morskih spuava Sycon raphanus i Suberites domuncula Svi eukariotski organizmi posjeduju ubikvitin, mali protein od 76 aminokiselina (Mr 8.5 kDa), vrlo dobro konzerviran od praivotinja do kraljenjaka. Ubikvitinacija proteina vaan je korak u kontroliranoj razgradnji nepotrebnih proteina u jezgri i citoplazmi. Ubikvitin takoer ima znaajnu ulogu u staninom odgovoru na stres. U svih analiziranih vrsta, glavni geni za ubikvitin organizirani su kao niz gena bez meugenskih razmaka i predstavljaju jednu transkripcijsku i translacijsku jedinicu. Spuve, najjednostavniji viestanini organizmi, takoer posjeduju ubikvitinski put razgradnje. Nedavno je pokazano da se u spuve Geodia cydonium poliubikvitinski gen sastoji iz est direktno ponavljajuih monomera, te kodira protein koji se od ubikvitina u ovjeka razlikuje u samo jednoj aminokiselini. Klonirali smo i analizirali primarne strukture poliubikvitinskih cDNA iz morskih spuava Sycon raphanus (Calcarea) i Suberites domuncula (Demospongia). Biblioteke cDNA iz morskih spuava pripremljene u vektoru Lambda-ZAP Express(, pretraene su koritenjem specifine, digoksigeninom obiljeene, sonde za poliubikvitinski gen iz spuve Geodia cydonium. Nakon identifikacije pozitiva, provedena je ekscizija in vivo, te su rekombinantni fagmidi pBK-CMV izdvojeni iz vektora Lambda-ZAP Express( pomou interferentno-rezistentnog Ex-Assist faga u nesupresorskim stanicama E. coli XLORL. Poliubikvitinska cDNA iz spuve Sycon raphanus sadri sedam direktno ponovljenih ubikvitinskih gena. Odredili smo kodirajuu i susjedne cDNA regije smjetene na fragmentu ukupne veliine 1.9 kilobaza (kb). Suberites domuncula sadri pet ubikvitinskih monomera smjetenih na fragmentu cDNA veliine 1.4 kb, koji je takoer u cijelosti analiziran. Ubikvitin iz Suberites domuncula identian je ubikvitinu iz spuve Geodia cydonium, a razlike postoje samo u uporabi pojedinih kodona. Ubikvitin u spuve Sycon raphanus razlikuje se od dva spomenuta pripadnika razreda Demospongia u dvije aminokiseline, a od ljudskog u jednoj. Takoer, u uporabi kodona postoje dodatne razlike izmeu analiziranih spuava. Usporedbom svih analiziranih monomera pokazana je, prema oekivanju, blia filogenetska veza izmeu pripadnika razreda Demospongia (Geodia cydonium i Suberites domuncula), nego izmeu Demospongia i Calcarea (Sycon raphanus). Ove analize doprinijele su rasvjetljavanju ranih odnosa meu spuvama, te pokazale da i samo razlike u uporabi kodona ubikvitinskih gena mogu posluiti za odreivanje filogenetskih odnosa izmeu razliitih vrsta. Ubiquitin from the marine sponges Sycon raphanus and Suberites domuncula All eucaryotes contain ubiquitin, a small protein of 76 amino acids and Mr 8.5 kDa, which is extremely well conserved from protozoa to vertebrates. Ubiqutination of proteins is an important step in the controlled degradation of needless polypeptides in nucleus and the cytoplasm. Ubiquitin also has a function in the cell response to stress. In all analyzed species, major ubiquitin genes are organized in tandem repeats with varying numbers, which are lined up head to tail without spacers. Sponges, the simplest multicellular animal phylum, are also equipped with the ubiquitin pathway. It was recently demonstrated that in sponge Geodia cydonium polyubiquitin gene contains six direct gene repeats and codes for the ubiquitin which differs from Homo sapiens ubiquitin only in one amino acid. In this work, we describe cloning and primary structure analysis of the polyubiquitin cDNA from marine sponges Sycon raphanus (Calcarea) and Suberites domuncula (Demospongia). cDNA libraries of marine sponges prepared in the Lambda-ZAP Express( vector, were screened using digoxygenin labelled DNA probe specific for the polyubiquitin gene from Geodia cydonium. Following in vivo excision procedure, positive pBK-CMV recombinant plasmids were excised from Lambda-ZAP Express( vector using Ex-Assist interference-resistant helper phage and E. coli XLORL cells. Polyubiquitin cDNA of Sycon raphanus contains seven direct repeats. We determinated the coding and surrounding cDNA region located on the 1.9 kilobases (kb) fragment. Suberites domuncula contains five ubiquitin monomers located on the 1.4 kb fragment of cDNA. Ubiquitin from Suberites domuncula is identical to Geodia cydonium ubiquitin and differences exist only on the level of codon usage. However, Sycon raphanus ubiquitin differs from two Demospongia ubiquitin at two amino acid positions and from Homo sapiens at only one amino acid position. Additional differences also exist on the level of codon usage. Multiple alignment of all analysed ubiquitin gene monomers showed, as expected, closer philogenetical relationship between Demospongia (Geodia cydonium and Suberites domuncula), than with Calcarea (Sycon raphanus). These analyses help in the elucidation of the early relationships among sponges and the higher eucaryotic organisms. Andrea Paravi1, Suada Pandza2, John Cullum2, Daslav Hranueli1 1PLIVA d.d., Istraivaki institut, Prilaz baruna Filipovia 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2LB Genetik, Universitt Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany Struktura krajeva kromosoma u bakterije Streptomyces rimosus MV25 Fiziko je mapiranje kromosoma soja S. rimosus R6 pokazalo da je on linearan i dug 8 Mb. Na njegovim se krajevima nalaze dijelovi DNA, to se obrnuto ponavljaju od 550 kb s krajnjim AseI-J fragmentom, dok je nakupina gena, koji sudjeluju u biosintezi oksitetraciklina (OTC) smjetena oko 600 kb od jednoga kraja. U soju S. rimosus R6 postoji i linearni plazmid pPZG101 duljine 387 kb s dugakim obrnuto ponavljajuim dijelovima DNA od 180 kb. Izolirani su mutanti u kojih je DNA plazmida integrirana u bakterijski kromosom, dok je slobodni kraj plazmida jo uvijek prisutan. U jednoga se mutanta (MV25) mogu vidjeti dva AseI fragmenta (690 i 480 kb) to sadravaju potencijalno sjecite plazmidne i kromosomske DNA. U poetku smo pretpostavili da su u njemu oba kromosomska kraja zamijenjena plazmidnim, ali se to pokazalo pogrenim zbog prisutnosti barem jedne kopije krajnjeg AseI-J fragmenta. Relativan intenzitet DNA u dva AseI fragmenta (potencijalnih sjecita) razliit je u razliitim pripravcima DNA, to upuuje na mijeanu populaciju stanica. U populaciji soja MV25 pojavljuju se stanice osjetljive na OTC. Mutanti osjetljivi na 10 g OTC-a/ml izolirani su i analizirani gel-elektroforezom u pulsirajuem elektrinom polju. etiri mutanta (MV25W1-4) imaju identian AseI profil koji se razlikuje od onoga soja MV25 po tome to AseI fragment od 690 kb nedostaje, dok je fragment od 480 kb jo uvijek prisutan. DNA s gela hibridizirana je DNA sondom koja ima gotovo cjelovitu nakupinu OTC-gena (kozmid pPZG25). Dio DNA od 690 kb, prisutan u soju MV25, hibridizira sa sondom za razliku od DNA osjetljivih mutanata. To upuuje na deleciju nakupine OTC-gena. Izolirani su kozmidni klonovi dijela DNA, u kojemu je dolo do integracije plazmida, iz poetnog soja (R6), MV25 i iz pPZG101. To je omoguilo preciznu karakterizaciju procesa integracije. The structure of the chromosome ends in Streptomyces rimosus MV25 Physical mapping of the S. rimosus R6 chromosome showed it to be 8 Mb and linear. There are terminal inverted repeats of 550 kb including the terminal AseI-J fragment while the oxytetracycline (OTC) gene cluster lies some 600 kb from one end. In S. rimosus R6 there is also a linear plasmid pPZG101 of 387 kb in length with long terminal inverted repeats of about 180 kb. Mutants were found in which plasmid sequences had integrated into the chromosome but a free plasmid end was still present. In one of them (MV25) two AseI 'junction bands' could be seen. It was initially suggested that both ends of the chromosome might have been replaced by plasmid ends, but this is ruled out by the presence of at least one copy of the terminal AseI-J fragment in MV25. The relative intensity of the two AseI junction fragments varied in different DNA preparations from MV25 which suggested a mixed population. MV25 segregated white OTC-sensitive (10 g/ml) mutant colonies. Four mutants (MV25W1-4) were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All four showed an identical AseI pattern which differed from that of MV25 only in that the 690 kb junction band was missing; the 480 kb junction band was still present. A Southern blot was hybridized with cosmid pPZG25 which carries most of the OTC-cluster. The 690 kb fragment in MV25 hybridized, but the mutants did not showing deletion of the OTC cluster. Cosmids were isolated from the integration region in the parent, in MV25 and from pPZG101. This allowed precise characterization of the integration event. Iva Mili-trkalj, Mirjana Kalafati Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Uinak herbicida Dicurana 500 FL na mitozu neoblsta u planarije Polycelis felina (Daly.) Istraen je uinak herbicida Dicuran 500 FL na genom vrste Polycelis felina (Daly.). Analizirana je mitotska aktivnost neoblasta, stanica najvanijih za regeneraciju jedinke. Neoblasti su jedini tip stanica u planarije koji se moe mitotski dijeliti. Dvije skupine od 40 jedinki tretirane su s 0.010 (M i 0.025 (M otopinom herbicida. Nakon etverosatnog tretmana regenerata vrste Polycelis felina (Daly.) dolo je do poveanja mitotske aktivnosti neoblasta, u odnosu na kontrolu. Neposredno i 24 sata nakon tretmana regenerata u neoblastima su utvrene mitotske i kromodomske aberacije. Sve mitotske aberacije posljedica su nefunkcionalnosti diobenog vretena. Najee mitotske aberacije su C-mitoza, neto manje se javlja poremeena metafaza, te viepolarno diobeno vreteno i lutajui kromosomi. Od kromosomskih aberacija utvrena su sljepljivanja kromosoma i anafazni mostovi. Postotak kromosomskih aberacija u svih tretiranih jedinki, neposredno, te 24 sata nakon tretmana bio je vei od ukupnog postotka mitotskih aberacija. Pozitivni rezultati dobiveni istraivanjem uinaka herbicida Dicuran 500 FL na vrstu Polycelis felina (Daly.) u korelaciji su s rezultatima dobivenim na drugim organizmima i trebaju se uzeti kao upozorenje i indikacija da testirani kemijski spoj moe biti rizian za ovjekovo zdravlje i njegov okoli. The effects of herbicide Dicuran 500 FL upon the mitosis of the neoblasts in planarian Polycelis felina(Daly.) The effects of herbicide Dicuran 500 FL upon the genome of the Polycelis felina (Daly.) species were investigated. Analyzed was the mitotic activity of the neoblasts, cells that are the most important for the regeneration of these animals. The neoblasts are the only cell type in planarians that have the ability to divide mitoticaly. Two groups of 40 individuals were treated with 0.010(M and 0.025(M respectively of herbicide solution. After four hours of treatment of the of the Polycelis felina (Daly.) regenerates, the mitotic activity of the neoblasts was more increased than in the control animals. Immediately and 24 hours after the treatment of regenerates, in their neoblast cells the mitotic and chromosome aberrations were detected. All mitotic aberrations were the result of the non-functional mitotic spindle. The most frequent mitotic aberrations were the C-mitosis, while disturbed anaphase was little less frequent, and so were the multipolular mitotic spindle and vagrant chromosomes. Of the chromosome aberrations, the chromosome stickiness and anaphase bridges were detected. The percentage of chromosome aberrations in all of the treated individuals immediately, and 24 hours after the treatment was larger then the total percentage of the mitotic aberrations. The positive results obtained in this investigation of the effects of herbicide Dicuran 500 FL upon the Polycelis felina (Daly.) species are in correlation with the results obtained on other organisms and as such should be taken as a warning and indication that the chemical tested can be dangerous to the human health and its environment. Snjeana Taborak, Mirjana Kalafati Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Uinak kroma na diobu stanica u virnjakaPolycelis felina (Daly.) Cilj istraivanja bio je utvrditi uinak otopine kalij-bikromata na nasljedni materijal mnogooke puzavice Polycelis felina (Daly.). Neoblasti, kao jedine stanice u planarija sa sposobnou mitotskog dijeljenja omoguuju regeneraciju, jer se mogu diferencirati u svaki od 12-14 tipova stanica koje grade tijelo planarije. Planarije su podijeljene u dvije skupine od dvadeset jedinki, tako da je nakon potaknute reparativne regeneracije, prva skupina tretirana s otopinom kalij-bikromata koncentracije 0.29 g/L u trajanju od tri sata, a druga skupina u trajanju od est sati. Nakon tretiranja planarija 3 sata, najvei broj diobeno aktivnih neoblasta bio je u profazi mitotske diobe. Najea kromosomska aberacija bila je sljepljivanje kromosoma, dok su mitotske aberacije rjee, a javljaju se u obliku C-mitoze. Nakon tretmana od est sati, dolazi do zastoja mitoze u metafazi, uz iznimno poveanje vrijednosti mitotskih indeksa u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu, te skupinu ivotinja tretiranih tri sata. Prevladavaju mitotske aberacije, a najea je C-mitoza. Kromosomskih aberacija je znatno manje, a javljaju se u obliku sljepljivanja kromosoma. Navedeni rezultati poklapaju se s istraivanjima na drugim organizmima, i potvruju mutageni uinak kalij-bikromata na prouavane organizme. The effects of chromium upon the cell division in planarian Polycelis felina(Daly.) The aim of this investigation was to determinate the effects of aqueous solution of potassium-bichromate upon the hereditary material of planarian Polycelis felina (Daly.). The neoblasts are the only planarian's cells with the ability of mitosis. They make the regeneration possible, because they can differentiate into every of 12-14 cell types which makes the planarian's body. The animals were divided into two groups of twenty individuals. After induced reparative regeneration, first group was treated with 0.29 g/l of solution of potassium-bichromate for the period of three hours, while the other group was treated for the period of six hours. After treating the planarians for three hours, the greatest number of mitoticaly active neoblasts were in the prophase of the mitotic division. The most common chromosomal aberration was chromosome stickiness, while the mitotic aberrations were much rarer, and were present in the form of C-mitosis. After treatment for six hours, the mitosis was stopped in metaphase while the mitotic indexes were extremely increased comparing to the control group, and animals treated for three hours. The dominant were mitotic aberrations, the most common was C-mitosis, while the number of chromosome aberrations was much smaller namely in the form of chromosome stickiness. The above stated results are in accordance with the investigations on the other organisms, and as such confirm the mutagene effects of potassium-bichromate upon the studied organisms. Kroata Hazler1, Bernard Comps2, Ivan ugar1, Edita oli3 1Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet, Zavod za farmaceutsku botaniku, Schrottova39,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Universit( de Bordeaux I, D(partement de Biologie V(g(tale, Avenue des Facult(s, 33405TalenceCedex, France 3Institut "Planina i more", Franjeva(ki put 1, 58300 Makarska, Hrvatska Genetika varijabilnost hrvatskih bukvika Genetika varijabilnost 22 populacija bukve (Fagus sylvatica L.) s podruja Hrvatske odreena je metodom analize proteinskih biljega - izoenzima u 11 enzimskih lokusa (PX-1, PX-2, GOT-1, 6-PGD-1, SOD-1, ACP-1, MDH-1, IDH-1, PGM-1, PGI-1 and MNR-1). Ukupna genska raznolikost (Ht) iznosi 0,273, a polimorfizam postoji u 8 lokusa, dok su 3 lokusa monomorfna u veini populacija. Uoena je izdvojenost bukvika s podruja Istre i Biokova od ostalih dinarskih populacija. Bukvici ostalih dijelova Hrvatske, unato razliitom zemljopisnom poloaju, petrografskoj podlozi pa i klimatskim prilikama, ne pokazuju signifikantne razlike u stupnju polimorfizma istraenih lokusa. U 1 je lokusu signifikantan utjecaj nadmorske visine stanita na stupanj varijabilnosti. Preliminarna usporedba genetike strukture bukvika razliitih fitosociolokih osobina analizom osnovnih komponenti i Mann-Whitney-evim testom izdvaja 2 bukove zajednice od ostalih. Genetic variability of the Croatian beechwoods Genetic variability of the 22 Croatian beechwoods (Fagus sylvatica L.) was studied using proteins markers - izozymes in 11 enzymatic loci (PX-1, PX-2, GOT-1, 6-PGD-1, SOD-1, ACP-1, MDH-1, IDH-1, PGM-1, PGI-1 and MNR-1). Total gene diversity (Ht) was 0.273, 8 loci were polymorphic while 3 were monomorphic in the majority of samples. The populations from Biokovo and Istria showed great difference in comparation with other populations from Dinaric Alps. In spite of differences in geographical latitude, types of soils as well as climatic characteristics, other Croation beech populations did not show significant differences. In 1 locus significant influence of altitude was observed. Preliminary comparison of genetic structure of beech from different plant associations based on Principal component analysis and Mann-Whitney test singled out 2 associations from all other. Vesna Kostovi-Vranje1, Draena Pape2 1Zavod za biologiju, Fakultet prirodoslovno-matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja, Sveuilita u Splitu, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Hrvatska 2Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno matematiki fakultet, Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Citogenetika istraivanja vrste Muscari comosum (L.) Mill s pet lokaliteta Dalmacije Vrsta Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. je osobito dobro istraena u Sredozemnim populacijama, a rezultati pokazuju kako je najee diploid s 2n=18, a rjee 2n=19, 19+1B, 27, 36. Pregledom literature ustanovljeno je kako navedena vrsta s podruja Dalmacije do sada nije karioloki ispitana. U radu su prikazana citogenetika istraivanja vrsta Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. s pet lokaliteta srednje Dalmacije. Primjenom klasinih kromosomskih tehnika ustanovljeno je da su biljke u svim izuavanim stanicama imale 2n=2X=18. Prosjena veliina kromosoma je 12-2 mm. Kariotip je asimetrian, s jednim parom velikih telocentrinih kromosoma, jednim parom srednje veliine subtelocentrinih kromosoma i sedam parova malih metacentrinih kromosoma. Proces mejoze, izuavan u matinim stanicama peluda, je pravilan. Fertilnost peluda je razliita na pojedinim lokalitetima (36-77%). Analiza klijavosti sa svih izuavanih lokaliteta pokazuje kako 46,52% peluda pravilno proklija. Cytogenetical investigations of the five populations of the species Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. from Dalmatia The species Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. is especially well investigated in the Mediterranean populations, and results of these investigations showed that is the most frequently diploid with 2n=18, and rarely 2n=19, 19+1B, 27, 36. According to the literature it has been found that mentioned species from Dalmatia has not been karyologically explored. Cytogenetic investigated of the species Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. collected from five localities from central Dalmatia were presented in this work. Using classical chromosomes staining tehniques, it was found that plants in all investigated cells had 2n=18. Average chromosome length was between 12-2 mm. The karyotype was asymmetric, with one pair of large telocentric chromosomes, one pair of intermediate size subtelocentric chromosomes and seven pairs of small metacentric chromosomes. The process of meiosis, studied in the pollen mother cells, was regular. Fertility if pollen grains was different from singly localities (36-77%). Analysis of sprouting showed that 46,52% pollen grains from all investigated localities correct germinated. Smiljana Risti, Bojana Brajenovi-Mili, Vojko Obersnel, Alena Bureti-Tomljanovi, Saa Ostoji, Damjana Vera, Marin Pai, Miljenko Kapovi Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Rijeci, BraeBranchetta22, 51000Rijeka,Hrvatska Populacijsko-genetika analiza odreenih fenotipskih svojstava u autohtonoj populaciji otoka Krka Cilj rada je bio populacijsko-genetiko istraivanje stanovnitva najveeg Jadranskog otoka, otoka Krka, koji se odlikovao znaajnom reprodukcijskom izoliranou tijekom svoje povijesti. Autori su istraivali 10 fenotipskih svojstava (boja kose i oiju, oblik skalpa, tipovi une resice, daltonizam, protodefekti, deuterodefekti, rupica u bradi, vertikalno savijanje jezika i osjetljivost na PTC) u 7 autohtonih subpopulacija otoka uz pretpostavku da je svako svojstvo determinirano odgovarajuim genom. Statistiki znaajna meupopulacijska heterogenost je opaena za 8 od 10 istraivanih karakteristika, to ukazuje da su se, usprkos poveanju migracija i smanjenju endogamije tijekom vremena, genetike razlike izmeu subpopulacija otoka Krka i do danas odrale. Population-genetic analysis of certain phenotypic traits in the autochtonous population of island of Krk A population-genetic analysis was carried out on the biggest Adriatic island, island of Krk, which was reproductively isolated throughout history. The authors examined 10 phenotypic traits (hair and eye color, shape of the scalp, ear lobe types, daltonism, protodefects, deuterodefects, dimple in the chin, vertical tongue rolling and sensitivity to PTC) in 7 autochtonous subpopulations of the island, under the assumption that each trait is controlled by a corresponding gene. A statistically significant heterogeneity among subpopulations was found in 8 out of 10 phenotypic characteristics. The obtained results have revealed that, in spite increase of migration movements and decrease of endogamy through the time, genetic differences among subpopulations of island of Krk have remained till nowadays. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation ore Mamula, Nikola Jureti Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg20/II,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Bioloka svojstva jedne varijante Holmesovog ribgrass virusa naene na podruju Istre Iz biljaka Silene alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause sa simptomom difuznih klorotinih prstenova na listovima izolirali smo i bioloki karakterizirali jednu varijantu Holmesovog ribgrass virusa (ribgrass mosaic virus, RMV). RMV pripada skupini tobamovirusi koja danas obuhvaa 15 virusa. Za te je viruse karakteristina tapiasta virusna estica velika 300 x 18 nm. Njihova genomska nukleinska kiselina jest jednolanana (+)RNA. Tobamovirusi su odavna u sreditu interesa biljnih virologa, osobito njihov tipini lan - virus mozaika duhana (tobacco mosaic virus, TMV). Spoznaje do kojih se je dolo istraivanjem TMV-a ugraene su u temelje cjelokupne virologije i molekularne biologije. S druge strane, RMV je esto sluio kao model u razjanjavanju grae virusnih kristalinih inkluzija tobamovirusa. Primjerci biljke S. alba iz kojih smo izolirali virus (izolat SI) rasli su na podruju Istre (okolica Pule). Na temelju elektronskomikroskopskih istraivanja morfologije virusnih estica zakljuili smo da se radi o virusu iz skupine tobamovirusi. Detaljna istraivanja njegova kruga domaina i serolokih osobina otkrila su da on pripada RMV-u. Meutim, po reakciji na nekim pokusnim biljkama (vrste Chenopodium, Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. i dr), toplinskoj inaktivaciji in vitro te, kako se ini, po promjenama u stanici koje se odnose na virusne kristaline inkluzije, izolat SI se razlikuje od drugih izolata RMV-a. Biological properties of a variant of Holmes' ribgrass virus fromIstriaregion From Silene alba (Mill.) E.H.L. Krause plants with the symptom of diffuse chlorotic ringspots on the leaves, a variant of Holmes' ribgrass virus (ribgrass mosaic virus, RMV) was isolated and biologically characterized. RMV belongs to the obamovirus group comprising at present 15 viruses. A rod-shaped virus particle of 300 x 18 nm is characteristic of the group. Genomic nucleic acid of these viruses is singlestranded (+)RNA. Tobamoviruses have been at the focus of plant virologists' attention for decades, particularly their type member - tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Knowledge gained from investigation into TMV is built into the foundations of the whole of virology and molecular biology. On the other hand, RMV has often been used as a model in clarifying the structure of tobamovirus crystalline cell inclusions. S. alba specimens from which we isolated the virus (isolate SI) grew in the region of the Istrian peninsula (the outskirts of the town of Pula). Electron microscope investigation of virus particle morphology showed that the isolate SI was a tobamovirus. Detailed analysis of its host range and serological properties revealed that it belonged to RMV. However, in the reactions of some test plants (Chenopodium spp., Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., etc.), thermal inactivation point and, as it seems, in view of the alterations in infected cell with respect to virus crystalline inclusions, isolate SI differs from other RMV isolates. Edyta Halupecki1, Dijana kori1, Jasenka Topi1, Jasminka Igrc-Bari2, Ana ari , Mladen Krajai1 1Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg20/II,10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za poljoprivrednu zoologiju, Agronomski fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Svetoimunskacesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Mehanizam odravanja bolesti letalnih nekroza rajice u dolini Neretve Bolest letalnih nekroza rajice godinama ugroava uzgoj i industrijsku preradu ove vane poljoprivredne kulture u dolini rijeke Neretve. U prethodnim istraivanjima J. Phytopathology 144, 543-549 (1996) ustanovili smo da bolest uzrokuje nekrogena satelitna RNA pridruena virusu mozaika krastavca (cucumber mosaic virus - CMV). Daljnjim istraivanjima trebalo je otkriti mehanizam irenja i dugogodinjeg odravanja bolesti u neretvanskom kraju. Tijekom godine dana prikupili smo oko tri stotine uzoraka korovnih biljaka koje su rasle u okolici kao i na samim poljima rajica. Biolokim testiranjima provjerili smo prisutnost virusa u prikupljenim uzorcima. Vrste Nicotiana glutinosa i N. megalosiphon posluile su kao indikatori virusne zaraze te kao domaini za umnoavanje virusa i posebice virusnog satelita. Izolacijom i elektroforetskom analizom dvolanane replikativne RNA mogli smo potvrditi zarazu virusom CMV te provjeriti prisutnost satelitne RNA. Izmeu veeg broja korovnih vrsta, za koje smo dokazali da su prirodno zaraene virusom CMV, bile su i takve u kojima je virusu bio pridruen i virusni satelit. Na rajicama, korovnim biljkama kao i kulturama koje se uzgajaju u neposrednoj blizini sabrali smo i determinirali 13 vrsta lisnih uiju. Neke od njih poznate su kao vektori navedenog virusa, a osim rajice domaini su im barem neke zaraene korovne vrste. Zakljuujemo da je odravanje bolesti uvjetovano postojanjem viegodinjih biljaka-domaina unutar korovne vegetacije pri emu te biljke imaju ulogu "rezervoara" u kojima virus i njegov satelit prezimljuju te se u narednoj sezoni prenose na rajicu lisnim uima. Maintaining mechanism of the tomato lethal necrosis disease in the Neretva river valley In the last few years, tomato crops in the Neretva river valley have been stricken by a devastating necrotic disease endangering tomato production in the area. A satellite RNA associated with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) proved to be the causal agent. Further investigations were conducted in order to explain the mechanism of spreading and maintaining of the disease. About 300 weed samples were collected from tomato fields and surrounding areas during a whole year. The virus presence was determined by mechanical inoculation on test plants Nicotiana glutinosa and N. megalosiphon which were also used for virus propagation and especially satellite amplification. CMV and its satellite were identified by double stranded replicative RNA analysis following amplification in experimental hosts. Some of the weed species proved to be naturally infected by CMV contain also the necrogenic satellite RNA. Thirteen aphid species were determined on tomato crops, weed species and crops grown in surrounding area. A number of them were described as CMV vectors and some were established as parasites on both tomato and few weed species carrying tomato lethal necrosis pathogenic combination. The disease maintenance is probably based on pathogens' overwintering in weed species which act as reservoirs for the disease spread by aphids in the following season. Jozeph Horv(th1, E. Bal(zs2, R. G(borj(nyi3 1Pannon University of Agricultural Science, Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Plant Pathology, H-8360 Keszthely, P.O. Box 71, Hungary 2Agricultural Biotechnology Center, H-2101 G(d(ll(, P.O. Box 170, Hungary 3Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Science, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 102, Hungary Recentna istraivanja biljnih virusa u Maarskoj Dananja znanstvena istraivanja u podruju biljne virologije u Maarskoj nastavak su dosadanjeg vrlo plodnog znanstvenoistraivakog rada maarskih biljnih virologa. U Maarskoj postoje tri instituta koji se bave istraivanjem biljnih virusa i virusnih bolesti biljaka. U njima se biljni virusi istrauju u vie pravaca od kojih je vrijedno spomenuti sljedee: (i) bioloka karakterizacija virusa izoliranih iz biljaka maarske flore (umskog drvea i grmlja, korovnih biljaka, vodenih biljaka te iz voda rijeka i jezera) kao i iz razliitih kultiviranih biljaka (penice, jema, kukuruza, krumpira, eerne repe, povrtlarskih biljaka, voaka i vinove loze), (ii) otpornost divljih biljaka na biljne viruse, (iii) fizioloke promjene u virusno inficiranim biljkama, (iv) molekularna karakterizacija virusa naenih na podruju Maarske, (v) stvaranje rezistentnih biljaka na virusnu infekciju ugradnjom gena za proteinski omota, (vi) karakterizacija Cymbidium ringspot Tombusvirusa (CyRSV) i (vii) dijagnosticiranje virusa metodom hibridizacije nukleinske kiseline. Current plant virus research in Hungary Research in Hungary on plant viruses and diseases of viral etiology continues to lead to significant breakthroughs, not only in our understanding of plant-virus and vector-virus interactions, but also for new sources for resistance, new diagnostic tools and the use of plant viruses as vectors in biotechnology. There are three institutes in Hungary dealing with scientific investigations in plant virology. The following topics are worth to mention: (i) biological characterization of plant viruses isolated from the Hungarian flora, like crop plants: wheat and barley, maize, potato and sugarbeet, tobacco, vegetables; Brassica spp., fruit trees and grapes, forest trees and shrubs, medicinal and ornamental plants, weed plants, aquatic plants and from natural water sources (rivers and lakes); (ii) virus resistance in wild plant species; (iii) physiological studies on virus infected plants; (iv) molecular characterization of plant viruses isolated from the Hungarian flora; (v) coat protein mediated resistance in higher plants; (vi) characterization of Cymbidium ringspot Tombusvirus (CyRSV); and (vii) plant virus diagnosis based on nucleic acid hybridization. Mirjana Skoibui Zavod za biologiju, Fakulteta prirodoslovno-matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja, Sveuilita u Splitu, Teslina 12, 10000 Split, Hrvatska Preivljavanje bakterije Vibrio parahaemolyticus na niskim temperaturama in vitro Nedostatak hranjivih tvari i niske temperature u okoliu uzrokuju stres kod mikroorganizama te se oni ne mogu uzgojiti rutinskim mikrobiolokim metodama. Bakterije u cilju adaptacije na niske temperature ili djelovanje drugih stresora rabe razliite genotipske i fenotipske mehanizme. Mnoge bakterije mora, osobito roda Vibrio preivljavaju due vremena tijekom gladovanja to uvjetuje znaajne fizioloke i morfoloke promjene stanice. Stres uvjetovan nedostatkom hranjivih tvari i niskih temperatura uzrokuje nekulturabilno stanje. Mnogi patogeni vibrioni kao to su Vibrio cholerae i Vibrio vulnificus kao i drugi humani patogeni ukljuujui vrste Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteriditis, Shigella sonnei, Aeromonas salmonicida i Campylobacter jejuni, a kao odgovor na nepovoljne uvjete u okoliu, prelaze u nekulturabilni status, to predstavlja strategiju preivljavanja. U patogenih (K+) i nepatogenih (K-) izolata vrste Vibrio parahaemolyticus praena je morfoloka promjena stanica, duina preivljavanja i broj stanica. Direktnim i indirektnim numerikim metodama u odreenim vremenskim intervalima praeno je preivljavanje stanica na niskim temperaturama. Za uzgoj stanica rabljene su neselektivna (TSA agar s 3% NaCl) i visoko slektivna (TCBS-agar) hranilita. Kulture u otopini mineralnih soli su odravane na temperaturi 5(C i sobnoj temperaturi 25(C. Morfoloke promjene stanica vrste Vibrio parahaemolyticus iz tapiastog u ovalni i na kraju u kokalni oblik, ovisi od soja i temperature uzgoja. Nekultivabilno stanje odravano je vie od 67 dana u uvjetima niske temperature (5(C). Uoene su znaajne razlike u duini trajanja nekulturabilnog stanja izmeu stanica koje se nalaze u fazi logaritamskog rasta u odnosu na stacionarnu fazu. Inkubacijom na sobnoj temperaturi 24 sata nekulturabilni status stanice kao odgovor na prethodnu inkubaciju na 5(C se eliminira. Survival of bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus at low temperatures in vitro Nutrient insufficiency and low temperature is the most common environmental stress which microorganisms routinely encounter in natural ecosystems. Bacteria can adapt to low temperatures of the stresses by a variety of genotypic and phenotypic mechanisms. Many marine bacteria, especially Vibrio spp., can survive for a long time during starvation by sequentional changes in cell physiology and graduate changes in morphology. The stresses of nutrient deprivation and low temperature are to be the main causes of the induction of viable but nonculturabile (VNC) stages in some pathogenic vibrios, such a Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus with other human pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteriditis, Shigella sonnei, Aeromonas salmonicida and Campylobacter jejuni. In this work , both pathogenic strain (K+) and nepathogenic starin (K-) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were studied with regard to cell enumeration characteristic. Cell starved at a low temperature for certain interval were counted by various bacteria enumeration methods, including plate count and direct viable count. Cell culturability was determined by using nonselective Trypticase soy agar (TSA with 3% NaCl) and highly selective thiosulfate-citrate-bile-salts-sucrose agar (TCBS). Cultures in mineral salts solution were maintained at both 5(C and room temperature (25(C) in a static state. Morfological changes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from rods to sphere and finally became coccoid was dependent on the strains and temperature at which the cells were maintained. Nonculturability cells were detected for more then 67 days at low temperature (5(C). Significant difference in time to nonculturability between cells taken from the logarithmic growth phase and cells taken from the stationary phase was observed. Preservation at room temperature for 24 h was found to eliminate the nonculturable response of cells incubated at 5(C. Mladen oli, Nada Krstulovi Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, Split, , pp 500, 21000 Split Hrvatska Kontrola populacija bakterija i heterotrofnih nanoflagelata u moru putemresursa(bottomupkontrola) ipredacije(topdownkontrola) U radu je analiziran utjecaj resursa (bottom-up kontrola) i predacije (top-down kontrola) na sezonsku dinamiku bakterija i heterotrofnih nanoflagellata (HNF) u Katelanskom zaljevu. Utvreni su slijedei najvaniji trendovi u toj dinamici: (1) Tijekom ljeta i jeseni bakterijska je populacija bila dominantno kontrolirana putem grazinga od strane HNF (top-down kontrola), dok je populacija HNF bila kontrolirana bakterijskom abundancijom (bottom-up kontrola); (2) Tijekom zime i proljea je utvrena vrlo slaba veza izmeu bakterija i njihovih HNF predatora, te je bakterijska abundancija bila dominantno kontrolirana resursima (bottom-up kontrola), dok je abundancija HNF bila veim dijelom pod kontrolom predacije od strane mikrozooplanktona (top-down kontrola); (3) Tijekom godine su bakterijska i HNF populacija cikliki prolazile kroz dva perioda stabilne abundancije, prvi s niskom a drugi s visokom vrijednosti abundancije, ali ti ciklusi nisu bili u fazi; (4) Top-down kontrola je bila dominantna u procesu prelaska bakterijske populacije od stabilne visoke abundancije k stabilnoj niskoj abundanciji, dok je bottom-up kontrola dominirala u obrnutom procesu; kod HNF je situacija bila obrnuta. Bottom-up and top-down control of bacterial and heterotrophic nanoflagellates population in sea water Seasonal dynamics of bacterial and heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF) populations were analyzed in Katela Bay (middle Adriatic Sea). Dominant patterns identified were: (1) During summer and autumn bacterial population was mainly controlled by HNF grazing (top-down), whereas HNF population was controlled by bacterial abundance (bottom-up); (2) During winter and spring the coupling between bacteria and HNF was very weak, and bacterial abundance was mainly controlled by resources supply (bottom-up), whereas HNF abundance was controlled by microzooplankton grazing (top-down); (3) Throughout year, both bacterial and HNF populations alternated two periods of stable abundances, first with high and second with low values; (4) Top-down effect was dominant in bacterial switching from stable abundance with high values to stable abundance with low values, whereas bottom-up model dominated in inverse process; and vice versa for HNF. Nada Krstulovi, Mladen oli Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, Split, , pp 500, 21000 Split Hrvatska Regulacija bakterijske abundancije du morskog trofikog gradijenta Istraivanja brojnosti bakterija i heterotrofnih nanoflagelata (HNF), te bakterijske proizvodnje i koncentracije klorofila (chl a) vrena su na 5 postaja smjetenih od obalnog prema otvorenom moru u razdoblju od oujka do listopada 1995. godine. Istraivane postaje su razvrstane u trofike kategorije na osnovu koncentracija chl a. Utvreno je da svi istraivani biotiki parametri rastu du trofikog gradijenta, odnosno od oligotrofnog do eutrofnog podruja, ali razliitim stopama rasta, to uzrokuje razliite odnose meu njima. Odnos biomase bakterija i fitoplanktona (BB:chl a) opada od oligotrofnog podruje gdje je iznosio 10 do svega 0.8 koliko je iznosio u eutrofnom podruju. Suprotno tome, odnos bakterija i HNF (B:HNF) raste od oligotrofnog prema eutrofnom podruju (sa 1000 do 1700 bakterija flagelat-1). Opadanje vrijednosti odnosa BB:chl a i rast vrijednosti odnosa B:HNF du trofikog gradijenta ukazuje na razliite strukture mikrobne hranidbene mree. Naime, u oligotrofnom podruju brojnost je bakterija jae kontrolirana supstratom, u eutrofnom podruju predacijom. Regulation of bacterial abundance along marine trophic gradient Bacterial and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) abundance, as well as bacterial production and chlorophyll a levels, were measured at five sites extending from the coastal zone toward the open Adriatic in the period from March to October 1995. The investigated areas were grouped into trophic categories according to concentrations of chlorophyll a. All the biotic-parameters increased along the trophic gradient, leading to eutrophy, but they did not increase at the same rate. Bacterial biomass: phytoplankton biomass (BB : chl a) ratio decreased from about 10 the very oligotrophic area to 0.8 at eutrophic site. Contrary to that, the bacterial abundance : HNF abundance ratio (B : HNF) increased from 1000 bacteria per 1 flagellate in the oligotrophic system to 1700 bacteria flagellate-1 in the eutrophic area. Decreasing BB : chl a and increasing B : HNF ratios along the trophic gradient might reflect the different structures of microbial food web. Relationships between bacterial abundance and production and chl a and HNF showed that bacterial abundance along the trophic gradient was regulated by the interplay between nutrient supply and grazing pressure. But in the oligotrophic system bacterial abundance was more closely related to bacterial production and chl a than in the eutrophic system, suggesting stronger control of bacterial abundance by substrate supply. On the other hand, the coupling between bacteria and HNF and uncoupling between bacterial abundance and production in the eutrophic system, showed that the importance of bacteriovory increased in richer system. urica Tarle1, Emina Kosi-ulibrk2 1Zavod za farmakognoziju, Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, A. Kovaia 1, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Hrvatski Zavod za kontrolu lijekova, Ksaverska cesta 160, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Saponini i flavonoidi - antimikrobne tvari iz droge Flores bellidis Iz droge Flores Bellidis izolirane su stupnom kromatografijom dvije flavonoidne supstancije A (Rf=0,72) i C (Rf=0,72) i saponinska smjesa supstancija B (Rf=0,84) i D (Rf=0,74). Izolirane supstancije su ispitane na antimikrobni uinak, metodom difuzije u agaru, postupkom buenja rupa u krutoj hranjivoj podlozi. Saponini i flavonoidi izolirani iz Flores Bellidis pokazali su pozitivan antimikrobni uinak na test-sojeve Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P i Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, dok su na test-sojeve Candida albicans ATCC 10231 i Candida monosa (osjetljiva na nistatin) antimikotski uinak imali samo izolirani saponini. Saponins and flavonoids-antimicrobial substances from the drug Flores bellidis From the drug Flores Bellidis two flavonoids A (Rf=0.92) and C (Rf=0.72) and mixture of two saponins B (Rf=0.84) and D (Rf=0.74) by SiO2 column were isolated. Isolated substances were investigated on antimicrobial effect by the microbiological method of diffusion in agar, by drilling holes in the solid-nutrient cultures of representative microorganisms. Saponins and flavonoids isolated from Flores Bellidis showed positive antimicrobial effect against the following microorganisms - Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, but positive antimicotic effect on Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida monosa (nystatin sensitive) showed only isolated saponin substances. Mirela Mii, eljko Kelneri, Vladimir Deli PLIVA d.d. Istraivaki institut, , Prilaz baruna Filipovia 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Plazmidi u klinikih sojeva Escherichia coli kao mogui nositelji rezistencije na antibiotike E. coli est je patogen u ovjeka uzrokujui najee infekcije urogenitalnog trakta. U 31-nog soja izoliranih u klinikama u Zagrebu, istraivali smo osjetljivost prema eritromicinu, ampicilinu i azitromicinu i izolirali plazmidne DNA kao mogue nositelje rezistencije na antibiotike. Za odreivanje minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIK) koristili smo standardizirani mikrodilucijski postupak prema preporukama Nacionalnog odbora za klinike laboratorijske standarde (NCCLS-a). Izolacija plazmidne DNA provedena minipreparativnom tehnikom alkalne lize. Kao kontrola posluili su ATCC-soj E. coli 25922, kao i sojevi E. coli JM109 (bez gena za rezistenciju prema antibioticima) i E. coli JM 109/pPZG650 s konstruiranim plazmidom koji ima gene za rezistenciju prema ampicilinu i eritromicinu iz PLIVINE zbirke mikroorganizama. Kliniki izolati pokazali su visoke vrijednosti MIK prema ampicilinu i eritromicinu. Od 31-nog soja 87,1% bilo je rezistentno na ampicilin, a 90,3% na eritromicin. Svega jedan izolat bio je rezistentan na azitromicin. Plazmidna DNA je izolirana iz 25 izolata od 31-nog (83,8%), a pokazali su 1 ili vie vrpci u gelu okvirnih veliina od 2,0 kb do 20,0 kb. Na temelju intenziteta fluorescencije vrpci u gelu moe se zakljuiti da se plazmidi nalaze u velikom kao i u malom broju kopija po stanici. Plasmids in Escherichia coli clinical strains as possible antibiotic resistance determinants E. coli is a frequent pathogen in humans causing common urogenital tract infections. Thirty-one strain isolated in Zagreb clinics were tested for sensitivity to erythromycin, ampicillin and azithromycin, and plasmid DNA was isolated as possible determinants of resistance to antibiotics. To determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) we applied the standard microdilution procedure recommended by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Plasmid isolation was performed according to miniprep alkaline lyses. As control standard strain from ATCC was used like E. coli 25922, as well as E. coli JM109 (without gene for resistance to antibiotics) and E. coli JM109/pPZG650 harboring constructed plasmid with gene for resistance to ampicillin and erythromycin from PLIVA culture collection. Clinical isolates exhibited high MIC values to ampicillin and erythromycin. Out of 31 strain 87,1% were resistant to ampicillin and 90,3% to erythromycin. Only one strain was resistant to azithromycin. Plasmid DNA was isolated from 25 strains out of 31 (83,8%) showing one or more bands on gel electrophoresis, ranging approximately in size from about 2,0 to 20,0 kb. According to intensity of band(s) fluorescence it was possible to conclude that plasmids were presented at high as well as at low copy number per cell. Nataa Kutela, Adrijana Vince, Josip Begovac Klinika za infektivne bolesti "Dr. Fran Mihaljevi", Mirogojska cesta 8, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Kvantitativno odreivanje i genotipizacija hepatitis C virusa u bolesnika s istovremenom HIV infekcijom Osobe zaraene virusom humane imunodeficijencije zbog pripadnosti jednoj od rizinih skupina izloene su velikom broju razliitih virusnih oboljenja. U 10% sluajeva bolesnici zaraeni su i hepatitis C virusom. Odrediti koliinu i genotip hepatitis C virusa u bolesnika s istovremenom HIV infekcijom koji pripadaju rizinoj skupini intravenskih narkomana i hemofiliara. Kod tri bolesnika u razliitim stadijima HIV infekcije hospitaliziranih na Klinici za infektivne bolesti tijekom 1995. i 1996. dokazana je HCV RNA u serumu metodom reverzne transkripcije i PCR-a (HCV Monitor Test, AMPLICOR ROCHE), a genotip virusa je odreen iz dobivenih amplifikata metodom reverzne hibridizacije (INNO LipA HCV II Inogenetics, Belgija). Nivo viremije kretao se u naih bolesnika od 200.000 do 2.000.000 kopija HCV RNA u ml. seruma. Sva tri bolesnika imala su 1a genotip prema Simmondsovoj klasifikaciji. Samo jedan bolesnik je imao istovremeno lagano povienu vrijednost ALT -a, dok su ostale dvojice AST i ALT bile u granicama normale. Do sada smo na Klinici za infektivne bolesti zabiljeili istovremenu infekciju HIV-om i HCV-om u tri bolesnika. Biokemijski nalazi pokazivali su blagu aktivnost jetrene bolesti u svega jednog bolesnika dok su ostala dvojica imala sasvim normalne vrijednosti transaminaza. Pri tome se broj kopija virusa u serumu kretao od 263.000 do 2.000.000. U sva tri bolesnika radilo se o 1a genotipu koji je inae rijetko zastupljen (6%) u Hrvatskoj populaciji. Quantification and genotiping of hepatitis C virus in HIV in infected patients Patients that are infected with HIV belong to the risk group that is often exposed to different virus diseases. 10% of HIV infected patients are also infected with hepapitis C virus. The aim of the work is to determine the quantity and genotip of hepatitis C virus in HIV infected patients that are considered to be in the risk group of hemophilia patients and intravenous drug addicts. Patients and methods: HCV RNA was proven by reverse transcription method and PCR test (Amplicor PCR test) in serum of three patients hospitalized on CLINIC FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES during 1995. and 1996. The level of viremia was determined by quantitative PCR method (HCV Monitor Test, Amplicor Roche), and the virus genotype was determined from amplification products by the method of reverse hybridization (INNO - LipA HCV II, Inogenetics Belgium). Results: The level of viremia in our patients was between 200.000 and 2.000.000 copies of HCV RNA in 1 ml of serum. All three patients had 1 a genotype, according to Simmonds classification. Only one patient had a slightly increased ALT level while in other two patients ALT and AST levels were normal. We noticed three simultaneous infections with HIV and HCV three among patients on Clinic for infectious diseases. Biochemical analyses showed the slight activity of liver disease only in one case, while other two patients had normal transaminase values. The number of HCV copies was between 263.000 and 2.000.000 in serum. All three patients had an 1a genotype that is very rare (only 6%) in Croatian cronical hepatitis C patients. Mirjana Skoibui, Antonela Kosor Zavod za biologiju, Fakulteta prirodoslovno-matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja, Sveuilita u Splitu, Teslina 12, 10000 Split, Hrvatska Rasprostranjenost bakterije Vibrio vulnificus u priobalnom podruju Splita Vibrio vulnificus ini autohtonu halofilnu bakterijsku floru estuaria i obalnih voda, gdje obitava kao mogui simbiont koljkaa. Vibrio vulnificus je oportunistiki letalni humani patogen koji moe uzroiti septikemiju kod osjetljivih osoba. Bolest najee nastaje nakon konzumiranja morske hrane, djelomino sirovih koljkaa ili izlaganjem rana morskoj vodi. Istraivanja ukazuju na sezonsko rasprostranjenje vrste Vibrio vulnificus u morskoj vodi i koljkaima u ovisnosti od temperature, saliniteta i bakteriolokih parametara. Uzorci vode i koljkaa su skupljeni od sijenja 1994. do prosinca 1995. godine s pet postaja u obalnim vodama splitskog podruja. Ukupni broj aerobnih, heterotrofnih bakterija je odreen uporabom neselektivnih hranilita. Broj vrste Vibrio vulnificus je odreen uporabom neselektivnog (LA) hranilita koji je pripravljen s umjetnom morskom vodom (ASW) i selektivnim (TCBS) hranilitem. Vibrio vulnificus je esto izoliran iz uzorka morske vode u tijeku toplijeg dijela godine i ini znaajan dio populacije heterotrofnih bakterija. Gustina populacije heterotrofnih bakterija u tijeku istraivanja je iznosila od 2,0 x 102 do 1,6 x 10 5stanica u ml vode. U povrinskoj vodi, gustina populacije Vibrio vulnificus se kretala od 2 x 101 do 0,5 x 10 2 , to ini 0,5 do 4,8% od ukupne bakterijske populacije. U morskoj vodi i koljkaima nije utvrena nazonost Vibrio vulnificus tijekom hladnijih mjeseci, kada je temperatura bila nia od 17,5(C. U tijeku toplijeg dijela godine koncentracija Vibrio vulnificus u koljkaima je iznosila 4 x 101 do 3,8 x 102 stanica u po gramu koljkaa. Indentifikacija Vibrio vulnificus u morskoj hrani je neophodna u cilju smanjenja mogueg opasnog uinka koji moe nastati kao posljedica konzumiranja kontaminirane hrane iz mora. Distribution of bacteria Vibrio vulnificus in the coastal area of Split Vibrio vulnificus belongs to the autochtonous halophilic bacteria flora of estuarine and coastal water, possibly existing as a symbiont of oysters. Vibrio vulnificusis a opportunistic lethal human pathogen capable of producing septicemia in susceptible persons. Disease is almost always associated with consumption of seafood, particularly raw oysters or with exposure of wounds to sea water. Distribution of this bacterium in environmental samples are obtained from multiple site in the Split area. Samples are collected between December 1994. and December 1995. Enumerated Vibrio vulnificus populations from the surface water, oysters by indirect colony count on nonselective media, using a variety of media for recovery. Total aerobic, heterotrophic, culturable bacteria were enumerated by plate count on nonselective medium. The number of Vibrio vulnificus was determined on nonselective medium (LA) prepared with artificial sea water (ASW) and selective thiosulfate citrate bile salts agar (TCBS). Vibrio vulnificus was readily delectable in surface water samples and constituted a significant proportion of the total culturable heterothropic bacteria populations in samples collected during warmer months of the year. The heterothropic populations in sea water ranged from 2,0 x 102 do 1,6 x 10 5 organisms per ml of water. When detectable, the number of Vibrio vulnificus in surface water ranged from 2 x 101 do 0,5 x 10 2 / ml and averaged between 0,5 and 4,8% of total bacteria population. As for the water samples, Vibrio vulnificus was not detected in oyster during the coldest months at temperatures of 17,5(C. At other times of the year, Vibrio vulnificus was present in oysters in numbers ranging from 4 x 101 do 3,8 x 10 2 cells per g of oysters. Rapid indetification of Vibrio vulnificus in seafood therefore is essential to reduce the potentially hazardous effects of widespread consumption of contaminated oysters. Boidar Stilinovi, Jasna Hrenovi Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Utjecaj temperature na promjene bakterioloke slike u uzorcima povrinskih voda Ovim istraivanjima eljeli smo pokazati kako uvanje uzoraka povrinskih voda odreeno vrijeme na razliitim temperaturama utjee na pouzdanost rezultata bakterioloke analize. Dio uzoraka uvan je na 22(C, a dio na 4(C. Bakterioloka analiza obuhvatila je odreivanje broja: koliformnih bakterija, indologenih bakterija, eutrofnih saprofitskih bakterija, oligotrofnih saprofitskih bakterija i proteolitikih bakterija. Na temperaturi od 22(C dolazi do porasta broja koliformnih bakterija u prva 24h stajanja uzoraka do 100 puta. Nakon toga opada njihova brojnost i estog dana se nisu mogle dokazati u 1ml uzorka. Na temperaturi od 4(C dolazi do porasta broja koliformnih bakterija u prvih 48h stajanja uzoraka do 10 puta. Zatim njihova brojnost opada do estog dana, kada se jo mogu dokazati u 1ml uzoraka. Na temperaturi od 22(C poveava se osjetno broj eutrofnih i oligotrofnih bakterija u prva 24h stajanja uzoraka. Zatim do etvrtog dana opada njihova brojnost, posebno eutrofnih bakterija. Na temperaturi od 4(C brojnost eutrofnih i oligotrofnih bakterija se malo poveava u prva 24h stajanja uzoraka, a potom se njihova brojnost smanjuje do etvrtog dana. Petog dana biljei se manji sekundarni porast broja eutrofnih i oligotrofnih bakterija na obje temperature. Na temperaturi 22(C brojnost proteolitikih bakterija u prva 24h stajanja uzoraka poveava se do 150 puta, a na temperaturi 4(C brojnost se poveava 6 puta. Potom njihova brojnost opada i petog dana se nisu vie mogle dokazati u 1ml uzoraka. Uzorke vode za bakterioloku analizu trebalo bi analizirati neposredno nakon uzimanja. Ako to nije mogue uzorke moemo pohraniti najvie 12h na 4(C. Nakon uvanja uzoraka due od 12h na 4(C ne moemo oekivati pouzdane rezultate odreivanja broja kolonija bakterijskih grupa i vrijednosti titra bakterija. The influence of temperature on the changes of the bacterial picture in the samples of surface waters We have wanted to show with these investigations how keeping the samples of surface waters at fixed times and at different temperature influences the reliability of the results obtained by the bacteriological analysis. Part of the samples was kept at 22(C and the other one at 4(C. The bacteriological analysis the determination of the number of coliform bacteria, indole-producing bacteria, eutrophic-saprophytic bacteria, oligotrophic-saprophytic bacteria and proteolitic bacteria. At the temperature of 22(C the number of coliform bacteria in the first 24h standing of the samples increases up to a hundred times. After that their numerousness decreases and on the sixth day they can(t be proved in the 1ml sample. At the temperature of 4(C the number of coliform bacteria in the first 48h standing of the samples increases up to ten times. Then their numerousness decreases till the sixth day when they can still be proved in the 1ml samples. At the temperature of 22(C the number of eutrophic and oligotrophic bacteria in the first 24h standing markedly increases. Then their numerousness decreases till the fourth day, especially the numerousness of the eutrophic bacteria. At the temperature of 4(C the numerousness of eutrophic and oligotrophic bacteria slightly increases in the first 24h standing of the samples, and their numerousness decreases till the fourth day. On the fifth day there is a lesser secondary increase in the number of eutrophoc and oligotrophic bacteria at both temperatures. At the temperature of 22(C the numerousness of the proteolytic bacteria in the first 24h standing of the samples increases up to a hundred and fifty times and at the temperature of 4(C the numerousness increases six times. Afterwards their numerousness decreases and on the fifth day they can(t be proved in the 1ml samples. The water samples for the bacteriological analysis should be analyzed immediately after they have been taken. If that is not possible, we can store them at best for 12h at 4(C. After the samples have been kept longer than 12h at 4(C we can(t expect reliable results in determining the numbers of the colonies of bacterial groups and the values of the bacterial titter. Damir Vilii Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Bioloki odsjek, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Uloga mikroorganizama u sintezi i razgradnji organske tvari u moru Organska tvar u akvatikim ekosustavima pojavljuje se kao 1) otopljena i 2) suspendirana, iva (plankton) i neiva tvar (detritus). Najvaniji izvor otopljene organske tvari u moru i u jezerima jesu stanice fitoplanktona (autohtona organska tvar). Otopljena organska tvar nastaje takoer mikrobiolokom razgradnjom visokomolekularnih organskih spojeva koji potjeu s kopna (alohtona organska tvar). Fitoplanktonske stanice, kao i drugi mikroorganizmi lue organsku otopljenu tvar pri kraju logaritamske faze rasta i u stacionarnoj fazi rasta. Produkti ekskrecije razliiti su kod pojedinih taksonomskih kategorija alga i u razliitim uvjetima rastenja. Stanice lue jednostavne organske molekule koje se mogu polimerizirati (prozirni egzopolimeri), a koji imaju vanu funkciju u razvojnom ciklusu pojedinih vrsta, kao i u metabolizmu zajednice i ekosustava. Velika koliina otopljene i suspendirane organske tvari oslobaa se u frontalnim sustavima s jakim gradijentom slanosti, kao to su visoko stratificirani estuariji, gdje stanice slatkovodnog fitoplanktona naglo ugibaju. Na takvim mjestima uspostavlja se intenzivna mikrobioloka razgradnja organske tvari i regeneracija hranjivih soli (procesi mikrobnog kruga). U mikrobnom krugu sudjeluju sve vrste heterotrofnih, miksotrofnih i autotrofnih mikroorganizama, koji su veinom manji od 20 (m, pa ulaze u sastav nanoplanktonske i pikoplanktonske veliinske frakcije. Istraivanja u estuariju rijeke Krke i u Grukom zaljevu (uz istonu obalu Jadrana) indirektno su pokazala mjesta nakupljanja organske tvari i vrijeme intenzivne mikrobioloke razgradnje. Zanimljiva je sudbina egzopolimera nakon "cvjetanja" fitoplanktona, kada se mogu stvoriti makroagregati, kao supstrat na kojem se odigrava mikrobioloka razgradnja organske tvari i regeneracija hranjivih soli, to je dokazano mikroskopskom analizom. Role of microorganisms in the synthesis and decomposition oforganicmatter in the sea Organic matter in aquatic ecosystems appears as 1) dissolved, and 2) suspended-particulate living (plankton), and non-living (detritus). Phytoplankton is the main source of dissolved organic matter in the sea (and lakes). Simple dissolved organic molecules are generated also during microbiological breakdown of high-molecular-weight compounds, washed out from the soil (alochtone organic matter). Cells of phytoplankton and other microorganisms excrete organic matter at the end of logarithmic, and during stationary phase of growth. Products of excretion are different in particular taxonomic categories of algae, as well as in different environmental conditions during growth. Cells excrete simple organic molecules, which may be polymerized (transparent exopolymers), and be important in the developmental cycle of particulate species, in the metabolism of community and ecosystem. High concentration of organic matter is dissolved and suspended in frontal zones, along strong gradient of salinity, as in highly stratified estuaries, where freshwater phytoplankton suddenly decays. In such places, intensive microbiological decomposition of organic matter and regeneration of nutrients occurs (microbial loop processes). Microbial loop processes are conducted by heterotrophic, mixotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms, mainly smaller than 20 (m (nanoplankton and picoplankton). In the river Krka estuary, accumulations of dissolved organic matter were located around the halocline. In the Gru Bay the most intensive microbiological decomposition was detected in late summer, when bulk of production terminated. The fate of exopolymers is important after phytoplankton blooms, when macroaggregates may be formed, providing substrate for microbiological activity, as found by microscopical observations. Anita Bago1, Branko Borovika1, Iain S. Hunter2, Daslav Hranueli1 1PLIVA d.d., Istraivaki institut, Prilaz baruna Filipovia 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, 204 George Street, U.K. Mutanti bakterije Streptomyces rimosus s deletiranom nakupinom otc gena sintetiziraju oksitetraciklin Nasljedna svojstva soja S. rimosus R6, proizvoaa oksitetraciklina (OTC), opisana su genetikim i fizikim metodama. Genetika nestabilnost toga soja povezana je s estim amplifikacijama i delecijama. U jednoj skupini spontanih mutanata (npr. MV9, MV11 i MV15) dolazi do delecije kraja kromosoma, ukljuujui i cjelovitu nakupinu OTC-gena. Spontano se, meutim, pojavljuju i pseudorevertanti mutanata te skupine koji su povratili sposobnost biosinteze antibiotika. Izolirano je sedam neovisnih pseudorevertanata, to potjeu od soja MV9. Oni se, na temelju morfologije kolonija i sposobnosti biosinteze antibiotika, mogu podijeliti u dvije podskupine. Sojevi MV9R-1, MV9R-4 i MV9R-5 obilno sporuliraju, dok je sposobnost sporulacije u sojeva MV9R-2, MV9R-3, MV9R-6 i MV9R-7 jednaka onoj poetnog soja R6. Bioloke su analize pokazale da druga podskupina sintetizira slinu koliinu antibiotika kao i soj R6, dok je sposobnost biosinteze antibiotika prve podskupine 10 - 20 puta manja. Tankoslojnom je kromatografijom (TLC) u tri razliita sustava potvreno da je antibiotiki aktivna supstancija, to je sintetiziraju pseudorevertanti, zapravo OTC. Iscrpnijom analizom roditeljskoga soja (MV9) i druga dva mutanta iz te skupine (MV11 i MV15) dokazano je da oni takoer sintetiziraju vrlo malu koliinu OTC-a (oko 0,1 mg OTC-a/ml). To je pokazala TLC i visokotlana tekuinska kromatografija. Daljnja istraivanja pokazatelja biosinteze OTC-a, mutanata obje podskupine, potvrdila su bioloke testove. Ti rezultati upuuju na prisutnost dviju nakupina OTC-gena u kromosomu soja S. rimosus R6. OTC-deleted mutants of Streptomyces rimosus synthesizeoxytetracycline S. rimosus R6, the oxytetracycline (OTC) producer, has been characterized genetically and physically. The OTC-cluster was cloned and a restriction map derived. Genetic instability has been observed in this strain associated with frequent spontaneous amplifications and deletions. Class II spontaneous mutants (e.g. MV9, MV11 and MV15) delete one chromosomal end including the whole cloned OTC-cluster. However, pseudo-revertants of the Class II mutants that had regained the antibiotic activity were isolated ('Class IIR'). Seven independent mutants in the Class IIR category were isolated, all of them appear spontaneously from the Class II strain MV9. By colony morphology and the antibiotic yield they can be grouped in two sub-classes. The strains MV9R-1, MV9R-4 and MV9R-5 sporulate abundantly, while the sporulation of strains MV9R-2, MV9R-3, MV9R-6 and MV9R-7 is like that of the wild type R6. The biological tests show that the second sub-class produces as much antibiotic as the strain R6, while the first sub-class produces 10 to 20 times less antibiotic. The compound made by these Class IIR isolates was identified as OTC in three different TLC systems. More detailed investigation of the progenitor Class II mutants has revealed that they also synthesize an extremely small amount of OTC (about 0.1 mg/ml) as identified by both TLC and HPLC. Further analysis of parameters of OTC biosynthesis of these two sub-classes has confirmed the results of biological tests. These data suggest the existence of a second otc cluster on S. rimosus chromosome. Zdenka Cvetni, Stjepan Pepeljnajk Zavod za mikrobiologiju, Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Ul.kneza Mislava 11, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Mikoloka kontaminacija uskladitenih biljnih droga Kontaminacija uskladitenih biljnih droga plijesnima esta je pojava kod koje u ovisnosti o vrsti plijesni i uvjetima uskladitenja moe doi do smanjenja kvalitete i tvorbe toksinih metabolita plijesni - mikotoksina. Istraivanje mikoloke kontaminacije biljnih droga provedena je na 85 raznih uzoraka dobivenih iz skladita veledrogerija. Mikoloke analize provedene su ispiranjem uzoraka u antibioticima (penicilin + streptomicin, 20:40), te nasaivanjem na Sabouraud agar i sterilni navlaeni filter papir. Nakon inkubacije na (25(2) (C kroz 8 dana utvren je intenzitet kontaminacije uzoraka te uestalost vrsta koje su determinirane prema kljuevima. Rezultati mikoloke analize pokazuju relativno visoku uestalost plijesni uznapredovanja kvarenja, iz roda Rhizopus (50,5%) te skladinih plijesni Penicillium (45,8%) i Aspergillus (42,3%) dok su rjee utvrene vrste rodova Mucor (10,9%), Absidia (6,2%), Trichoderma (3,1%) i druge. Obzirom da su dominantne vrste plijesni i najei producenti mikotoksina, moe se zakljuiti da je visok stupanj mikotoksikolokog rizika kod duljeg uskladitenja biljnih droga. Micological contamination of stored herbal drug The contamination of stored herbal drugs with moulds is very likely and it can, depending on the moulds species and the conditions of storage, lead to the decrease in quality and the production of toxic metabolites - mycotoxins. 85 various samples of stored herbal drugs collected in drug-stores were examined for mycological analyses. Each sample was sterilized in antibiotics (penicillin + streptomycin, 20:40) and placed directly on Sabouraud agar plates and a sterile moist filter paper. All plates were incubated at (25(2)(C for 8 days prior to enumeration, subculture and identification of the moulds. The results of mycological analyses indicate relatively high incidence of spoiling moulds of genus Rhizopus (50,5%) and store moulds of Penicillium (45,8%) and Aspergillus (42,3%), while other species of genus Mucor (10,9%), Absidia (6,2%) Trichoderma (3,1%) and others were more rarely found. In view of the fact that dominant moulds species are at the same time most frequent producers of mycotoxins, it can be concluded that there is a high degree of mycotoxicologic risk involved in the long storage of herbal drugs. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Maja Osmak Zavod na molekularnu genetiku, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenikacesta54, 10000 Zagreb,Hrvatska Odgovor stanica sisavaca na male ponovljene doze ionizirajueg zraenja Bioloki uinci zraenja prouavaju se gotovo jedno stoljee. Zraenje izaziva brojne promjene u stanicama. To mogu biti i mutacije, maligne izmjene ili ak stanina smrt. No posljednjih godina posljedice zraenja prouavaju se sa dva nova aspekta. 1. Mogu li vrlo male doze ionizirajueg zraenja inducirati adaptivni odgovor na zraenje? 2. Moe li zraenje izazvati otpornost na citostatike (i time uiniti kemoterapiju bitno manje uinkovitom)? U Laboratoriju za genotoksine agense Instituta Ruer Bokovi izolirali smo etiri stanine linije nakon izlaganja subletalnim, ponovljenim dozama gama zraenja. Stanice humanog raka grlia maternice HeLa1500 dobile su 15 Gy u 30 frakcija, stanice kineskog hrka V1800 18 Gy u 60 frakcija, te tumorske HeLa10 stanice i normalni ljudski fibroblasti HEf 1,7 Gy u 10 frakcija. Ispitali smo osjetljivost ozraenih stanica na nekoliko citostatika koji razliitim mehanizmima izazivaju staninu smrt. Nadalje, istraivali smo molekularne mehanizme kojima ozraene stanice postaju otporne na istraivane spojeve. I visoke i niske ukupne frakcionirane doze gama mogle su izmijeniti osjetljivost stanica na citostatike, pa su tako, na primjer, sve sublinije ozraenih stanica postale otporne na vinkristin. Uzrok izmijenjene osjetljivosti na citostatike bio je poveana aktivnost P-glikoproteina (HeLa1500 i V1800 stanice), te poveanu koliinu zatitih molekula metalotionina. (HeLa1500 i HeLa10 stanice). Aktivnost onkogena c-myc poveala se samo kod V1800 stanica. Ekspresija c-Ki-ras nije se promijenila u HeLa 1500 i HeF 10 stanicama, kao ni p53 u Hef10. Kod HeLa1500 stanica poveano preivljenje bilo je u svezi sa smanjenom indukcijom apoptoze. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da zraenje stanica ponavljanim, subletalnim dozama gama zraenja izaziva brojne promjene u ozraenim stanicama, mijenjajui njihovu osjetljivost na dodatne kemijske spojeve. Ove promjene dogaaju se i nakon niskih akumuliranih doza zraenja. Cell response to low repeated doses of ionizing radiation The biological effects of irradiation have been studied for years. It has been found that irradiation induced numerous alterations in cells that can result also in mutations, malignant transformation or even in cell death. Lately, the interest has been focused on two new aspects of irradiation consequences 1. Could very low doses of irradiation induce adaptive response to ionizing radiation? 2. Could irradiation induce resistance to cytostatics (and make therefore the chemotherapy less effective)? In the Laboratory for genotoxic agents we have isolated four sublines of mammalian cells that have been irradiation with sublethal, repeated doses of gamma rays. Human cervical carcinoma HeLa1500 were irradiated with 15 Gy in 30 fractions, Chinese hamster V1800 cells with 18 Gy in 60 fractions, and human tumor HeLa10 cells and normal fibroblasts Hef10 with 1.7 Gy in 10 fractions. We have measured the sensitivity of preirradiated cells to several cytostatics that caused cell death by different ways. Further, we examined some of the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance of cells to the cytostatics. Both, high and low total accumulated doses may change the sensitivity of cells to cytostatics. For example, all preirradiated cell sublines became resistant to vincristine. The causes of cell-resistance were the increased expression of P-glycoprotein (HeLa1500 and V1800 cells), and increased levels of the protective molecules-metallothioneins (HeLa1500 and HeLa10 cells). Activity of c-myc oncogene was increased only in V1800 cells. The expression of c-Ki-ras did not change in HeLa1500 and Hef10 cells, as well as p53 in Hef10 cells. For HeLa 1500 cells increased survival was connected with inhibition of the induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, the irradiation with repeated, sublethal dose of gamma rays induce numerous changes in preirradiated cells, altering their sensitivity to additional chemical agents. These alterations can be also induced after a low total accumulated dose. Anamaria Brozovi1, Branka Pivevi2, Mirko Hadija3, Andreja Ambriovi1, MajaOsmak1 1Zavod za molekularnu genetiku, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenikacesta54,10001Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Centar za istraivanje mora - Zavod Zagreb, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenikacesta54,10001Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Zavod za molekularnu medicinu, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenikacesta54,10001Zagreb,Hrvatska Mehanizmi kojima stanice humanog adenokarcinoma dojke postaju otporne na doksorubicin Otpornost na citostatike je glavni uzrok neuinkovitosti terapije u lijeenju tumora. Danas se zna da uzrok tome moe biti nekoliko mehanizama. Doksorubicin je citostatik koji se koristi u lijeenju velikog broja razliitih tumora. U naem prethodnom radu izolirali smo i karakterizirali stanice adenkarcinoma dojke otpornih na DOX (Osmak et al, Neoplasma , in press). U ovom radu htjeli smo ispitati, koji je mehanizam (ili vie njih) uzrok otpornosti ovih stanica, dobivenih nakon tretmana niskim, klinikim dozama doksorubicina. Ispitana je uloga P-glikoproteina (P-gp), glutationa (GSH), glutation transferaza (GST) i apoptoze u otpornosti stanica adenokarcinoma dojke na DOX. Aktivnost P-gp mjerena je funkcionalnom metodom sa fluorescentnom bojom rodaminom 123 (Yoshimura A et al, Cancer Letters, 1990, 50, 45-51). Uinak ciklosporina mjeren je istom metodom. Uloga GSH i GST ispitana je dodatkom specifinih inhibitora: butionin sulfoksimina (BSO) za GSH i etakrine kiseline za GST. U tom sluaju koritena je modificirana kolorimetrijska MTT metoda MTT (Osmak and Eljuga, Res Exp Med, 1993, 193, 389-396). Apoptotske stanice brojene su pod fluorescentnim mikroskopom. Paralelno je izolirana DNA i analizirana na gelu. Rezultati su pokazali, da je aktivnost P-gp bila slina u roditeljskim i otpornim stanicama. Dodatak BSO ili etakrine kiseline nije mijenjao otpornost stanica na DOX. U otpornim stanicama broj apoptotskih stanica bio je manji nakon tretmana sa DOX-om.. Moemo zakljuiti, da niske, kliniki vane doze doksorubicina ne mijenjaju aktivnost P-gp, GSH ili GST u humanim stanicama adenokarcinoma dojke. No one izazivaju inhibiciju apoptoze, omoguujui tako otpornim stanicama da preive tretman sa DOX-om. Mechanisms of resistance induced by low doses of doxorubicin in human breast adenocarcinoma cells Drug resistance is a major obstacle to effective treatment of patients with tumors. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of widely used drugs in the treatment of different types of tumors. In our previous work (Osmak et al, Neoplasma, in press) we have isolated and characterised human breast adenocarcinoma cells resistant to DOX. The aim of the present study was to determine which molecular mechanism is (are) involved in resistance of these cells obtained by the low, clinically relevant doses of DOX. We examined the involvement of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), glutathione (GSH), glutathione transferase (GST) and apoptosis in resistance of human breast adenocarcinoma cells to doxorubicin. The activity of plasma membrane P-gp was examined using functional assay with fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (Yoshimura et a.l, Cancer Letters, 1990, 50, 45-51). The effect of cyclosporine was determined with the same assay. The involvement of GSH and GST was investigated through addition of specific inhibitors: buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) for GSH and ethacrynic acid for GST. In these cases modified colorimetric MTT assay was used (Osmak and Eljuga, Res. Exp. Med., 1993, 389-396). Apoptotic cells were counted using fluorescent microscope. Parallel, the DNA was isolated and examined by gel electrophoresis. Results show that activity of P-gp was similar in parental and resistant cell lines. The addition of BSO and ethacrynic acid did not alter the sensitivity of these cell lines to DOX. In resistant cells the number of apoptotic cells was lower that in parental cells after the treatment with DOX. We can conclude that clinical, low doses of DOX did not induce an increase in the activity of P-gp, GSH or GST in human breast adenocarcinoma cells. However, they inhibited the induction of apoptosis, allowing resistant cells to survive the treatment with DOX. Daniela Niki1, Janez krk2, Ivan Vrhovec2, Maja Osmak1 1Zavod za molekularnu genetiku, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenikacesta54,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska, (Onkoloki institut , Vrzov trg 4, 61000 Ljubljana, Slovenija Izolacija i karakterizacija humanih stanica karcinoma grlia maternice otpornih na doksorubicin Doksorubicin (DOX) je uinkovit i iroko koriten citostatik u lijeenju raka. Dok visoke doze ovoga spoja mogu izazvati brojne promjene u tretiranim stanicama, nije poznato koje e se promjene dogoditi nakon niskih, kliniki znaajnih doza. Svrha ovog rada bila je izolacija sublinija humanih stanica karcinoma grlia maternice otpornih na DOX i karakterizacija tih stanica. Izolirane su dvije sublinije otporne na DOX: HeLa A stanice dobivene su akutnim tretmanom (1 sat u mediju bez seruma), a HeLa C stanice trajnim tretmanom (24 sata u punom mediju). Finalne koncentracije DOX bile su 1.6 (g/ml za HeLa A i 0.16 (g/ml za HeLa C. Ispitana je osjetljivost ovih stanica na etopozid, vinkristin, vinblastin, cisplatinu, klorambucil i 5-fluorouracil i usporeena sa osjetljivou roditeljskih stanica. Pri tome je koritena modificirana MTT kolorimetrisjka metoda (Osmak et al., Mutat Res. 324, 1994, 35-41). U istim stanicama odreena je koncentracija proteaza: katepsina D, plasminogen aktivatora (PA) i inhibitora plasminogen aktivatora (PAI-1) prema protokolu proizvaaa "kitova". HeLa A stanice bile su otpornije na DOX od HeLa C stanica. HeLa A stanice postale su otporne na etopozid, vinblastin i vinkristin, ali nisu promjenile osjetljivost na ostale citostatike. Hela C stanice nisu signifikantno promjenile osjetljivost na istraivane citostatike. Obje stanine linije pokazivale su porast u koncentraciji katepsina D i PAI-1, dok se koncentracija PA nije mjenjala. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na indukciju kompleksnog mehanizma i nakon niskih, kliniki vanih doza doksorubicina. Establishment and characterization of human cervical carcinoma cells resistant to doxorubicin Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent and widely applied anticancer drug. While high doses of this cytostatic may induce numerous alterations in treated cells, it is not known which changes will occur after lower, clinically relevant drug doses. The aim of this study was to isolate the sublines of human cervical carcinoma cells resistant to doxorubicin and to characterize these cells. Two sublines of human cervical carcinoma cells resistant to doxorubicin were developed. HeLa A cells were obtained by acute treatment (1 hour in serum free medium) and HeLa C cells by continuous treatment (24 h in normal growth medium). Final concentrations of DOX were 1.6 (g/ml for HeLa A and 0.16 (g/ml for HeLa C cells. The sensitivity of these cells to: etoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, cisplatin, chlorambucil and 5-fluorouracil were determined and compared to sensitivity of parental cells. For this, modified colorimetric MTT assay was used (Osmak et al., Mutat Res. 324, 1994, 35-41). In the same cells the concentrations of proteases: cathepsin D, plasminogen activator (PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) were determined using the protocol given by the producer of the kits. HeLa A cells were more resistant to DOX than HeLa C cells. HeLa A cells become cross-resistant to etoposide, vinblastine and vincristine, but did not change the sensitivity to other drugs. HeLa C cells did not significantly change the sensitivity to examined cytostatics. In both cell lines an increase in concentration of cathepsin D and PAI-1 were determined, while the concentration of PA did not change. These results suggest the induction of complex mechanisms even after the administration of low, clinical relevant doses of DOX. Sreko Gajovi, Tajana Malnar, Nataa Pavli, Tanja Margeti, Sandra Lipovaa, MarijaIli, Ljiljana Kostovi-Kneevi Zavod za histologiju i embriologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, alata3,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Prouavanje mieva koji nose umetak genske zamke u genima eksprimiranim tijekom embrionalnog razvitka U cilju otkrivanja novih gena vanih u razvitku zametka primijenili smo metodu genske zamke. Embrionalne matine stanice mia genetski su promijenjene DNK umetkom koji sadrava primalac prekrajanja ispred stopljenih gena lacZ i neoR, bez vlastitog promotora. Ubaeni geni su aktivni samo ako se nau unutar nekog gena embrionalnih matinih stanica, koji na taj nain biva uhvaen u gensku zamku. Od odabranih klonova embrionalnih matinih stanica stvorene su linije mieva, od kojih dalje istraujemo tri linije u kojima su promijenjena tri razliita gena. Dva gena su do sada nepoznati geni nazvani kosenic i lobel, a trei je ve poznati gen Nol1, koji odreuje s umnaanjem povezanu jezgriinu bjelanevinu p120. Kosenic i lobel su eksprimirani tijekom razvitka ivanog sustava i srca. Njihova ekspresija zapoinje kod zametaka starih 10.5 dana i traje sve do odrasle dobi. Lobel je eksprimiran u cijeloj osnovi srca, a kosenic samo u osnovi sranog trabekularnog sustava. U neuralnoj cijevi ekspresija ova dva gena je ograniena na njezin ventralni dio, na podruje buduih motornih neurona kraljenine modine. Oba su gena eksprimirana u mozgu odraslog mia. Trei gen Nol1 aktivan je u svim strukturama zametka, ali ne u svim njegovim stanicama. Zanimljiva je njegova unutarstanina ekspresija u jezgrici. Meusobnim sparivanjem heterozigotnih nosioca umetka genske zamke unutar gena Nol1 nismo dobili homozigotne potomke, pa pretpostavljamo da je poremeaj gena Nol1 letalan. Analysis of mice carrying a gene trap insertion within genes expressed during embryo development In order to identify new genes important for embryo development we applied the gene trap method. Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were genetically modified by the DNA insert containing a splice acceptor in front of promoterless lacZ and neoR gene. Inserted genes were active only if located within a gene of ES cells, which is in this way caught in the gene trap. From selected clones of embryonic stem cells, corresponding mouse lines were produced. We further investigate three lines carrying insertion within three different mouse genes. Two genes are previously unknown genes named kosenic and lobel. Third one is already known gene Nol1 that corresponds to the proliferation-associated nucleolar protein p120. Kosenic and lobel are expressed during development of the nervous system and the heart. Their expression starts in 10.5-day embryos and continues to adult animals. Lobel is expressed in whole developing heart, and kosenic only in the heart trabecular system. In the neural tube their expression is restricted to its ventral part, to the region of future motor neurons. Both genes are expressed in the adult brain. The third gene Nol1 is active in every structure of the embryo, but not in every cell. Its subcellular expression is restricted to the nucleolus. Intercrosses of heterozygous animals carrying gene trap insertion within Nol1 did not give homozygous offspring. Therefore we suppose that Nol1 disruption is lethal. Maja Vlahovi, Floriana Buli-Jaku, Vesna Crnek, Drako erman Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, alata3,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Zaostatak u rastu i malformacije kosturatakorskihzametaka izazvane5-azacitidinom 5-azacitidin predstavlja citotoksian analog citozina koji moe aktivirati mnoge gene. Poznato je da inhibira metilaciju novosintetizirane DNA, a to vjerojatno predstavlja mehanizam kojim 5-azacitidin utjee na aktivnost gena. Metilirani geni su u veini sluajeva transkripcijski inaktivni. Trudnim takorima soja Fisher injicirali smo intraperitonealno 5-azacitidin, a zametke smo izolirali i pregledali dan prije termina poroda. Promjene u razvitku zametaka primijetili smo jedino kada je 5-azacitidin iniciran za vrijeme postimplantacijskog perioda razvitka tj. 12. i 15. dana trudnoe, za razliku od prvog dana kada nismo primjetili nikakve promjene. Dvanaestoga dana trudnoe 5-azacitidin uzrokovao je veliki zaostatak u rastu kao i znaajne abnormalnosti vanjske morfologije zametaka. Ipak u nekim zamecima mogli su se razlikovati razliiti organi, iako su bili nekrotini. U nekim zamecima razvitak je odmakao neto dalje, te su se razvili i vidljivi udovi, ali sa kraim kostima uz prisustvo oligo i sindaktilije. Petnaestoga dana trudnoe nisu primijeene ovakve promjene vanjske morfologije, premda je postojao statistiki znaajan zaostatak u rastu embrija i placente. Ovaj rad pokazuje da demetilacija uzrokovana 5-azacitidinom ne mijenja normalan razvitak kada se dogaa u prvim danima gestacije. Za razliku od toga, u postimplantacijskom periodu kada se normalno odvija proces metilacije de novo, demetilacija je znaajno poremetila razvitak. Growth retardation and skeletal malformations in rat embryos causedby 5-azacytidine 5-azacytidine is a cytotoxic cytidine analog with the ability to activate the expression of many genes. It is known to inhibit the methylation of newly synthesized DNA and this is likely to be the mechanism by which gene activity is affected. Methylated genes are in the most cases transcriptionally inactive. 5-azacytidine was applied in vivo i.p. to pregnant Fisher rats, and embryos were isolated and examined the day before birth. Developmental changes in embryos were discovered only when 5-azacytidine was administrated during the postimplantation periods of development, namely on the 12th and 15th day of pregnancy, in contrast to the first day when no changes were observed. On the 12th day 5-azacytidine caused severe growth retardation and abnormalities of gross morphology. However, in some embryos different organs could be descended although already subjected to necrosis. In some embryos development proceeded further, so that limbs developed, but limb bones were shorter and olygodactily as well as syndactily was found. The present study showed that demethylation caused by 5-azacytidine has no effect on the normal development when occurring in the first days of development. Postimplantation period when normally de novo methylation occurs was severely disturbed by demethylation process. Vera Garaj - Vrhovac, Nevenka Kopjar, Aleksandra Fui Laboratorij za mutagenezu, Institut za medicinska istraivanja i medicinu rada, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Osjetljivost Giemsa i DAPI bojanja u mikronukleus metodi za procjenu genotoksinog oteenja somatskih stanica ultrazvukom Primjena ultrazvuka u medicinskoj dijagnostici i terapeutici svakodnevno je u porastu. Literaturni podaci o citogenetskom uinku profesionalnog izlaganja ultrazvuku su malobrojni. Istraivanje genotoksinog uinka ultrazvuka provedeno je na dvije skupine ispitanika: skupini ispitanika profesionalno izloenih pulsirajuim valovima ultrazvuka (Color Doppler), frekvencije 2MHz - 7,5MHz (max. intenzitet 187 W/cm2) i kontrolnoj skupini. Za procjenu oteenja genoma somatskih stanica koritena je mikronukleus metoda na 72-satnoj kulturi limfocita periferne krvi. Preparati su bojani Giemsa bojom i fluorescencijskom bojom DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-fenilindol dihidroklorid) prema Schweizer (1981). U skupini ispitanika profesionalno izloenih ultrazvuku utvrena su odstupanja u broju i distribuciji mikronukleusa koja su pokazatelj genotoksinog uinka ultrazvuka (Doppler). Obje tehnike bojanja dale su dobre rezultate u detekciji mikronukleusa, ali je bojanje DAPI bojom osjetljivija tehnika. Naime, zbog specifinog afiniteta DAPI boje prema centromernom heterokromatinu, ona omoguuje razlikovanje mikronukleusa koji sadre dijelove kromosoma ili itave kromosome s jednim ili vie centromera od onih koji sadre samo acentrine fragmente. The sensitiveness of Giemsa and DAPI staining techniques in micronucleus assay for the evaluation of genotoxic damage in somaticcells induced by ultrasound The ultrasound application in medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes constantly increases. Up to date, little information about cytogenetic effects of occupational exposure to the ultrasound is available. The presumptive genotoxic effect of ultrasound was studied on two groups of subjects: the group of subjects occupationally exposed to pulsed-wave color Doppler in frequencies 2 MHz- 7.5 MHz (max. intensity 187 W/cm2) and the control group. The damage of somatic cells genome was evaluated by the micronucleus assay in 72h peripheral blood lymphocyte culture. Micronuclei were stained by Giemsa dye and fluorescent dye DAPI (4',6- diamidino-2-phenylindol-dihydrochloride) according to Schweizer (1981). All occupationally exposed subjects showed an increase in number and distribution of micronuclei, as compared to the control. For the detection of micronuclei both staining techniques were effective, but DAPI staining technique was more sensitive. Namely, because of DAPI's preferential binding in regions of centromeric heterochromatin, this staining technique allowed us the distinguish micronuclei which originate from centric chromosomal fragments or entire chromosomes from those which originate only from acentric chromosomal fragments. Zorana Mileti, Karmen Trutin Ostovi, eljka Znidari Klinika bolnica " Dubrava" ,Odjel za kliniku citologiju i citometriju, Avenijaizviaa6,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska DNA analiza pleuralnih izljeva protonom citometrijom DNA analiza pleuralnih izljeva protonom citometrijom se koristi kao dodatna metoda u citolokoj dijagnostici malignih i nemalignih pleuralnih izljeva. Uinjena je analiza ploidnoisti i proliferativne aktivnosti 20 izljeva protonom citometrijom (15 benignih i 5 malignih). Stanice su bojane propidij jodidom i analizirane na protonom citometru EPICS - C (Coulter). Kod benignih izljeva je naena diploidnost i uredna proliferacijska aktivnost stanica. Od 5 malignih izljeva tri su bila aneuploidna, a 2 diploidna s poveanom proliferacijskom aktivnou stanica. Razlike u staninom ciklusu izmeu benignih i malignih pleuralnih izljeva ukazuju na to da se ova analiza moe koristiti i kao prognostiki i terapeutski imbenik, a ne samo kao dodatna dijagnostika metoda. Dobiveni rezultati su preliminarni te je potrebno daljnje istraivanje. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of pleural effusions DNA analysis of pleural effusions by flow cytometry is an additional method in cytodiagnosis of malignant and nonmalignant pleural effusions. We have analyzed ploidy and proliferative activity of 20 effusions (15 nonmalignant and 5 malignant) by flow cytometry. Cell nuclei were stained with propidium iodide and examined by Coulter EPICS- C flow cytometer. Nonmalignant effusions were diploid with low proliferative activity. Among 5 malignant effusions 3 were aneuploid and 2 were diploid with high proliferative activity. Differences between cell cycle of malignant and nonmalignant pleural fusions indicate that these analyses should be used also as a prognostic and therapeutic factor and not only as additional diagnostic method. This study is preliminary and requires further investigation. eljka Cerovac1, Duica Maysinger2, Jasna Ban3 1Laboratorij za eksperimentalnu kancerologiju, Institut Ruer Bokovi,Bijenikacesta52, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 3Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Uinak bisperoksovanadij-1,10-fenantrolina na mitogenom aktivirane protein (MAP) kinaze u takorskim stanicama PC-12 Mitogenom aktivirane protein (MAP) kinaze dio su signalnog sustava u eukariotskim stanicama koje izvanstanini signal prevode u stanini odgovor. Procesi kao to su stanini rast, diferencijacija i smrt stanice praeni su aktivacijom MAP kinaza. Bisperoksovanadij-1,10-fenantrolin (bpV) je spoj koji oponaa djelovanje inzulina, a inhibira protein tirozin fosfataze i aktivira inzulin receptor kinaze. Koliina i aktivacija MAP kinaza (p38, JNK 1, ERK 1 i ERK 2) praena je ovisno o koncentraciji i duljini inkubacije s bpV u PC-12 stanicama (feokromocitoma stanice nadbubrene lijezde takora). Koliina MAP kinaza utvrena je odvajanjem uzoraka na 12% SDS-poliakrilamidnom gelu i Western hibridizacijom s protutijelima za navedene MAP kinaze. Katalitika aktivnost kinaza utvrena je imunoprecipitacijom uzoraka s navedenim protutijelima, a nakon prijenosa na membranu inkubacijom s anti-fosfo-tirozin protutijelom. U oba sluaja signali su utvreni kemiluminiscencijom. Iste koliine p38, JNK 1, ERK 1 i ERK 2 utvrene su u kontrolnim i obraenim stanicama bez obzira na vrijeme inkubacije i koncentraciju bpV. Meutim fosforilacija istih kinaza na tirozinu ovisna je o vremenu inkubacije, pa je utvreno da su JNK 1, ERK 1 i ERK 2 fosforilirani nakon 20 minuta, a p38 nakon jedan sat, kod 100 mM koncentracije bpV. Effect of bisperoxovanadate-1,10-phenanthroline on mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in rat PC-12 cells Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades represent one of the major signal systems used by eukariotic cells to transduce extracellular signals into cellular responses. Activation of the MAP kinases plays an important role in many cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and cell death. Bisperoxovanadate-1,10-phenanthroline (bpV) is a strong insulin mimetic and potent protein-tyrosine-phosphatase inhibitor and activator of insulin receptor kinase. The effect of bpV on the level and activity of MAP kinases (p38, JNK 1, ERK 1 and ERK 2) in PC-12 cells (rat adrenal pheochromocytoma) was observed using different time of incubation and doses of bpV. To determine the levels of MAP kinases, cell extracts were fractionated by 12% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the separated proteins were probed with mentioned antibodies for MAP kinases. To examine kinase activity, the cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with antibodies for MAP kinases, separated and probed with anti-phospho-tyrosine antibody. The blots were determined using the enhanced chemiluminiscence reaction. The same steady-state level of p38, JNK 1, ERK 1 and ERK 2 were determined in control and treated cultures without regard to time of incubation and doses of bpV. The tyrosine phosphorylation of JNK 1, ERK 1 and ERK 2 was observed after 20 minutes, and of p38 after one hour, with 100 mM bpV. eljka Cerovac1, Vinja Kova2, Jasna Ban3 1Laboratorij za eksperimentalnu kancerologiju, Institut "Ruer Bokovi", Bijenikacesta 52, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Apsolvent molekularne biologije, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Utjecaj bisperoksovanadij-1,10-fenantrolina na rast i diferencijaciju tumorskih stanica u kulturi Bisperoksovanadij-1,10-fenantrolin, bpV, oponaa uinak inzulina u stanicama u kulturi. On aktivira tirozin kinazu inzulinskog receptora i inhibira defosforilaciju autofosforiliranog receptora inzulina. bpV je najsnaniji inhibitor fosfotirozin fosfataze opisan do sada. bpV inducira diferencijaciju, koja se odreuje brojanjem NBT pozitivnih stanica i inhibira proliferaciju HL-60 ljudskih stanica leukemije ovisno o koncentraciji dodane tvari (IC50 = 4 (M). Kod koncentracije bpV od 1,3 (M 50% stanica HL-60 se diferencira. Nakon 6 dana inkubacije kod koncentracije bpV od 3 (M 82,1% stanica je diferencirano. U naim uvjetima vrijeme diobe HL-60 stanica iznosi 30,7 sati; dodatak bpV (3 (M) produuje vrijeme diobe na 48 sati. U takorskim hepatoma 3924A stanicama bpV inhibira proliferaciju ovisno o koncentraciji i vremenu inkubacije; IC50 = 0,5 (M nakon 72 sata inkubacije. U kombinaciji s kvercetinom uinak bpV je aditivno citotoksian za stanice hepatoma 3924A. Effect of bisperoxovanadate-1,10-phenanthroline on growth and differentiation in tumor cell lines Bisperoxovanadate-1,10-phenantroline, bpV, is an insulin mimetic in cultured cells. This compound activated the insulin receptor kinase and inhibited dephosphorilation of autophosphorilated insulin receptors. This compound is the most potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor described to date. bpV induced differentiation determined by counting NBT positive cells and inhibited proliferation of HL-60 human leukemic cells in a dose- dependent manner (IC50 = 4 (M). At a bpV dose of 1.3 (M 50% of the cells differentiated. After 6 days of incubation at a bpV dose of 3 (M 82.1% of cells were differentiated. Under our culture conditions the doubling time of HL-60 cells was 30.7 h; addition of bpV (3 (M) increased doubling time to 48 h. In rat hepatoma 3924A cells bpV inhibited proliferation in a time- and dose- dependent fashion; IC50 = 0.5 (M after 72 h of incubation. bpV and quercetin in combination are additivelly cytotoxic in hepatoma 3924A cells. Jadranka Lonarek, Jasna Sori Zavod za biokemiju i molekularnu biologiju, Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet, SveuiliteuZagrebu, Ante Kovaia 1, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Bakterijska metiltransferaza moe popravljati DNA ljudskihtumorskihstanica Alkilirajui spojevi poput N-metil-N-nitro-N-nitrozogvanidina (MNNG) jaki su kemijski mutageni. Najtee posljedice po stanicu izaziva njihovo djelovanje na baze u molekulama DNA. Univerzalni enzim O6-DNA-metilgvanin metiltransferaza (MGMT) koji popravlja DNA oteenu alkilirajuim spojevima bakterije Escherichia coli je produkt ada gena. Neke ljudske tumorske stanine linije ne mogu popraviti alkilacijsko oteenje jer nemaju MGMT enzim i nazvane su mer-, za razliku od mer+ koje to mogu. Mer- stanice takoer lue vee koliine plazminogen aktivatora, serinske proteaze ukljuene u razgradnju izvanstaninog matriksa i invazivnost tumorskih stanica. Cilj eksperimenata je bio ubaciti E. coli ada gen u ljudske glioblastoma mer- stanice i ispitati osjetljivost na MNNG i indukciju PA u transformiranim stanicama. Transfekcijom smo unijeli plazmid s ada genom u A1235 glioblastoma staninu liniju mer- fenotipa metodom kalcij fosfata. Izolirali smo transformante A4 i A8 na temelju otpornosti na antibiotik G418. Ugradnju ada gena u genom transformanata dokazali smo lananom reakcijom polimeraze (PCR) iz ukupne genomske DNA uz specifine klice. Ekspresiju ada gena ustanovili smo reverznim prepisivanjem ukupne RNA u cDNA nakon ega je slijedila PCR reakcija. Aktivnost MGMT u staninom ekstraktu transformanata pratili smo enzimatskom reakcijom in vitro. Transformirane A4 i A8 stanice pokazale su i fenotipske razlike u odnosu na A1235 stanice. Postale su mnogostruko otpornije na djelovanje MNNG-a, to smo ustanovili pratei njihovu krivulju preivljenja. Metodom radijalne kazeinolize utvrdili smo smanjenu konstitutivnu i induciranu razinu PA u mediju u kojem su stanice A4 i A8 rasle. Zakljuili smo da je u stanicama glioblastoma bakterijska metiltransferaza uspjeno popravljala alkilacijsko oteenje izazvano MNNG-om. Promjena glioblastoma stanica iz mer- u mer+ uzrokovala je i smanjeno luenje izvanstaninog PA. Bacterial methyltransferase can repair DNA of human tumor cells Alkylating agents such as N- Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) are strong chemical mutagens. Their action on the basis in the DNA molecules have the hardest consequences for the cell. In Escherichia coli, O6-DNA-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT), unique enzyme which repairs alkylated DNA, is ada gene product. Some of the human tumor cell lines have no ability to repair DNA alkylation damage because they are deficient in the MGMT enzyme. Those cells are designated as mer-. Cells haveing MGMT enzyme are designated as mer+. In addition, mer- cells produce higher levels of plasminogen activator (PA), a serine protease involved in extracellular matrix degradation and invasiveness of tumors. The aim of experiment was to introduce E. coli ada gen into human glioblastoma mer- cells and to examine sensitivity to MNNG and PA induction in transformants. We transfected plasmid carrying ada gene in A1235 glioblastoma cells using the calcium phosphate method. G418 resistant transformants, named A4 and A8, were isolated. Ada gene integration into genome of transformants was estimated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers. In order to examine ada gene expression we isolated RNA and reversely transcribed it into cDNA followed by PCR reaction. MGMT activity in transformants cell extracts was proven by in vitro enzymatic reaction. Transformant A4 And A8 cells showed some phenotypic differences compared to A1235 cells. They have become resistant to cell killing by MNNG as surviving curve indicated. We used radial caseinolysis method to estimate constitutive and induced level of PA in cell growing medium. The result showed that transformants produce lower level of PA. We concluded that bacterial MGMT is able to repair MNNG induced DNA damage in human glioblastoma cells. Glioblastoma mer- to mer+ conversion have caused decreasing secretion of extracellular PA. Gordana Gruji1, Dunja Kouta1, Davor eljei, Oskar Springer1 Zavod za animalnu fiziologiju, Prirodoslovno matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Uinak vodikovog peroksida na stanice mamarnog karcinoma Premda je .0-2 relativno slabo reaktivan i toksian, ipak je znakovito vaan sekundarni vjesnik u stanicama. tovie, dio bioloke uinkovitosti .0-2 rezultat je sekundarnih produkata. Dismutacijom .0-2 nastaje vodikov peroksid, H2O2. Reakcija se odvija spontano ili pak moe biti katalizirana superoksid dismutazom. U naim pokusima pokazali smo uinak razliitih doza vodikovog peroksida na rast i veliinu tumora. Pokusnim ivotinjama (mievi soja CBA) injicirali smo u lijevu apu subkutano 106 stanica mamarnog karcinoma (MCa). Djelovanje razliitih koncentracija H202 (18 mM/l i 55 mM/l) pratili smo svakih 7 dana a tijekom 2 mjeseca. Takoer smo odreivali broj tumorskih kolonija (metastaza) na pluima. Rezultati pokazuju da koncentracija od 55 mM/l H202 ima mnogo jai uinak. Treba uoiti statistiki vjerodostojnu razliku u veliini tumora ako usporedimo dvije pokusne skupine meusobno (mieve kojima smo injicirali 106 MCa stanica i 0.3 ml 55 mM /l H2O2 i mieve koji su dobili isti broj tumorskih stanica ali samo 18 mM/l H202 unutar tumora). Razlika se pokazala 28., 35., 42., i 49. dana nakon injiciranja. Uoili smo i vrlo visoku statistiku razliku usporedivi dvije skupine pokusnih ivotinja s kontrolnom skupinom. Broj tumorskih kolonija na pluima takoer je statistiki vjerodostojno manji u obje pokusne skupine a u usporedbi sa kontrolnom skupinom. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on mammary carcinoma Although .O-2 has relatively low reactivity and toxicity, it may function as an important second messenger in the cell. However, at least a part of the biological effect of .O-2 result from secondary products. The dismutation of .O-2 yields hydrogen peroxide, H202. This reaction occurs spontaneously, or is catalyzed by superoxide dismutates. In our experiments we showed the effect of different doses of H2O2 on tumor growth and tumor size. Experimental animals (CBA mice) were injected subcutaneously with 106 of mammary carcinoma (MCa) cells in left paw. Effect of different concentration of H202 (18 mM / l and 55 mM / l) we universtigated in intervals of 7 days during two mounts. Also, we determined number of lung metastases. Our result show that concentration of 55 mM / l H202 has much stronger effect. There is a significant statistical difference of tumor size between the two experimental groups (mice received 106 MCa cells and 0,3 ml of 55 mM/l H202) at 28th., 35th. , 42th. and 49th. day. Also we noted high significant difference between the two experimental group in comparison to control (mice injected only with MCa cells). Number of tumor colonies (metastases) were evaluated after 50 days. Number of metastases in control groups was 56(8,2, but in groups of experimental animals was much lower (30(4,7). Danijela Poljuha, Petra Perkovi, Marijana Krsnik-Rasol Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Proteinska slika prilagoenoga i tumorskoga tkiva eerne repe Kao glavni izvor eera, eerna repa (Beta vulgaris L.) ekonomski je znaajna biljna vrsta koja se istrauje s razliitih gledita. Mi smo analizirali dvije linije prilagoenog tkiva i to, neorganiziranoga (HNO) i organiziranoga (HO) te tkivo tumora vrata korijena eerne repe. Cilj rada bio je odrediti proteinske biljege spontane morfogeneze koja se dogaa u habituiranom tkivu. Takoer smo eljeli usporediti prilagoeno i tumorsko tkivo s obzirom na proteinsku sliku, aktivnost peroksidaze i prirast biomase. Kulturu prilagoenoga tkiva uspostavili su De Greef i Jacobs (De Greef W, Jacobs M (1979) Plant Sci Lett 17, 66-61) , a mi smo izazvali tumor vrata korijena na fragmentima lista uz pomo bakterije Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6S3 koja sadri divlji oktopinski tip plazmida Ti. Proteinski ekstrakti dobiveni su drobljenjem tkiva u hladnom puferu Tris/HCl (0,1 M, pH 8.0). Tkivna kaa je centrifugirana i postmitohondrijska frakcija analizirana spektrofotometrijski i elektroforetski. U tkivu linije HNO utvrene su dvije karakteristine proteinske vrpce od 43 i 18,5 kDa, dok je za liniju HO specifian polipeptid od 24 kDa. U tumoru nisu uoene karakteristine vrpce, a to se tkivo odlikuje visokom stopom rasta i visokom aktivnou peroksidaza. Utvreni pouzdani proteinski biljezi od 18,5 i 24 kDa ini se ne ovise o vanjskim imbenicima, ve su tkivno specifini. Protein pattern of habituated and crown gall tissue of sugar beet As a major source of sugar, the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an economically important crop plant which has been studied in many aspects. We analyzed two habituated tissue lines, one unorganized (HNO) and the other organized (HO), as well as one crown gall tumor line of sugar beet. The aim of our work was to identify protein markers of spontaneous morphogenesis in habituated tissue and to compare habituated and tumor tissues in their protein patterns, peroxidase activity and biomass production. Habituated tissue lines were established by De Greef and Jacobs (De Greef W, Jacobs M (1979) Plant Sci Lett 17, 66-61). We have induced crown gall tumors by infecting the leaf fragments with Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6S3, containing a wild octopine type of Ti plasmid. Protein extracts were prepared by grinding the tissue in a cold Tris/HCl buffer (0.1M, pH 8.0). The homogenate was centrifuged and a postmitochondrial fraction was analyzed specrophotometrically and electrophoretically. HNO tissue had two characteristic protein bands of 43 and 18.5 kDa, while a 24 kDa polypeptide was distinctive for HO tissue. No characteristic crown gall protein bands were noticed. Tumor tissue had significantly higher growth rate and peroxidase activity than both habituated tissues. We have identified two characteristic and accurate protein markers (18.5 and 24 kDa) which seem not to depend on exogenous factors, but are rather tissue specific. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Vojko Obersnel1, edomil Lucu2 1Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Rijeci, BraeBranchetta22,51000Rijeka,Hrvatska 2Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, Institut Ruer Bokovi, GiordanoPaliaga5, 52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Aktivnost Na+K+ ATPaze iz krga morskog raka Carcinus mediterraneus Csrn. kao indikator toksinog djelovanja kadmija Na+K+ ATPaza predstavlja vaan enzim u osmoregulaciji i transportu kationa kroz stanine membrane, a naroito u krgama morskih organizama. Istraivano je djelovanje kadmija, kao poznatog toksinog metala, na aktivnost Na+K+ ATPaze u krgama morskog raka Carcinus mediterraneus Csrn. izloenog djelovanju razliitim koncentacijama kadmija tijekom odreenog vremenskog perioda. Rakovi su izlagani djelovanju kadmija u koncentraciji 0.01, 0.1, i 1.0 mg Cd2+L-1 tijekom 10, 20 i 30 dana. Nakon izlaganja kadmiju rakovima su izolirane posteriorne krge (7. i 8. par) i homogenizirane. Diferencijalnim centrifugiranjem, kao i centrifugiranjem u gradijentu saharoze dobiveni homogenat krga je razdijeljen u frakcije u kojima je mjerena aktivnost Na+K+ ATPaze. U frakcijama homogenata krga dobivenih od rakova izloenih djelovanju kadmija u koncentracijama od 0.1 i 1.0 mg Cd2+L-1 naena je statistiki znaajno smanjena aktivnost Na+K+ ATPaze za 23%, odnosno 40% u odnosu na kontrolni uzorak. To znai da se mjerenje aktivnost Na+K+ ATPaze iz krga morskih rakova moe koristiti kao parametar za procjenu toksinog djelovanja kadmija i drugih toksinih metala u moru. Gill Na+K+ ATPase Activity in the Shore Crab Carcinus mediterraneus Csrn. as an Indicator of Cadmium Pollution Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are a group of enzymes which play an important role in intracellular function and considered to be a sensitive indicators of toxicity. Na+K+ ATPase has a role in osmoregulation, in that provides energy for the active transport of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane and also effect the transepithelial movements of cation in gills. Inhibition of Na+K+ ATPase in gills of the shore crab Carcinus mediterraneus Csrn. exposed to sublethal concentration of cadmium chloride for defined periods was studied. Posterior gills (No. 7 and 8) of shore crabs were homogenized and fractionated by means of differential and density sucrose gradient centrifugation after exposing of whole crabs to different concentration of cadmium (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg Cd2+L-1) during 10, 20, and 30 days. Activity of Na+K+ ATPase was measured in all fractions and significant decreasing of enzyme activity (23% and 40 %) was found in crabs exposed to concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mg Cd2+L-1. It seem that Na+ K+ ATPase activity in the gills of shore crabs is valuable parameter in determination of physiological damage caused by cadmium and other toxic metals. Davorin Medakovi Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Neobian mineralni sastav prvih liinakih ljuturica dagnjiMytilusedulis Linnaeus Tijekom trinog uzgoja koljkaa u mrijestilitima, esto se kao stimulatori mrijesta koriste odreeni kemijski spojevi. U radu je opisan neuobiajeni mineralni sastav liinakih ljuturica dagnji, uzrokovan koritenjem barij klorida kao stimulativnog sredstva. Odrasle dagnje vrste Mytilus edulis sakupljene su na kamenitoj obali otoka Helgoland (Sjeverno more, Njemaka). koljkai su u laboratoriju poticani na mrijest koritenjem mehanike, termike i/ili kemijske stimulacije, nakon ega se pratio embrionalni I liinaki razvoj. Morfoloke promjene praene su optikim mikroskopom. Mineralni sastav ljuturica je odreen kvalitativnom rendgenskom difrakcijom a molarni udjeli komponenata rendgenskom kvantitativnom faznom analizom. Difrakcijske slike pokazuju da embriji nakon oplodnje sadre male koliine kalcita i kvarca (-SiO2). Kristali kalcita slue kao centri kristalizacije za drugu karbonatnu komponentu aragonit. Mineralizacija prodisokonha I zavrava se kada su molarni udjeli aragonita i organske komponente priblino jednaki. Prodisokonh II ljuturica je izgraena uglavnom od minerala aragonita. Kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom rendgenskom difrakcijom ustanovljeno je da embriji i liinke koji potiu od koljkaa stimuliranih na mrijest barij kloridom, imaju drugaiji mineralni sastav prodisokonh I i II ljuturica, od embrija i liinki iji su roditelji poticani na mrijest drugim kemijskim sredstvima i/ili metodama. Iako morfoloki potpuno jednaki ostalim, embriji i liinke u svojim ljuturicama sadre uz kalcit i/ili aragonit i druge minerale: gips, barit, dolomit, halit i nedefiniranu fazu u udjelima od tragova do preko 20 molarnih %. Takav mineralni sastav ljuturica dagnji ili drugih koljkaa nije zabiljeen u literaturi. Unusual mineral composition of the first larval shells of musselsMytilusedulis Linnaeus Certain chemicals (used in world wide commercial shellfish farming) are very effective in stimulation of bivalve spawning. The present results describe the consequences caused by barium chloride as a stimulative compound. Adult mussels Mytilus edulis, sampled from the rocky shore of the Isle of Helgoland (North Sea, Germany) were induced to spawn by mechanical, thermal and chemical stimulation. Fertilized eggs were cultivated under controlled conditions for 80 hours, up to a developed veliger stage. Samples were analyzed by Xray powder diffraction. The morphological changes in shell structure were observed by optical microscopy. Diffraction patterns showed that after fertilization, embryos contained small fractions of calcite and quartz (-SiO2). The calcite crystals were crystallization centers for the other carbonate phase, aragonite. The formation of the first organic shell (prodissoconch I) was observed at a later gastrula stage. The mineralization process of the prodissoconch I was completed when the fractions of aragonite and amorphous components were approximately equal. The prodissoconch II shell is mostly composed of aragonite. In the case of induced spawning by barium chloride, the mineral composition of the prodissoconch I and II shells differ from the shells of larvae developed after using other stimulative methods. However, in both cases trochophore and larvae were morphologically similar. The shells contained, besides aragonite and/or calcite, other minerals as gypsum, barite, dolomite, halite and an unidentified phase, in fractions, from traces up to 20 molar %. Such a mineral composition in mussels or other bivalve larval shells has not been so far recorded in the literature. Ivana Ivi Zavod za biologiju, Fakultet prirodoslovno-matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja SveuilitauSplitu, 21000 Split, Teslina 12, Hrvatska Histoloka graa probavnog sustava ugora, Conger conger L. Istraena je histoloka graa probavnog sustava ugora Conger conger L.. Parafinski rezovi svih dijelova probavnog sustava, od usne upljine do analnog otvora, bojeni su hemalaun-eozinskom tehnikom, Mallory tehnikom za diferenciranje pojedinih vrsta tkiva (posebno miinog), te orceinskom tehnikom za dokazivanje elastinih vlakana u pojedinim tkivima. U stijeni probavne cijevi ugora histoloki moemo razlikovati etiri sloja: sluznicu, submukozu, miini i vanjski sloj. Ovisno o dijelu probavnog sustava, svaki sloj ima svoje razlikovne osobine. Sluznica (tunica mucosa) oblae lumen probavne cijevi i sastoji se od tri razliito graena sloja: epitel (lamina epithelialis) , proprija (lamina propria) i miini sloj (lamina muscularis mucosae). U sluznici usne upljine, prednjeg dijela jednjaka, crijeva i kloake miini sloj sluznice se ne opaa. Svi dijelovi probavnog sustava odlikuju se graom tipinom za sve kraljenjake, osim crijeva u kojem resice i kruni nabori zalaze visoko u lumen, tako da sluznica crijeva nalikuje mrei vezivnog tkiva i epitelnih stanica. Submukoza (tunica submucosa) je sloj vezivnog tkiva u kojem su uloene vee krvne ile i ivana vlakna. Ovaj sloj se dobro uoava u svim dijelovima probavnog sustava ugora osim u jednjaku i crijevu. Miini sloj (tunica muscularis) izgrauju najee dva sloja miia: kruni i uzduni. U poetnom dijelu probavne cijevi ugora, ti miii nalikuju skeletnim miiima, dok su u stranjem dijelu zapaeni glatki miii. Vanjski sloj je tunica adventitia koja oblae probavnu cijev s vanjske strane i sastoji se od vezivnog tkiva. U stranjem dijelu probavnog sustava vanjski sloj je u obliku tunica serosa ili ovoja peritonealnog mezotela. Histological structure of the digestive tract in Conger conger L. The histology of the digestive tract in Conger conger L. has been investigated. The paraffin sections of all parts of the digestive tract, from the oral cavity to the cloaca, have been stained by hemalaun-eosin technic, Mallory technic for diferentiation of tissues (especially muscular tissues) and orcein technic for elastic fibers. The mural structure of the digestive tract of Conger conger L. consists of four layers: the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscular and the outer layer. Depending on the part of the digestive tract., each layer has its own distinctive features. The mucosa is the innermost layer which consists of three different layers: the epithelium, the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae. The muscularis mucosae of the oral cavity, the upper part of the esophagus and the cloaca has not been seen. All parts of the digestive tract have a structure typical for the vertebrates, except the intestine in which the villi and the circular folds penetrate deeply into the lumen, so mucosa is more like a net of connective tissue and epithelial cells. The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue with blood vessels and nerve fibers, and it has not been seen in the esophagus and the intestine. The muscular layer consists of two layers: circular and longitudinal. In the cranial parts of the digestive tract these muscles are like skeletal muscles, while in the caudal parts smooth muscles have been found. The outermost layer of viscerals organs is adventitia which consists of connective tissue. In the caudal parts of the digestive tract, there is a serosa or coating of reflected peritoneal mesothelium. Vesna Lackovi1, Zoran Tadi1, Ante Vitkovi2, Petar Bosni2, Ivan Bai1 1Zavod za animalnu fiziologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Centar za reprodukciju u stoarstvu, Planinska 2b, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Odreivanje statusa gena za malignu hipertermiju metodom lanane reakcije polimerazom Maligna hipertermija (stres sindrom) je nasljedna metabolika bolest u svinja koja se oituje prilikom podvrgavanja svinja stresu. Mutacija u genu RYR 1 koji se nalazi na estom kromosomu uzrok je poremeaja protoka kalcijevih iona u miinim stanicama tijekom miine kontrakcije. To dovodi do jakih miinih kontrakcija, poveanja tjelesne temperature, acidoze i smrti. Metoda testiranja svinja udisanjem halotana naputena je zbog nepouzdanosti, jer otkriva samo recesivne homozigote (n/n) dok heterozigoti (N/n) koji nisu podloni bolesti ostaju u uzgoju i prenose mutirane gene na potomstvo. Molekularna metoda lanane reakcije polimerazom omoguuje brzo i tono otkrivanje nositelja mutiranog gena. Temelji se na umnaanju dijela gena, cijepanju umnoene DNA restrikcijskim enzimom, razdvajanje na agaroznom gelu te oitavanju rezultata pod UV svjetlom. Istraili smo uzorke sa dviju farmi u Hrvatskoj, a dobivene rezultate usporedili s rezultatima testiranja u SAD i Europi. U izlaganju e biti objanjenje prednosti ove metode te mogunosti stvaranja modela selekcije svinja sa ciljem potpunog ili djelominog uklanjanja mutiranog gena. Determination of malignant hyperthermia status in swains using polymerize chain reaction Malignant hyperthermia (stress syndrome) is a genetic metabolic disease of swine that occur in stress situations (e. g. transportation of animals, bad farming practice, etc.). Mutation in RYR1 gene on sixth chromosome causes abnormality in calcium flow in muscle during contraction. This leads to muscle rigidity, high fever, acidosis and death. The older method of halothan testing is abandoned because of its unreliability. It determines only abnormal homozygotes (n/n), while heterozygotes (N/n) remain undetected. Polymerize chain reaction (PCR) enables quick and reliable diagnosis of mutation carriers. It is based on amplifying sequences of DNA, restriction of amplified sequence with restriction enzyme, agarose gel electrophoresis and determination of results on a UV transilluminator. In our research we have examined samples from two farms in Croatia. Results are compared with testing results from USA and Europe. The preference of this method over halothane testing in selection of breeding stocks will be explained. Jelena Roganovi1, Alena Bureti-Tomljanovi2, AnelkaRadojiBadovinac2 1Klinika za pedijatriju, Kliniki bolniki centar Rijeka, Istarska 43, 51000 Rijeka, Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Rijeci, BraeBranchetta22,51000 Rijeka, Hrvatska Kvantitativna analiza strukturnog heterokromatina u djece s akutnom leukemijom i malignim limfomom Bioloka uloga strukturnog heterokromatina u genomu ovjeka predmet je brojnih spekulacija. Od posebnog su interesa istraivanja u pacijenata s malignim bolestima i pretpostavka da heterokromatinske varijante poveavaju rizik maligne transformacije. Cilj ovog istraivanja je procjena povezanosti kvantitativnih promjena strukturnog heterokromatina i maligne transformacije u djece s akutnom leukemijom i limfomom. U radu su prikazani rezultati istraivanja varijabilnosti duine strukturnog eterokromatina kromosoma 1, 9 i 16 u 50-ero djece s malignim emopatijama te u 21 zdravog djeteta kontrolne skupine. Analiza je izvrena na preparatima dobivenim rutinskom metodom kulture stanica periferne krvi i bojanim G-pruganjem. Koritena je objektivna metoda linearnog mjerenja. Istraivanjem je ustanovljena statistiki znaajno smanjena duina heterokromatinskih segmenata kromosoma 1 (p < 0,001) u skupini djece s malignim hemopatijama u odnosu na kontrolu, dok nisu naene razlike u duini heterokromatinskih segmenata kromosoma 9 i 16. Ovi rezultati upuuju na povezanost kvantitativnih promjena strukturnog heterokromatina i procesa maligne transformacije u djece s akutnom leukemijom i limfomom. Quantitative analysis of constitutive heterochromatin in children with acute leukemia and malignant lymphoma The biological role of the constitutive heterochromatin in the human genome is a subject of numerous speculations. Of the particular interest are the investigations in the group of patients with malignant diseases, and the suggestion that heterochromatic variants increase the risk of malignant transformation. The aim of this investigation was to determine the correlation of quantitative changes of the constitutive heterochromatin and malignant transformation in children with acute leukemia and lymphoma. The length variability of the constitutive heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16 was analysed in 50 children with haematological malignancies and in 21 healthy controls. The analysis was carried out on slides obtained by routine method of peripheral blood culture and stained for G-banding. The objective method of linear measuring was used. A statistically significant shorter length of the heterochromatic regions of chromosome 1 was found in the patients compared with the control group (p< 0,001), while there was no difference in the heterochromatic segment length of chromosomes 9 and 16. These results suggest a possible relationship between the amount of the constitutive heterochromatin and malignant transformation in children with acute leukemia and lymphoma. Vesna erjav1, Osiander Meixner2 1Laboratorij za ekologiju i sistematiku Centra za istraivanje mora - Zavod Rovinj, Institut"RuerBokovi", G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Hrvatska 2Department od Marine Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Potronja kisika koljkaa Corbula gibba (Olivi,1792) nakon uvjeta anoksije koljka Corbula gibba (Corbulidae), vrsta infaune irokog ekolokog rasprostranjenja, proglaena je indikatorom prirodnih i umjetnih poremeaja u bentoskim zajednicama (FAO/UNEP, 1986). Populacije ovog koljkaa znaajne su u biocenozama sedimentnog dna Jadranskog mora. Masovni mortalitet bentosa 1989. godine u sjevernom Jadranu uslijed pojave "cvatova" fitoplanktona praenih pridnenim anoksijama ukazuje na bolje preivljavanje ovog koljkaa u usporedbi sa ostalim prisutnim vrstama bentosa. Izvjetaji iz vedske, Irske i etlandskih otoka spominju ovu vrstu kao najtolerantnijeg, a ponekad kao jedinog preivjelog predstavnika makrofaune uslijed uestalih anoksija. Prouavanje procesa disanja i ponaanja smatramo znaajnim za razumijevanje preivljavanja i obnavljanja populacija ovog koljkaa u ekstremnim uvjetima okolia. U tu svrhu mjerili smo potronju kisika u akvarijskim uvjetima "twin-flow" respirometrom, ureajem za kontinuirani monitoring kroz vie dana, uz konstantne fiziko-kemijske parametre. Usporedili smo srednje vrijednosti potronje kisika po gramu suhe mase mekog tkiva u normoksinim uvjetima i nakon normiranih perioda anoksije (maksimalno 24 sata) pri razliitim temperaturama. Posebno su izvedeni pokusi preivljavanja anoksije. ivotinja uznemirene unoenjem u respirometrijsku komoricu hermetiki su zatvarale ljuture i nisu troile kisik u periodima razliitog trajanja (maksimalno 27 sati). Nakon 24 sata anoksije jedinke su poveale potronju kisika u vremenu od otprilike 6 sati i time ukazale na veliki "dug kisika" uslijed razgradnje nagomilanih proizvoda anaerobnog metabolizma. Vrijednosti normoksine potronje kisika i "duga kisika" su bile poveane kod poviene temperature. Za vrijeme anoksije ivotinje su bile otvorenih ljutura osim kod 24 sata anoksije na povienoj temperaturi. U pokusima preivljavanja, sve istraivane jedinke su preivjele anoksije u trajanju do pet dana, ali su imale smanjenu sposobnost pokretljivosti i ukopavanja u sediment do tjedan dana nakon anoksije. Consumption of oxygen of the marine shell Corbula gibba (Olivi, 1792) after anoxia The bivalve Corbula gibba (Corbulidae) is a species of wide ecological distribution declared as an indicator species of environmental instability in bottom communities by FAO/UNEP (1986). Populations of this species are important in biocenosis of sediment bottom of the Adriatic Sea. Mass mortality of benthos 1989 in the northern Adriatic Sea caused by phytoplankton blooms followed by lack of oxygen in the bottom layers makes better survival of this species evident in comparence to accompanied macrobenthic species. From Sweden, Ireland and Shetland Islands C. gibba is reported as the most tolerant and sometimes the only macrobenthic species having survived frequent anoxic events. Therefore we consider studies of respiration and behavior of this organism very important to understand mechanisms of survival and repopulation after extreme environmental conditions. We were measuring oxygen consumption under aquarium conditions with the "Twin- Flow" respirometer which allows continuous monitoring under constant physical and chemical conditions. We compared normoxic average oxygen consumption per dry weight soft tissue with the average oxygen consumption after anoxia (varying duration of anoxia, maximum 24 hours) at different temperatures. Separate experiments were done testing survival in anoxia. Animals disturbed by placing them in the respirometric chamber closed their shells hermetically and didn't respire for some time (max. 27 hours). After 24 hours of anoxia they showed big oxygen debt because of remetabolization of anaerobic metabolic products. Oxygen consumption during normoxia and after anoxia have been bigger at higher temperature. During 24 hours at 20 C animals closed their shells for some time. This didn't happen during shorter periods of anoxia or at lower temperature. Separate experiments of survival during 5 days of anoxia showed that all animals survived but with reduced mobility and burrowing capabilities after anoxia lasting for up to one week. Mirjana Krajnovi-Ozreti1, Bartolo Ozreti1, Hrvoje Gomeri2, Sinia Petrovi1 1Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, Institut "Ruer Bokovi", 52210 Rovinj, Hrvatska 2Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, VeterinarskifakultetSveuilitau Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Utjecaj gladovanja na histoloke osobitosti jetre, hematologiju i biokemijske parametre krvi lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) ukaveznom uzgoju Akumulacija lipidnih naslaga u perivisceralnoj upljini i porast lipida u jetrenom staniju dva su glavna problema u uzgoju riba umjetnom hranom. Isti problem primijeen je i u uzgoju lubina. Dokazano je da su te promjene izazvane zbog koritenja umjetne hrane koja sadri priblino 50% proteina i 12 % lipida. To vodi do poveanja somatskog indeksa jetre odnosno do porasta koncentracije lipida u jetri priblino tri puta nego u lubina iz prirodne populacije. Histoloka slika jetre pokazuje tipinu lipidnu vakuolizaciju jetrenih stanica. Htjelo se utvrditi da li su navedene promjene reverzibilne. Lubini, starosti 20 mjeseci, hranjeni uobiajenom suho peletiranom hranom, izloeni su gladovanju u periodu od 24 i 59 dana i usporeivani s izdvojenom kontrolnom skupinom koja je u nastavku hranjena istom umjetnom hranom. U istraenim skupinama praene su promjene morfometrijskih parametara (duina, tjelesna teina, teina jetre, gonada, mezenterijske i abdominalne masti te su izraunati somatski indeksi i faktor kondicije). Praene su i promjene standardnih hematolokih (hemoglobin i hematokrit) i biokemijskih parametera u krvi (ukupni proteini, ukupni lipidi, kolesterol, HDL, slobodni kolesterol, fosfolipidi, eer, laktat, glicerol i slobodne masne kiseline). Analizirana je i histoloka strukrura jetre. Nakon 24 dana gladovanja, smanjen je hepatosomatski indeks, ali nisu zapaene bitne promjene parametara krvi. Nakon 59 dana, znaajno je smanjenja ukupna tjelesna teina kao i teina jetre, a u krvi znaajno su smanjeni ukupni proteini, lipidi, trigliceridi, fosfolipidi, kolesterol, glicerol i laktat. Meutim, veliki dio stanija jetre je izrazito promijenjen, sa izrazito vakuoliziranim hepatocitima. Nakon daljnjeg gladovanja, smanjena je i koncentracija hemoglobina i hematokrita a na histolokim preparatima primijeene su patoloke promjene, kao i nekroza jetrenog tkiva. Effects of experimental starvation on the liver histology, haematology and blood biochemistry of the farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) The accumulations of perivisceral fat and the increase of lipids into hepatic tissue, induced by feeding with standard artificial diets containing 50% proteins and 12% lipids, are two major problems in fish farming. The same tendency was also observed in farmed sea bass, generating an extensive accumulation of lipids, with the increase of the liver somatic index by three times as in wild sea bass. Preliminary histological investigations have also revealed a heavy accumulation of fat droplets (vacuoles) in hepatocytes. The purpose of the present work was to investigate whether the mentioned alterations are reversible under starvation conditions. A group of 20 months old sea bass, grown with standard dry pellets diet, was exposed to starvation for a period of 24 and 59 days and compared with a control group feed with the same artificial diet. Standard morphological values (length, body, liver and gonads weight, and their derived proportions, abdominal and mesenteric fat accumulation), haematological (haemoglobin and hematocrit) and plasma biochemical parameters (total plasma protein, total plasma lipids, cholesterol, free cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipides, free glycerol, glucose and lactate) were checked for every fish separately. Samples of liver tissues were prepared for histological analyses. After 24 days the hepatosomatic index was reduced, but not significant changes have been observed in the blood. The most evident changes occurred after 59 days, when the body weight as well as the hepatosomatic index were significantly reduced. Total proteins, lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipides, lactate and free glycerol in the blood significantly decreased, but the largest part of liver tissue retained the fat vacuoles in hepatocytes. After a prolonged starvation period, followed by a severe reduction of haemoglobin and hematocrit, parts of liver tissues displayed pathological changes with necrosis. Ivona Marasovi1, ivana Ninevi1, Maja Pavela-Vrani2, Stjepan Orhanovi2 1Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska 2Zavod za kemiju, Fakultet prirodnih znanosti i umjetnosti Sveuilita u Splitu, Nikole Tesle 12, 21000Split,Hrvatska Toksinost koljkaa vezana uz pojavu novog DSP toksina Iako se opasne cvatnje fitoplanktona (HAB) u Jadranu uestalo javljaju ve tridesetak godina, toksine cvatnje mogu se smatrati razmjerno novom pojavom na ovom podruju. Toksina je cvatnja prvi put zabiljeena 1989 godine u obalnim vodama sjevernog Jadrana, a oitovala se kao DSP toksinost koljkaa. Uzroni organizmi toksinosti bili su dinoflagelati iz roda Diniphysis. U ovom su radu predstavljeni prvi podaci o javljanju DSP toksinosti na podruju srednjeg Jadrana (Katelanski zaljev), koji su zabiljeeni u ljeto 1995 godine. Toksinost je bila utvrena putem bioassaya na mievima. Rezultati HPLC analize su ukazivali da se u ovom sluaju ne radi o uobiajenom tipu DSP toksina, ve o nepoznatom spoju koji je po strukturi vrlo slian DTX-2 toksinu. U uzorcima koji su bili pozitivni na bioassay, ovaj je nepoznati spoj bio prisutan u visokoj koncentraciji. Istodobno se obavljalo i analizu fitoplanktona, pri emu se posebna panja posvetila grupi dinoflagelata. Porijeklo toksinosti povezano je s pojavom dinoflagelata Dinophysis sacculus, koji se uvrtava u sumnjivo toksine vrste fitoplanktona. Toxicity of shellfish related to occurrence of new DSP toxin Although harmful algal blooms (red tide blooms, "mucillagine") have been present in the Adriatic Sea for almost thirty years, toxic blooms are a relatively new occurrence in this area. This phenomenon was first recorded in 1989 off the northwest coast of the North Adriatic, the dinoflagellate of genus Dinophysis being the causative organism of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In this paper we present the first data substantiating the occurrence of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) in the central region of the Adriatic Sea (Katela Bay), registered in the summer of 1995. Toxicity was established using the mouse bio-assay, however the results of the HPLC-directed analysis suggest the observed toxic effects are not associated with the common DSP toxins. The HPLC analysis has shown the presence of an unknown compound structurally related to DTX-2, the concentration of the respective substance being rather high in those samples exhibiting toxicity. In a simultaneously conducted analysis of the phytoplankton population special attention was dedicated to the species from the dinoflagellate group. The origin of mussel toxicity can be traced to Dinophysis sacculus, a suspect toxic species. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Hrenjak Terezija1, Ljerka Tika-Rudman2, Maja Popovi1 1Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilite u Zagrebu, 10000Zagreb,Heinzelova55,Hrvatska 2Klinika za tumore, 10000 Zagreb, Ilica 197, Hrvatska Liza fibrinskih ugruaka posredovana imbenicima iz tkiva gujavica Iz tkivnog homogenata gujavica (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) izolirani glikolipoproteinski kompleks (G-90) sadri brojne bioloki aktivne makromolekule, te meu njima i serinske peptidaze sa jakom fibrinolitikom i antikoagulacijskom aktivnou. Izolirane peptidaze (P I i P II) imaju aktivnost plazminogenskog aktivatora urokinaznog tipa (uPA). Fibrinolitika aktivnost provjeravana je euglobulinskim testom. G-90 u 105 ng/ml koncentraciji skrauje vrijeme lize za 35%, P I za 54%, P II za 7%, a P I + P II za 77%. Molekulska masa P I + P II zajedno jednaka je molekulskoj masi uPa. Pretpostavljamo da su udruene peptidaze u interakciji koja omoguava ispoljavanje jake fibrinolitike aktivnosti kao sinergistini efekt. Potjeu li fibrinski ugruci iz plazme osoba oboljelih od karcinoma fizioloko vrijeme lize skraeno je od 245 minuta na 217 minuta (9 %). Djelovanje istraivanih imbenika na ugruke plazme bolesnika od karcinoma dodatno skrauje euglobulinsko vrijeme lize. Koncentracija od 105 ng/ml G-90 skrauje vrijeme lize za 52%, P I za 76%, P II za 27%, P I + P II za 86%. Djelovanje G-90, ali ne i ostalih imbenika daje razliitu visinu lize ovisno o lokaciji primarnog tumora. Tako je vrijeme lize kod karcinoma dojke skraeno u odnosu na fizioloko vrijeme (217 minuta) za 24%, karcinoma jezika za 7%, dok je kod karcinoma koe produeno za 22%. Navedeni rezultati ukazuju na mogunost, da izvorni G-90 sadri strukture koje u interakciji sa komponentama plazme oboljelih od karcinoma uvjetuju visinu fibrinolize. Otvaraju se mogunosti u kojima bi G-90 u euglobulinskom testu bio dijagnostiki i prognostiki marker. Lysis of fibrin clots mediated by the factors from the tissue of earthworms Glycolipoproteine complex (G-90) obtained from the earthworm tissue (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) homogenate contains biological active macromolecules. Among these molecules there are serine peptidases with strong fibrinolytic and anticoagulative activities. The peptidases (P I, P II) are urokinase-type plasminogen activators (uPA). Their fibrinolytic activity was tested by the euglobulinic test. G-90 in 105 ng/ml concentration shortened the fibrin clots lysis time by 35%, P I by 54%, P II by 7% and PI + PII by 77%. Molecular mass of both P I + PII is equal as the molecular mass of uPA. We supposed that interaction of associated peptidases make possible the highest fibrinolytic activity as a synergistic effect. If the fibrin clots originate from the plasma of patients of carcinomas the physiological time of fibrin clots lysis is shortened from 245 minutes to 217 minute (9 %). The examined substances additionally shortened the euglobulinic time. Concentration of 105 ng/ml of G-90 shortened the time of lysis by 52%, P I by 76%, P II by 27% and P I + P II by 86%. The activity of G-90, but not of the other factors, gave differ intensity of lysis depending of location of a primary tumors. The time of fibrin clots lysis for breast cancer was additionally shortened in relation of physiological time (217 minutes) by 24%, for tongue cancer by 7%, while the time of lysis for skin cancer was prolonged by 22%. The results indicated the possibility that G-90 contains structures which conditionate the intensity of fibrinolysis by the interaction whit the same compounds from the plasma of carcinomas patients. The facts lied to the possibility that G-90 in euglobulinic test could be used as diagnostic and prognostic marker. Dubravko Emanovi1, Zvonko Stojevi1, Dubravko Timet1, Melita Herak1, Bojana Gradinski-Vrbanac1, Petar Kraljevi1, Suzana Milinkovi-Tur1, Zvonimir Klinar2 1Zavod za fiziologiju i radiobiologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Veterinarska ambulanta, Male Sredice 2, 43000 Bjelovar, Hrvatska Promjene nekih pokazatelja u krvnoj plazmi nesilica tijekomuzgojaiproizvodnje U stoarskoj proizvodnji upotrebljavaju se razliiti sustavi jednostavnih biokemijskih testova za praenje proizvodnje i zdravstvenog stanja domaih ivotinja u velikim aglomeracijama ne bi li se na vrijeme otkrili i otklonili njihovi poremeaji i zastranjivanja i tako sprijeio nastanak veih ekonomskih gubitaka. Kako su u peradarskoj proizvodnji takvi sustavi testova rijetki pokualo se provjeriti vrijednost jednog neto modificiranog sustava enzimskih testova pratei uzgojni i proizvodni ciklus nesilica uobiajen u peradarskoj proizvodnji u Hrvatskoj. Istraivanja su obavljena na matinom jatu nesilica teke pasmine Ross, uzgajanom uobiajenim tehnolokim postupkom predloenim od proizvoaa genetike. Uzorci krvi uzimani su pticama iz krilne vene u starosti od 6, 12, 19, 23, 27, 44, 49 i 60 tjedana. U krvnoj plazmi spektrofotometrijski je odreena aktivnost aspartat i alanin aminotransferaze (AST i ALT), alkalne i kisele fosfataze (AP i KP), (-glutamil-transpeptidaze (GGTP), leucin aminopeptidaze (LAP) i arginaze. Aktivnost AP i arginaze poveavala se sve do postizanja maksimalne nesivosti, a zatim se naglo smanjivala, dok aktivnost drugih promatranih enzima, ini se, nije bila primarno vezana uz nesenje, ve je bila odraz metabolikih zbivanja i aktivnosti drugih organa i tkiva organizma. Changes in some parameters in blood plasma of laying hens during rearing and egg production To control the animal production and animal health a different test-profiles composed of simple biochemical tests is using for monitoring the production success and health status of domestic animals reared in big agglomerations. The purpose of early discovering and correction of possible discrepancies and deviations in animal production and health is to prevent the appearance of more serious economic losses. In poultry production these test-profiles for monitoring the success of production are not well developed. So we were trying to check the usefulness of one modification of enzymatic test-profiles by monitoring the breeding and production cycle of laying hens under common technological breeding procedure. The experiments were carried on the flock of Ross heavy breeding hens that were reared under the common technology proposed by the supplier of genetics. The blood samples were collected from the wing vein of birds aged at 6, 12, 19, 23, 27, 37, 44, 49 and 60 weeks. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline and acid phosphatases (AP and AcP), (-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and arginase in blood plasma was obtained spectrophotometrically. The activity of AP and organize were increasing up to the maximal egg production was reached, and after that point their activities declined reaching nearly the same values obtained at the beginning of monitoring. It seams that the activities of other monitored enzymes are not primarily connected to the laying but they were reflected some other metabolically events and activities in some other organs and tissues of the organism. Slavo Mitev, Suzana Dinevska-ovkarovska Zavod za Fiziologiju i Biohemiju, Institut za Biologiju, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet, Gazibababb, 91000Skopje,Makedonija Uinak aklimatizacije u hipertermikoj sredini na aktivnost glikogen fosforilaze i glukoza-6-fosfataze u jetri takora U ovom radu istraivane su promjene u aktivnosti hepatine glikogen fosforilaze i glukoza-6-fosfataze u jetri, sadraj jetrenog glikogena i razina glukoze u krvi (v. cava caudalis) kod takora u toku aklimatizacije u umjerenoj hipertermikoj sredini. Eksperimenti su izvoeni kod adultnih ad libitum hranjenih takora, mukog spola, soj Wistar, koji su bili eksponirani razliito vrijeme (1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 30 i 60 dana) u hipertermikoj sredini (351(C) sa relativnom vlanou zraka od 30-40%. Kontrolna skupina je bila odravana kontinuirano na sobnoj temperaturi (202(C).Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da u toku cijelog perioda aklimatizacije, aktivnost glukoza-6-fosfataze je signifikantno smanjena, dok aktivnost glikogen fosforilaze a je znatno poveana, osobito nakon 21, 30 i 60 dana ekspozicije. Sadraj glikogena u jetri je znatno smanjen nakon kratkotrajne ekspozicije (1 i 4 dana) i znatno povean nakon produene ekspozicije (14, 21, 30 i 60 dana) na 351(C. Razina glukoze u krvi je bila signifikantno smanjena u toku cijelog perioda aklimatizacije u toploj sredini. Promjene u aktivnosti glukoza-6-fosfataze su u odreenoj korelaciji sa promjenama u sadraju jetrenog glikogena i glukoze u krvi. Ova korelacija je razliitog stupnja u ovisnosti o vremenu trajanja ekspozicije. Smanjena aktivnost glukoza-6-fosfataze, smanjena razina glukoze u krvi i povean sadraj jetrenog glikogena dozvoljavaju zakljuak da produena ekspozicija u hipertermikoj sredini stimulira proces glikogenogeneze. Effect of acclimatization to high environmental temperature on hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in rats Changes on hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity, glycogen content and blood glucose level (v. cava caudalis) in rats, during acclimatizacion to moderate hyperthermic environment have been studied. The experiments were carried out on fed (ad libitum) male rats previously exposed various time (1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 days) to hyperthermic environment (351(C) with relative humidity of 30-40%. The controls were continuously kept at room temperature (202(C). The results obtained showed that throughout the whole period of acclimatization, glucose-6-phosphatase activity was significantly decreased, whereas the activity of glycogen phosphorylase a was increased, particularly after the 21, 30 and 60 days following the exposure. Liver glycogen content was significantly decreased after acute (1 and 4 days) and significantly increased after prolonged (14, 21, 30 and 60 days) exposure to 351(C. Blood glucose level was decreased throughout the whole period of acclimatization to hyperthermic environment except the 24-hour exposed group. The changes in the enzyme activity are in certain correlations with liver glycogen content and blood glucose level, but these relations differ depending on the duration of heat exposure. Decreased activity of glucose-6-phosphatase, decreased blood glucose level and elevated liver glycogen content allow to be conclude that prolonged exposure to hyperthermic environment stimulates the processes of glycogenogenesis. Zvonko Stojevi1, Suzana Milinkovi-Tur1, Dubravko Emanovi1, BojanaGradinskiVrbanac1, Nina Poljiak-Milas2 1Zavod za fiziologiju i radiobiologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska. 2Zavod za patoloku fiziologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Kretanja koncentracija masnih tvari u krvnoj plazmi paia tijekom gladovanja i ponovnog hranjenja Na paiima Chery Wally PL2 istraen je utjecaj gladovanja i ponovnog hranjenja na kretanja koncentracija slobodnih masnih kiselina (SMK), ukupnog kolesterola i ukupnih lipida (UL) u krvnoj plazmi, a u cilju prouavanja metabolizma masti u paia dobrih tovnih sposobnosti. U dobi od 50 dana paii pokusne skupine podvrgnuti su trodnevnom gladovanju, a njima kontrolna skupina hranjena je normalno. Krv za analizu uzimana je venepunkcijom krilne vene nakon 24, 48 i 72 sata gladovanja, te 24 i 48 sati po ponovnom hranjenju. U krvnoj plazmi spektrofotometrijski je odreena koncentracija SMK, ukupnog kolesterola i UL. Rezultati pokusa pokazali su znaajan porast SMK u plazmi tijekom sva tri dana gladovanja to se pripisuje obilnoj mobilizaciji odloene masti. Koncentracija ukupnog kolesterola u plazmi takoer je poviena u sva tri dana gladovanja to se dovodi u vezu sa smanjenom funkcijom titnjae. Koliina UL poraste treeg dana gladovanja i ostaje znaajno via tijekom 24 i 48 sati realimentacije. Porast UL u vrijeme gladovanja vjerojatno je odraz porasta SMK i ukupnog kolesterola, dok se porast u vrijeme realimentacije pripisuje izdanoj lipogenezi i porastu transportnih oblika masti u krvi. Dynamics of lipid concentration changes in ducklings' blood plasma during fasting and refeeding Effect of fasting and refeeding on the dynamics of free fatty acids (FFA), total cholesterol (CHOL) and total lipids (TL) concentration changes in the blood plasma of Chery Wally PL2 duckling was studied with the purpose to investigate lipid metabolism in ducklings of good fattening abilities. Ducklings of the experimental group aged 50 days have been submitted to 3 days of fasting, while their controls were normally fed. The blood samples for analyses were harvested by venepunction of wing vein after 24, 48 and 72 hours of fasting and after 24 and 48 hours of refeeding. The concentrations of FFA, CHOL and TL in blood plasma were obtained spectrophotometrically. Results showed a significant rise of FFA in blood plasma during all three fasting days that are attributed to the plentiful mobilization of stored fat. The concentration of plasma CHOL was elevated during all three fasting days as well, which was probably connected with the diminution of thyroid function. The TL contents were increased on the 3rd day of fasting and stayed at significantly higher level during 24 and 48 hours of refeeding. The rise of TL concentration during fasting period probably is a reflection of rise of FFA and CHOL, while the rise during realimentation probably is due to the abundant lipogenesis and the rise of transporting forms of lipids in the blood. Suzana Milinkovi-Tur1, Zvonko Stojevi1, Dubravko Emanovi1, Melita Herak1, Bojana Gradinski-Vrbanac1, Nina Poljiak-Milas2 1Zavod za fiziologiju i radiobiologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zavod za patoloku fiziologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Utjecaj gladovanja na koncentraciju ukupnih bjelanevina i mokrane kiseline u krvnoj plazmi paia Gladovanje u nekih ptica popratna je pojava u vrijeme mitarenja, leanja na jajima i dugotrajnih letova prilikom ega tedei vlastite bjelanevine zadovoljavaju svoje energetske potrebe prvenstveno mobilizacijom glikogena, a potom i masti. Mokrana kiselina predstavlja krajnji produkt razgradnje bjelanevina u ptica, a njena poviena koncentracija u plazmi za vrijeme gladovanja odraz je pojaane razgradnje tkivnih bjelanevina. estodnevnim gladovanjem eljelo se istraiti u kojoj mjeri paii u tom pokusnom razdoblju koriste vlastite bjelanevine kao nadomjestak alimentarnih. Paii pekinke patke u starosti od 28 dana podijeljeni su u normalno hranjenu (kontrolnu) skupinu i skupinu podvrgnutu gladovanju (pokusnu). Paii obje skupine rtvovani su dekapitacijom 3, 4, 5. i 6. dana gladovanja i u krvnoj plazmi spektrofotometrijski im je odreena koliina bjelanevina i mokrane kiseline. Koncentracija ukupnih bjelanevina u krvnoj plazmi izgladnjivanih paia bila je uvijek znaajno nia od kontrolnih vrijednosti. Koncentracija mokrane kiseline znaajno je porasla 3. dana gladovanja, a zatim se pribliila vrijednostima zabiljeenim u kontrolnoj skupini. Niska koncentracija ukupnih bjelanevina tijekom cijelog pokusnog razdoblja vjerojatno je posljedica njihove manjkave obnove zbog nedostatka aminokiselina u vrijeme gladovanja, ali i pojaanog iskoritavanja vlastitih bjelanevina u energetske svrhe, te za sintezu neophodno potrebnih bjelanevina. Poviena koncentracija mokrane kiseline upuuje na neto veu razgradnju tkivnih bjelanevina 3. dana gladovanja. Effect of fasting on plasma total protein and uric acid concentration in ducklings In some birds the moulting, breeding and long distances flaying during migrations were accompanist with fasting, when the animals, because of saving their own proteins, meet their energy requirements from glycogen and later on from the lipid reserves. Uric acid is the major end product of protein catabolism in birds, and the increase of its concentration in blood plasma during the fasting is reflecting as an increase in catabolism of tissue proteins. We intended to investigate to which extent the ducklings should utilize their own proteins as a substitute for alimentary proteins during 6-day-fasting period. The Peking Ducks aged 28 days were divided in two groups: normal fed controls and experimental one that was submitted to fast. Ducklings of both groups were sacrificed by decapitation on days 3, 4, 5, and 6 of fasting and the contents of total plasma proteins (TP) and uric acid (UA) in blood plasma were obtained spectrophotometrically. The concentrations of TP in blood plasma was always significantly lower than in the controls. The concentration of UA was significantly increased on the 3rd day of fasting, and after that it's returned to the values achieved in controls. The permanent low protein concentrations achieved in experimental group are probably due to a shortage of aminoacids during the fasting, and because of increased protein utilization for the energetic purposes as well as for the synthesis of essential body proteins. Higher UA concentration achieved on the 3rd fasting day indicated to some higher protein catabolism on that day. Zoran Tadi Zavod za animalnu fiziologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6,10000 Zagreb,Hrvatska Manipulacija plijenom u poskoka (Vipera ammodytes ammmodytes L.) pri hranjenju mievima i guterima U lovu na hranu, viperidne zmije koriste otrovni ugriz da mi imobilizirale plijen. Nakon ugriza, zmije lociraju plijen pomou osjetila mirisa palucajui jezikom, te ga progutaju. Slijed dogaaja pri lovu na plijen, vanost pojedinih vidnih i mirisnih podraaja u aktivaciji pojedinih tipova ponaanja, te manipulacija plijenom posebno su dobro prouene u nekih egrtua (rodovi Crotalus i Sistrurus), te u nekih sjevernoamerikih kolubridnih zmija. Naalost, ovakva istraivanja nisu izvoena ni na jednoj skupini europskih zmija. Postoje mnoge, znanstveno nedokumentirane, prie o tome da poskok i druge nae zmije otrovnice manji plijen gutaju bez da ga prethodno imobiliziraju otrovom, a da vei plijen prije gutanja otruju. Poskok (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes) posebno je dobra pokusna zmija, jer se lako odrava u zatoenitvu. U pokusima sam poskocima kao hranu stavljao odrasle i 10 - tak dana stare mieve, te odrasle zidne guterice (Podarcis muralis). Tijekom vremenskog razdoblja od 5 minuta pratio sam reakciju zmija na plijen, te nain manipulacije plijenom. Takoer sam pratio vrijeme uginua ugriene ivotinje, te vrijeme gutanja. Tijekom pokusa, primijetio sam da postoji znaajna razlika u hvatanju i manipulaciji mieva i gutera. Veina poskoka koritenih u pokusima lovila je odrasle gutere tako da ih je nakon hvatanja trajno drala u ustima do uginua ili ih je jo ive gutala. Odrasle mieve, veina poskoka najprije je ugrizla, nakon toga pustila, priekala da uginu ili da onemoaju, te ih je tek onda gutala. Suprotno tome, mlade je mieve veina poskoka hvatala i gutala jo ive, vjerojatno bez prethodnog ubrizgavanja otrova. Ovakvo ponaanje u skladu je sa teorijom o traenju hrane koja govori da ivotinje pokuavaju poveati unos hrane istovremeno smanjujui rizik od bilo kakvih ozljeda koje bi mogao izazvati plijen. Prey - handling behaviour of the sand viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes L.) feeding on mice and lizards Viperid snakes rely on envenomating strike to subdue their prey. After the prey succumbs, it is relocated using strike - induced chemosensory search and ingested. Importance of visual and chemical cues in prey relocation, prey - handling behaviour and "stimulus - response" sequence of events during foraging is particularly well studied in some rattlesnakes (Crotalus and Sistrurus) and garter snakes (Thamnophis). However, similar data is lacking for majority of the European snakes. The sand viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes) inhabits sunny, rocky slopes with scattered bushes. There are many anecdotal stories of the sand viper envenomating large prey, but just grabbing and swallowing smaller prey items. However, these stories have never been scientifically proved. The sand viper is well suited for the laboratory experiments in comparative psychology since it adapts well to captivity and breeds readily. In the experiments, the snakes were presented with live adult and "fuzzy" mice and adult wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) and the method of prey - handling was recorded. Two methods of catching were employed. The "strike - and - release" method was predominant when snakes were catching adult mice and the "grab - and - hold" method" predominated when the snakes were catching lizards. When the "fuzzy" mice were presented to the snakes, they used "grab - and - hold" rather than "strike - and - release" method of catching. The importance of different prey - handling behaviour probably has adaptive significance is in accordance with the foraging theory. arko Udiljak1, Robert eli2, Marija Vuemilo3, Jelena Greguri4 1Polivalentna stomatoloka zatita, Dom zdravlja "Maksimir", varcova 20, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za mobilnu protetiku Stomatolokog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Gundulieva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Zavod za animalnu higijenu i etologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 4Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Pokusno istraivanje utjecaja vode za pie na zubnoiperiodontalnotkivo Podruje Markuevake Trnave nalazi se sjeveroistono od Zagreba, a smjeteno je na padinama Medvednice. Stanovnitvo se bavi poljodjelstvom, samo neki lanovi obitelji rade u Zagrebu. Veina ljudi tog kraja koristi vodu za pie koja potjee od vode sa Medvednice, a koju nazivaju "Sljemenskim vodama". Za higijensko sanitarni pregled vode uzeto je est uzoraka od ega je pet iz zatvorenog tipa sabiralita jedan uzorak je iz otvorenog bunara dubine devet metara. Svako uzorkovano mjesto koristi nekoliko obitelji za vodoopskrbu. U pregledanim uzorcima vode naen je povean sadraj amonijaka to ukazuje na svjee fekalno oneienje. U svim uzorcima je ukupni broj koliformnih i aerobnih bakterija povean iznad doputenih granica. Voda u uzorcima 1. do 4. spada u prilino tvrdu vodu, uzorak 6. u vrlo tvrdu vodu, uzorak 5. meka voda. Status usne upljine korisnika tih istraenih voda ukazuje na nalaz visoke pojavnosti karijesa te paradontolokih bolesti (nakupljanje zubnog kamenca to ima za posljedicu nastajanje gingivitisa i parodontitisa). Dio ovih pacijenata protetski je saniran. Iako voda za pie nije odluujui imbenik mora se uzeti u obzir i nedostatna higijena usne upljine. Higijensko sanitarni pregled uzoraka vode za pie ukazuje na moguu vezu izmeu patologije zubnog tkiva i parodonta u pacjenata i vode za pie. Ovo pokusno istraivanje upuuje na potrebu nastavka istraivanja. Pilot investigation of influence drinking water on a dental and periodontal tissue The are of Markuevaka Trnava is placed northeast from Zagreb and it is situated on the slopes of Medvednica. Inhabitants are dealing with agriculture, and only some members of family work in Zagreb. Most people of these area use drinking water which derives from Medvednica, so- called " Sljemenska voda " For hygienic- sanitary review of water was taken six samples with five of them from collectorship of closed type and one of them from nine meters deep opened well. Places where samples were taken water-supply are used by several family. In reviewed samples of water were found increased content of ammonia what is showing on fresh fecal pollution. Overall number of colliform and aerobic bacteria was in increased above permitted borders in all samples. Water in samples 1.. gets in considerably hard water, in sample 5. soft water, and sample 6. very hard water. Status of oral cavity users of these examined water shows finding of high prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases (accumulation dental stone and consequently origination of inflammation, gingivitis, parodontitis). Part of these patients are prosthetic treated. However, drinking water is not determining factor, it must be considerate inadequate hygiene of oral cavity. Hygienic-sanitary review samples of drinking water shows possibly linked between pathology of a dental and periodontal tissue in patients and drinking water. This pilot investigation instruct on the need for further examinations. Jure Jeri1, Marko Radai2, Hrvoje Mazija1, Mirko Radai3, Matea Radai4, NikicaPetrinec5 1Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zavod za Molekularnu medicinu, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Mesopromet Split, Vranjiki put bb, 21000 Split, Hrvatska 4Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, alata3,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 5Imunoloki zavod, Zagreb - Brezje, Brezjanska cesta 15, 10431 Sv. Nedjelja, Hrvatska Utjecaj probiotika ASCOGEN( na reproduktivnu sposobnost mieva i na teinu mladunadi Cilj rada bio je ispitati utjecaj probiotika Ascogen( na plodnost mieva i na teinu mladunadi kroz etiri okota. Probiotik Ascogen( umjean je u hranu u dozi od 1000 ppm. Hrana s probiotikom, kao i normalna hrana, peletirana je u "Plivi". tijekom pokusa ivotinje su hranu i vodu uzimale slobodno (ad libitum). Pokus je napravljen na mievima soja NIH-Zg uzgojenim u Imunolokom zavodu u Brezju. Prije pokusa mievi su podijeljeni u pet skupina, ovisno o nainu hranjenja i dranja. Skupina I hranjena je normalnom hranom (kontrola), tj. hranom bez probiotika. Skupina II (mujaci i enke) hranjeni su stalno s hranom u kojoj je bio probiotik. U skupini III enke su dobivale stalno probiotik hranu, a mujaci naizmjenino svaka dva tjedna. U skupini IV enke su dobivale stalno normalnu (kontrolnu) hranu, a mujaci naizmjenino svaka dva tjedna normalnu, odnosno probiotik hranu. Skupina V (mujaci i enke) dobivala je normalnu hranu dva tjedna, a druga dva tjedna probiotik hranu i tako stalno kroz etiri reprodukcijska ciklusa. Tjedan dana po okotu izbrojena je mladunad, tri tjedna kasnije, odnosno etiri tjedna po okotu izbrojeni su mladi i podijeljeni u dvije skupine (mujaci i enke) te su izvagani. U prvom okotu najvie mladih (62) bilo je u skupini II, a u skupini III bilo je (50) mladih to je u odnosu na kontrolu (45 mladih) znaajno vie. Ukupna teina mladunadi bila je znaajno vea (p < 0.001) u skupini II i III u odnosu na skupinu I. U drugom okotu nije bilo znaajnije razlike u broju potomaka po skupinama, ali je bila znaajna razlika (p < 0.01) u teini potomaka u skupini II u odnosu na kontrolnu skupini I. U treem okotu nije bilo razlike, niti u broju potomaka, niti u teini mladunadi bez obzira kojom hranom su hranjeni. The influence of probiotic ASCOGEN( on the reproductive abilityand body mass ofmice The influence of probiotic Ascogen( on the reproductive ability in mice through forth reproductive cycles was studded. Probiotic Ascogen( was mixed in the mouse diet at the dose of 1000 ppm. The experiment was curried out on the NIH-Zg mice obtained from the Institute for Immunology, Zagreb. All mice were divided into five groups according to the way of feeding and maintaining. Mice (male/female) in Group I were fed all time during experiment with normal diet. Mice (male/female) in Group II were fed with probiotic Ascogen( diet throughout experiment. In Group III female mice were fed continuously with probiotic, while male mice were fed with probiotic alternatively every two weeks. In Group IV female mice were fed with normal food and male mice were given probiotic every two weeks. Mice in Group V were fed with normal food for two weeks and two weeks with probiotic Ascogen(. One week after delivering babies all newborns were counted. Tree weeks later all mice were divided into two groups (male and female) and their weight and number was recorded. The highest number of newborns (62) was recorded into the Group II (male/female were fed permanently with probiotic) than into Group III, while the lowest number (27) was in Group IV. In the second cycles of pregnancy the number of newborns was almost the same in Group I, II and III. The total body weight of all newborns (male and female) in Group II and Group III was higher than in Group I (p < 0.001) in the first cycles of pregnancy, while in the second cycles of pregnancy the total body weight of all offsprings in only Group II was higher (p < 0.01) in comparison with control. Darinka krti, Tomislav Gomeri, Snjeana Vukovi, Snjeana urkovi, HrvojeGomeri Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Meuodnos veliine lopatice i tijela jadranskog dobrog dupina (Tursiopstruncatus, Montagu 1821.) Istraivanja su vrena s ciljem da se utvrdi meuodnos veliine lopatice i tijela u vezi s rastom tijela pripadnika jadranske populacije dobrih dupina (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821.). Na taj nain bi se moglo na osnovi samo utvrivanja odreenih izmjera lopatice nekog dupina zakljuiti o veliini njegovog tijela. U tu svrhu je na lopaticama osam dupina duine 163-290 cm, mase 52-279 kg i dobi <1-12 godina iz hrvatskog dijela Jadrana izmjereno sedam tono odreenih izmjera (duina korakoidnog izdanka, irina korakoidnog izdanka, irina akromiona, dubina lopatine usjekline, visina lopatice, duina lopatice i vei promjer lopatine zglobne udubine) te su usporeene s duinom tijela dupina. Za etiri nie navedene izmjere lopatice jadranskih dobrih dupina koje pokazuju najznaajniju (P<0,001) vezu s duinom tijela izraunat je faktor korelacije (r) i jednadba za izraunavanje duine tijela u cm jadranskih dobrih dupina: 1) visina lopatice (r = 0,99743), duina dupina = 70,314 + 11,503 X visina lopatice; 2) duina korakoidnog izdanka (r = 0,99185), duina dupina = 98,096 + 30,742 X duina korakoidnog izdanka; 3) irina korakoidnog izdanka (r = 0,99149), duina dupina = 102,40 + 48,613 X irina korakoidnog izdanka; 4) duina lopatice (r = 0,97789), duina dupina = 99,157 + 11,220 X duina lopatice. Iz duine tijela jadranskog dobrog dupina, njegova masa u kg moe se izraunati uz visoki korelacijski faktor (r = 0,99163) prema jednadbi: masa dupina u kg = 1,6506 X duina dupina u cm - 206,2. Na osnovi izvrenih istraivanja s velikom tonou se moe izraunati ukupna duina tijela dobrih dupina jadranske populacije na osnovi navedenih izmjera lopatice. Iz duine tijela (u rasponu od 163 do 290 cm) s velikom tonou se moe izraunati masa tijela dobrih dupina jadranske populacije, ali ta tonost bi vjerojatno bila znatno manja u gravidnih enki. Correlation between size of the scapula and the body of the Adriatic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) These investigations were performed in order to establish the correlation between size of the scapula and the size of the body, related to the body growth of the members of the Adriatic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821.) population. In that way, one could calculate the size of particular dolphin body, knowing only some of its scapula measures. For this purpose, we studied seven measures (greatest length of coracoid process, greatest width of coracoid process, greatest width of acromion process, depth of suprascapular notch, height of scapula, length of scapula and bigger diameter of glenoid cavity) of the scapulas of eight dolphins from the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea, that were 163-290 cm long, mass of 52-279 kg and were <1-12 years old. We compared these measures with the respective dolphin body lengths. We calculated the correlation factor (r) and the equation for the calculation of the body length in centimeters of the Adriatic bottlenose dolphins using following four of the seven scapula measurements that were shown to be in the best correlation with the body length (P<0.001): 1) height of scapula (r = 0.99743), body length = 70.314 + 11.503 X height of scapula; 2) greatest length of coracoid process (r = 0.99185), body length = 98.096 + 30.742 X greatest length of coracoid process; 3) greatest width of coracoid process (r = 0.99149), body length = 102.40 + 48.613 X greatest width of coracoid process; 4) length of scapula (r = 0.97789), body length = 99.157 + 11.220 X length of scapula. Further on, the mass of the Adriatic bottlenose dolphin could be calculated with high correlation factor (r = 0.99163) from its body length using the equation: body mass in kilograms = 1.6506 X body length in centimeters - 206.2. The total length of the Adriatic bottlenose dolphins could be calculated based on above mentioned scapula measures. Based on body length (ranging from 163 to 290 cm), the body mass of the Adriatic bottlenose dolphins could be calculated with the high correctness, but the correctness would be much lower for the gravid females, probably. Snjeana Vukovi1, Ana Gomeri2, Zoran Pil3, Darinka krti1, Snjeana urkovi1, Hrvoje Gomeri1 1Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za animalnu fiziologiju, Bioloki odjel Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3iva priroda, Brezovaka 3a, 10410 Novo ie, Hrvatska Meuodnos veliine lubanje i tijela jadranskog dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821.) Kraniometrijska istraivanja vana su za standardizaciju populacije dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821.) vjerojatno jedinog preostalog sisavca Jadranskog mora. Na osam lubanja dobrog dupina, pominim mjerilom, izmjerili smo trideset i jedan tono odreeni parametar, a dobiveni mjerni podaci obraeni su deskriptivnim statistikim metodama, Cluster analizom, kraniometrijskom faktorskom analizom te su odreene korelacije meu varijablama. Rast tijela ima izvanredno visok utjecaj na kraniometrijske vrijednost osim, kako je pokazala kraniometrijska faktorska analiza, u primjeru etiri parametra, a to su projekcija sjekutine kosti preko gornje eljusti, duljina lijeve orbite, najvea irina unutarnjih nosnih otvora te najvea duljina lijevog krilastog izdanka klinaste kosti. Odstupanja u sluaju vrijednosti projekcije sjekutine kosti preko gornje eljusti moe se objasniti manjim oteenjima lubanja prilikom prepariranja, dok su odstupanja u preostala tri parametra, vjerujemo, vrlo zanimljive individualne razlike na koje treba posebno obratiti panju. Correlation between the size of the skull and the body of the Adriatic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) For the standardisation of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821) probably the last of the marine mammals in the Adriatic Sea, the craniometric investigations are of the great interest. For that purpose we measured, by means of caliper, thirty-one precisely defined parameter on the total of eight the bottlenose dolphin skulls. All results were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, craniometric factor analysis and correlation coefficient. Body growth had markedly great influence on the craniometric values, except in the case of four parameters, projection of premaxillaries beyond maxillaries, length of left orbit, greatest width of internal nares and greatest length of left pterygoid, pointed out by craniometric factor analysis. Variations in the case of projection of premaxillaries beyond maxillaries might be explained by minor damages of skulls during the preparation, while the variations in remaining three parameters could reflect very interesting individual differences. Snjeana urkovi1, Korana Stipeti1, Zoran Pil2, Snjeana Vukovi1, Darinka krti1, Hrvoje Gomeri1 1Zavod za anatomiju histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2iva priroda, Brezovaka 3a, 10410 Novo ie, Hrvatska Meuodnos veliine prvih kraljeaka i duine tijela u usporedbi s veliinom lubanje jadranskog dobrog dupina (Tursiopstruncatus,Montagu 1821.) U ovom istraivanju su koriteni dijelovi kostura osam jedinki dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821.), prikupljenih iz Jadranskog mora u razdoblju od 1990. godine do danas. S ciljem utvrivanja meusobnog odnosa veliine kraljeaka i veliine tijela te njihove povezanosti s kraniometrijskim vrijednostima, pominim mjerilom mjereni su tono odreeni parametri prvog i drugog kraljeka, koji u dobrog dupina predstavljaju jedinstvenu kost. Mjerne podatke obradili smo deskriptivnim statistikim metodama te cluster analizom. Srednja vrijednost najvee irine zglobne povrine atlasa iznosi 105 mm sa standardnom devijacijom (SD) 5,7. Prosjena visina atlasa je 68 mm (SD=4,7), dok duina poprenog izdanka iznosi 32 mm (SD=2,9). Srednja visina trnastog izdanka atlasa je 56 mm (SD=16,0), a poprenog izdanka epistrofeja 36 mm (SD=8,4). Cluster analiza pokazuje da rast veliine kraljeaka linearno prati porast veliine tijela te da je veliina kraljeaka u vrlo visokoj meuzavisnosti s kraniometrijskim podacima. Correlation between size of the first vertebrae and the body compared with the size of the skull in the Adriatic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiopstruncatus, Montagu 1821) In this investigation we have used skeleton pieces from eight individuals of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Montagu 1821), collected from the Adriatic Sea during the period since 1990. Using caliper we measured exactly determined parameters of atlas and epistropheus, which are forming one bone in the bottlenose dolphin. With the scope to reveal a relationship between the size of vertebrae and the size of the body we also wanted to explore the link between those parameters and craniometric values. Measured data were examined by standard descriptive methods and by cluster analysis. The mean value of the greatest width of articulating surface of atlas was 105 mm with standard deviation (SD) 5.7, the average height of atlas was 68 mm (SD=4.7), while length of transversal process of atlas was 33 mm (SD=2.9). The mean of the greatest length of spinous process of atlas was 56 mm (SD=16) and left transverse process of the axis was 36 mm (SD=8.4). The cluster analysis pointed out that the growth of vertebrae was followed by the growth of the size of the body. The size of vertebrae was in very high correlation with craniometric values. Damir Miheli1, Alen Slavica2, Vesna Gjurevi-Kantura1, Kreimir Babi1, GoranBai2 1Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za porodnitvo, sterilitet i U.O., Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Utjecaj zagaenosti mora na histoenzimsku aktivnost u nekim tkivima cipla (Mugil cephalus) Poznato je kako anorganske i organske tvari tetno utjeu na ive organizme. U moru luka i pristanita uz organska znatna su i anorganska zagaenja. Unato zagaenosti mora esto se nalaze pojedine vrste riba, posebice cipal (Mugil cephalus) koji ovdje ima obilje hrane, a ponekad se nalazi i na trnicama kao konzumna riba. U naem istraivanju nastojali smo istraiti kakav je utjecaj zagaenosti mora na pojedina tkiva cipla. Stoga smo istraili neke hidrolitske i oksidativne enzime u tkivu krga, koi, hepatopankreasu, probavnom sustavu i spolnim organima, koji su najizloeniji odnosno najosjetljiviji na organska i anorganska zagaenja. Unato mogunosti preivljavanja i ivota u vie ili manje zaleenom moru uoene su razlike u aktivnosti oksidativnih i hidrolitskih enzima u istraivanim tkivima. Dobiveni rezultati upuuju na potrebu poduzimanja odgovarajuih mjera u spreavanju daljnjeg zagaivanja mora te plasmana takove ribe na trite u to bi se aktivnije trebali ukljuiti nadleni organi Uprave (veterinarska i sanitarna inspekcija). Impact of sea pollution on histoenzyme activities of some striped mullet tissues (Mugil cephalus) It is known that inorganic and organic substances have a negative impact on livings organisms. In sea parts and piers besides organic pollution there is a considerable inorganic one. In spite of the polluted sea, some species of fish can be frequently found, in particular the striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) which has the abundance of food there, and is sometimes sold as consumer goods on markets. In our research we have tried to explore the impact of sea pollution on some tissues of striped mullets. So, we have examined some hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in gill tissues, in skin, hepatopancreas, digestive and reproduction organs which are exposed the most and which are the most sensitive to organic and inorganic pollution. In spite of a possibility to survive and the life in the more or less polluted sea, differences have been observed in activities of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes of the examined tissues. The results obtained here direct us toward the necessity to undertake adequate measures in order to stop further sea pollution and marketing of fish which should consequently include more active part to be taken by competent management bodies (veterinary and sanitary inspections). Jadranka Varljen1, Jasminka Rupi1, Sanda uli1, Jasminka Beli1, Vesna Erakovi1, Vojko Obersnel2, Miljenko Kapovi2 1Zavod za kemiju i biokemiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Rijeci, BraeBranchetta20/I, 51000Rijeka,Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Rijeci, BraeBranchetta20/I,51000Rijeka,Hrvatska Odreivanje sastava lipida nekih riba Jadranskog mora Meso ribe u ljudskoj prehrani predstavlja vaan izvor nezasienih masnih kiselina i fosfora. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti koliinu ukupnih, nepolarnih i polarnih lipida u mesu nekih riba Jadranskog mora poput arbuna (Pegellus erythrinus), fratra (Diplodus vulgaris), krpuna (Scorpaena porcus) i ugora (Conger conger) te njihov masno-kiselinski sastav. Nadalje, odreivan je sadraj fosfora u tkivu te promatran utjecaj okoline na navedene parametre. Ekstrakcija ukupnih lipida iz oienih miia ribe vrena je metodom po Folch-u i sur. Dio ukupnih lipida uzet je za odreivanje fosfora , a ostatak je razdvojen tankoslojnom preparativnom kromatografijom na pojedine nepolarne i polarne frakcije. Od nepolarnih lipida najzastupljenije frakcije bile su trigliceridi i kolesterol, a od polarnih fosfatidil inozitol, fosfatidilserin, fosfatidil etanolamin i fosfatidil kolin. Po metanolizi metilni esteri masnih kiselina pojedinih frakcija identificirani su metodom plinske kromatografije. Iz dobivenih rezultata vidljivo je da maseni udio ukupnih lipida u miinom tkivu ribe varira od 3,65% do 14,86% raunato na suhu teinu, odnosno od 0,78% do 4,77% raunato na vlanu teinu. Od toga polarni lipidi sainjavaju od 3,67% do 25.8%, a nepolarni od 74,2% do 96,33%. Najzastupljenije masne kiseline u svim lipidnim frakcijama bile su: palmitinska (16:0), palmitoleinska (16:1), stearinska (18:0), oleinska (18:1), arahidonska (20:4) i dokozaheksaenoina (22:6) kiselina. Determination of the lipid composition of some Adriatic fishes Fish meat in human diet represents very important source of unsaturated fatty acids and phosphorus. The aim of this study was to determine quantity of total, nonpolar and polar lipids in meat of some Adriatic fishes like red sea bream (Pagellus erythrinus), two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris), black scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus) and sea eel (Conger conger) as well as their fatty acid composition. Further, phosphorus content was determined and, environmental influences on mentioned parameters were observed. Total lipid extraction from cleaned muscle tissue was performed according to Folch et al. A portion of extracted lipids was taken for phosphorus determination, and the rest was separated using thin layer chromatography into several polar and nonpolar classes. Major nonpolar classes were triglycerides and cholesterol and major polar classes were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserin, phosphatidyletanolamin and phosphatidylcolin. After the methanolysis fatty acid methyl esters from all analyzed nonpolar and polar lipid classes were identified using gas chromatography. From obtained results it could be seen that total lipid content in fish muscles vary from 3.65% to 14.86% of dry weight, or from 0.78% to 4.77% on wet weight. Polar lipids represent from 3.67% to 25.8% and nonpolar lipids from 74,2% to 96.33% of total lipid content. In all lipid classes the most prominent were palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), arachidonic (20:4) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acid. Daniela Storga1,2, K. Vrecko2, G. Reibnegger2, J.G.D. Birkmayer1 1Birkmayer Institute for Parkinson Therapy, Schwarzspanierstr. 16, 1090 Vienna, Austria 2Institute for Medical Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria NADH stimulira aktivitete enzima nadh citokrom C reduktaze i glutation peroksidaze u kulturi PC12 stanica NADH stimulira endogenu sintezu dopamina te se uspjeno koristi za lijeenje Parkinsonove bolesti. ak i pacijenti kod kojih klasina L-DOPA terapija vise ne pomae pokazuju znaajno poboljanje nakon tretmana sa NADH, sto pokazuje da bi stimulacija endogene sinteze dopamina mogla nadvladati nuspojave dugotrajne L-DOPA terapije i sprijeiti odumiranje preostalih stanica Substantiae nigrae uzrokovano djelovanjem slobodnih radikala nastalih autooksidacijom L-DOPA-e. Nadalje, pokazano je da NADH terapija pomae i kod kognitivnih poremeaja, te da poveava koncentraciju dopamina i noradrenalina u plazmi, kao i aktivitet mitohondrijskog kompleksa I u trombocitima bolesnika od Alzheimerove bolesti. Prema tome bi NADH, kao pokretaka sila mitohondrijskog lanca za prijenos elektrona, mogao poveati proizvodnju energije modanih stanica. Budui da PC12 stanice (od engl.; phaeochromocytoma cells clone 12) imaju metabolizam slian neuronima Substantiae nigrae, odabrane su za eksperiment u kojem je istraen utjecaj NADH na aktivitet enzima NADH citokrom C reduktaze (kompleksa I-III mitohondrijskog lanca za prijenos elektrona) i na aktivitet glavnog antioksidativnog enzima mozga, glutation peroxidaze. U kulturi PC12 stanica, inkubiranoj 0 h, 4 h, 8 h i 24 h u mediju s odnosno bez dodatka NADH, aktiviteti enzima odreeni su spektrofotometrijski. Rezultati su pokazali da 8 h inkubacije stanica sa NADH poveava aktivitet mitohondrijskog kompleksa I-III za 16% te aktivitet glutation peroxidaze za 18%. Zakljuujemo da NADH stimulira proizvodnju energije kao i antioksidativni potencijal PC12 stanica te vjerojatno na taj nain titi neurone od odumiranja i usporava odnosno koci daljnji tok Parkinsonove i Alzheimerove bolesti. NADH stimulates nadh cytochrome C reductase and glutathione peroxidase activity in phaeochromocytoma cells NADH is known not only to stimulate the endogenous dopamine biosynthesis and has successfully been used for the therapy of Parkinsons disease, but is also found to improve cognitive dysfunctions and to increase dopamine and noradrenaline concentrations in plasma and the mitochondrial Complex I activity in platelets of Alzheimers disease patients, indicating that NADH as a driving force for the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) could increase energy production of the brain cells as well. Furthermore, the stimulation of the endogenous dopamine biosynthesis by NADH, could overcome the drawback of the Parkinsons disease treatment by L-DOPA in the sense that it could avoid further destruction of the residual nigra cells caused by the action of free radicals which are formed in considerable quantities by autooxidation of L-DOPA. As the rat phaeochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) have a metabolism comparable to the Substantia nigra nerve cells, in order to determine a possible stimulating effect of NADH on the cellular energy production and on the antioxidant potential of the cells, activities of NADH cytochrome C reductase (Complex I-III of the mitochondrial ETC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX, the main antioxidant enzyme of the brain) were measured in PC12 cells incubated for 0h, 4h, 8h and 24h in the medium with and without addition of NADH. A 16% increase in the activity of Complex I-III and a 18% increase in the GSH-PX activity were observed after eight hours of incubation with NADH. Our results indicate that NADH stimulates energy production and also antioxidant potential of PC12 cells. From these findings we conclude that NADH posses a neuroprotective effect which could slow down or even stop the progression of neurodegeneration taking place in Parkinsons and Alzheimers disease. Kreimir Babi, Snjeana Kuir, Zdravka Hincak, Vesna Gjurevi-Kantura, DamirMiheli Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Makromorfoloke i osteometrijske znaajke lanaka prsta konja (Equus sp. L.) iz nalazita Vuedol (Vukovar, Hrvatska) Izvrena su makromorfoloka i osteometrijska istraivanja na uzorcima lanaka prsta (ossa digitorum manus i ossa digitorum pedis) u konja (Equus sp. L.). Osteoloki materijal je dobiven sa nalazita Vuedol, u iskopavanjima obavljenim 1984/85. godine, lokacija Vinograd Streim, u tri eneolitika sloja: badenski, kostolaki i vuedolski. Taksonomskom odredbom kotani odlomci Equus sp. L. po uestalosti nalaza su dosta rijetki (1,2%) a takoer je i uestalost kostiju prsta malena. Osteometrijska istraivanja, mjere duine, irine te kutova na kopitnoj kosti kao i prikaz indeksa iz dobivenih mjera ukazuje na neznatne razlike s poredbenim recentnim uzorkom, dok morfoloke razlike nisu uoene. Macromorfological and osteometrical characteristic of horse (Equus sp. L.) phalanx digitorum from Vuedol site (Vukovar, Croatia) Macromorfological and osteometrical researches were preformed on the sample of horse (Equua sp. L.) phalanx digitorum (ossa digitorum manus and ossa digitorum pedis). Osteological material coming from Vuedol-site, by excavation performed in 1984/85 year, location Vineyard Streim, in three eneolitics stratum: Baden, Kostolac and Vuedol. According to taxonomic identification bone fragments, Equus sp. L. were very rare (1.2%) and frequency of phalanx bones was low too. Osteometrical research, longitude, latitude and angle measurements of hoof bones and survey index from this measurements, indicated small difference compared with recent samples, while morfological difference was not discovered. Snjeana Kuir, Kreimir Babi, Damir Miheli Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Poredbeni prikaz gornje i donje eljusti eneolitske domae svinje Vuedola (3 500-2 400 pr. K.) i dananje domae svinje Arheoloka iskapanja 1984/85 godine na podruju Vuedola (Vukovar, Hrvatska), dala su bogat osteoloki materijal. U jamama koje su u doba Vuedolske kulture sluile kao mjesta otpada naeni su brojni fragmenti kostiju kako domaih tako i divljih ivotinja. Manji broj ivotinjskih kostiju naen je i u ljudskim grobovima to se objanjava obrednim rtvovanjem. Obraujui dio tog osteolokog materijala makromorfolokim i osteometrijskim postupcima, posebnu panju smo posvetili kotanim fragmentima gornje i donje eljusti svinje. Razluili smo kotane fragmente divlje od domae svinje, te one domae svinje usporedili sa gornjom i donjom eljusti danas ivue domae svinje. U tom postupku smo koristili poredbeni materijal iz osteoloke zbirke naeg Zavoda. Najuoljivije promjene nastale su u duini eljusti te veliini zadnjeg kutnjaka. Pojavu objanjavamo ovjekovom eljom za poveanjem mase tijela svinja, i smanjenjem mase glave, te njegovim smislenim radom u tom pravcu. Comparative description of maxillae and mandibulae of eneolitics domesticated pig from Vuedol (3 500-2 400 BC) and recent domesticated pig Archeological excavation in 1984/85 year on the Vuedol site (Vukovar, Croatia), gave as abundant osteological material. In the holes which were at time of Vuedol culture used as rubbish-heaps, were found numerous bones fragments of domesticated animals as well as wild animals. A small number of animal bones were found in the human graves what is explained as a result of ritual sacrifice. We examined a piece of that osteological material by macromorphological and osteometrical procedures with special consideration to the maxillae and mandibulae bones fragments of pig. Than we distinguished bones fragments of wild and domesticated pig, and that of domesticated pig we compared with maxillae and mandibulae of recent domesticated pig. In this procedure we were using comparative material from our osteological collection. Most obvious alteration were in length of maxillae and mandibulae and in size of last molar. We can explain this phenomenon by mans wish for increase mass of the pig body, but decrease mass of the pig head, and his significant work in this direction. Stjepan Krmar1, Branko Dmitrovi2, Tatjana Strahini3, Svjetlana Mari4, ZdravkoPetanjek5 1Zavod za biologiju, Pedagoki fakultet, Sveuilite J.J. Strossmayera, L.Jgera9, 31000Osijek,Hrvatska 2Zavod za patologiju, Klinika bolnica Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska 3Zavod za histologiju i embriologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, alata3, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 4Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 5Zavod za anatomiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Histoloko - anatomska analiza rasplodnog sustava enke Tabanus sudeticus Zeller, 1842. (Diptera: Tabanidae) Obavljena je histoloko - anatomska analiza rasplodnog sustava vrste Tabanus sudeticus, jedne od najbrojnijih vrsta obada u Hrvatskoj. Analizirane su jedinke sakupljene na blagu pri uzimanju krvi, tijekom lipnja i srpnja. Rasplodni sustav smjeten je u zatku, te je sastavljen od plodila, izvodnih cijevi plodila i ljezdanih dodataka. Analizirani su jajnici, rutinskom histolokom metodom. Svaki je jajnik sastavljen od jajnih cjevica. Jajne cjevice su meroistike politrofne a sastoje se od zametne komorice u kojoj se stvaraju oocite, slijedi prvi i drugi folikul obavijen folikularnim epitelom. Sazrijevanje jaja prolazi kroz nekoliko razvojnih stupnjeva, te poslije oplodnje slijedi polaganje. Kod jedinki iz mjeseca srpnja pronaeni su smeurani ostaci stanica folikularnog epitela u obliku peteljke, dok kod jedinki iz mjeseca lipnja nisu naeni. Na toj osnovi razlikujemo jedinke kod kojih je obavljeno polaganje jaja. Kod vrste Tabanus sudeticus utvreno je jedno polaganje jaja, te zakljuujemo da je analizirana vrsta anautogena. To dokazuje da je krvni obrok neophodan za dozrijevanje jaja vrste Tabanus sudeticus. Histological and anatomical analysis of the female reproductive system of Tabanus sudeticus Zeller 1842 (Diptera: Tabanidae) The study performed the histological and anatomical analysis of Tabanus sudeticus reproductive tract, since Tabanus sudeticus is one of the most numerous horse flies species in Croatia. The specimens what we had collected while blood sucking the livestock during June and July were analyzed. The reproductive tract that lies in abdomen consists of gonad, their ducts and accessory glands. The ovaries were examined applying common histological method. Every ovary consists of ovarioles. The ovarioles are meroistic polytrophic and comprised of germarium where the oocytes are created, follows the first (terminal) and second follicle are wrapped with the follicular epithelium. The egg maturation passes through several develop stages and after fecundation follows oviposition. The July specimens had the follicular remains in the ovariole pedicles (the "relic" stage) but the June specimens did not have any. This helps us to distinguish between the ones that had oviposition and the one that did not. Since the Tabanus sudeticus established only one oviposition, we can conclude that this is anautogenous species. Nevertheless, it proves that the blood meal is essential for the egg maturation of Tabanus sudeticus. Tomislav Treer, Roman Safner, Ivica Anii, Andrea Kolak, Maja Drai Zavod za ribarstvo, pelarstvo i specijalnu zoologiju, Agronomski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Uspjenost razlikovanja aranskih populacija (Cyprinus carpio L.) pomou tri morfoloke metode Dananje biokemijske i citogenetske metode daju vrlo sigurne rezultate u razlikovanju ribljih populacija, no u ihtiologiji su i dalje vrlo vrijedne morfoloke metode. One su pogodne kako zbog svoje pristupanosti, tako i zbog direktnog objanjenja u kojim se osobinama neke populacije riba razlikuju. U ovom radu istraivane su etiri populacije uzgajanih arana s ribnjaarstava u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj usporedbom meristikih, klasinih morfometrijskih i suvremenih morfometrijskih parametara po sustavu vezane mree. Populacije arana su unutar svake od ovih skupina parametara usporeene metodom principal components. Rezultati istraivanja pokazuju da se aranske populacije najuspjenije razlikuju pomou suvremene metode vezane mree. Principal components analiza ovih parametara sve je populacije u potpunosti razluila ve upotrebom samo prva dva faktora. Na ovaj su nain kod klasine metode jasnije (ali ne u potpunosti) razluene dvije populacije, a kod meristike metode tek jedna. Ukljuivanje i treeg faktora iz principal components analize bitno je pripomoglo razlikovanju aranskih populacija i kod ove dvije metode, ali jo uvijek ne svih u potpunosti. Razliita priroda nasljeivanja morfometrijskih i meristikih osobina takoer je uvjetovala da se upotrebom svake od njih iste populacije riba razliito razlikuju. Stoga se moe zakljuiti da se u razlikovanju ribljih populacija pomou morfolokih osobina, primjenom principal components analize, najuinkovitiji rezultati postiu metodom vezane mree. No, obzirom da su razlike uoene usporedbom meristikih parametara pouzdanije zbog viih heritabiliteta, najkvalitetniji rezultati mogu se poluiti zajednikom uporabom sve tri primjenjene metode. The efficiency of differentiation of common carp populations (Cyprinuscarpio L.) according to three morphological methods The contemporary biochemical and cytogenetic methods for differentiation of fish populations give very accurate results. However, the morphological methods are still valuable in ichthyology. They are suitable for both - accessness and direct explanation of characters which are different in certain fish populations. This paper covers investigation of four cultured common carp populations from the farms in northern Croatia. The meristic, classic morphometric and truss network parameters were separately explained by principal component analysis. The results show that common carp populations were most successfully differentiated by truss network. All of the four populations were already completely separated by using only the first two factors of principal components analysis. In the same way only two populations were clearly (but not completely) separated by classical morphometric data and only one by meristic data. The introduction of the third factor significantly helped the differentiation even in these two cases, but still not completely. Using these methods the different hereditary nature of morphometric and meristic characters influenced the separation of different populations. Therefore principal components analysis of morphological parameters was most efficient when truss network was used. However, as the meristic differences are more reliable due to their higher heritability, the best results could be obtained by using all three morphological methods. Bojana Gradinski-Vrbanac, Dubravko Emanovi, Suzana Milinkovi-Tur, ZvonkoStojevi Zavod za fiziologiju i radiobiologiju, Vetrinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, 1Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska TBARS u krvi pilia u plitkoj hipotermiji i posthipotermiji Reaktivni oblici kisika kontinuirano se stvaraju u stanicama i tkivima i reagiraju s razliitim staninim sastojcima, npr. s lipidima, dovodei do njihove peroksidacije. Poveana peroksidacija lipida dovodi do strukturnih i funkcionalnih poremeaja na staninoj membrani. Isto tako na fluiditet fosfolipida u staninim membranama moe utjecati i koncentracija magnezija (Mg). U ovom radu eljelo se istraiti uinak plitke hipotermije i posthipotermije na peroksidaciju krvnih lipida mjerei promjene reaktivnih tvari tiobarbiturne kiseline (TBARS) u krvi i koncentracije magnezija (Mg) u eritrocitima i krvnoj plazmi pilia. Pokusi su izvedeni na 50 dana starim brojlerskim piliima ohlaenim metodom a frigore na 36(C kloakalne temperature. Pilii su rtvovani dekapitacijom neposredno prije poetka hlaenja (kontrola), u hipotermiji i 1. dana posthipotermije. Spektrofotometrijski je u krvi odreivana koncentracija TBARS, a u eritrocitima i krvnoj plazmi koncentracija Mg. Koncentratija TBARS u krvi znaajno se smanjila u hipotermiji, dok se u isto vrijeme koncentracija Mg znaajno poveala kako u krvnoj plazmi taku i u eritrocitima. Najvia vrijednost TBARS zabiljeena je u posthipotermiji, dok je koncentracija Mg, kako u plazmi tako i u eritrocitima, imala tendenciju smanjenja. TBARS u krvi u znaajnoj je i negativnoj korelaciji s koncentracijom Mg u krvnoj plazmi i eritrocitima za vrijeme hipotermije, dok je u posthipotermiji korelacija izmeu ta dva parametra pozitivna i znaajna. Pretpostavljeno je da je poveana lipidska peroksidacija u krvi pilia u posthipotermiji nastala kao rezultat hladnoom izazvanog oksidativnog stresa. TBARS in chickens blood during mild hypothermia and posthypothermia Reactive oxygen species are continuously produced in the cells and tissues. They are reacting with different cellular constituents, for example with lipids, leading to they peroxidation and consequently to the structural and functional disturbances of cellular membranes. Magnesium ions (Mg) concentration may influences on the fluidity of cellular membranes fosfolipids as well. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mild hypothermia and posthypothermia on blood lipids peroxidation by measuring the concentration changes of thyobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in blood and Mg concentration in the erythrocytes and blood plasma of chickens. The experiments were carried on 50 days old broiler chickens cooled by the method a frigore to the cloacal temperature of 36(C. Chickens were sacrificed by decapitation immediately before the beginning of cooling (controls), in hypothermia, and on the 1st day of posthypothermia. TBARS concentration in blood and Mg concentrations in the erythrocytes and blood plasma were obtained spectrophotometrically. Concentration of TBARS significantly declined in hypothermia, while at the same time Mg concentration in both the blood plasma and erythrocytes significantly increased. The highest TBARS value was recorded in posthyothermia, while at the same time Mg concentration in the erythrocytes as well as in blood plasma tended to decline. During mild hypothermia blood TBARS concentration was in significantly negative correlation with Mg concentration in blood plasma and the erythrocytes. In pothypothermia the correlation between these two parameters was significant and positive. It is presumed that the increase in lipid peroxidation in chickens blood in posthypothermia was due to oxidative stress provoked by hypothermia. Nada Miteva1, Maja Jordanova1, Slavo Mitev2 1Zooloki zavod, Institut za Biologiju, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet, Gazibababb,91000Skopje, Makedonija 2Zvod za fiziologiju i biohemiju, Institut za Biologiju, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet, Gazibababb,91000Skopje, Makedonija Utjecaj hipertermine sredine na nukleolarne organizirajue regije u hepatocitima kod normalnih i ovariektomiranih takora Istraivan je broj nukleolarnih organizirajuih regija i volumen jezgara u hepatocitima kod normalnih i ovariektomiranih toploaklimatiziranih takora. Eksperimenti su bili izvoeni na odraslim takorima, soj Wistar prethodno aklimatizirane na sobnoj temperaturi - kontrola (18 - 22(C) i u hipertermikoj sredini (30 dana na 34 - 36(C), sa relativnom vlanou zraka od 30 - 40%. Nukleolarne organizirajue regije bile su odreivane AgNOR metodom. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da kronina ekspozicija u hipertermikoj sredini dovodi do smanjenja broja jezgara sa 1, 2 i 3 nukleolusa i poveava broja jezgara sa 4, 5 i 6 nukleolusa u usporedbi s kontrolom. Ovariektomija smanjuje broj jezgara sa 1, 4 i 5 nukleolusa i poveava iste sa 3 nukleolusa kod ivotinja aklimatiziranih na sobnoj temperaturi. Kod toploaklimatiziranih ivotinja ovariektomija poveava broj jezgara sa 1, 2 i 3 nukleolusa, a smanjuje one sa 4 i 5 nukleolusa. Ne postoji neka korelacija izmeu volumena jezgara i broj nukleolusa, neovisno o prethodne termike aklimatizacije. Influence of hyperthermic environment on nuclear organizer regions in hepatocytes of normal and ovariectomized rats The number of silver stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) and nuclear volume were examined in ovariectomized and heat acclimatized rats liver. The experiments were carried out on adult rats, Wistar strain, previously acclimatized to room temperature - control (18 - 22(C) and to hyperthermic environment (30 days to 34 - 36(C) with relative humidity of 30 - 40%. The detection of nucleolar organizer regions was performed by the method of AgNOR. The results obtained showed that chronical exposure to heat decreased the number of nuclei with 1, 2 and 3 nucleoli and increased the nuclei with 4, 5 and 6 nucleoli in comparison to the control. The ovariectomy decreased the number of nuclei with 1, 4 and 5 nucleoli and increased it with 3 nucleoli in the room acclimatized rats. In heat acclimatized ones the ovariectomy increased the number of nuclei with 1, 2 and 3 nucleoli and decreased it with 4 and 5 nucleoli. Maja Popovi1, Ljerka Tika-Rudman2, Tomislav Babi3, Terezija Hrenjak1 1Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Klinika za tumore, Ilica 197, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Klinika za kirurgiju, ortopediju i oftalmologiju, Veterinarski fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Antikoagulacijska aktivnost iz tkiva gujavice izoliranih imbenika Poremeaji unutar fibrinolize i koagulacije vode do ozbiljnih poremeaja u hemostazi. Stoga mnoga patoloka stanja, kao tromboze i trombotike komplikacije iziskuju farmakoloke intervencije. Iz homogenata tkiva gujavice Eisenia foetida, su uz ostale bioloki aktivne makromolekule (G-90) izolirane i dvije serinske peptidaze tripsinske nadporodice (P I, P II). Peptidaze imaju jaku fibrinolitiku i antikoagulacijsku aktivnost. Aktivnost G-90, P I, P II i P I + P II provjeravana je testom koagulacije na venskoj krvi zdravih ljudi, goveda, make, psa i svinje. Tek izvaena krv dodana je neposredno na istraivane supstance raznih koncentracija. Dobiveni su slijedei antikoagulacijski uinci: G-90, P I, P II i P I + P II u koncentracija 10 4- 105 ng/ml u potpunosti zaustavljaju gruanje krvi. U koncentraciji od 102 ng/ml vrijeme gruanja krvi G-90 produi za 93%, P I za 375%, P II za 118%, dok P I + P II u istoj koncentraciji i dalje u potpunosti zaustavljaju gruanje krvi. P I + P II daju fizioloki efekt gruanja tek pri koncentraciji od 10-3 ng/ml. G-90, P I, P II potvreni su u euglobulinskom testu lize kao plazminogenski aktivatori urokinaznog tipa. Kao takvi oni i razgrauju prisutni fibrin dodatnom aktivacijom plazminogena u plazmin. U punoj krvi oni mogu takoer spreavati stvaranje fibrina, te sa time formacije tromba. Meutim, formacije tromba mogu biti u sluaju prisutnosti fibrina inhibirane mehanizmom adhezije fibrina za receptore na trombocitima. Integrinski receptori trombocita prepoznaju odreeni aminokiselinski slijed na fibrinu, ali i nekim drugim proteinima. U takvu kompeticiju mogu biti ukljuene i istraivane supstance. Skraeno vrijeme lize fibrinskih ugruaka istovremeno povezano je sa produenim vremenom koagulacije. Jedan od ovakvih sluajeva su oboljeli od karcinoma, gdje se u terapiji diseminirane intravaskularne koagulacije (DIC) primjenjuju razni antikoagulansi. Ovaj rad pokazuje i "in vitro" antikoagulacijski efekt na punu vensku krv ivotinja oboljelih od primarnog malignog tumora. Anticoagulative activity mediated by the factors from the earthwormtissue Disturbance in fibrinolysis and blood coagulation leads toward serious disorders in haemostatic function. Many pathological state, such as thrombosis and thrombotic complications, need some medical treatment. From tissue homogenate of Eisenia foetida has been extracted biological active macromolecules (G-90), among which were two serine peptidases belonging to trypsine superfamilly (P I, P II). Peptidases exhibit considerably fibrinolytic and anticoagulative activities. Activity of G-90, P I, P II and P I + P II was tested by coagulative test at venous blood of healthy human, cattle, cats, dogs and pigs. Blood samples were treated, immediately after being obtained, with examined substances various concentrations. Anticoagulative effect of : G-90, P I, P II and P I + P II at concentrations 104-105 ng/ml completely inhibits coagulations. At concentration of 102 ng/ml G-90 prolonged the time of coagulation by 93%, P I by 375%, P II by 118%, while P I + P II completely stops coagulation till the concentration of 10-3 ng/ml. G-90, P I and P II confirm the fibrinolytic activity in euglobulinic test as urokinase type plasminogen activators. They additionally increased the fibrin lysis by the activation of plasminogen in plasma, and inhibit tromb formation. But, tromb formation could be inhibited by the adhesive action. The integrins as fibrin receptors on plateletes recognize the aminoacid sequences for fibrin, but some other proteins can be recognizable too. Examined substances can be includ in such competition. Reduced lysis of fibrin clots time is connected with delayed blood coagulation time. One of those case are disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) at the patients of carcinomas when the anticoagulative therapy is used. This study also show "in vitro" anticoagulative effect of venous blood on animals suffer of primary malignant tumors. Emine Bayraraktarogly Middle East Technical University, Department of Biology, 06531 Ankara, Turkey Neurosekretorne stanice u usnim ganglijima Helix spp. Neurosekretorne stanice (NSS) su prikazane histokemijskim postupcima upotrebom paraldehid fuksina i aclian plavog / aclian utog u usnim ganglijima dvije vrste pueva plunjaka: Helix pomatia i Helix aspersa. Utvrene su dvije prethodno nepoznate vrste NSS. Lokalizacija i distribucija tih stanica su odreeni alternativnim i serijskim rezovima. Stanice koje su poprimile svijetlo zelenu (SZ) i tamno zelenu (TZ) boju imaju ogranienu distribucije u lateralnim i medijalnim renjevima usnih ganglija. Traene NSS su u neposrednom dodiru s neuralnim lamelama gdje se vide specifine nakupine obojenih sekretornih zrnaca u podruju oko jezgre. Raspravljena je somalna sekrecija SZ i TZ stanica. Usporeene su NSS iz usnih ganglija razliitih pulmonata. NSS i fini citoplazmatski izdanci koji prodiru u neuralnu lamelu istraeni su elektronskim mikroskopom. Ovaj rad donosi nove morfoloke i ultrastrukturne podatke o neurosekretornom sustavu usnih ganglija pueva iz skupine Helix. Neurosecretory cells in the buccal ganglia of Helix spp. Neurosecretory cells (NSC) have been characterized by the paraldehide fuchsin and the alcian / blue yellow histochemical techniques in the buccal ganglia of two pulmonate land snails, Helix pomatia and Helix aspersa. Two types of NSC, not reported previously, have been identified. Localization and distribution of these cells have been mapped from alternated and serial sections. Cells that stained light green (LGC) and dark green (DGC) have a rather restricted distribution in the lateral and medial lobes of the buccal ganglia. Investigated NSC are in direct contact with the neural lamella where specific accumulation of stained secretory products in the perikarya is seen. Somal release of LGC and DGC has been discussed. a comparation has been made among Pulmonates of NSC of the buccal ganglia. Furthermore, the NSC and fine cytoplasmatic extensions penetrating into the neural lamella have been studied ultrastructurally. The present work provides new morphological and ultrastructural data on the neurosecretory system of the buccal ganglia of Helix. Boidarka Goi-Markovska, Suzana Dineska, Jasmina Dimitrova Institut za Bilogiju, Zavod za fiziologiju i biohemiju, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet, Gazibababb,91000Skopje, Makedonija Sadraj glikogena u adrenalnom korteksu i meduli kod bijelog laboratorijskog takora U ovom radu je odreivan sadraj glikogena u svjeem tkivu intaktne i separirane nadbubrene lijezde (korteks i medula) Antronskom metodom. Istraivani su adultni takori oba spola, soja Wistar. Malo je radova koji govore o kvantitativnim promjenama ovog metabolita u nadbubrenim lijezdama u sklopu poveane aktivnosti sustava hipotalamus-hipofiza-adrenalne lijezde. Kao rezultat poveane aktivnosti ovog sustava intenziviran je proces steroidogeneze u adrenalnim lijezdama, a time i iskoritavanje glikogena preko pentozo-fosfatnog ciklusa. Rezultati su pokazali postojanje spolne razlike u sadraju glikogena u nadbubrenim lijezdama ovih takora. Naime, nadbubrene lijezde mukih takora sadre dvostruko vie glikogena od enskih. Kortikalna i medularna tkiva sadre istu koliinu glikogena izraeno na gram svjeeg tkiva, s naznaenom spolnom razlikom. Nema razlike u sadraju glikogena izmeu lijeve i desne nadbubrene lijezde kod takora oba spola. Postotna zastupljenost ovih tkiva u kompaktnoj enskoj adrenalnoj lijezdi je 80:20 %. Od ukupne koliine glikogena (0,981 mg/g), adrenalnom korteksu pripada 0,75 mg/g, a meduli 0,231 mg/g. Kod mukih takora zastupljenost korteksa i medule je 72:28 %. Odnosno, od ukupne koliine glikogena u adrenalnoj lijezdi (1,973 mg/g), 1,447 mg/g pripada korteksu, a 0,496 mg/g meduli. Sadraj glikogena u nadbubrenim lijezdama moglo bi se koristiti kao indikator njihove aktivnosti. Glycogen quantity in adrenal glands (cortex and medulla) in rats The aim of this study is to estimate the glycogen quantity in cases of normal activity of hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal glands system in intact and separated fresh adrenal glands (cortex and medulla) in rats type Wistar in both sexes. The Anthron method was used and the glycogen quantity was measured in mg (glycogen) on g (tissue). There are not many studies considering the quantitative changes of this methabolit in the adrenal glands as a part of increased activity of the system hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal glands. As a result of increased activity of this system, the steroidogenesis is intensified in the adrenal glands and accordingly, the glycogen content is reduced using it in the pentoso-phosphate cycle. Measuring the glycogen quantity in both glands (left and right), we have come to conclusion that there is approximately twice as much glycogen in male adrenals compared to females. Cortex and medulla tissues contain the same quantity of glycogen measured in g (tissue), but there is difference depending on the sex. There is no difference in the glycogen quantity between the left and right adrenal glands with rats of both sexes. In percentage, the occurrence of these tissues in intact female glands is 80:20%, or in glycogen units (0,750 mg/g : 0,231 mg/g). In male rats, the occurrence of medulla and cortex, in percentage, is 72:28%, i. e. Out of the total quantity of glycogen in the adrenal glands, (1,973 mg/g), 1,447 mg/g belong to the cortex, and 0,49 mg/g to the medulla. The quantity of glycogen in the adrenal glands can be used as and indicator of their activity. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Branka Salopek, Eduard Dolui, Volker Magnus Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Auksinska aktivnost alkil-derivata indol-3-octene kiseline Testom produnog rasta koleoptile zobi (Avena-test) istraena je auksinska aktivnost alkil-derivata (alkil = 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- ili 7-metil; 4- ili 5- etil; 5-propil ili 5-butil) indol-3-octene kiseline (IAA), te usporeena s obzirom na strukturne parametre. Auksinska aktivnost izraena je kao prirast odsjeaka koleoptila (u postocima prirasta u kontrolnim eksperimentima s nesupstituiranom IAA) pri optimalnoj koncentraciji ispitanih spojeva (oko 4 (mol/l). Produni rast koleoptile zobi mijenja se ovisno o strukturi supstituenta i o njegovom poloaju na indolskom prstenu. Metilna skupina u svim navedenim pozicijama poveava bioloku aktivnost do maksimalno 150 % (5-metil-IAA). Auksinski uinak se smanjuje s duinom alkilnog lanca supstituenta. Tako npr. 5-etil-IAA ima 74%, 5-propil-IAA 55%, a 5-butil-IAA 46% auksinske aktivnosti indol-3-octene kiseline. Auxin activity of ring-alkylated derivatives of indole-3-acetic acid The growth-promoting activities of ring-alkylated (alkyl = 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-methyl; 4- or 5- ethyl; 5-propyl or 5-butyl) derivatives of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the Avena coleoptile straight-growth assay were determined and correlated with structural parameters. Auxin activity was expressed as the net elongation of coleoptile sections (in per cent of the response in control experiments with non-substituted IAA) at the optimal concentrations (about 4 (mol/l) of the compounds examined. The elongations observed were dependent on the structures of the substituents and on their positions at the indole nucleus. A methyl group in any ring position increased biological activity up to 150 % (5-methyl IAA). The elongation response decreased notably as the length of the alkyl chain increased. Thus, for example, 5-ethyl, 5-propyl, and 5-butyl IAA had 74%, 55%, and 46% of the growth-promoting activity of unsubstituted IAA. Ante Biko1, Milan Poljak1, Sibila Jelaska2 1Zavod za ishranu bilja, Agronomski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunskacesta25, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Utjecaj genotipa na umnaanje jagode in vitro Ispitan je utjecaj genotipa na stopu multiplikacije etiri sorte jagode (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) kroz tri supkulture multiplikacijske faze na agarskoj hranidbenoj podlozi sastava: makroelementi po Knopu, mikroelementi po Murashige i Skoogu (MS), 4% glukoze i s dodacima (mg/L): 100 m-inozitola, 0,1 tiamina.HCl, 0,5 piridoksina.HCl, 2,0 glicina, 0,5 nikotinske kiseline, 0,5 N6-benziladenina (BA), 0,5 indol-3-maslane kiseline (IBA) i 0,1 giberelinske kiseline (GA3). Najviu stopu iskoristivih izdanaka (( 1,5 cm) po presadnici imala je Korona (4,00), zatim Marmolada (3,96), Miranda (3,61) i Elsanta (2,71). Meutim, prosjean broj neiskoristivih izdanaka (( 1,5 cm), po presadnici bio je za sortu: Miranda 14,7, Marmolada 11,8, Korona 1,31 i Elsanta 0,97. Navedeni rezultati pokazuju da se sorte znaajno razlikuju u stopi regeneracije novih izdanaka (kod iste koncentracije egzogenog BA) i da za potpunu ocjenu stope multiplikacije nije dostatno utvrditi ukupan broj mutlipliciranih izdanaka, ve i omjer iskoristivih/neiskoristivih izdanaka. Rezultati su pokazali da je dodana koncentracija BA (0,5 mg/L) bila visoka za Marmoladu i Mirandu i vjerojatno preniska za Elsantu. Effect of genotype on strawberry shoot multiplication in vitro The multiplication rate of four strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cultivars was tested on an agarified medium containing macro-elements by Knop, micro-elements by Murashige and Skoog (MS), 4% glucose and (mg/L): 100 m-inositol, 0.1 thiamine.HCl, 0.5 pyridoxine.HCl, 2.0 glycine, 0.5 nicotinic acid, 0.5 N6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.5 indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.1 gibberellic acid. The mean number of shoots (produced per inoculum) was calculated over all inoculated divisions per three proliferation subcultures (a culture period of 3x5 weeks). The highest mean number of usable shoots (( 1.5 cm) was generated by cv. Korona (4.0), than Marmolada (3.96). Cv. Miranda produced 3.61 shoots and Elsanta had the least multiplication rate (2.71). However, the mean number of shoots produced as clusters of rosettes (unusable shoots, ( 1.5 cm) was for: Miranda 14.7, Marmolada 11.8, Korona 1.31 and Elsanta 0.97. Results showed that shoot production strongly depended on cultivars which manifested different sensibility to cytokinin. Concentration (0.5 mg/L) of BA added to medium was to high for cvs. Marmolada and Miranda, and could be low for cv. Elsanta. Nataa Zagrajski, Dunja Leljak-Levani, Marijana Krsnik-Rasol, Sibila Jelaska Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Genetika transformacija ukrasne koprive (Coleus blumei Benth.) posredstvom agrobakterija Primjenom metode Horscha i sur. (Horsch et al., 1985: Science 2273, 1229) postignuta je transformacija somatskih stanica obinog krianca ukrasne koprive (Coleus blumei) u tkivu lisnih eksplantata. Transformirano tkivo dobiveno je primjenom divljeg oktopinskog plazmida pTiB6S3 bakterije Agrobacterium tumefaciens i transkonjugantnim sojem A. tumefaciens C58C1 pArA4abc (koji umjesto pTi sadri korijen inducirajui plazmid pRi). Transformacija tkiva dokazana je prisustvom opina u stanicama kalusnoga tkiva, a vei broj linija ustaljen je supkultiviranjem na podlozi MS bez dodatka regulatora rasta. U izlaganju e biti navedeni postupci koji su poboljali uinkovitost transformacije. Agrobacterium - mediated genetic transformation of flamenettle(Coleusblumei Benth.) Transgenic Coleus blumei tissue were obtained by using the method described by Horsch et al. (1985, Science 2273, 1229). Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine strain containing pTiB6S3, or transconjugant strain A. tumefaciens with hairy-root inducing pRi (C58C1 pAr4abc) were virulent to flame nettle. The transformed nature of calli was confirmed by the presence of opines in tissue. Several callus lines were established on MS medium without growth regulators. In the report the procedures and treatments which improved transformation efficiency will be presented. Valerija Jurin1, Nada Bezi1, Josip Masteli2 1Zavod za biologiju, Fakultet prirodoslovno matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja Split, Sveuilite u Splitu, Teslina12, 21000 Split, Hrvatska 2Tehnoloki fakultet, Sveuilite u Splitu, Teslina 10, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Graa i sastav ljezdanih stanica listova vrsta Satureja montana L. iSatureja cuneifolia Ten. Anatomske karakteristike listova vrsta Satureja montana L. i Satureja cuneifolia Ten. te analiza sastava i koliine eterinog ulja istraivane su na biljkama sakupljenim na podruju Kozjaka, Braa, te Biokova. S. montana rasprostranjena je u cijelom naem obalnom submediteranskom podruju, dok je S. cuneifolia zastupljena u eumediteranskom i submediteranskom dijelu srednje do june Dalmacije. Analiza ulja vrena je na plinskom kromatografu Hewlett Packard: GC 5890 serie II; MSD 5971A), a anatomska analiza na svjetlosnom mikroskopu tip Opton Axiskop MC 63A Na povrini lista uoavaju se dlane ljezdane stanice. Jedne koje svojim izgledom podsjeaju na oble koarice vie ili manje umetnute u udubljenja veinom gornje epiderme u kojima je vidljivo postojanje eterinog ulja u subkutikularnom prostoru. Graene su od veeg broja vanjskih sekrecijskih stanica (vie od 10) koje okruuju sredinji bazni dio lijezde graen u pravilu od etiri stanice. Osim opisane strukture s gornje i donje strane lista uoavaju se znatno manje lijezde koje su jedna od faza u razvoju prema veim oblim lijezdama. Drugi tip su izduene lijezde graene od dviju i vie stanica sa zailjenom vrnom stanicom. Koliine eterinog ulja izraene u ml/100g suhe tvari variraju ovisno o istraivanim vrstama i periodu branja. Ustanovili smo da je S. montana znatno bogatija uljem, a u sastavu prevladava karvakrol i timol u visokom postotku. S. cuneifolia znatno je siromanija ovim spojevima, a zastupljeniji je endo-borneol i limonen. Pored razlike u sastavu ulja koje pokazuju ove dvije vrste uoljiva je i razlika s obzirom na istraivana stanita. Structure and composition of the leaf glandular cells SaturejamontanaL. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. Anatomical characteristics of the leaves belonging to the species of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten., as well as the analysis of the content and quantity of essential oil, have been studied on the plants gathered from the areas of Kozjak, Bra and Biokovo. S. montana spreads over the entire littoral Submediterranean region, while S. cuneifolia is to be found from Eumediterranen and Submediterranean parts of the central to the south Dalmatia. The analyses of the volatiles were run on a Hewlett-Packard: GC-MC system (GC: 5890 series II; MSD 5971A), while the anatomy analysis was made on a light microscope, type Opton Axiskop MC 63A. Hairy glandular cells are noted on the leaf surface, looking like little round baskets sank into the niches of upper epidermis and evidencing the existence of essential oil in subcuticular area. They are composed of a considerable number of external secretion cells (more than 10) surrounding the central basic part of a gland, normally made out of four cells. Besides the above described structure, much smaller glands are noted on upper and lower parts of a leaf, being one of the phases of development towards bigger round glands. Other type are the elongated glands made of two or more cells, with a pointed terminal one. The quantity of essential oil, expressed in ml/100g of dry matter, varies according to the species and the picking period. It has been found out that S. montana is much richer in oil, with prevailing high percentage content of carvacrol and thymol. S. cuneifolia is comparatively poor in these compounds, but has more endo-borneole and limonene. Apart from the difference in oil content of these two species, their respective habitats were also found very unlike each other. Boidar Krajni Fakulteta za kmetijstvo Univerze v Mariboru, Vrbanska 30, 2000 Maribor, Slovenija Istraivanje mehanizama djelovanja EDDHA, GA3 i njihovih kombinacija u stimulaciji cvatnje Nakon utvrenih sinergistikih djelovanja etilendiamino-di-o-hidroksifeniloctene kiseline (EDDHA) i giberelinske kiseline (GA3) u stimulaciji cvjetne indukcije pristupili smo prouavanju njihovih mehanizama. Postavljena je hipoteza prema kojoj EDDHA vjerojatno djeluje preko keliranja mangana. Mangan je kofaktor auksinske oksidaze, koja snizuje razinu endogenih auksina, koji u viim koncentracijama inhibiraju cvatnju. Zbog toga su obavljena istraivanja o djelovanju Mn-EDDHA na cvjetnu indukciju, koja su pokazala da Mn-EDDHA (1,5 (mol . L-1) signifikantno stimulira cvatnju kod usporeenja sa cvatnjom u istoj hranidbenoj otopini s ekvivalentnim sadrajem mangana u nekelatnom obliku (MnCl2), u uvjetima dugog i kratkog dana u fotoperiodiki neutralnih biljaka vrste Spirodela polyrrhiza i u uvjetima dugog dana kod dugodnevne vrste Lemna minor. Poto je bio postotak cvatuih biljaka u hranidbenoj otopini sa Mn EDDHA manji u usporedbi sa dodatkom EDDHA smo zakljuili da EDDHA stimulira cvjetnu indukciju po razliitim putovima. Spektrofotometrike analize biljaka su pokazale da EDDHA povisuje ishranjenost biljaka sa Mn, Fe, Zn i Ca, a snizuje primanje Cu i Mg kod vrste Spirodela polyrrhiza, u dugodnevnim i kratkodnevnim uvjetima i kod vrste Lemna minor u dugodnevnim uvjetima. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju, da EDDHA stimulira cvjetnu indukciju kod istraivanih vrsta preko keliranja mangana i jo drugih metala (jo neobjavljeno). U referatu e biti prikazana i korisna primjena dobivenih rezultata u vinogradarstvu. Investigation of mechanisms producing the effects of EDDHA, GA3 and their combinations on the promotion of flowering After establishing the synergistic effects of ethylenediamine-di-o-hydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (EDDHA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the promotion of floral induction, we started to investigate the mechanisms producing those effects. A hypothesis was formulated that EDDHA probably plays a specific role in the stimulative effects on flowering by acting so as to chelate manganese. Manganese is a co-factor of auxin oxidase, which reduces the level of endogenous auxins that in higher concentrations inhibit flowering. Hence, the investigation into the effects of Mn-EDDHA on floral induction was made, which showed that Mn-EDDHA (1,5 (mol . L-1) significantly promotes flowering under long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions in the photoperiodically neutral plant Spirodela polyrrhiza, and under LD conditions in Lemna minor when compared with flowering in the same nutrient solution with an equivalent quantity of manganese in the nonchelate form (MnCl2). Since the percentage of flowering plants in the nutrient solution containing manganese in the Mn-EDDHA form was lower than when only EDDHA was added to the nutrient solution, it was concluded that EDDHA promotes floral induction in various ways. Spectrophotometric analyses of plants showed that EDDHA increases the content of Mn, Fe, Zn and Ca in plants, but reduces the uptake of Cu and Mg in Spirodela polyrrhiza under LD and SD conditions, and in Lemna minor under LD conditions. The results obtained show that EDDHA promotes floral induction in the investigated species through chelating manganese and other metals, which has not been published so far. The paper will describe also a useful application of the obtained results in viticulture. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Mercedes Wrischer Institut "Ruer Bokovi", Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska etiri desetljea primjene elektronske mikroskopije u citofiziolokim istraivanjima u Hrvatskoj Elektronski mikroskopi, koji su se ubrzo nakon zavretka drugog svjetskog rata pojavili na svjetskom tritu, omoguili su biolozima studij staninih ultrastruktura. Ispoetka, zbog manjka kvalitetnih ultramikrotoma, istraivanja se ograniuju preteno na studij izoliranih dijelova staninih komponenata. Poboljanjem razluivanja elektronskih mikroskopa, konstrukcijom ultramikrotoma, kao i usavravanjem preparativne tehnike, bio je konano mogu i studij stanica i tkiva in toto. U Institutu "Ruer Bokovi" u Zagrebu, ve 1953. godine nabavljen je transmisijski elektrostatski elektronski mikroskop razmjerno niske moi razluivanja. Ipak, od 1955. godine tim instrumentom bila su mogua istraivanja bakterija, bakterijskih stijenki, izoliranih biljnih virusa i nekih makromolekula. U tim istraivanjima napose korisna bila je metoda tzv. sjenanja metalima. Usprkos pomanjkanju kvalitetnog ultramikrotoma i elektronskog mikroskopa dobre moi razluivanja, nainjena su i neka istraivanja ultrastrukture itavih stanica. Tako je praen proces stanine nekrobioze, istraena je ultrastruktura biljnih ljezdanih stanica i dr. Dolaskom kvalitetnog transmisijskog elektronskog mikroskopa (Siemens Elmiskop) u Zagreb 1964. godine omoguena su, uz dobar ultramikrotom, opsena istraivanja u podruju stanica. Ovaj mikroskop ostaje dugi niz godina najsvrsishodnije koriteni instrument za bioloka istraivanja. Rezultati postignuti novim mikroskopom pokazali su veliki skok u kvaliteti i ubrzo dostigli vrlo visoku razinu. Budui da je u to doba taj novi elektronski mikroskop bio jedini kvalitetni instrument u Hrvatskoj, bio je koriten za istraivanja gotovo u svim prirodnim znanostima. Od biolokih objekata istrauju se tako bakterije, virusi, napose biljni virusi u stanicama te razni animalni objekti. Intenzivnije se istrauju i biljne stanice, napose ultrastruktura plastida i njihova diferencijacija, kao i utjecaj raznih vanjskih faktora na plastide. U zadnjem desetljeu na tritu se pojavljuje itav niz dodatnih ureaja za elektronsku mikroskopiju, primjenjuju se nove preparativne metode, uz istodobnu pojavu posve novih tipova mikroskopa korisnih u citofiziolokim istraivanjima. Naalost, naa istraivanja nisu mogla u potpunosti pratiti taj brzi razvoj. Four decades of electron microscopy in cytophysiological research in Croatia Electron microscopes, which became commercially available soon after the Second World War, enabled biologists to explore the ultrastructure of a cell. The first studies were restricted to isolated cell components, as high-quality ultramicrotomes were still lacking. They appeared a few years later, hand in hand with improved preparative techniques, and electron microscopes with improved resolution. For the time being, only in toto studies of cells and tissues were possible. The first electron microscope in Croatia was purchased by the Ruer Bokovi Institute in 1953. While this was a relatively low-resolution instrument, it was extensively used in studies on objects such as bacteria and their cell walls, plant viruses, and macromolecules. A preparative method much used in those early days was metal shadowing. Only with exceptional skill, cell sections could be prepared. In this way we studied, for example, the process of cell necrobiosis and the interior design of plant gland cells. In 1964, an excellent electron microscope (Siemens Elmiskop) and a modern ultramicrotome were purchased, and were, for many years, the most efficiently used instruments in biological research. The extensive research on cell ultrastructure possible with this new equipment rapidly approached international standards. In Croatia, most research in the natural sciences requiring electron microscopy was done with this instrument, as there were no others of comparable performance. The biological objects preferentially studied were bacteria, viruses (in particular, virus particles in plant cells), and animal cells. On the botanical side, prime attention was given to the differentiation of plastids, as influenced by a variety of environmental factors. In the past decade, new types of electron microscopes were designed, more sophisticated auxiliary equipment appeared, and new preparative techniques were invented. Unfortunately, we could not completely follow this rapid progress. Dean Gorski, Suzana Lukini, Sibila Jelaska Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Uinak tidiazurona i forklorfenurona na regeneraciju izdanaka grahaigraka Neposredna regeneracija viestrukih izdanaka u kulturi itavih sjemenki i klijanaca graha (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cvs. Gold Marie, Top Crop i Bergold) i graka (Pisum sativum L., cvs. Atlas, Avola, Karina, Mali provansalac i Tristar) potaknuta je isklijavanjem sjemenki na hranidbenoj podlozi MSB5 s dodatkom tidiazurona ili forklorfenurona (derivata feniluree). Forklorfenuron bio je uinkovitiji od tidiazurona. Stvaranje adventivnih i aksilarnih pupova utvreno je nakon tri do sedam dana uzgoja sjemenki na podlozi s regulatorom rasta a broj izdanaka poveavao se proporcionalno s vremenskim trajanjem djelovanja supstancije. Adventivni izdanci stvarali su se u podruju aksilarnih pazuaca, a u graku i u hipokotilnom dijelu klijanaca. Trajna prisutnost regulatora rasta nije bila neophodna za indukciju. Najkrae vrijeme potrebno za indukciju izdanaka u graku iznosila je dva dana. Regenerirani izdanci izduivali su se na podlozi s GA3 i zakorijenjivali na podlozi s IAA (0,2 mg/l) i NAA (0,4 mg/l). Effect of thidiazuron and forchlorfenuron on shoot regeneration of common bean and pea Direct regeneration of multiple shoots in culture of intact seeds and seedlings of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cvs. Gold Marie, Top Crop and Bergold) and pea (Pisum sativum L., cvs. Atlas, Avola, Karina, Mali provansalac and Tristar) was obtained on a medium MSB5 supplemented with thidiazuron or forchlorfenuron (CPPU, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl-N'-phenylurea) - (both substituted phenylureas). The CPPU was more efficient than thidiazuron. The differentiation of adventitious and axillary shoots occurred within three to seven days of seed culture, and a shoot number increased proportionally with the duration of cultivation. Adventitious shoots generated from tissues in the regions of axillary buds and from seedling tissue of the pea hypocotyl region. Continuous presence of growth regulators was not necessary for growth and development of shoots. Regenerated shoots elongated on a medium with GA3 and rooted on a medium with 0.2 mg/L IAA and 0.4 mg/L NAA. Tamara Tramiak Milakovi1, Snjeana Mihaljevi1, Sibila Jelaska2 1Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Utjecaj eera i apscizinske kiseline na sazrijevanje somatskih embrija Panieve smreke (Picea omorika (Pan.) Purk.) Sazrijevanje somatskih embrija predstavlja kritian korak u somatskoj embriogenezi. Kvaliteta i vijabilnost somatskih embrija odreuju njihovu sposobnost klijanja i stvaranja zdravih biljica. Sazrijevanje embrija etinjaa ovisi o sastavu hranidbene podloge, posebno o vrsti i koncentraciji eera te o koncentraciji apscizinske kiseline. Ispitan je utjecaj eera i apscizinske kiseline na sazrijevanje dva fenotipski razliita tipa embriogenoga tkiva Panieve smreke (Picea omorika (Pan.) Purk.). Stvaranje embriogenoga tkiva iz zrelih embrija Panieve smreke potaknuto je kultiviranjem na modificiranoj podlozi LP s dodatkom 1% saharoze, 10 (M 2,4-D i 5 (M BAP. Tijekom odravanja embriogenoga tkiva na podlozi 1/2xLP s 1% saharoze, 5 (M 2,4-D i 2,5 (M BAP razluena su, na osnovu morfolokih i anatomskih karakteristika, dva tipa embriogenoga tkiva, B i W. Na podlozi za sazrijevanje (1/2xPL s 3% saharoze i 20 (M ABA) tkivo B imalo je znatno veu sposobnost sazrijevanja nego tkivo W. Sazrijevanje embrija Panieve smreke ovisilo je o molaritetu eera tj. o osmotskom tlaku podloge ali i o koncentraciji eera izraenoj u obliku postotka. Optimalno sazrijevanje embrija linija B postignuto je na 3%-tnoj glukozi koja uzrokuje vei osmotski tlak podloge nego ista koncentracija saharoze. Sazrijevanje linija W nije poboljano ni na jednoj podlozi. Embriji linija B sazrijevali su bolje od embrija linija W na svim podlogama osim na podlozi s dodatkom maltoze. Vee koncentracije eera (6%) koile su sazrijevanje embrija u oba tipa tkiva. Kombinacija dvaju eera (saharoza i maltoza; glukoza i maltoza) povoljnije je djelovala na sazrijevanje nego ista koncentracija pojedinog eera. Najvei broj zrelih embrija dobiven je na podlogama s dodatkom 40 (M ABA, dok su vie koncentracije (60 (M) koile sazrijevanje. Effect of sucrose and apscisic acid in somatic embryo maturation of omorika spruce (Picea omorika (Pan.) Purk.) Somatic embryo maturation is a critical step in somatic embryogenesis. Quality and viability of somatic embryos determine their germination and healthy plantlet production. Embryo maturation of conifers depends on nutritive medium composition, particularly on type and concentration of sucrose, and abscisic acid (ABA) concentration. Here, the role of different sugars and different concentrations of ABA on embryo maturation of two phenotypic different tissues of omorika spruce were examined. Embryogenic tissue in mature zygotic embryos was induced on modified LP medium supplemented with 1% sucrose, 10 (M 2,4-D and 5 (M BAP. During maintenance of cultures on 1/2xLP with 1% sucrose, 5 (M 2,4-D and 2.5 (M BAP two types of embryogenic tissue (B and W) were distinguished on their morphogenic and anatomic characteristics. On maturation medium (1/2xLP with 3% sucrose and 20 (M ABA) B tissue had significantly higher capacity of maturation than tissue W. Embryo maturation depended on sugar molarity that is on osmotic pressure of medium as well as on the sugar concentration expressed in percentage. Optimal embryo maturation in lines of B type tissue was achieved on 3% glucose (with higher osmotic pressure than 3% sucrose). Maturation in lines W was not improved on any tested media. Higher concentration of sugar (6%) inhibited embryo maturation in the both types of tissue. Combination of two sugars (sucrose + maltose, glucose + maltose) was more suitable than single ones. The highest number of mature somatic embryos were obtained on media with 40 (M ABA, while 60 (M ABA inhibited maturation. Dunja Leljak-Levani, Nataa Zagrajski, Sibila Jelaska Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Utjecaj duikovih soli na somatsku embriogenezu bundeve (Cucurbitapepo L.) Somatska embriogeneza na eksplantatima izoliranih i ozlijeenih zigotnih embrija bundeve (Cucurbita pepo L.) potaknuta je djelovanjem auksina 2,4-diklorofenoksioctene kiseline (2,4-D) ili bez dodatka auksina, kultivacijom u tami, na podlozi MS s promijenjenim izvorom duika (1 mM NH4Cl umjesto 20 mM NH4NO3 i 20 mM KNO3). Od embriogenoga tkiva dobivenog na podlozi s 2,4-D izvedena je prilagoena linija koja je rasla na podlozi bez 2,4-D. Tri embriogene linije, razliite po nainu poticanja i uzgoja tkiva, reagirale su slino na sastav duikovih soli u podlozi, vrijednost pH podloge i egzogeni auksin. Podlogama s dodatkom samo NH4Cl vrijednost pH padala je tijekom kultivacije embriogenoga tkiva to je koilo sazrijevanje embrija. Slian uinak na tijek embriogeneze imali su dodatak auksina i poetne niske vrijednosti pH podloga (pH 3,2; 4,5). Sazrijevanje embrija potaknuto je na podlogama s reduciranim (NH4+) i oksidiranim (NO3-) duikom, na podlogama bez auksina ili na podlogama s pH 5,8. Zastupljenost zrelih embrija bila je vea na podlogama u kojima je sav ili gotovo sav duik bio u oksidiranom obliku (1 mM NH4Cl i 55 mM KNO3, 60 mM NaNO3 ili 60 mM KNO3). Vrijednost pH tih podloga rasla je tijekom kultivacije embriogenoga tkiva. Histolokom analizom utvreno je da oksidirani oblik duika (NO3-) u podlozi potie produni rast embriogenih stanica. Ova istraivanja pokazala su da se tijek somatske embriogeneze moe regulirati duikovim solima u podlozi. Njihovo djelovanje povezano je s promjenom vrijednosti pH iji je znaaj za stanini rast i razvoj zigotnoga embrija utvren. Effect of nitrogen compounds on somatic embryogenesis in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Somatic embryogenesis in wounded zygotic embryo explants of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) was induced on medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), or without auxin on MS medium with modified nitrogen source (1 mM NH4Cl instead of 20 mM KNO3 and 20 mM NH4NO3) by cultivation in the dark conditions. A habituated embryogenic line was derived from tissue established on 2,4-D containing medium. The three embryogenic lines, different on their induction manner, responded similarly on the same composition of nitrogen salts, auxin addition and pH value of medium. The pH value of medium with NH4Cl as the sole nitrogen source decreased during the cultivation of embryogenic tissue and the maturation of embryos was blocked. The same effect on somatic embryo maturation had the auxin addition and the low pH values of medium (pH 3.2; 4.5). The embryos matured on the medium with both reduced (NH4+) and unreduced (NO3-) nitrogen, on the medium without auxin and on the medium with pH 5.8. The frequency of mature embryos was higher on media with unreduced nitrogen (1 mM NH4Cl and 55 mM KNO3, 60 mM NaNO3 or 60 mM KNO3). The pH values of these media increased during the cultivation of embryogenic tissue. Unreduced nitrogen in the medium enabled the growth of embryogenic cells. This investigation showed that the process of somatic embryogenesis could be regulated by the composition of nitrogen salts in medium. Nitrogen salts influenced on the pH values during cultivation which significance in the process of cell expansion and embryo development is established. Petar Rastovski, Nikola Komlenovi, Dunja Novosel umarski institut Jastrebarsko, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Hrvatska Prilog prouavanju novih metoda proizvodnje umskih sadnica u rasadnicima primjenom granuliranih i tekuih mineralnih gnojiva Svrha ovih istraivanja je da se poboljaju uobiajene kao i iznau nove metode proizvodnje umskih sadnica vodei rauna o kvaliteti proizvedenih sadnica kao i isplativosti naina proizvodnje. Vee potrebe za umskim sadnicama uvjetuju i usvajanje novih tehnologija kao npr. proizvodnja u kontroliranim uvjetima (plastenici i staklenici), u kontejnerima od tvrde plastike, PVC folijama, paperpot saima i dr. U plastenicima i staklenicima reguliranjem temperature, zrane vlage te kontroliranim navlaivanjem pruaju se mogunosti za masovniju i kvalitetniju proizvodnju sadnica i to uglavnom sa obloenim korijenovim sustavom. Kroz istraivanja posebna panja posveena je primjeni kompleksnih mineralnih NPK granuliranih gnojiva sa produenim djelovanjem kao i folijarnih gnojiva kojima bi se pridonijelo proizvodnji to kvalitetnijih sadnica. Od granuliranih gnojiva primijenjena su: Osmocote, Osmocote-Plus, Osmocote Mini, Osmocote Sierrablen i Preform a od folijarnih Titavin 2000 i Titavin 2000 + Fe. Biljne vrste sa kojima su vrena istraivanja bile su: hrast lunjak i kitnjak, obina bukva, pitomi kesten, poljski jasen, obina smreka, obini i crni bor, obina jela, alepski i primorski bor, pinija te hrast crnika i hrast medunac. Primijenjena gnojidba u startu kod pripreme supstrata vrlo je pozitivno djelovala na poboljanje kemijskih svojstava supstrata a takoer i na rast i prirast te ukupnu biomasu kao i stanje prehrane uzgajanih biljaka. To se je takoer oitovalo i kroz poveani sadraj hranjiva u supstratima kao i biljnom materijalu te sadraju pigmenata u liu odnosno iglicama biljaka. Folijarna gnojidba sa Titavin 2000 a osobito Titavin 2000 + Fe takoer je pridonijela poboljanju visinskog i debljinskog rasta biljaka kao i produkciji ukupne biomase. Istraivanja sadraja pigmenata pokazuju da granulirana mineralna gnojiva npr. Preform u prvoj godini znaajno poveavaju sadraj klorofila u liu i iglicama, a potom se isti postupno smanjuje i to osobito kod listaa. Kod etinjaa, posebno smreke i jele, ali ne i kod obinog i crnog bora stalno je nazona iako ne i posebno izraena tendencija poveanja sadraja klorofila. Karotenoidi pokazuju sline rezultate kao i klorofil, no varijabilnost izmeu tretmana i vrsta neto je manja pa su pouzdaniji rezultati o sadraju klorofila. Logino je da su pojedine istraivane vrste razliito reagirale na primjenu kompleksnih granuliranih kao i tekuih folijarnih gnojiva pa su i dobiveni rezultati bitno razliiti izmeu pojedinih vrsta, a to je u potpunosti u skladu sa biologijom svake pojedine vrste kao i njezinom potrebom za pojedinim hranjivima. Contribution to the study of new methods in the production of forest seedlings in nurseries by the application of granulated and liquid mineral fertilisers The object of these investigations was to improve routine methods of forest seedling production and to determine new methods, having in mind the quality of produced seedlings and the profitability of the production method. The greater demand for forest seedlings has conditioned the acceptance of new technologies, such as production in controlled conditions (both plastic and glass greenhouses), in hard plastic containers, PVC foils, paper pots, etc. Regulation of temperature, air humidity and moisture control in plastic and glass greenhouses facilitates mass production and higher quality seedlings, i.e. mainly ball-rooted seedlings. In the course of the investigations particular attention has been paid to the application of complex mineral NPK granulated slow-soluble fertilisers, as well as the application of foliar fertilisers, in order to obtain seedlings of the highest possible quality. The following granulated fertilises were applied: Osmocote, Osmocote-Plus, Osmocote Mini, Osmocote Sierrablen and Preform, and foliar fertilisers: Titavin 2000 and Titavin 2000+Fe. Investigations were carried out on the following plant species: Peduncled Oak and Sessile-flowered Oak, Common Beech, Sweet Chestnut , Common Ash, Norway Spruce, Scotch Pine and Austrian Pine, European Fir, Aleppo Pine and Maritime Pine, Stone Pine, and Evergreen Oak and Pubescent Oak. At the start of the preparation of the substrate the applied fertilisation had a positive effect on the improvement of the substrate chemical properties, and also on growth and increment, total biomass and the nutritional state of the plants. This was also demonstrated by the increased content of nutrients in the substrates, as well as in the plant material, content of pigments in leaves or needles on the plants. Foliar fertilisation with Titavin 2000, and especially with Titavin 2000+Fe, also contributed to improvement in height and diameter growth, as well as production of the total biomass. Investigations of the content of pigments showed that the granulated mineral fertilisers, e.g. Preform considerably increased the content of chlorophyll in leaves and needles during the first year, with a subsequent gradual decrease, particularly in the broad-leaved species. In conifers, particularly Spruce and Fir, with the exception of Scotch Pine and Austrian Pine, there was a constant tendency, although not particularly marked, for chlorophyll content to increase. Carotenoids showed similar results to chlorophyll, although variability between treatment and species was somewhat less, and therefore the results on chlorophyll content are more reliable. As expected, some of the investigated species reacted differently to the application of complex granulated fertilisers, as well as to liquid foliar fertilisers, and consequently the obtained results are essentially different between particular species, which is entirely in accordance with the biology of each individual species and its need for particular nutrients. Tibor Littvay, Zlatko Peri umarski institut Jastrebarsko, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Hrvatska tete od voluharica u klonskoj sjemenskoj plantai obinog bora (Pinussylvestris L.) Klonska sjemenska plantaa je kultura genetski superiornih stabala tako ureenih i smjetenih da se omogui intenzivna i obilna produkcija genetski superiornog sjemena. U radu su objavljeni rezultati oteenja od ogriza voluharica u klonskoj sjemenskoj plantai obinog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.). Povrina klonske sjemenske plantae iznosi 3 ha, od toga je 1,5 ha obinog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) i 1,5 ha crnog bora (Pinus nigra Arn.). Klonska sjemenska plantaa obinog bora osnovana je 1966. godine na podruju Uprave uma Gospi, umarije Gospi u neposrednoj blizini sela Ribnik predio "PRKOS". Broj klonova je 30 a ukupni broj biljaka je 600 komada. Klonovi potjeu od plus stabala iz planinskih populacija Bosne i Hrvatske. Cijepljene biljke pokazale su tijekom ovih godina otpornost na bolesti i snjegolome te dobro uraaju sjemenom. U zimi 1971/1972. godine dolo je do masovnog ogrizanja biljaka od strane zeeva. Intenzitet ogrizanja bio je i do 80% od postojeih cijepljenih biljaka. Sjemenska plantaa je potpuno obnovljena popunjavanjem novih cijepova 1978. godine. U zimi 1986/1987. godine oteeno je od ogriza voluharica cca 50% od posaenih biljaka iz 1978. godine. Vrlo bitno je naglasiti da se oteenja od ogrizanja odnose samo na cijepljene biljke a ne i na prirodni pomladak iz sjemena, koji je ostao neoteen bez razlike na starost biljaka. Damage by voles in clonal seed orchard of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Clonal seed orchard is a plantation of genetically superior trees managed and located in such a manner as to mane possible intensive and abundant production of genetically superior seed. The results of damage by bite-off in clonal seed orchard from voles are published in this work. Clonal seed orchard occupies an area of 3 ha, out of which 1,5 ha is occupied by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 1,5 ha Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.). Clonal seed orchard of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was established in 1966 on the territory of Forest enterprise Gospi, near village Ribnik in the country of "PRKOS" region. Number of the clones is 30, and a total number of trees are 600. The origins of the clones are from the plus trees from montane population of Bosnia and Croatia. Inoculated plants have exhibited disease and snow damage resistance, and they fructify well. During the winter 1971/1972 there was a mass rabbit's bite-off. The intensity was up to 80% of bitten off plants. The plantation was completely renewed by repair planting in 1978. Again in winter 1986/1987 about 50% of plants planted in 1978 was damaged by recoud vole attack in winter 1986/1987. It is important to say that the damage done, by vole, refers only to noculated trees, while natural young crop (from seed) remained untouched. Maja Gradeki1, Karmelo Potenjak1, Boris Hraovec2 1umarski institut, Jastrebarsko, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarasko, Hrvatska 2umarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Poetna istraivanja cvatnje i plodonoenja grupa stabala poljskog brijesta (Ulmus minor Mill.) u istonoj Hrvatskoj U nizinskim umama Hrvatske unatrag par desetljea gotovo posve je nestala vrlo znaajna vrsta drvea poljski brijest (Ulmus minor Mill.).Od tog vremena na ovamo nema tragova inicijativama na istraivakom polju a ni pokuaja prakse za njegovo vraanje u sastojine. Poetkom 1988. izvrili smo uglavnom evidentiranje nalazita grupa vitalnih odraslih stabala u nizinskim umama. Poetkom 1993. godine nastavili smo zapoeta istraivanja praenjem pojedinih fenofaza i laboratorijskim istraivanjima. Laboratorijska istraivanja uzoraka cvatnje (cvjetni pupovi i cvjetovi) kao i dozrelog sjemena nizinskog brijesta pokazala su prisustvo nekoliko vrsta entomofaune: Anthonomus ulmi Deg., Cecidomyidae sp., Lepidoptrera sp. i dr., koji svojim tetim uinkom dovode u potpunosti do gubitka funkcije plodonoenja. Istraivanjem klijavosti sabranog sjemena metodom naklijavanja u klijalici ustanovljena je vrlo niska klijavost. Postotak turog sjemena prosjeno iznosi 46,0%. Kako je i dalje opstanak poljskog brijesta velika nepoznanica radi ouvanja genofonda ove vrste drvea nuno bi bilo zapoeti radove na formiranju klonske sjemenske plantae, kako ne bi ostali i bez postojeih sada jo vitalnih stabala. Initial research on flowering and fructification of groups of european field elm trees (Ulmus minor Mill.) In eastern Croatia Several decades ago a very significant tree species, Field Elm (Ulmus minor Mill.), almost entirely disappeared from the lowland forests of Croatia. Since then there has been no traces of any initiative either in the field of research or attempts to reinstitute them in the stands. At the beginning of l988 records were made of the habitats of groups of vital fully-grown trees in the lowland forests. At the beginning of l993 investigations were continued by monitoring particular phenophases and laboratory research work. Laboratory research on flowering samples (flower buds and flowers) and mature seed of the European Field Elm showed the presence of several types of entomofauna: Anthonomus ulmi Deg., Cecidomyidae sp., Lepidoptrera sp. and others, which, with their damaging effect lead to the entire loss of fructificating function. Testing the germinability of the gathered seeds in a germinator determined very low germinating capacity. The average percentage of poor seed amounted to 46.0 %. As the future existence of the Field Elm is in question, for the purpose of preserving the genopool of this tree species, it is necessary to start work on the formation of a clonal seed orchard, in order to avoid the possibility of losing the surviving, still vital trees. Vera Cesar, Hrvoje Lepedu Zavod za biologiju, Pedagoki fakultet, Sveuilite J.J. Strossmayera, L.Jagera9,31000Osijek,Hrvatska Godinja dinamika promjena koncentracija fotosintetskih pigmenata povezana s proliferacijom vegetativnih pupova u izbojke vrsta Piceaabies i Picea pungens Prezentirani rezultati dio su opsenih istraivanja o vegetativnim pupovima smreka i promjenama tijekom njihove proliferacije u proljetne izbojke, s ciljem boljeg razumijevanja fiziolokih odgovora u kulturi in vitro, kao to je npr. ovisnost uspjenosti indukcije adventivnih pupova o periodu uzimanja inicijalnog eksplantata. Koncentracija fotosintetskih pigmenata odreivana je u izoliranim vegetativnim pupovima odnosno iglicama vrsta Picea abies i Picea pungens. Klorofili a, b i karotenoidi ekstrahirani su 80%-tnim acetonom i kvantitativno odreeni spektrofotometrijski, mjerenjem apsorbancije na 452.5, 645 i 663 nm. Uzorkovanje je vreno jednom tjedno tijekom godine dana, od ljeta do proljea. Rezultati pokazuju da je koncentracija klorofila a+b u vegetativnim pupovima tijekom ljeta, jeseni i zime ujednaena (P. abies: 0.15-0.35 mg/g svjee tvari, P. pungens: 0.15-0.25 mg/g) i oko 10 puta manja nego u iglicama koje u proljee nastaju iz tih pupova (P. abies: 1-2 mg/g, P. pungens: 1-1.5 mg/g). Nakon porasta krajem proljea, koncentracija klorofila u iglicama ujednaena je kroz godinu. Omjer koncentracije klorofila a/b u pupovima iznosi 1-1.5, a u iglicama 2-2.5. Koncentracija karotenoida vea je u iglicama (0.4-0.5 mg/g), u odnosu na onu u pupovima (oko 0.1 mg/g). Uoene razlike izmeu vrsta P. abies i P. pungens mogu biti posljedica razliitih genotipova ili mogu biti specifine za vrstu, to treba biti predmet daljnjih istraivanja. The annual dynamic of photosynthetic pigments concentration changes connected with proliferation of the vegetative buds into shoots of Piceaabies and Picea pungens Presented results are the part of continuous investigations of spruce vegetative buds composition and changes during their proliferation in spring shoots, in order to better understand their physiological responses in tissue culture, e.g. the dependence of successful adventitious buds induction and the period of taking the initial explant. The concentration of photosynthetic pigments was determined in isolated vegetative buds or needles of Picea abies and Picea pungens. Chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids were extracted in 80% acetone and measured by spectrophotometer on = 452.5, 645 and 663 nm. Sampling was done weekly during the year from summer to spring. Results showed the uniform level chlorophyll a+b concentration in the vegetative buds during the summer, autumn and winter (P. abies: 0.15-0.35 mg/g fresh weight, P. pungens: 0.15-0.25 mg/g), which is 10 times lower than in needles developing from those buds in spring (P. abies: 1-2 mg/g, P. pungens: 1-1.5 mg/g). After increasing time, end of spring, chlorophyll concentration in needles was continuous during the year. The ratio of chlorophyll a/b in buds was 1-1.5, and in needles was 2-2.5. Concentration of carotenoids was higher in needles (0.4-0.5 mg/g), than in buds (about 0.1 mg/g). Established differences between P. abies and P. pungens might be caused by different genotype or they can be specific for a species, what should be further topic. eljko Zahirovi, Tomislav Bai Pedagoki fakultet Sveuilita J. J. Strossmayera, Zavod za biologiju, L.J(gera9,31000Osijek,Hrvatska Koliina kloroplastnih pigmenata u iglicama crnog bora (PinusnigraArnold) s podruja Osjeko-baranjske upanije Na koliinu kloroplastnih pigmenata, posebice klorofila, znatan utjecaj ima oneienje zraka. Razliiti oneiivai, primjerice sumpor(IV)-oksid, duik(II)-oksid, dim i praina dovode do smanjenja koliine pigmenata koje se ogleda u klorozi kao vidljivoj manifestaciji njihovog tetnog djelovanja. U sklopu naeg istraivanja djelovanja oneienog zraka na vie biljke u Hrvatskoj, istraili smo spektrofotometrijski koliinu klorofila a i b i karotenoida u iglicama crnog bora (pinus nigra Arnold). Istraivanja su obavljena tijekom godine na etiri lokaliteta Osjeko-baranjske upanije koji su se razlikovali u razini sedimentne tvari. Jedan od lokaliteta je bio kontrolni. Rezultati istraivanja ukazuju na openito vee koncentracije pigmenata u istraivane vrste nego, primjerice, u alepskog bora (Pinus halepensis Mill.), mjeseno i sezonsko variranje koncentracije, smanjenje koncentracija na oneienim lokalitetima, tendenciju negativne korelacije izmeu koncentracije pigmenata i razine oneienosti zraka te variranje omjera klorofila a : b unutar razmjerno malog raspona. The content of chloroplasts pigments in needles of Pinus nigra Arnold from the Osijek-baranja county The content of chloroplasts pigments, especially of chloroplylls, is influenced in great extent by air pollution. Various pollutants, e. g. sulphur dioxide, nitrogenous oxides, smoke and dust, cause the pigments decrease which is reflected in chlorosis as a visible manifestation of their injury. Within the frame of our study the influence of the air pollution on vascular plants in Croatia, the content of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids in needles of pinus nigra Arnold has been investigated spectrophotometrically. The investigation have been done during the whole year, both in polluted and unpolluted localities. The results obtained suggest a higher pigments concentrations in P. nigra than in P. halepensis in general, a monthly and seasonal fluctuations of pigments concentrations and their decrease in the polluted localities, a tendency of negative correlation between pigments a : b ratio values within a relatively narrow range. Marijan Ocvirek, Stevo Orli umarski institut Jastrebarsko, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Hrvatska Utjecaj dva tipa kontejnera na deformiranost korjenova sistema u mladoj kulturi obinog bora i crnog bora Sadnice obinog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) i crnog bora (Pinus nigra Arn.) uzgajane su u dva tipa kontejnera od tvrde plastike (Bosnaplast 12 i 18) starosti 2+0 godina i u dvije varijante, to jest po jedna biljka u eliji kontejnera, odnosno po vie biljaka u jednoj eliji., a u Nisula roli iste vrste su uzgojene u dvije starosti 1+1 i 2+1 godina. Prije sadnje na teren za sve varijante su utvrene karakteristine deformacije korjenova sustava. Za Bosnaplast je to bio spiralni rast postranog ilja, a za Nisulu su bile karakteristine "L" i "J" deformacije sranice te spljoten korijenom sustav. Deformacije korijena jae su bile izraene kod starijih biljaka (Nisula 2+1), zatim kod manjih kontejnera (Bosnaplast 12), te u elijama sa vie biljaka u Bosnaplastu 12 i 18. Kod obinog bora iste deformacije bile su izraenije nego kod crnog bora. Nakon presadnje biljaka na teren tijekom 5 godina praeno je uspijevanje biljaka, a registrirani su visinski rast, preivljenje i razvoj deformacija korjenova sustava. Na temelju provedenog istraivanja uoeno je da se veina deformacija korjenova sustava smanjila u pokusu na terenu. Izuzetak su bili spiralni rast postranog ilja, kao trajna deformacija koja predstavlja stalnu opasnost po stabilnost stabla, te isprepleteni korijen u elijama sa vie biljaka, Bosnaplastu 12 i 18. Influence two types of container on deformation root system of Scots pine and Austrian pine in young plantation Seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) were grown in two types of hard plastic containers (Bosnaplast 12 and 18) 2+0 years old and in two variants, one plant per cell and two or more plants per cell, and in Nisula roll the same species were grown as 1+1 and 2+1 years old. Before the plants were transplanted in the field the characteristic root deformations were defined in all samples. In Bosnaplast containers the most prominent root deformation was spiral growth of lateral roots. In Nisula that were the flat root system and "L" and "J" shaped main root. The deformations were more expressed at older plants (Nisula 2+1), at smaller container (Bosnaplast 12) and in cells with more plants (Bosnaplast 12 and 18). The deformations were more expressed at the Scots pine than Austrian pine. After the seedlings were transplanted in a field during the 5 years their growth was observed and height increment, survival and development of characteristic root deformations were measured. On the basis of carried out investigation we noticed that the most of mentioned root deformations were reduced in the field samples. The exceptions were the spiral growth of lateral roots which is permanent deformation and danger for tree stability, and interlaced root system in cells where more plants grow in Bosnaplast 12 and 18. Mirjana Sabo Prehrambeno tehnoloki fakultet Sveuilita J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku, F.Kuhaa18,31000Osijek,Hrvatska Utjecaj oneienog zraka na koncentraciju pigmenata i anatomske osobine listova vrste Acer platanoides L. Utjecaj oneienog zraka na koncentraciju pigmenata i anatomske osobine odreivan je u listovima vrste Acer platanoides L., u tri parka grada Osijeka, tijekom dvije vegetacije. Utvrena je koncentracija klorofila a, b, a+b i karotenoida kod listova iz unutranjosti stabla (listovi sjene) i kod listova s ruba kronje (listovi sunca). Vrijednosti koncentracija kloroplastnih pigmenata istraivane vrste ukazuju na varijabilnost vrste glede lokaliteta, vremena vegetacije i poloaja lia. Na lokalitetu III (Perivoj kralja Tomislava) utvrena je jasna varijabilnost koncentracije pigmenata glede lokaliteta I II, ali se ipak na lokalitetu III kod istraivane vrste zapaaju vizualne promjene u boji lia, posebice u bazi kronje stabla. Uzrok brzog suenja i propadanja ove vrste na lokalitetu III moe biti oneienje zraka, jer je emisija oneienja zraka preteito mobilnog podrijetla. Variranje fotosintetskih pigmenata tijekom vegetacijskog razdoblja ovisi o intenzitetu oneienja zraka i od ope ekoloke otpornosti istraivane vrste. Anatomska graa listova vrste Acer platanoides L. sa lokaliteta I II i III ima odlike kseromorfne grae. Listovi sa lokaliteta III u anatomskom pogledu odlikuju se kraim slojem palisadnih stanica, a spuvasto tkivo je sa krupnim stanicama bogatim kristalima. Izraena su nekrotina oteenja razliitog podrijetla, koja zahvaaju velike dijelove lista. List je napadnut parazitima koji su ee prisutni u spuvastom tkivu. Promjene uoene pri anatomskoj obradi listova ove vrste ukazuju na mogunost zaraze nekim patogenim mikroorganizmima. Istraivana vrsta dovoljno je ekoloki plastina i adaptirana na intenzitet oneienja grada Osijeka, premda su utvrene znaajne razlike u koncentraciji pigmenata i anatomskim osobinama, ovisno o lokalitetu, tj. intenzitetu oneienja zraka. The influence of air pollution on the concentration of pigments and anatomic characteristics of Acer platanoides L. leaves The influence of air pollution on the concentration of pigments and anatomic characteristics has been investigated in Acer platanoides L The investigations were done on leaves from three parks of the town of Osijek, during the two vegetation periods. The concentration of chlorophyll a, b, a+b, and caratenoid has been investigated on the leaves from the inside of the tree crown (shadow leaves) and on the leaves from the outside of the tree crown (sunshine leaves). The values of the concentration of the chloroplast pigments in the examined species indicate the variability of the species concerning the locality, the vegetation period and the position of the leaves. On the locality III (Park kralja Tomislava) a clear variability of the pigment concentration has been detected in connection with the localities I and II, but still on the locality III, visual color changes of the leaves have been noted, especially in the base of the tree crown. The reason of rapid degeneration of this species on the locality III could be air pollution, because the emission of air pollution is mainly of mobile origin. Varying of photosynthetic pigments during the vegetation period depends on the degree of air pollution and on general ecological resistance of the observed species. Anatomic structure of Acer platanoides L leaves from the localities I, II and II has the characteristics of the xeromorph structure. The leaves from the locality III are anatomically characterized by the thinner layer of palisade cells, and the spongy tissue has bigger cells which are rich in crystals. Necrotic degeneration of various origin attacks bigger parts of a leaf. A leaf is also attacked by parasites, which are more frequently evident in the spongy tissue. The changes observed during the anatomic treatment of the leaves of this species indicate the possibility infection by some pathogen microorganisms. The examined species is efficiently ecologically plastic and adapted to the degree of the pollution of the town of Osijek, although significant differences in the pigment concentration and in the anatomic characteristics have been detected, depending on the locality, that is, on the degree of the air pollution. Tatjana Prebeg, Nikola Ljubei, Dinka Selakovi Institut "Ruer Bokovi", Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Utjecaj svjetlosne jakosti na kloroplaste rajice Svjetlost je jedan od najvanijih faktora koji reguliraju rast i razvoj biljke. Biljke zamjeuju svjetlost pomou nekoliko razliitih vrsta fotoreceptora - fitokroma, kriptokroma i UV-B fotoreceptora. Fizioloki i biokemijski najbolje opisani fotoreceptori u biljaka su fitokromi. Utvrena su dva tipa fitokroma, tip I i tip II. Fotoreceptorske mutante, kojima nedostaje jedan tip fitokroma ili njegova funkcija, korisno su sredstvo za razumijevanje naina djelovanja fitokroma. Aurea mutanta rajice ako raste na bijeloj svjetlosti ima uto-zelene listove i produljeni hipokotil. Ovaj fenotip posljedica je jako smanjene koliine fitokroma tipa I. Istraen je utjecaj razliitih svjetlosnih jakosti (60.000 lx, 10.000 lx i 2.000 lx) na kloroplaste aurea mutante rajice (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Najizraenije fenotipske razlike izmeu divljeg tipa i aurea mutante mogu se zapaziti kod visoke svjetlosne jakosti od 60.000 lx te kod vrlo niske svjetlosne jakosti od 2.000 lx. Kod visoke svjetlosne jakosti nedostatak fitokroma tipa I u aurea mutante dovodi do jako smanjene koliine klorofila, izmijenjene strukture lisnog tkiva i propadanja tilakoidnog sustava. Kod niske svjetlosne jakosti (10.000 lx) fenotip aurea mutante gotovo je jednak divljem tipu, odnosno pokazuje karakteristike lista sjene - poveanu koliinu klorofila i vrlo visoka grana u kloroplastima. Kod vrlo niske svjetlosne jakosti (2.000 lx) u aurea mutante je zapaena znaajno smanjena koliina klorofila. Rezultati istraivanja ukazuju na neposrednu ili posrednu ulogu fitokroma tipa I u regulaciji biosinteze pigmenata, izgradnji lisnog tkiva i tilakoidnog sustava. Meutim, izgleda da utjecaj i nain djelovanja fitokroma tipa I nije jednak kod razliitih svjetlosnih jakosti. Pretpostavili smo da kod prilagodbe rajice na uvjete sjene dolazi do aktivacije specifinih mehanizama koji su djelomino neovisni o fitokromu tipa I ili njegovu neaktivnost mogu djelotvorno nadoknaditi. The effect of light intensity on tomato chloroplasts Light is one of the most important factors that regulate plant growth and development. The perception of light by plants is mediated by a small number of photoreceptors, which include phytochrome, cryptochrome and UV-B photoreceptor. Of these, the best characterized biochemically and physiologically is phytochrome (Phy). It has been known that there are two types of Phy, type I and type II. Photoreceptor mutants, lacking one of the Phy types or its function, are very useful tool to understand the way of phytochrome action. The subject of our study has been the aurea mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) which has yellow-green leaves and elongated hypocotyls when grown in white light. This phenotype is the consequence of a strongly reduced amount of type I Phy. We analysed the effect of different light intensities (60,000 lx, 10,000 lx and 2,000 lx) on the chloroplasts of the aurea mutant. The most characteristic differences between wild type and aurea mutant were observed in high light intensity of 60,000 lx and in the very low light intensity of 2,000 lx. In high light intensity, deficiency of type I Phy in aurea mutant resulted in greatly reduced chlorophyll content, altered structure of leaf tissue and destruction of the thylakoid system. In low light intensity (10,000 lx) the phenotype of the aurea mutant was almost identical to the wild type, i.e. it showed the characteristics of a shade leaf - increased chlorophyll content and chloroplasts with very high grain. In the very low light intensity (2,000 lx) we found a significantly decreased amount of chlorophylls in the aurea mutant. Our results indicate a direct or indirect role of type I Phy in the regulation of pigment biosynthesis, and in the formation of leaf tissue and of the thylakoid system. However, the effect and the way of action of type I Phy are not identical in different light intensities. We propose that shade adaptation of the tomato plant includes activation of specific mechanisms that could be in part independent on type I Phy or which would efficiently compensate for its inactivity. Nada Bezi, Valerija Jurin Zavod za biologiju, Fakultet prirodoslovno matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja Split, Sveuilite u Splitu, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Kserofitske prilagodbe vegetativnih organa brnistre (SpartiumjunceumL.) Vegetativni organi brnistre (Spartium junceum L.) ukazuju na niz morfoloko-anatomskih prilagodbi ove biljke na sune uvjete ivota. Vrlo male listove biljka odbacuje prije poetka ljeta to smanjenje transpiraciju i uvjetuje dobro podnoenje fizioloke sue. iboliki oblik stabljika prilagodba je s ciljem smanjenja itave povrine nadzemnog dijela biljke, dok je korijen razgranat i dobro razvijen. Sve navedene morfoloke karakteristike ukazuju da se radi o tipinoj eukserofitskoj biljci. Oblik i smjetaj listova odnosno stabljike omoguuje profilni poloaj tih organa u svrhu sprjeavanja prekomjernog zagrijavanja. Bez obzira to je list kratkotrajno u funkciji u anatomskom smislu uoavamo niz kseromorfnih osobina: ekvifacijalni tip lista, u potpunosti ne izdvojen palisadni od spuvastog parenhima, debljina kutikule s votanim slojem, broj pui i njihova zatvorenost te izraene skleromorfne ile. Vrni dio stabljike u potpunosti preuzima ulogu lista tako da uz pui posjeduje i palisadni parenhim. Takva graa omoguuje odvijanje procesa fotosinteze u zelenim ibolikim stabljikama u primarnoj grai kao i u prelazu iz primarne u sekundarnu grau. U dijelu stabljike u sekundarnoj grai ne odvija se asimilacija ali dominiraju stanice spreminog parenhima ispunjene krobnim zrncima. vrstou stabljike daju itavom duinom rasporeena sklerenhimska vlakna koja su razmjetena izmeu mekih tkiva. Korijen osim spremine uloge ima izraenu mehaniku funkciju u primarnoj i sekundarnoj grai. vrstou omoguuju snopovi sklerenhimskih vlakana, odebljale traheje te pojava periderme u sekundarnoj grai korijena. Xerophytic adaptations of the Spanish broom (Spartium junceum L.) vegetative parts Vegetative parts of Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum L.) show a number of anatomical adaptations of this plant to arid habitat. The plant looses its tiny leaves before the beginning of summer, thus reducing transpiration and creating conditions for better enduring of physiological drought. Grass shaped stem is one of the adaptations which helps reduce the total exposed area of the plant, while on the other hand the root is well developed and ramified. All above mentioned morphological characteristics show that this is a typical euxerophytic plant. The shape and position of leaves, i. e. stem allow for a profiled position of vegetative parts with a purpose of reducing effects of overheating. Notwithstanding comparatively short function of the leaf, a number of xeromorphic features is noted from the anatomical point of view: equifacial type of leaf, palisade parenchyma not totally separated from the spongy one, the thickness of cuticle with a vax layer, the number of stomata and their closeness and noticeable scleromorphic veins. The top of a stem takes over completely the role of the leaf, so that along with stomata it has palisade parenchyma as well. Such structure makes possible the process of photosynthesis within the green grass-shaped stems in primary structure and in transition from primary to secondary structure. No assimilation takes place in the secondary structure part of the plant, but the predomination of the palisade layer cells filled with starch granules is evident. The plant gets its strength from sclerenchyma fibers pervading the whole length of the stem, being arranged among softer tissues. Apart from storing, the root has a distinctive mechanical function both in primary and secondary structure. Its strength is based on bundles of sclerenchyma fibers, thickened trachea and the appearance of periderm in secondary structure of the root. Mihaela Britvec1, Nikola Ljubei2, Thomas Reichenauer3 1Zavod za poljoprivrednu botaniku, Agronomski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut "Ruer Bokovi", Bijenika cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3(sterreichisches Forschungszentrum Seibersdorf, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austrija Djelovanje ozona na ultrastrukturu kloroplasta u listovima vinove loze Utjecaj troposferskog ozona na vinovu lozu (Vitis vinifera L. cv. (Talijanski rizling() prouavan je na biljkama uzgojenim u uvjetima tzv. "otvorenih komora" (Open-Top Chambers). Pokus je sadravao 8 komora: po dvije komore s filtriranim i nefiltriranim zrakom, zatim komore s filtriranim zrakom uz dodatak ozona: 25 ppb O3 i 50 ppb O3, te biljke uzgajane izvan komora. Na listovima vinove loze izloenim poveanim koncentracijama ozona ustanovljen je, pri kraju tretmana, tetan utjecaj ozona, a to su karakteristine svijetle mrlje i klorotina mjesta na gornjoj strani lista. Mikroskopska istraivanja provedena su na potpuno razvijenim listovima vinove loze uzetim pri kraju tretmana - vegetacije (29.8.1996.). Listovi su fiksirani standardnim metodama (1%-tni glutaraldehid i postfiksacija 1%-tni osmijev tetroksid). Ultratanki prerezi kontrastirani su uranilacetatom i olovnim citratom, te prouavani na elektronskom mikroskopu EM 10A-Zeiss. Najizrazitiji uinak ozona ustanovljen je na finoj grai kloroplasta. U stanicama biljaka iz komora sa filtriranim zrakom nalaze se tipini kloroplasti u kojima se zamjeuju prvi znakovi jesenskog propadanja lia - poveanje broja i veliine plastoglobula. Biljke izloene obadvjema poveanim koncentracijama ozona, imaju kloroplaste sa brojnijim i vrlo velikim plastoglobulama, iji promjer je i preko 1 (m. Njihov je tilakoidni sustav pri tome bio relativno dobro ouvan. Naim prouavanjem ultrastrukture kloroplasta vinove loze utvreno je fitotoksino djelovanje ozona, koje se oituje u ubrzanom starenju listova. Dobiveni rezultati su u skladu s provedenim anatomskim i fiziolokim istraivanjima istog biljnog materijala. The influence of ozone on the chloroplast ultrastructure of grapevineleaves The influence of troposheric ozone on grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. (Italian Riesling() was studied on plants cultivated under Open-Top-Chamber-conditions. The experiment encompassed 8 chambers: two with filtered and two with unfiltered air; chambers with filtered air with the addition of ozone: 25 ppb of 03 and 50 ppb of 03 respectively, as well as plants cultivated outside the chambers. Grapevine leaves exposed to increased ozone concentrations showed, at the end of the experiment, the ozone(s negative impact: distinctive light-green spots and chlorotic spots on the upper side of the leaves. Microscopic examinations were performed on fully grown grapevine leaves sampled towards the end of the treatment i. e. vegetation (29 August, 1996). Leaves were fixed using standard methods (1% glutaraldehyde, and post-fixed using 1% osmium tetroxide). Ultrathin sections were contrasted using uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and studied on a EM 10A-Zeiss electron microscope. The most pronounced ozone influence was identified on chloroplast ultrastructure. In the cells of plants grown in Open-Top-Chambers with filtered air, typical chloroplasts could be found showing the first signs of the leaves( usual autumn decay - increase of the number and size of plastoglobules. Plants exposed to both increased ozone concentrations had chloroplasts with more numerous and quite large plastoglobules, their diameter exceeding 1 (m. Their thylakoid system on the other hand was quite well preserved in the process. Our study of the grapevine chloroplast ultrastructure confirmed ozone(s phytotoxic activity, manifested by premature leaf senescence. The results obtained are in compliance with both anatomical and physiological experiments performed on the same plant material. Mercedes Wrischer, Nikola Ljubei, Branka Salopek Institut "Ruer Bokovi", Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Organizacija fotosintetskih membrana u etiokloroplastima klijanaca smreke pod utjecajem norflurazona Kotiledoni klijanaca smreke sposobni su sintetizirati klorofil u tami. Ta je osobina koritena za praenje djelovanja herbicida norflurazona na izgradnju fotosintetskih membrana u njihovim etiokloroplastima. U kotiledonima klijanaca, koji su 14 dana rasli u tami na otopini norflurazona, snano je zakoena biosinteza karotenoida. Jako smanjenje sadraja karotenoida, napose (-karotena i violaksantina, uzrokuju koncentracije norflurazona 200 (M i 20 (M. Kod niih koncentracija norflurazona taj je efekt proporcionalno smanjen. Istodobno smanjen je i sadraj klorofila, iako u znatno manjoj mjeri od karotenoida. Analiza membranskih proteina pokazuje da tilakoidi imaju manje polipeptida iz kompleksa LHC II, glavnih antena fotosustava II. Ultrastrukturna istraivanja potkrijepljuju te biokemijske nalaze: u etiokloroplastima tretiranih klijanaca smanjena je koliina tilakoida, napose grana-tilakoida. Membrane su strukturno izmijenjene, to se odraava u nepotpunom sljepljivanju tilakoida. Samo kotiledoni s neznatno izmijenjenom ultrastrukturom plastida sposobni su fotosintetizirati. Visoke koncentracije norflurazona (200 (M ili 20 (M) uzrokuju izbljeivanje kotiledona i oteenje plastida, ako se klijanci nakon tame nekoliko dana izloe svjetlosti. Pokusi su potvrdili vanost karotenoida u izgradnji fotosintetski aktivnog tilakoidnog sustava. Organization of photosynthetic membranes in etiochloroplasts of spruce seedlings treated with norflurazon The ability of cotyledons of spruce seedlings to biosynthesize chlorophyll in the dark was used to study the effect of the "bleaching" herbicide norflurazon on the formation of photosynthetic membranes in their etiochloroplasts. In cotyledons of 14-day-old seedlings grown in the dark on norflurazon, the biosynthesis of carotenoids was heavily inhibited. Very strong reduction of carotenoid content, in particular that of (-carotene and violaxanthin, was obtained with concentrations of norflurazon of 200 (M and 20 (M. With lower concentrations of norflurazon this effect was proportionally reduced. At the same time, the content of chlorophylls was also reduced, although to a much lesser degree than that of carotenoids. Analyses of membrane proteins indicated that in norflurazon-treated plastids the content of polypeptides of the LHC II complexes, the major light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II, was impaired. Ultrastructural analyses supported these biochemical results: in norflurazon-treated etiochloroplasts the quantity of thylakoids, in particular of grana-thylakoids, was reduced. The membranes were structurally changed, resulting in uncompleted thylakoid stacking. Only seedlings with less altered plastids were able to develop some photosynthetic activity. High concentrations of norflurazon (200 (M or 20 (M) caused bleaching of the tissues and damage of their plastids, when dark-grown seedlings were kept in the light for some days. The experiments confirmed the necessity for carotenoids in the formation of a thylakoid apparatus capable of photosynthetic activity. Katarina-Daniela Dubravec Zavod za poljoprivrednu botniku, Agronomskog fakulteta, Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Djelovanje Agrispona i Ergostima na vegetativni i generativni rast krizantema Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev. cv. "Regenttime" Na temelju provedenih istraivanja utjecaja Agrispona i Ergostima na vegetativni i generativni rast krizanteme Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev. cv. "Regent time" utvreno je slijedee: Tretiranje Agrispona (0,2 ml/l vode) i Ergostima (0,2 ml/l) nije utjecalo na rast i razvoj vegetativnih organa (visinu stabljika, broj grana). Meutim, navedeni bioregulatori stimulirali su razvoj tamnije zelenih listova u odnosu na kontrolu. Bioregulator Egrostim utjecao je na poveanje broja cvatnih glavica u odnosu na tretirane biljke Agrisponom i kontrolu, ali razlike nisu signifikantne. Oba istraivana bioregulatora utjecala su na jainu boje cvjetova, cvatnih glavica. Influence of Agrispon and Ergostim on vegetative and generative growth of Chrysanthemums Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev. cv. "Regent time" With the aim of investigating the influence of bioregulators Agrispon and Ergostim on vegetative and generative growth of Chrysanthemums Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev. cv. "Regent time", experiment was carried out by the block design. Pot Chrysanthemums were grown in glasshouse in "Zrinjevac" Zagreb, from July to October. Application with Agrispon (0.2 ml/l water) and Ergostim (0.2 ml/l) had no influence on vegetative growth of investigatet Chrysanthemums. Treated leaves was constant greener during period of vegetation in comparison with control. Ergostim stimulated flower initiation in comparison with Agrispon and control, but the differences were not statistically significant. Agrispon and Ergostim showed the stimulative effects on the color of leaves and color of flowers. Zrinka Gregov1, Goran Hrlec2 1Cromputer d.o.o., Vincenta iz Kastva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za zatitu bilja u poljoprivredi i umarstvu Republike Hrvatske, Svetoimunska25, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Djelovanje novih potencijalnih retardanata rasta na krizanteme lonanice Daminozid je trenutno najuinkovitiji i najzastupljeniji retardant rasta u hortikulturnoj proizvodnji. Meutim, zbog njegovih loih svojstava kao to su visoka ispirljivost u tlu i nastanak kancerogenih metabolita (1,1-dimetilhidrazin), zabranjena je njegova primjena u voarstvu. Cilj istraivanja bio je nalaenje novih tvari potencijalnih retardanata rasta slinog uinka, ali aktivnih u niim koncentracijama i prihvatljivijih za okoli. Sintetizirana su dva derivata daminozida i tri spoja iz drugih kemijskih razreda i testirano je njihovo djelovanje u uobiajenoj tehnologiji jesenskog uzgoja krizantema lonanica, (Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev) na sorti Salamon Time. Kontrolne biljke tretirane su destiliranom vodom, a daminozid (2000 mg/L) je posluio kao standard. Folijarno tretiranje obavljeno je tjedan dana nakon pinciranja i ponovljeno nakon dva tjedna. U vrijeme tehnoloke zrelosti, tj. kada su biljke bile spremne za trite, izmjerena su slijedea svojstva: visina i promjer lonanice (posaene su po tri biljke u loncu), prosjeni broj i duljina grana po biljci, ukupni broj i broj otvorenih cvatnih glavica po biljci, te promjer otvorenih cvatnih glavica i duljina njihove cvatne stapke. Dobiveni podaci obraeni su dvosmjernom analizom varijance. Svih pet novih spojeva pokazali su retardantsko djelovanje, dok su tri imala uinak vrlo slian daminozidu, iako je primijenjena nia koncentracija. Istraivanje se nastavlja. Effects of New Potential Growth Retardants on Pot Chrysanthemums Daminozide is the most effective and the most widely used growth retardant in current horticultural production. However it has some unfavorable chemical properties such as high level of leaching in the soil and formation of a carcinogenic metabolite (1,1-dimethylhidrazine). Therefore it is prohibited in fruit production. The aim of this study was to investigate some new compounds as potential growth retardants of similar effects, but applied in lower concentrations and therefore more acceptable for the environment. Two daminozide derivatives and three compounds from other chemical classes were tested on autumn grown pot chrysanthemums (Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev), cv. Salamon Time. Control plants were sprayed with distilled water and daminozide (2000 mg/L) was used as standard. Foliar sprays were applied one week after pinching and repeated after two weeks. When the plants reached the stage for marketing the following attributes were measured: height and diameter of pot plant (3 plants per pot), average number and length of branches per plant, diameter of opened flower heads and their pedicel length. The results obtained were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance. All of the five tested compounds exerted retarding effects. Moreover three of them produced effects comparable to daminozide (2000 mg/L) although they were applied in lower concentrations. The investigation is still in progress. Renata Jurii1, Jerica Grgi2, Zdenka Kaloera1, Suzana avar2 1Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, A. Kovaia 1, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za javno zdravstvo Osjeko-baranjske upanije, F. Kreme 1, 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska Odreivanje bakra, kobalta i nikla u teucrium vrstama tehnikom grafitne kivete Odreivan je sadraj bakra, kobalta i nikla tehnikom grafitne kivete na atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrofotometru Perkin-Elmer Zeeman 4100 ZL u nadzemnim dijelovima samoniklih i uzgojenih Teucrium vrsta por. Lamiaceae, rasprostranjenih u Hrvatskoj: T. arduini, T. botrys, T. chamaedrys, T. flavum, T. montanum i T. polium. Tehnikom grafitne kivete vri se atomizacija bez plamena. Uzorak se raspruje u grafitnu kivetu koja se zagrijava elektriki. Postepenim povienjem temperature odvijaju se procesi suenja, termike razgradnje matriksa i termike disocijacije u slobodne atome (atomizacije). Tijekom suenja i termike razgradnje, struja inertnog plina (argon) prolazi kroz kivetu radi uklanjanja para otapala i matriksa. Uzorci se pripremaju prethodnim spaljivanjem prakaste homogenizirane droge pojedinog uzorka u mikrovalnoj penici (CEM, MDS-2000), uz 63%-tnu HNO3 (suprapur), u kontroliranim uvjetima tlaka i temperature. Nakon hlaenja i filtriranja, otopina je nadopunjena demineraliziranom vodom do 100 ml (osnovna otopina uzorka), te izvreno mjerenje s 20 (l osnovne otopine svih uzoraka. Rezultati odreivanja pokazali su da spomenute droge sadre bakar u koncentraciji od 9,3 do 47,82 mg/kg, kobalt u konc. od 0,01 do 2,87 mg/kg i nikal u konc. od 0,71 do 7,17 mg/kg droge. Uoene su razlike sadraja ovih elemenata u samoniklim i uzgojenim oblicima navedenih vrsta; vee koncentracije izmjerene su u uzgojenim uzorcima svih navedenih vrsta. Determination of copper, cobalt and nickel in teucrium species using high graphite absorption (HGA) The contents of copper, cobalt and nickel were determined by High Graphite Absorption (HGA) on atomic absorbing spectrophotometer Perkin-Elmer Zeeman 4100 ZL in samples of overground parts of wild and cultivated plants of Teucrium species (Lamiaceae) spread in Croatia: T. arduini, T. botrys, T. chamaedrys, T. flavum, T. montanum and T. polium. In the HGA Graphite Furnace, the sample is dispensed into a small graphite tube which can be heated electrically. By increasing the temperature stepwise, the processes of drying, thermal decomposition of the matrix and thermal dissociation into free atoms (atomization) can be separated. During the drying and thermal decomposition stages, an inert purging gas (argon) stream is passed through the tube to remove solvent and matrix vapors. The samples are prepared for determination by previously burning the powdered homogenized drug of each sample in microwave furnace (CEM, MDS-2000) with 63% solution of HNO3 (suprapur) under the controlled conditions of pressure and temperature. After filtration, demineralized water is added to each solution up to 100 ml (basic sample solution) and is taken 20 (l of each solution for measuring. The results showed that abovementioned drugs content copper in concentration of 9.3 to 47.82 mg/kg, cobalt in conc. of 0.01 to 2.87 mg/kg and nickel in conc. of 0.71 to 7.17 mg/kg of drug. Different contents of these elements are observed in different species as well as among wild and cultivated samples; higher content values are observed in cultivated plants. Branka Pevalek-Kozlina Botaniki zavod, Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Mikrorazmnoavanje hrvatskog endema dubrovake zeine (Centaurearagusina L.) Istraivana je mogunost razmnoavanja endema dubrovake zeine (Centaurea ragusina L.) u kulturi in vitro. Za postavljanje kulture koriteni su izdanci sijanaca uzgojenih iz sjemenki sakupljenih na prirodnom stanitu vrste. Postupak sterilizacije sjemenki klornim preparatom Izosanom-G i vodik-peroksidom bio je uspjean. Nakon dva tjedna kulture postotak sterilnih kultura bio je 92, a proklijalo je 58,7% sjemenki. Izdanci dubrovake zeine izolirani iz poetne kulture nasaivani su na podlogu po Murashige i Skoog-u koja je sadravala punu ili polovinu koncentraciju makroelemenata, 3% saharoze, 0,8% agara i 2,9 (M giberelinske kiseline (GA3), uz dodatak razliitih koncentracija benzil-adenina (BA) ili bez dodatka BA. Stopa umnaanja (broj izdanaka razvijenih po eksplantatu nakon 4 tjedna kulture) bila je vea na podlogama s polovinom koncentracijom makroelemenata nego na podlogama s punom koncentracijom makroelemenata. Na podlozi bez dodatka BA i na podlozi s dodatkom 0,2 (M BA stopa umnaanja je bila vrlo niska. Najvei broj izdanaka razvijao se na podlogama s polovinom koncentracijom makroelemenata uz dodatak 0,5 ili 1,0 (M BA (4,2-4,6 izdanka po eksplantatu). Produljeni izdanci dubrovake zeine zakorjenjivani su na podlogama istog osnovnog sastava uz dodatak indol-3-maslane kiseline (IBA) ili indol-3-octene kiseline (IAA). Izdanci su se u najveem postotku zakorjenjivali na podlozi s dodatkom 2,9 (M IBA. Zakorijenjene biljice su presaivane u humusni supstrat i s visokom stopom preivljavanja (oko 90%) prilagoene vanjskim uvjetima. Micropropagation of Centaurea ragusina L., a Croatian endemic species Micropropagation of Centaurea ragusina L. (Asteraceae), a Croatian endemic species, was investigated. Shoots originated from aseptically germinated seeds were used for culture initiation. The seeds were collected on natural habitats and successively disinfected with a chlorine preparation (Izosan-G) and hydrogen peroxide. The percent of sterile cultures after 2-week incubation was 92 with a germination percentage of 58.7. The shoots isolated from seedlings were subcultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (half or full concentration of macroelements) supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar and 2.9 (M gibberellic acid (GA3), with or without addition of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). The shoot multiplication was higher on half strength than on full strength media. On media without addition of BA or with addition of 0.2 (M BA the multiplication rate was not satisfactory. Multiplication of shoots was the best on media supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 (M BA. Elongated shoots excised from multiple shoot cultures were rooted on the same basal medium with addition of indole-3-butyric acid or indole-3-acetic acid. Rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to potting soil and acclimatised to outdoor conditions with a survival rate about 90%. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Ivica Valpoti1, Marijan Gerener2 1Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet, Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska, 2Immuno AG, Biomedical Research Center, 2304 Orth/Donau, Vienna, Austria Poticanje i moduliranje crijevne imunosti u svinje Crijevni imunosni sustav svinje razvio se radi zatite sluznice od patogenih organizama i spreavanja poticanja upalnih odgovora na nekodljive antigene iz hrane. Jedinstvena osobitost tog imunosnog sustava je poticanje antigen-specifinih T- i B-stanica, koje ujedno na svojoj membrani izraavaju molekule razreda II glavnog sustava tkivne snoljivosti (GSTS), u organiziranim limfatikim tkivima (tj. Peyerovim ploama i nakupinama limfoidnih stanica u lamini propriji) za proizvodnju sekrecijskog IgA, njihova cirkulacija kroz mezenterijske limfne vorove i postupna raspodjela u odgovarajua efektorska mjesta u sluznici, kao to su lamina proprija i epitel crijevnih resica. Sposobnost crijevnih patogena da izazovu bolest esto ovisi o njihovoj sposobnosti da prianjaju na epitelne stanice. Prijemivost svinje za enterotoksigene sojeve bakterije Escherichia coli (ETEC) ovisi o prisutnosti enterocitnog receptora koji omoguuje naseljavanje sluznice tankog crijeva. Patogeneza infekcija uzrokovanih ETEC sojevima temelji se na izraavanju fimbrijskih antigena (od kojih je F4 najuestaliji) i proizvodnji barem jednog egzotoksina (obino STb). Zatita od bolesti u nenatalne prasadi postie se stvaranjem laktogene imunosti i pasivnog prijenosa protutijela. Zatita odbijene prasadi od infekcija uzrokovanih ETEC sojevima ovisi o poticanju crijevne imunosti. Meutim, manjkaju podaci o djelotvornim i primjenjivim postupcima za poticanje zatitne imunosti protiv kolibaciloze. Dananje hipoteze, kojima se pokuava objasniti neuspjenost oralne imunizacije antigenima koji se ne umnaaju (primjerice F4 fimbrijama), pretpostavljaju da takvi antigeni prikazani i preraeni od epitelnih stanica crijevnih resica (koje ne izraavaju molekule razreda II GSTS) uglavnom potiu supresijske T-stanice to dovodi do postupnog koenja imunosnog odgovora. U cilju nadvladavanja ovog imunoregulacijskog mehanizma (odnosno oralne tolerancije) razmatraju se brojne strategije koje ukljuuju uporabu sustava za dostavu antigena, ivih rekombinamtnih avirulentnih vektora, adjuvansa i modifikatora imunosnog odgovora. The induction and modulation of intestinal immunity in swine The porcine intestinal immune system has evolved to protect mucosal surfaces from highly pathogenic organisms and to prevent the induction of inflammatory responses to harmless food antigens. An unique feature of the intestinal immune system is the induction of antigen-specific T and B cells which coexpress major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in secretory IgA inductive organized lymphoid tissues (i.e. Peyer's patches and aggregates of lymphoid cells in the lamina propria), their migration through the mesenteric lymph nodes and subsequent distribution to remote mucosal effector sites such as lamina propria regions and villous epithelium. The ability of enteric pathogens to induce disease often depends on their ability to adhere to epithelial cells. The susceptibility of swine to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains is dependent on the presence of the enterocyte receptors to facilitate the colonization of the small intestinal mucosal surface. The pathogenesis of ETEC infections relies on the expression of fimbrial antigens (F4 is the most commonly recognized) and the production of an exotoxin (usually STb). Protection from the disease in neonatal pigs is related to the development of lactogenic immunity and the passive transfer of antibodies. Protection of weaned pigs from ETEC will require the induction of mucosal immunity. The information on effective and practical procedures to induce protective immunity against colibacillosis is lacking. Current hypotheses to explain a failure of oral immunization with non-replicating antigens (i. e. F4 fimbriae) suggest that if such antigens presented and processed via villous epithelial cells (which do not express MHC class II molecules), mainly suppressor T cells are induced leading to the subsequent down regulation of ongoing responses. To overcome the immunoregulatory mechanisms (oral tolerance) a number of strategies (including antigen delivery systems, live recombinant avirulent vectors, adjuvants, and immune response modifiers) have been proposed. Karin Haverson, Christopher R. Stokes, Mick Bailey University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS18, 7DY, U.K. Imunoloka graa i stanice koje prikazuju antigen u lamini propriji crijeva U ovom radu prikazujemo podatke o grai i visokoj specijaliziranosti imunosnog sustava limfatikog tkiva tankoga crijeva koje ne ukljuuje Peyerove ploe. Uporabom viebojnog razvrstavanja stanica s pomou protone citometrije i utvrivanja njihove raspodjele s pomou imunohistologije uspjeli smo fenotipizirati i izdvojiti populaciju stanica iz lamine proprije crijeva svinje sposobnu za zapoinjanje snanih reakcija pomijeanih limfocita u kulturi, pa stoga i sposobnu za sudjelovanje u primarnom imunosnom odgovoru. Osim toga, utvrdili smo da postoje najmanje dva oblika stanica strome koje izraavaju znatne koliine molekula razreda II glavnog sustava snoljivosti (MHC). Ovi nalazi jasno pokazuju da je lamina proprija crijeva svinje imunoloki organizirano mjesto sposobno za ukljuivanje u prikazivanje antigena, najvjerojatnije uz pomo heterogenih populacija stanica koje prikazuju antigen (APC). Naime, populacije stanice koje izraavaju molekule razreda II MHC sustava nalaze se u neposrednoj blizini populacija CD4+ i CD8+ T-stanica, koje imaju fenotip pamteih stanica, visoko su direfencirane i razmjerno homogene u usporedbi s T-stanicama izdvojenima iz drugih limfatikih tkiva. Nai rezultati pokazuju da je lamina proprija crijeva mjesto gdje peptidi antigena mogu biti prikazani uz pomo heterogenih populacija MHC II+ APC, to moe utjecati na dalje poticanje odgovora T-stanica. Immunological structure and antigen-presenting cells in the intestinal lamina propria We are presenting evidence for a structured and highly specialized immunological system in the small intestinal tissue outside the Peyer's patches. Using multicolour immunohistology and Flow cytometric cell sorting, we have succeeded in phenotyping and isolating a population of cells from the pig gut lamina propria capable of initiating a vigorous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and therefore by implication capable of initiating a primary immune response. Additionally, we have found at least two stromal cell types bearing significant amounts of MHC class II. These findings clearly implicate the pig gut lamina propria as an immunological site involved in antigen presentation, possibly by a heterogeneous population of APCs. These MHC class II bearing cell populations occur in close apposition with CD4 and CD8 positive T cell populations of memory phenotype which are highly differentiated and relatively homogeneous in comparison to T cells isolated from other tissue sites. Our results demonstrate that the intestinal lamina propria is a site where antigenic peptides may be presented by unusual and heterogenous MHC class II high antigen-presenting populations, and that this may affect the resulting T cell response. Gordana Lackovi1, Bojan Rode1, Marija Tomakovi2, Kristina Balaban1, Ivica Valpoti2 1Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Raspodjela citolitike i supresijske subpopulacije limfocita T u tankom crijevu prasadi prikazana imunohistokemijskim metodama Imunohistokemijskim metodama s pomou avidin-biotinskog kompleksa (ABC) i peroksidaza-antiperoksidaza (PAP) postupka, utvrena je fenotipska razliitost citolitike i supresijske subpopulacije limfocita T u jejunumu i ileumu 8 tjedana stare prasadi. Uzorci tkiva tankoga crijeva fiksirani su u metanol-kloroform-octenoj kiselini i uklopljeni u paraplast. Metodom ABC s pomou monoklonskih protutijela specifinih za CD3a povrinski antigen, svojstven za pomonike i citolitike limfocite T, dokazana je prisutnost tog biljega preteito na intraepitelnim limfocitima, a u manjoj mjeri na limfocitima lamine proprije kripata jejunuma. U ileumu naene su vee nakupine CD3a+ limfocita T izmeu folikula Peyerovih ploa, pojedinane CD3a+ stanice unutar folikula, i vei broj tih stanica na apikalnoj povrini crijevnih resica, to ukazuje na njihovu luminalnu migraciju. Metodom PAP, na istim uzorcima tkiva prasadi, zapaena je s pomou poliklonskih protutijela za S-100 protein subpopulacija limfocita T u svinje, slino obiljeavanju ljudskih supresijskih CD8+ CD11b+ limfocita T. Najvei broj S-100+ limfocita T prasadi naen je u lamini propriji jejunuma i ileuma. Meutim, u ileumu je zapaena i posebna lokalizacija pojedinanih S-100+ stanica ispod bazalne membrane epitela resica. Ako protein S-100 i u svinje obiljeava CD3a+CD8+ CD4- supresijske limfocite T, tada bi se obiljeavanjem CD3a+ i S-100+ stanica na parafinskim tkivnim prerezima, mogla utvrditi raspodjela i citolitikih CD3a+ CD8+CD4- S-100- i supresijskih CD3a+CD8+ CD4- S-100+ limfocita T u sluznici tankog crijeva prasadi. Time bi se mogao sugerirati oblik i mogui ishod lokalne imunosne reakcije na antigene hrane ili crijevne patogene. Distribution of cytolytic and suppressor T cell subsets in the small intestine of pigs demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods Phenotypic diversity of jejunal/ileal cytolytic and supressor T cell subsets in 8-week-old pigs was demonstrated by either avidine-biotin complex (ABC) or peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical methods. Tissue samples of the small intestine were fixed in methanol-chloroform-acetic acid and embedded in paraffin. With monoclonal antibodies specific for CD3a membrane antigen used in ABC method we have demonstrated the presence of that epitope on jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes, lamina propria lymphocytes, and on small amount of T cells between crypts. In ileum were found numerous clusters of CD3a+ T lymphocytes between Peyer's patches follicles and solitary CD3a+ cells in the follicles. Numerous CD3a+ cells were observed in the apical region of villi, which indicate their possible intraluminal migration. Using polyclonal antibodies specific for S-100 protein (known as a specific marker for human supressor CD8+CD11b+ T cells) in PAP method we have investigated the presence of analogous T cell phenotype in swine. The most frequent S-100+ T cells were found in jejunal/ileal lamina propria, particularly between the crypts. However, in the ileum we have observed a specific localization of these cells beneath the epithelial basal membrane of the villi. If S-100 protein binds to porcine CD3a+CD8+CD4- suppressor T cells, then it would be possible by identifying CD3a+ and S-100+ cells in paraffin tissue sections, to establish the distribution of cytolytic CD3a+CD8+CD4-S-100- and supressor CD3a+CD8+ CD4-S-100+ T lymphocytes in the small intestinal mucosa of pigs. This would implicate the patterns and the possible result of a local immune reaction to dietary antigens or intestinal pathogens. Lidija ver1, Gordana Lackovi2, Zorana Mileti3, Vitomir Bili4, Ivica Valpoti1 1Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zoologijski zavod, Prirpdoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 3Odjel za kliniku citologiju i citometriju, Klinika bolnica Dubrava, Avenijaizviaabb,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 4Hrvatski veterinarski institut, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Imunosni odgovori limfatinih tkiva probavnog sustava imunizirane prasadi izazivaki zaraene F4ac+ LT+ STb+ sojem bakterije Escherichiacoli Procjenjivali smo kvalitativne i kvantitativne pokazatelje humoralnog i staninog imunosnog odgovora u 4 tjedna stare prasadi intragastriki (i.g.) imunizirane F4ac+ neenterotoksigenim sojem 2407 bakterije E. coli (ne-ETEC), a potom i. g. zaraene F4ac+ ETEC sojem izdvojenim u Hrvatskoj iz prasadi s dijarejom. Takoer smo vrednovali adjuvantnost dvaju modifikatora imunolokog odgovora (kopolimere polioksietilena i polioksipropilena; POE-POP ili N-acetilglukozaminil-((,1-4)-N-acetil-muraminil-L-alanil-D-isoglutamin; GMDP) na modelu kolidijareje u odbijene prasadi. Fenotipizirali smo i lokalizirali subpopulacije T- i B-stanica u limfatinim tkivima probavnog sustava s pomou protone citometrije i imunohistolokih metoda. Subpopulacija CD3b+ T-stanica imala je tendenciju porasta u lamini propriji jejunuma (LPJ) i Peyerovim ploama ileuma (PPI) u izazivaki zaraene prasadi obraene sa 2407+POE-POP ili 2407+GMDP, u odnosu na brojnost tih stanica u kontrolne neimunizirane prasadi. Udio CD1+ i CD21+ B-stanica bio je vei u LPJ i PPI prasadi imunizirane sa 2407 ili 2407+POE-POP/GMDP. U mezenterijskom limfnom voru (ML) te prasadi broj CD1+ stanica bio je nii, dok je broj CD21+ stanica bio neto povean. Raspodjela CD21+ B-stanica u ML pokazuje korelaciju s nalazom brojnih plazma stanica koje lue IgA u kriptama jejunuma/ileuma, lamina propriji, te u podruju kupole PPI. Prisutnost protu-F4ac IgA protutijela utvrdili smo u ispirku crijeva s pomou ELISA testa u 75% prasadi obraene sa 2407+ POE-POP, a u manjoj mjeri u prasadi obraene sa 2407 (60%) ili 2407+GMDP (50%). Specifini sekrecijski IgA bio je takoer prisutan u 75% neimunizirane i zaraene prasadi. Meutim, dok je ETEC soj izazvao dijareju u 4 od 7 zaraene prasadi, dotle je 6 od 7 prasadi imunizirane sojem 2407 ostalo zdravo tijekom 6 dana nakon zaraavanja. Nai rezultati pokazuju da i. g. imunizacija F4ac+ ne-ETEC sojem moe potaknuti zatitnu imunost protiv izazivakog ETEC soja koji proizvodi isti tip fimbrijskog antigena. Ovi nalazi jasno upuuju na sluznicu tankog crijeva kao mjesto gdje se prikazuju bakterijski antigen(i), i gdje ova lokalna stimulacija moe inducirati T- i B- stanine odgovore. Immune responses in the gut lymphoid tissues of immunized pigs challenged with F4ac+ LT+ STb+ Escherichia coli strain We have assessed qualitative and quantitative patterns of humoral and cellular immune responses in 4-week-old pigs intragastrically (i.g.) immunized with F4ac+ nonenterotoxigenic E. coli (non-ETEC) strain 2407, and then i.g. challenged with F4ac+ ETEC strain isolated from diarrheic pigs in Croatia. Additionally, we have evaluated adjuvanticity of two immune response modifiers (copolymers of polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene; POE-POP and N-acetylglucosaminyl-((,1-4)-N-acetyl-muraminyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine; GMDP) in a model of postweaning colibacillosis. Using flow cytometric analyses and immunohistochemistry we have phenotyped and localized T and B cell subsets in the pig gut lymphoid tissues. A subset of CD3b+ T cells tended to be higher in jejunal lamina propria (JLP) and ileal Peyer's patches (IPP) of pigs treated with either 2407+POE-POP or 2407+GMDP, respectively, as compared to that in control nonimmunized pigs. The proportion of CD1+ and CD21+ B cells was increased in JLP and IPP of pigs immunized with either 2407 or 2407+ POE-POP/GMDP. In mesenteric lymph node (MLN) of these pigs CD1+ cells were decreased whereas CD21+ were slightly elevated. The distribution of CD21+ B cells subset in MLN correlated well with the findings of IgA-secreting plasma cells in crypts of jejunum/ileum, lamina propria and dome region of IPP. The presence of anti-F4ac IgA antibody was confirmed by ELISA in intestinal washes of 75% of 2407+ POE-POP-treated pigs, and to a lesser extent in those immunized with either 2407 (60%) or 2407+GMDP (50%). A specific secretory IgA was also detected in 75% of nonimmunized, but challenged pigs. However, the challenge ETEC strain induced diarrheal disease in 4 of 7 infected pigs. Conversely, 6 of 7 pigs immunized with 2407 strain remained healthy during the 6-day postinoculation period. Our results demonstrate that i.g. immunization with F4ac+ non-ETEC strain may elicit the protective immunity against the challenge ETEC strain expressing a same type of fimbral antigen. These findings clearly implicate the gut mucosa as a site where bacterial antigen(s) may be presented, and that this local stimulation may induce T and B cell responses. Bojan Rode1, Gordana Lackovi1, Ivica Valpoti2 1Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Mjesta vezivanja lektina na tkivno-krvne skupine A0 na crijevu prasadi Pouzdana lokalizacija vezivanja lektina s glukokonjugatima stanica vana je za otkrivanje potencijalnih mjesta otkrivanja raznih cirkulacijskih biolokih agensa i onih u lumenu crijeva, ukljuivi bakterije i toksine. U ovom sluaju mjesta vezivanja lektina takoer su vana za otkrivanje antigena tkivno-krvnih skupina u crijevu prasadi tijekom razvitka. Lektini UEA I (Ulex europaeus aglutinin I) i PNA (Peanut aglutinin odnosno Arachis hypogea aglutinin) rabe se u histokemijskom dokazivanju ljudskih tkivno-krvnih antigena A i 0(H). Kim i Kelly (1991) koristei oba ova lektina u fluorescencijskoj tehnici lokalizirali su A i 0 tkivno-krvnu skupinu prvenstveno u samim membranama epitela crijeva prasadi, a donekle i u bazolateralnim membranama istog epitela. U naim istraivanjima tankog crijeva prasadi (dob 7 do 8 tjedana) pomou indirektne peroksidazne tehnike (PAP i ABC) u parafinskim rezovima, vezivanje UEA I i PNA najjae je istaknuto u mucinu vrastih stanica i njihovom sekretu koji kao tanki sloj pokriva povrinu epitela resica i L. kripata u jejunumu i ileumu, dok je sam etkasti porub epitela negativan. Blaga do umjerena reakcija vezivanja UEA I prikazana je takoer u supranuklearnoj Golgijevoj zoni i u bazalnoj citoplazmi epitela. Nalazi Kima i Kellyja, koji su suprotni naim nalazima, po naem su sudu rezultat fluorecsencijskog efekta projekcije "svijetlo-tamno" gdje se ne diskriminira mucinski film od same membrane stanica. Lectin binding sites related to the histo-blood group A0 in the small intestine of the piglets The accurate localization of lectin binding sites of glycoconjugates in porcine intestine is important for understanding of both, ontogenic expression of histo-blood antigens and potential binding sites for luminal and circulating biologically active ligands including bacteria and toxins. Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA I) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) have also been used in lectin histochemistry for the detection of human histo-blood antigens 0 (H) and A, respectively. Kim and Kelly (1991) demonstrated histo-blood group A-0 also in the intestine of suckling pigs by the UEA I and PNA and fluorescence technique, with the major localization in the apical cell membranes of the intestinal epithelium. Our recent study of UEA I and PNA binding sites in the small intestine of piglets (7-8 weeks) by using PAP and ABC techniques clearly showed only a strong reactivity of mucin in goblet cells and their mucin covering luminal surface of intestinal villi and L. crypts. A slight to moderate reactivity of UEA I was also demonstrated in the supranuclear Golgi zone and basal cytoplasm of the intestinal epithelium. The localization of UEA I and PNA in the epithelial cell membranes described by Kim and Kelly is apparently the result of pitfall in fluorescence technique which does not discriminate the cell membrane itself from the attached mucin film to the epithelial cell membranes. Ivan Vrbanac1, Stanislav ajavec2, Marija Tomakovi3, Ivica Valpoti3 1Zavod za patologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Pliva, Istraivaki institut, Baruna Filipovia 78, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Imunosni odgovori svinjskih limfocita na ivu atenuiranu gE- (gI-) vakcinu protiv virusa bolesti Aujeszkog Provjerena je pouzdanost vakcine protiv bolesti Aujeszkog (BA), koja je sadravala ivi atenuirani virus (soj Bartha K/61 bez neesencijalnog gE, prije oznaavanog gI, glikoproteinskog antigena), u zatiti krmaa i prasadi. U 10 tjedana stare prasadi imunizirane tom vakcinom utvren je, s pomou ELISA testa, znaajan porast specifinih protutijela tri tjedna nakon revakcinacije. Uporabom testa stimulacije limfocita, pokuali smo procijeniti imunogenost vakcine za limfocite periferne krvi (LPK), te limfocite iz retrofaringealnog (LRFL) i branhijalnog limfnog vora (LBL) nezaraene prasadi (N=6) stare 8 tjedana iz legala krmaa vakciniranih protiv BA. Radi fenotipiziranja i kvantificiranja subpopulacija T- i B-stanica u uzorcima periferne krvi i limfnih vorova uporabili smo protonu citometriju. Proliferacija limfocita iz LRFL i LBL na vakcinalni imunogen (104 TCID50 po bunariu) bila je znatno via (P<0,05; <0,01) od one dobivene nakon stimulacije limfocita sa PHA ili PWM (5(g/ml). Meutim, reaktivnost LPK bila je ujednaena bez obzira na primijenjeni stimulator. Citolitike wCD8a+ T- stanice bile su prisutne u istim koliinama u oba testirana limfna vora (30,7% u LRFL i 29,7 u LBL). Udio pripadajuih CD4a+ pomonikih T-stanica bio je neto vei (35,7%, odnosno 42,3%) u odnosu na wCD8a+ T-stanice. Brojnost obiju subpopulacija T-stanica bila je niska (5,9% CD4a+ i 13,2% wCD8a+ stanica) u perifernoj krvi. U oba limfna vora CD21+ B-stanice bile su zastupljenije (35,2% u LRFL i 44,1% u LBL) od CD1+ stanica (20,5%, odnosno 17,8%). Prisutnost tih stanica, posebice CD21+ limfocita (12,7%), bila je razmjerno niska u perifernoj krvi. Naprotiv, SWC1a+ stanice, specifine za vrstu, te CD2a+ T-stanice bile su mnogo zastupljenije (96,4%, odnosno 48,4%) u perifernoj krvi. Ovi podaci pokazuju znaenje uloge glikoproteinskih antigena virusnog omotaa, kao to su gC, gB, gD i gH, u stimulaciji in vitro proliferacije preteito limfocita podrunih limfnih vorova, a manje LPK. Vjerojatno je da su i pomonike i citolitike T-stanice ukljuene u imunosni odgovor na ivuatenuiranugE-(gI-)vakcinu protiv BA. Porcine lymphocyte responses to live attenuated gE- (gI-) pseudorabies virus vaccine The safety of pseudorabies virus (PrV) vaccine containing a live attenuated virus (strain Bartha K/61 lacking nonessential glycoprotein gE, formerly termed gI) was already confirmed in sows and pigs. In 10-week-old pigs immunized with the vaccine a significant increase of anti-PrV antibodies was detected by ELISA three weeks after the revaccination. Using lymphocyte stimulation test we have assessed the immunogenicity of the vaccine for peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), retropharingeal (RPLNL) and bronchial lymph node lymphocytes (BLNL) from 6 noninfected 8-week-old pigs farrowed to the sows vaccinated against PrV. Using single-color flow cytometric cell sorting we have phenotyped and quantified T and B cell subsets in the sampled peripheral blood and lymph nodes. The in vitro proliferation of RPLNL and BLNL to PrV vaccinal immunogen (104 TCID50 per well) was significantly higher (P<0.05; <0.01) than that of PHA- or PWM- stimulated (5(g/ml) cells, respectively. However, the PBL proliferated similarly regardless the stimuli applied. Cytolytic wCD8a+ T cells occur in equal proportions (30.7% in RPLN and 29.7 in BLN) in the lymph nodes tested. The resident CD4a+ helper T cells were slightly elevated (35.7% and 42.3%, respectively) as compared to wCD8a+ cells. Both T cell subsets remained low (5.9% of CD4a+ and 13.2% of wCD8a+ cells) in the peripheral blood. In both lymph nodes CD21+ B cells were more frequent (35.2% in RPLN and 44.1% in BLNL) than CD1+ (20.5% and 17.8%, respectively) cells. The presence of these cells, particularly CD21+ cells (12.7%), was relatively poor in the peripheral blood. Conversely, the species-specific SWC1a+ and CD2a+ T cells were highly abundant (96.4% and 48.4%, respectively) in the peripheral blood. In conclusion, the data indicate a prominent role of viral envelope glycoprotein antigens, such as gC, gB, gD, and gH, in the stimulation of in vitro proliferation of rather regional lymph node lymphocytes than PBL. It is likely that both helper and cytolytic T cells are involved in the immune response to live attenuated gE- (gI-) PrV vaccine. Nikica Petrinec1, Marija Tomakovi2, Karmen Trutin-Ostovi3, Lidija ver2, IvicaValpoti2 1Imunoloki zavod, Zagreb - Brezje, Brezjanska cesta 15, 10431 Sv. Nedjelja, Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 3Odjel za kliniku citologiju i citometriju, Klinika bolnica Dubrava, Avenijaizviaa bb, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Stanini imunosni odgovor konja nakon imunizacije toksoidom i toksinom bakterije Clostridium tetani Radi dobivanja imunog seruma s visokim titrom protutijela za toksin bakterije C. tetani s pomou plazmofereze, 5 konja krianaca (prosjene dobi od 7,5 godina) bilo je opetovano (7 puta) imunizirano intramuskularnim ili subkutanim injekcijama tetanusnog toksoida (TTd; 2000 Lf/ml) i tetanusnog toksina (TT; 60 Lf/ml). Glavni je cilj ovog istraivanja bio utvrditi mogunost otkrivanja visokoreaktivnih konja pogodnih za proizvodnju hiperimunog seruma protiv uzronika tetanusa, na temelju njihova in vitro staninog odgovora na TTd. Osim toga, vrednovali smo i poticajni uinak imunizacije konja s TTd/TT na temelju procjenjivanja sposobnosti njihovih limfocita periferne krvi (LPK) da in vitro (1) proliferiraju nakon stimulacije s uobiajenim mitogenima (PHA ili PWM) ili specifinim antigenima (TTd ili TT), odnosno da (2) aktiviraju svoje efektorske funkcije u testovima izravne citolize (IC) i citolize ovisne o protutijelu (COP). Rezultati pokazuju da je oko 50% (11 od 23) neimuniziranih konja niskoreaktivno na TTd s obzirom da su njihovi LPK slabo odgovarali na stimulaciju s PHA ili PWM. Stanice konja obraenih sa TTd/TT odgovarale su slabije na PHA (P<0,01) ili PWM (P<0,05) 35. i 63. dana nakon imunizacije od kontrolnih stanica (0. dana) neimuniziranih ivotinja. Efektorske stanice imuniziranih konja pokazale su veu citolitiku aktivnost protiv autolognih ciljnih limfoblasta u testovima IC (6,6% ili oko 7 puta) i COP (18,2% ili oko 9 puta) od kontrolnih stanica. To se vjerojatno zbiva zbog mnogo brojnijih subpopulacija CD4+ i CD8+ stanica u perifernoj krvi (P<0,05) konja obraenih sa TTd/TT. Meutim, postotak stanica koje prikazuju antigen, bio je nii (P<0,01) u tih ivotinja. Nije bilo razlika u broju B-stanica, pa posljedino ni u razinama serumskih protutijela IgM, IgG i IgG(T) razreda. Zakljueno je da bi se dodatnom stimulacijom konja s jednim modifikatorom imunolokog odgovora mogao pojaati stanini imunosni odgovor na specifini imunogen/antigen, to bi moglo rezultirati veim prinosom protutijela za toksin uzronika tetanusa. ini se da bi test stimulacije limfocita mogao biti od praktine vrijednosti prilikom odabira konja namijenjenih proizvodnji hiperimunog seruma protiv tetanusa. Cellular immune response of horses after immunization with Clostridium tetani toxoid/toxin In order to obtain the immune serum with a high titer of antitoxin antibody against C. tetani by plasmapheresis 5 crossbred horses (aging 7.5 years in average) were repeatedly (7 times) immunized with intramuscular or subcutaneous injections of tetanus toxoid (TTd; 2000 Lf/ml) and tetanus toxin (TT; 60 Lf/ml). The main objective of the current study was to establish whether or not is possible to detect the highly reactive horses favorable for tetanus hyperimmune serum production based on their in vitro cellular immunoresponsiveness to TTd. Additionally, we have evaluated the priming effect of immunization with TTd/TT for horses by the assessment of their peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) in vitro (1) proliferation induced with either common mitogens (PHA or PWM) or specific antigens (TTd or TT), and (2) activation/effector function in direct and antibody-dependent cellular cytolysis (DC and ADCC). About 50% (11 of 23) of nonimmunized horses appeared to be nonresponders to TTd as their PBL responded poor to stimulation with PHA or PWM. The cells from TTd/TT-treated horses responded lower to PHA (P<0.01) or PWM (P<0.05) at Days 35 and 63 after the immunization, respectively, than did the control cells (at Day 0) from nonimmunized animals. The effector cells from immunized horses exhibited a stronger cytolytic activity against autologous target lymphoblasts in either DC (6.6% or about 7 times) or ADCC (18.2% or about 9 times) than the control cells. This is probably due to more abundant CD4+ and CD8+ subsets in the peripheral blood (P<0.05) of TTd/TT-treated horses. However, the percentage of antigen presenting cells was lower (P<0.01) in these animals. There were no differences in the number of B cells and consequently in the serum levels of IgM, IgG, and IgG(T) antibodies. It was concluded that additional stimulation of horses with an immune response modifier would promote a higher cell-mediated response to specific immunogen/antigen and, thus, would result in a larger yield of antitoxin antibodies. Taken altogether, it seems likely that the lymphocyte stimulation test could be of a practical value as a mean of selecting horses intended for production of hyperimmune serum against tetanus. Dunja Kouta1, Gojko Goovi2, Gordana Gruji1 1Zavod za animalnu fiziologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Klinika za opu i hiperbariku medicinu, Domovinskog rata 1, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Supresivni uinak kisika povienog tlaka na metastaze anaplastinog karcinoma u takora soja Y59 Postoje brojni nalazi o rastu tumora u uvjetima in vitro i in vivo pri razliitom stupnju hipoksije ili hiperoksije. Suprotnosti u nalazima govore o zavisnosti odgovora pojedinih ivotinjskih vrsta s razliitim tumorima na povieni tlak kisika. Za naglasiti je da izlaganje razliitim razinama povienog tlaka kisika daje esto vrlo suprotne rezultate. Meutim, injenica je da kisik povienog tlaka tetno utjee na rast zdravog tkiva, posebice na stanice u diobi koje su osjetljivije od stanica u mirovanju. U naim pokusima takorima Y59 injicirali smo razliiti broj stanica anaplastinog karcinoma (ACa). ivotinje smo potom izloili djelovanju povienog tlaka kisika (300k Pa = 3 ATA) u posebnoj rekompresijskoj komori. Uinkovitost hiperbarikog kisika (HBK) pratili smo brojanjem plunih metastaza, i preivljavanjem ivotinja nakon injiciranja razliitog broja stanica ACa. Tijekom pokusa pratili smo i odgovor limfocita iz periferne krvi na nespecifine mitogenike (PHA, ConA, LPS) u odreenim vremenskim intervalima. Rezultati pokazuju statistiki vjerodostojnu razliku izmeu pokusnih i kontrolnih skupina ivotinja. U ivotinja kojima smo injicirali 104 stanica ACa a potom ih izloili hiperbarikom kisiku nali smo svega 1,2 ( 0,4 plunih metastaza za razliku od kontrolne skupine (bez HBK) gdje je srednja vrijednost metastaza bila znatno vea (32.3 ( 3,5). Slinu vjerodostojnu razliku dobili smo pratei i preivljavanje pokusnih i kontrolnih ivotinja. Pokusne ivotinje preivljavale su preko 100 dana od dana utrcavanja stanica ACa i izlaganja HBK-u. Kontrolne ivotinje uginule su izmeu 18. i 23. dana nakon intravenskog davanja stanica ACa. Izuzetno znakoviti su i rezultati odgovora limfocita iz periferne krvi na nespecifine mitogenike (PHA, ConA, LPS). injenica da je odgovor pokusnih ivotinja bio slian i/ili identian onom u zdravih normalnih takora govori o vrlo djelatnoj uinkovitosti povienog tlaka kisika. The suppressive effect of oxygen at high pressure on anaplastic carcinoma of the Y59 rats The growth of tumor cells was studied both in vitro and in vivo conditions at different degrees of hypoxia and hiperoxia. The controversy of the results obtained depends on the work on different animal species, different tumors and different number of the same tumor cells. Duration of exposure to different oxygen pressure also varied from case to case. Hyperbaric oxygen adversely influence on the growth of normal tissue, especially on dividing cells which are more sensitive than resting cells. In our experiments all the animals after being injected with different number of tumor cells (anaplastic carcinoma) were exposed to oxygen under pressure of 300 kPa (3 ATA) in a Comex animal recompression chamber with a 390 l volume and 50 bars working pressure. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on metastasing of intravenous injected anaplastic carcinoma (ACa) cells were evaluated by counting of metastases on the lung surface, registering the surviving time of all animals and testing the response to different nonspecific mitogens. The results showed that the average number of metastases found in experimental group (treated with hyperbaric oxygen) was only 1,2 ( 0,4. In control group we found 32,2 ( 3,5 metastases. Decrease of tumor colonies obtained were highly significant (p(0,001). Similar results were abstained in experiments when animals were injected with 104 or 2x104 AKA cells. Also during the observation period all animals injected with 104 of AKA cells survived more than 100 days. In comparison to the control group the survival time of the animals exposed to hyperbaric oxygen was highly significant (p(0,01). It is important to emphasize that peripheral blood lymphociyes of animals treated with hyperbaric oxygen (after being injected with anaplastic carcinoma cells) showed higher response to three mitogens (PHA, ConA and LPS) in comparison to control (without HBO).This result was similar and/or identical to results obtained with peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal healthy animals without any treatment. Nada Oroli1, Zoran Tadi1, Ana Brbot-aranovi2, Ivan Bai1 1Zavod za animalnu fiziologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zavod za kemiju i biokemiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Imunomodulatorno djelovanje propolisa: Zatitni i terapijski uinak na rast tumorskih voria u pluima mia CBA U ovom radu istraili smo zatitni i terapijski uinak otopine propolisa na broj tumorskih voria na pluima mia. Rabili smo transplantabilni karcinom mlijene lijezde (Mca) mia CBA. Tumor je spontanog podrijetla, slabo imunogenian za singeninog primatelja. Tumorske vorie u pluima izazvali smo utrcavanjem 2x105 vijabilnih tumorskih stanica u venu. Antimetastatski uinak propolisa istraili smo utrcavanjem 50mg ili 150 mg/kg propolisa intravenski (iv) ili intraperitonealno (ip) 15, 10 i 5 dan prije unosa tumorskih stanica, odnosno 2, 8 i 12 dana nakon unosa tumorskih stanica. Rezultati potvruju da obrada propolisom (iv i ip) smanjuje broj tumorskih voria u pluima u odnosu na kontrolu (P( 0,01). Mogue je da se metastatski uinak propolisa temelji na modulaciji imunoloke reakcije primatelja to potvruju sljedei testovi in vitro: aktivnost makrofaga i produkcija IL1, reaktivnost splenocita na poliklonalne mitigene (PHA, Con A, PWM, LPS), odreivanje broja T i B stanica formiranje E i EAC rozeta, kao i broj hemolitikih istina u agaru. Kombinirana zatitna i terapijska obrada ne daje bolji antimetastatski uinak, to sugerira da doza propolisa moe igrati vanu ulogu u antimetastatskoj aktivnosti. Immunomodulatory action of propolis: Prophylactic and curative activity of propolis against tumor growth in lung of CBA mouse The prophylactic and curative ability of the water soluble derivate of propolis (WSDP) on the formation of tumor nodules in the lung of mice was tested. Tumor was transplantable mammary carcinoma (Mca) of spontaneous origin, weakly immunogenic to syngenic CBA mouse. Tumor nodules in the lungs of mice were generated by injecting 2x105 viable tumor cells intravenously (iv). Intraperitoneal (ip) or iv injection of WSDP containing either 50 mg or 150 mg/kg was given into mice for prophylactic or curative purposes 15, 10 and 5 days before and 2, 8, 12 days after tumor cells inoculation, respectively. Both iv and ip treatments with WSDP, regardless those, suppressed the growth of tumor nodules in the lungs, as compared to control (P(0,01). Changes in several immunology parameters in vitro such as: peritoneal macrophage activity to produce interleukin-1, response of lymphocytes to polyclonal mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM, LPS), rosette formation of lymphoid cells with SRBC and plaque forming ability of splenocytes of mice's to sheep erythrocytes, respectively, correlated well with antimetastatic properties of propolis. Combined prophylactic and curative treatment did not facilitate the tumor affect of WSDP, suggesting again that the dose of propolis may play an important role in anticancer activity of propolis. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Snjeana Vuji-Karlo, Paula Durbei, Marijana Klipa Zoologijski zavod, Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Promjene u fauni traka (Carabidae) donjeg toka rijeke Neretve Delta Neretve je jedinstveno movarno podruje nae obale koje posljednjih desetljea prolazi kroz znaajne promjene koje obuhvaaju melioracijske zahvate i ubrzani razvoj poljoprivrede. U donjoneretvanskom kraju zatieno je 1624 ha ili 5,8% povrine u vidu etiri specijalna ornitoloka i ihtio-ornitoloka rezervata, jednog znaajnog krajolika i jedne park ume. Na tom prostoru aktivnou ovjeka, melioracijom i intenzivnim poljodjelstvom uinjena je znaajna promjena ekosustava. Tijekom prolog i poetkom ovog stoljea istraivanjima faune traka delte Neretve i okolnog pobra ustanovljeno je 477 vrsta od kojih su neke endemine (npr. Carabus coriaceus v. dalmaticus, Laemostenus dalmatinus). Mnoge su vrste rijetke, zabiljeene u Hrvatskoj samo na ovom podruju (npr. Bembidion fumigatum, Anthracus flavipennis, Pterostichus inquinatus, Lebia lepida i dr.). Tijekom 1994, 1995. i 1996. godine obavljena su terenska istraivanja. Fauna traka sakupljana je metodom lovnih posuda i rukom na vrlo razliitim stanitima. Sakupljeno je oko 1000 jedinki iz 45 vrsta traka. Najbrojnija vrsta je Harpalus rufipes. Populacije ostalih vrsta traka zastupljene su s malo jedinki. Mala raznolikost faune traka je u podruju traka, ali s brojnom populacijom dominantne, herbivorne vrste H. rufipes inae tipine u agrobiocenozama. Stanita na veim nadmorskim visinama, te izvan meliorirane zone pokazuju veu raznolikost faune traka, ali malu brojnost, uz prisustvo nekih endeminih, mediteranskih te higrofilnih i veinom karnivornih vrsta. Rijetke vrste zabiljeene u ovom podruju prije melioracija nisu ovim istraivanjima ustanovljene. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na promjenu u sastavu entomofaune koja je nastala prvenstveno vodozahvatnim mjerama, ali i radi intenzivnog razvoja poljoprivrede. Daljnja detaljnija istraivanja entomofaune ovog podruja dala bi potpunije rezultate i ukazala na mogunost unapreenja i zatite ovih izuzetno vrijednih ekosustava. Changes of the Ground beetles (Carabidae) fauna in the Neretvariver delta Delta of the Neretva river is a unique swamp region on the West Adriatic coast, that has passed through big changes in few last decades. Great areas of swamp is modified by melioration into agricultural land, and the large scale production of different citrus fruits and vegetables. About 1624 ha (5,8%) of land in this region is protected by low; four ornithological and ihtio-ornithological wildlife refuges, one important landscape, and one forest-park. Because of that, we were interested in the influence of the passing environmental changes on the ground beetles fauna. In the XIX and on the beginning of XX century the ground beetles fauna of these area were investigated and 477 species were identified. Some of them are endemic (e.g. Carabus coriaceus v. dalmaticus, Laemostenus dalmatinus) or are rare European species found just in these area of Croatia (e.g. Bembidion fumigatum, Anthracus flavipennis, Pterostichus inquinatus, Lebia lepida etc). During 1994, 1995 and 1996 the ground beetles fauna was collected with pitfall traps and hands in different kind of stands. About 1000 specimens from 45 species were found. The most dominant species was Harpalus rufipes. Other ground beetles species populations were small. Small diversity in the ground beetles fauna was in the area of reeds patches and agrobiocenosys, but the dominant, herbivorous species (H. rufipes) typical for agricultural stands was abundant. Other stand out of that zone were more diverse but with small populations of mostly carnivorous, endemic, Mediterranean and rare species. Rare species identified in this area before this investigations were not found. This changes were caused primarily with melioration, but also with the developing of agriculture. Further entomological investigations of this area are necessarily because they can show the possibility of conservation and improvement of the Delta. uro Huber, Josip Kusak Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Zimska kretanja medvjeda u Hrvatskoj Europske smee medvjede (Ursus arctos) openito se ubraja u zimske hibernatore. Na cilj je bio utvrditi uestalost nalaenja medvjeda u kretanju izvan brloga u zimskim mjesecima u Hrvatskoj, i to u sijenju i veljai kao sredinjim zimskim mjesecima u odnosu na studeni, prosinac, oujak i travanj, te druga godinja doba. Istraivanja su provedena od 1981. do 1997. godine. Rabili smo radio-telemetriju i praenje tragova na snijegu. Telemetrijsko praenje je pokazalo znaajno manje zimske prostore kretanja u usporedbi sa drugim godinjim dobima, ali je pokazalo i odreenu razinu zimskih aktivnosti medvjeda unutar i izvan brloga. Niti za jednog telemetrijski praenog medvjeda nismo mogli dokazati da se kretao tijekom cijele zime, ali je najmanje jedan mladi mujak (od 12 praenih medvjeih zima) mirovao samo krae od 2 tjedna, i to u drugoj polovini sijenja u jednoj vrsti dnevnog leaja. Praenjem tragova u snijegu najmanje je tragova nalaeno u sijenju i veljai ali je dokazano da se u svakom zimskom mjesecu mogu nai poneki medvjedi izvan brloga. Veina tragova pronalaena je oko mjesta hranjenja medvjeda (meilita) i oko smetlita. Na takvim mjestima medvjedi su kopanjem u snijegu traili hranu i time je dokazano i zimsko uzimanje hrane. U sijenju i veljai je pronaeno i nekoliko medvjeih izmeta. Nije utvren trend promjene uestalosti znakovi medvjee zimske aktivnosti tijekom 16 godina ovih istraivanja. Nai podaci o veliini uroda bukvice i otrini zime takoer nisu pokazali znaajan odnos sa uestalou zimskog kretanja medvjeda. Veina zimskih tragova pripadala je medvjedima srednje veliine, a u sijenju 1997. naen je ak i trag enke sa prologodinjim mladunetom. Prisue izvora hrane koje je stvorio ovjek moe se smatrati vjerojatnim najvanijim pojedinanim razlogom da poneki medvjedi ostaju zimi aktivni. To se moe usporediti sa situacijom medvjeda u zatoenitvu gdje svakodnevno hranjenje zadri veinu medvjeda izvan zimskog sna, dok prekid hranjenja potie hibernaciju. Pravi razlozi i dugorone posljedice zimske aktivnosti medvjeda ne mogu se sa sadanjom razinom spoznaja u potpunosti ocijeniti. Winter movements of brown bears in Croatia European brown bears (Ursus arctos) are generally considered as winter hibernators. Our goal was to determine and compare the amount of bear movements in Croatia during January and February, as central winter months, vs. November, December, March and April, and other seasons. Studies have been undertaken from 1981 through 1997. We applied radio telemetry and snow tracking. Radio tracking revealed significantly smaller winter ranges compared to other seasons but also demonstrated certain levels of activity, both within and outside the dens. For none bears we could demonstrate to roam around all winter, but at least one subadult male (of 12 tracked bear - winters) settled down for less than two weeks in second half of January. Later careful inspection of the area failed to locate a den and seems that this bear used only a kind of day-bed. Tracking in the snow revealed the fewest tracks in January and February but proved that in each month of year at least some bears could be found moving outside the den sites. Most of tracks have been found at bear feeding sites and around some garbage dumps. At such places bears occasionally dug in the snow for consumable items demonstrating the feeding behavior. Several scats have also been found in January and February, as well. No trend of change in frequency of signs of winter bear activity has been noticed over the 16 years of this study. Our data on the influence of beech nuts crop and the severity of winter failed to show relation to the amount of bear winter movements. Most of mid-winter tracks belonged to medium sized single bears, but in January 1997 even a sign of a female with a yearling cub was found. The presence of human sources of food may be considered as the probable single most important reason why some bears remained active most of the winter. This could be compared to the situation with captive bears where the daily servings of meals keep most bears out of hibernation, while the seizure of feeding triggers hibernating behavior. Full reasons and long-term effects of increased winter activity of free-living bears could not be evaluated at this point of knowledge. Zdravko Dolenec Filozofski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu - Pedagogijske znanosti, odsjek akovec, dr.Starevia55,40300akovec,Hrvatska Prilog poznavanju selidbe ptica s podruja Hrvatskog zagorja Prstenovanje ptica obavljam od 1972. godine, a do 1996. godine prstenovao sam 12110 primjeraka ptica koje pripadaju u 69 vrsta. Ptice sam prstenovao aluminijskim prstenima Zavoda za ornitologiju HAZU u Zagrebu. Prstenovanje sam obavljao na podruju Mokrica, Oroslavja, Stubikih Toplica i Donje Stubice. Tijekom priopenja dat e se ralamba nalaza ptica u drugim zemljama. Do 1996. godine ukupno su naene 24 ptice u drugim zemljama (etiri vrste: vorak (Sturnus vulgaris), kos (Turdus merula), golub grivnja (Columba palumbus), plavetna sjenica (Parus caeruleus). Najvie nalaza (20) odnosi se na vorka, a nalazi potjeu iz Italije (14), Alira (3), Tunisa (2) i Maarske (1). Datumi nalaza govore nam da 18 nalaza voraka pripada regularnoj selidbi, a 2 nalaza (po jedan u Italiji i Maarskoj) meuselidbi. Dva nalaza kosa (Francuska, Italija) daju doprinos jo uvijek otvorenom pitanju selidbe kosova (dio populacije seli, a dio zimuje na podruju gnijeenja). Nalaz goluba grivnjaa (Italija) govori nam o regularnoj selidbi. Nalaz plavetne sjenice u mjesecu svibnju (doba gnijeenja) u ekoj, a prstenovane u sijenju u Oroslavju ukazuje nam da je to primjerak eke populacije koja je prstenovana tijekom zimske skitnje u potrazi za hranom. Contribution to the study of migration of birds of the HrvatskoZagorje region I have been ringing birds since 1972 and up to 1996 I ringed 12110 birds belonging to 69 species. In my work I used aluminum rings from the Institute of Ornithology of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts - Zagreb, while the area I covered was Mokrice, Oroslavje, Stubike Toplice and Donja Stubica. In my report I am going to give a detailed survey of the findings in other countries. Up to 1996, the 24 of the ringed birds, belonging to four species: Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Blackbird (Thurdus merula), Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus), and Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus), were recovered in other countries. Most of the findings (20) refer to Starlings, out of which 14 were recorded in Italy, 3 in Algeria, 2 in Tunisia, and 1 in Hungary. According to the dates of the findings 18 Starlings were performing regular migration, and only 2 (1 recovered in Italy, 1 in Hungary) were performing intermediate migration. The 2 recoveries of Blackbirds (France and Italy) give considerable contribution to the still unresolved issue of the migration of Blackbirds (a part of the population migrates, the other part remains in the nesting area during the winter period). The Wood Pigeon found in Italy was performing regular migration. The Blue Tit ringed in Oroslavje in January was recovered in the Czech Republic in May, the nesting period. The record suggests that it was an autochtonous specimen of the Czech population ringed during winter vagrancy in search of food. Vladimir Krpa Prirodonauen muzej na Makedonija, Bul. Ilinden 86, 91000 Skopje, Makedonija Fauna muha prilica (Syrphidae, Diptera) u NacionalnomparkuMavrovo Na osnovi 3-godinjih istraivanja (1994-1996) faune osolikih (cvjetnih) muha na 16 lokaliteta u oblasti Nacionalnoga Parka Mavrovo, utvrene su 52 vrste, poreene u 25 rodova, 9 tribusa iz dvije porodice (Syrphinae i Milesiinae). Vrste Eristalis intricaria i Dasysyrphus lunulatus su nove za faunu muhaprilica Makedonije Po prvi put u istraivanom podruju konstatirano je 11 vrsta: Chrysotoxum gracile, Chrysotoxum arcuatum, Xylota tarda, Xylota xantocnema, Scaeva albomaculata, Scaeva selenitica, Syrphus torvus, Dasysyrphus venustus, Platycheirus albimanus, Merodon aberrans and Merodon distinctus. Najvea zastupljenost vrstama je u rodova: Chrysotoxum (8 vrsta); Eristalis (5); Volucella (4); Dasysyrphus (3); Scaeva (3); Syrphus (3); i Merodon (3). Ostali rodovi su zastupljeni sa 2 ili s 1 vrstom. Najvea brojnost i rasprostranjenost pokazale su vrste: Episyrphus balteatus, Scaeva pyrastri, Scaeva selenitica, Sphaerophoria scripta, Syrphus ribesii, Eristalis tenax i Melanostoma scalare, koje su bile prisutne kod svih 16 kontrolnih toaka. U iskljuivo male brojnosti i rasprostranjenosti susreu se vrste: Baccha elongata i Milesia semiluctifera, zastupljene samo na jednom lokalitetu. Fauna of flower flies (Syrphidae, Diptera) in National park Mavrovo On the basis of 3 years investigations (1994-1996) of the fauna of flower flies on 16 local spots in the area of the National Park Mavrovo, determined were: 52 species, divided in 25 genera, 9 tribuses, from two subfamilies (Syrphinae and Milesiinae). The species Eristalis intricaria and Dasysyrphus lunulatus are new for the fauna of flower flies in Macedonia For the first time, in the explored region are registered 11 species: Chrysotoxum gracile, Chrysotoxum arcuatum, Xylota tarda, Xylota xantocnema, Scaeva albomaculata, Scaeva selenitica, Syrphus torvus, Dasysyrphus venustus, Platycheirus albimanus, Merodon aberrans and Merodon distinctus. Mostly spread were the species from the following genera: Chrysotoxum (8 species); Eristalis (5); Volucella (4); Dasysyrphus (3); Scaeva (3); Syrphus (3); i Merodon (3). The remaining genera were represented with 2 or 1 species. The high numbers and distribution showed the species: Episyrphus balteatus, Scaeva pyrastri, Scaeva selenitica, Sphaerophoria scripta, Syrphus ribesii, Eristalis tenax and Melanostoma scalare, which were found in all 16 control spots. Exclusively in low numbers and distribution were found the species: Baccha elongata and Milesia semiluctifera, spread only on one local point. Emilija Stojkoska Prirodonauen muzej na Makedonija, Bul. Ilinden 86, 91000 Skopje, Makedonija Prilog poznavanju kopnenih pueva familije Zonitidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora) na planinama Baba i Bistra u Makedoniji Istraivanje terestrinih pueva koji pripadaju familiji Zonitidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora) je obavljeno na podruju planina Baba i Bistra u periodu od 1994. - 1996. godine. Puevi su skupljeni na 9 lokaliteta na planini Bistra i na 3 lokaliteta na planini Baba metodom uzimanja uzoraka tla i sabiranjem pojedinanih veih primjeraka. Ustanovljeno je prisustvo 6 taksona (pet vrsta i jedne podvrste) koja pripadaju slijedeim rodovima: Vitrea Fitzinger, 1833 (2 vrste); Aegopinella Lindholm, 1927 (2 vrste); Oxychilus Fitzinger, 1833 (1 podvrsta) i Allaegopis Riedel, 1979 (1 vrsta). etiri taksona: Aegopinella minor (Stabile, 1864), A. pura (Alder, 1830), Vitrea contracta (Westerlund, 1871) i Oxychilus (Morlina) glaber striarius (Westerlund, 1881) prvi put se navode za teritoriju Republike Makedonije. Zoogeografskom analizom utvreno je da su najbrojniji iroko rasprostranjeni europski elementi (50%). Ustanovljeni su balkanski endemiti Vitrea illyrica (Wagner, 1907) i Allaegopis skanderbegianus (Polinski, 1924). Contribution to the knowledge on the terrestrial snails of the family Zonitidae (Gastropoda: Stylommathophora) in the regions of the Baba and Bistra mountains in Macedonia Investigation on the terrestrial gastropods of the family Zonitidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora) in the regions of the Baba and Bistra mountains, R. Macedonia, during the period 1994 - 1996 has been done. The snails were collected on 9 sites in the mountain Bistra and on 3 sites on the mountain Baba by method of soil samples and by collecting single large specimens. The total of six taxa (five species and one subspecies) were found out. They belong to the following genera: Vitrea Fitzinger, 1833 (2 species); Aegopinella Lindholm, 1927 (2 species); Oxychilus Fitzinger, 1833 (1 subspecies) and Allaegopis Riedel, 1979 (1 species). Four taxa: Aegopinella minor (Stabile, 1864), A. pura (Alder, 1830), Vitrea contracta (Westerlund, 1871) and Oxychilus (Morlina) glaber striarius (Westerlund, 1881) have been ascertained for the first time in the territory of R. Macedonia. By zoogeografical analysis it was proved that the most numerous are widely spread european elements (50%). Vitrea illyrica (Wagner, 1907) and Allaegopis skanderbegianus (Polinski, 1924) appear as Balkan endemites. Jasmina Muini1, Antun Deli2, Ljiljana Jurevi3 1Zavod za ornitologiju HAZU, Ilirski trg 9, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2N.. Zrinskoga 3, 43290 Grubino polje, Hrvatska 3Rendieva 29, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Gnjezdee i selidbene osobitosti bjelobrade igre, Chlidonias hybridus (Aves) u Hrvatskoj Bjelobrada igra, Chlidonias hybridus, na podruju Europe ima diskontinuirani areal gnijeenja. U Hrvatskoj gnijezdi povremeno, a lokaliteti gnijeenja nalaze se u kontinentalnom dijelu zemlje. Biologija gnijeenja ove vrste nije potpuno istraena. U 1989. godini su u Hrvatskoj zapoela istraivanja biologije gnijeenja bjelobrade igre. Na ribnjacima "Konanica" (Grubino polje) provedena su istraivanja populacije od 105 parova bjelobrade igre koja je kolonijalno gnijezdila na plutajuoj vegetaciji Polygonum amphibium. Istraivanja su obuhvatila: strukturu i biljni sastav gnijezda, gustou gnijeenja u 9 subkolonija (1,51-2,90 gnijezda na 100 m2), veliinu legla (2,64(0,77 jaja po gnijezdu), dimenzije jaja (38,44 ( 27,81 mm) i uspjenost gnijeenja (87,7%). Istraeni su takoer inkubacija i izvaljivanje mladunaca. Ustanovljene su neke signifikantne karakteristike hrvatske populacije bjelobrade igre. Uvidom u podatke o prstenovanju bjelobrade igre na podruju Hrvatske i nalaza prstenovanih ptica ustanovljeno je da je od poetka prstenovanja ove vrste na podruju Hrvatske u 1961. pa do 1995. prstenovano 917 primjeraka mladunaca u gnijezdu na dva lokaliteta: Kopaki rit (821) i ribnjaci Jelas polja (96). Od toga su do 1992. zabiljeena dva nalaza prstenovanih ptica, oba s podruja Hrvatske. S obzirom na dosadanji mali broj nalaza prstenovanih ptica intenzivnije prstenovanje pokazalo bi, uz ostalo, putove i mjesta zimovanja hrvatskih populacija ove vrste ptice. Breeding and migrating specifies of Whiskered Tern, Chlidonias hybridus (Aves) in Croatia In Europe, Whiskered Tern, Chlidonias hybridus, has discontinuing breeding range. In Croatia, it breeds occasionally, and breeding localities are in the continental part of the country. The breeding biology of this species has not been fully investigated. The investigation on breeding biology of Whiskered Tern in Croatia begun in 1989. The research on population of 105 pairs of Whiskered Tern that have built colony on floating vegetation Polygonum amphibium of on fishpond "Konanica" (Grubino polje) was carried on. The research including: structure and plant composition of nest, nest density in 9 subcolonies (1.51-2.90 nests per 100 m2), clutch size (2.64 ( 0.77 eggs per nest), egg size (38.44 ( 27.81 mm) and breeding success (87.7%). The incubation and hatching were also investigated. Some significant characteristic of Croatian population of Whiskered Tern have been found. Examination of ringing data of Whiskered Tern on the territory of Croatia and recoveries of ringed birds, since the beginning of ringing this species in Croatia in 1961. to 1995, it was found that 917 young birds were ringed on two localities: Kopaki rit (821) and fishponds Jelas polje (96). From this up to 1992. two findings were recorded both on the territory of Croatia. According to low rate of recoveries of ringed birds more intensive ringing of this species would show, beside the other, the routes and winter quarters of Croatian population of Whiskered Terns. Rajko Slapnik1, Davorin Medakovi2 1Znanstvenoraziskovalni center Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, Bioloki intitut, Gosposka 13, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija 2Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, Institut Ruer Bokovi, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Aragonit, kalcit i kvarc u ljuturama pueva Zospeum (Gastropoda: Pulmonata:Carychiidae) i Belgrandiella (Gastropoda:Prosobranchia:Hydrobiidae) Metodom rendgenske difrakcije istraivan je kvalitativni sastav ljutura podzemnih pueva vrste Zospeum alpestre (Freyer 1855) iz dva nalazita u Kamniko-Savinjskim Alpama, te ljutura pueva vrste Belgrandiella kropae (Slapnik 1994) i B. milei (Slapnik 1994), koji naseljavaju neke izvore u sjeveroistonoj Sloveniji. Udjeli minerala kalcita, aragonita i kvarca u ljuturama odreeni su kvantitativnom faznom rendgenskom analizom. Difrakcijske slike cijelih ljutura svih uzoraka pueva bez obzira na vrstu i mjesto uzorkovanja, pokazuju da je vanjski sloj njihovih kuica izgraen uglavnom od minerala aragonita. Osim aragonita koji je dominantna komponenta vrsta Zospeum alpestre iz nalazita Jerohi, kao i vrsta Belgrandiella kropae iz Krope, u vanjskom sloju ljuture sadre i male koliine kalcita (1-2 molarna %). Analizom usitnjenih ljuturica, potvrena je pretpostavka o postojanju dva ili vie razliitih slojeva u njihovim ljuturicama. Dokazano je da se mineralni sastav unutranjeg sloja ili slojeva ljuture vrste Zospeum alpestre bitno razlikuje obzirom na mjesto uzorkovanja. Suprotno tome unutranji slojevi ljutura vrste Belgrandiella milei i B. kropae razlikuju se neznatno. Osim aragonita i kalcita u ljuturama pueva Zospeum alpestre bez obzira na nalazite i kod vrste Belgrandiella kropae zabiljeen je i kvarc (-SiO2) u udjelima od 3-5 mol%. Razliiti udjeli biominerala u ljuturama pueva iste vrste, ukazuju da ekoloki faktori nalazita, utjeu na procese biomineralizacije. Slini mineralni sastav ljuturica razliitih vrsta, pokazuje ovisnost biomineralizacije o genetskim osobitostima vrste. Rezultati ovih istraivanja imaju taksonomsko i ekoloko znaenje. Contents of pure calcite, aragonite and quartz in the shells of the subterranean snails of genus Zospeum (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Carychiidae) and freshwater snails of genus Belgrandiella (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae) The X-ray powder diffraction method was used to study the qualitative contents in the shells of the subterranean snails of genus Zospeum alpestre (Freyer 1855) in two different localities in Kamnik and Savinja Alps and shells of Belgrandiella kropae Slapnik 1994 and Belgrandiella milei Slapnik 1994 living in some springs in northeastern part of Slovenia. The contents of pure calcite, aragonite and quartz in the shells are defined by the quantitative phase x-ray analysis. Diffraction patterns of whole shells of all the specimen regardless the species and place of taking samples show that the outer layer of shells consists mostly of aragonite. Besides aragonite being the dominant one, the species Zospeum alpestre from cave Jerohi as well as Belgrandiella kropae from spring of Kropa, contain also small quantities of calcite (1-2 mol %). The analysis of crushed shells proved the hypothesis about the existence of two or more different layers in the above mentioned shells. It has been proved that the mineral formation of the inner layers(s) of the Zospeum alpestre species basically differs according to the place where samples have been taken. On the contrary, the inner layer of the shells belonging to the species Belgrandiella milei and Belgrandiella kropae consist of only minor differences. Besides aragonite and calcite in the shells of the Zospeum alpestre regardless the locality and in the species B. kropae a slight content of quartz (-SiO2) has been recorded (in parts from 3 to 5 mol %). Different parts of biominerals in the shells of snails belonging to the same species prove that the ecological factors of the locality have an important influence on the processes of biomineralisation. Similar mineral contents of shells belonging to different species shows the dependence of the process of biomineralisation on the genetic features of the species. The results of the above mentioned research work has taxonomic as well as the ecological significance. Milan Vogrin Hotinjska cesta 108, 2312 Orehova vas, Slovenia Pojavljivanje i prolaenje eje movarice Circus aeruginosus (LINNAEUS, 1758), eje strnarice Circus cyaneus (LINNAEUS, 1766) i orla ribia Pandion haliaetus (LINNAEUS, 1758) u Dravskom polju (Slovenija) Pojavljivanje Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus i Pandion haliaetus je praeno u Dravskom polju u sjevero-istonoj Sloveniji. Promatranja su izvoena sa tla na razliitim mjestima. Circus aeruginosus je bila redovita selica kroz Dravsko polje u proljee i bila je najbrojniji od tri istraivane vrste. Vrno razdoblje bili su kraj oujka i poetak travnja. Proljetna seoba traje oko 89 dana. Jesenska seoba je bila manje pravilna i izraena. Broj enki je bio vei od broja mujaka (1,8 : 1), a razlika statistiki znaajna ((2 test = 9,14, P < 0,005). Circus cyaneus je bila redovita selica kroz Dravsko polje i redovit zimski posjetilac. Broj enki je bio vei od broja mujaka (3,25 : 1), a razlika statistiki znaajna ((2 test = 9,53, P < 0,005). Prvi primjerci u seobi u jesen su se obino pojavljivali sredinom listopada. U proljee je vrhunac pojavljivanja bilo tijekom prvih deset dana oujka. Utvreno je da je C. aeruginosus lovila najvie na vodenim povrinama ((2 test = 6,45, P < 0,05) dok je C. cyaneus lovila najvie na poljoprivrednim povrinama ((2 test t= 18,69, P < 0,0001). Pandion haliaetus se pojavljivao u prvom redu na raznim jezerima i akumulacijama. U proljee najvie ih je prolazilo od sredine oujka do sredine travnja. Jesenska seoba je bila manje naglaena. Occurrence and passage of marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus (LINNAEUS, 1758), hen harrier Circus cyaneus (LINNAEUS, 1766) and osprey Pandion haliaetus (LINNAEUS, 1758), on Dravsko polje (Slovenia) Occurrence and passage of Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus and Pandion haliaetus were studied on Dravsko polje in NE Slovenia. Observations were carried out from the ground on various places. Circus aeruginosus was regular migrant in spring through Dravsko polje and between handle with three species the most numerous. The peak period in spring was at the end of March and on the start of April. Migration in spring continue about 89 day. Migration in autumn was also regular but less pronounced. The number of females exceed that of males (apparent sex ratio = 1.8 : 1), the differences was statisticaly significant (Chi square test = 9.14, P < 0.005). Circus cyaneus was regular migrant through Dravsko polje and regular winter visitors. The number of females exceed that of males (apparent sex ratio = 3.25 : 1), the differences was statisticaly significant (Chi square test = 9.53, P < 0.005). The first migrants in autumn usually appear in mid October. In spring, the peak period was in the first decade of March. It was find out that C. aeruginosus hunted mainly in wetlands (Chi-square test = 6.45, P < 0.05) whereas C. cyaneus hunted mainly on arable land (Chi-square = 18.69, P < 0.0001). Pandion haliaetus was appearing first of all on various ponds and reservoirs. In spring, most passed during mid March to mid April; in autumn migration was much less pronounced. Nua Vogrin Vransko 121, 3305 Vransko, Slovenia Populacijski pokazatelji za sintopike populacije tri vrste gutera (Podarcis sp.) na Slovenskoj obali (Squamata: Sauria: Lacertidae) Tijekom srpnja i kolovoza 1996. istraivane su populacije tri sintopike vrste gutera (Podarcis sicula campestris DE BETA 1857, P. melisellensis fiumana (WERNER 1891), P. muralis maculiventris (WERNER 1891) u Luciji kraj Portoroa (45(30' N, 13(36' E, do 2 m iznad razine mora) na ukupnoj povrini od 4,8 ha. Ciljevi istraivanja bili su procjena veliina i gustoa populacija, te odnos broja po spolu. Veliina populacije je raunata uporabom Petersenovog pokazatelja (Chapmanova modifikacija) i metodom trostrukog hvatanja. Najbrojniji su bili Podarcis sicula campestris sa gustoom od 52,5 do 83,3 jedinki po hektaru. Gustoa populacije Podarcis melisellensis fiumana bila je 12,5 jedinki po hektaru, a Podarcis muralis maculivenris 6.0 jedinki po hektaru. Odnos spolova za sve tri vrste bio je 1 : 1. Usporedba rezultata o gustoi P. muralis i Podarcis sicula campestris sa drugim autorima je pokazala da je naeni prosjek u Luciji na Slovenskoj obali znatno nii. Population parameters of sintopic population of three lacertid lizards (Podarcis sp.) on the Slovenian coast (Squamata: Sauria: Lacertidae) In 1996 during July and August the population of three sintopic lacertid lizards (Podarcis sicula campestris DE BETA 1857, P. melisellensis fiumana (WERNER 1891), P. muralis maculiventris (WERNER 1891) in Lucija near Portoro (45(30' N, 13(36' E, up to 2 m a.s.l.) - coastal area was studied. The total surface area was 4.8 ha. The aim of the study was to estimate the population size, the population density and sex ratio at three sintopic lacertid lizards. The population size was calculated using the Petersen estimate index (Chapman's modification) and Triple catch method. The most numerous was Podarcis sicula campestris with density among 52.5 and 83.3 individuals/ha. The population density of Podarcis melisellensis fiumana was 12.5 individuals/ha and the density of Podarcis muralis maculivenris was 6.0 individuals/ha. The sex ratio in all three species was 1 : 1. The comparison to the results of density of P. muralis and Podarcis sicula campestris with other authors showed that the established average density in Lucija on Slovene coast was much lower. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Bartolo Ozreti, Mirjana Ozreti Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, Institut Ruer Bokovi, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Ekologija - znanost o zbrinjavanju smea Uslijed intenzivne proizvodnje energije i novih materijala, na naoj planeti poeli smo gomilati ogromne koliine razliitog otpada (umjetni radionuklidi, perzistentni pesticidi, toksine i kancerogene tvari, kruti urbani otpad, fekalne i druge otpadne vode). Brzo smo shvatili da je zapoela nova tehnoloka era i da smo, osim ue ovjekove okoline poeli ugroavati temeljne elemente ivotne sredine: vodu, tlo i zrak. Stoga smo prije tridesetak godina, zabrinuti zbog tada ve nastalih oteenja a jo vie zbog zloslutnih projekcija, poeli razmiljati o problemima kontrole i racionalizacije proizvodnje zagaujuih tvari i o razvoju metoda za nekodljivo zbrinjavanje nastalih otpada. Tada je gotovo na senzacionalan nain otkrivena nova/mlada znanstvena disciplina. Otkrivena je ekologija: znanost o zbrinjavanju smea. Kako je u svijetu trend proizvodnje smea u stalnom porastu tako je i broj ekologa sve vei. Njihova zanimanja i stupanj obrazovanja su vrlo osebujni: od najniih ekolokih operatora, koji iste ulice, do ekolokih inenjera, koji npr. upravljaju sustavima za proiavanje otpadnih voda ili deponijama. Ekoloki animatori prije nastupa turistike sezone organiziraju kolsku djecu, graanstvo, sportae i druge da poiste plae, parkove i ulice od lanjskog smea. Svugdje, u neizmjernom broju prisutni su jo i drugi eko-specijalisti svih moguih profila i zanata. Ekologijom se naravno najmanje bave biolozi, jer oni se po steenom obrazovanju mogu baviti prouavanjem ptiica, ribica i leptira ili s livadskim cvijeem, podvodnim piljama ili planinskim potocima, ali ini se da to nije prava ekologija ili je to samo njeni manji i nevani dio. Tu nema rijei o smeu i zagaenju, situacija je idilina i ista i tu nema ekolokih problema. Ekoloki aspekti ivota, ekoloka ishrana, ekoloka poljoprivreda, ekoinenjering, ekoloki potencijali i kapaciteti, ekoloka svijest, ekoforumi, ekoloki zahvati, ekoloki prihvatljivo naoruanje, ekoloki radari. Zatim ekoloke katastrofe, ekoloke afere, ekoloke bombe (BUM!!), ekoloka krzna i odjea, mnogobrojni spasonosni ekoloki proizvodi i pronalasci (deterenti, gorivo, ambalaa, papir, motori, ibice, razni strojevi .......), ekoloki turizam (mekani tip turizma), ekoloke akcije, ekoloki brodovi (plovee kante za smee za skupljanje tekuih ili krutih otpada na moru - EKOMAR), ekoloki operatori i ekoloki ureaji za ienje ulica. To je bila samo mala zbirka (ekogluposti) ekolokih pojmova koji se koriste u svakodnevnom argonu, u tisku, na radiju i televiziji, na konferencijama pa ak i na znanstvenim simpozijima. Na kraju proizlazi zakljuak da je ekologija postala jedna prostrana kanta za smee u koju moemo bez grinje savjesti utrpati sve prljavtine i gadosti to je ovjek uspio izmisliti, proizvesti i izbaciti u okoli. Svi naravno oekuju da e se ta ekologija i ti ekolozi pobrinuti za rjeenje nastalih gadarija u svijetu. Mnogo obeava to su se u zadnje vrijeme ekologijom, nezaobilazno poeli zanimati i politiari, pravnici i gospodarstvenici i mnogi znanstvenici, a meu njima i neki biolozi. Svi se bave razvojem i primjenom politike ekologije, ekolokim marketingom i ecobusiness-om a sve to na temelju ekoloke etike, ekolokih normativa i standarda. Ima naravno i prijedloga da osim ekoloke svijesti treba razvijati i ekoloku biologiju. Ako su zasmetale iznesene injenice, zadovoljan sam to sam uspio probuditi vau pozornost. Iako sa velikim zakanjenjem jo smo na vrijeme da mi biolozi obranimo dignitet svoje struke. Moramo energino i svakodnevno reagirati prvenstveno putem kola, fakulteta, strukovnih udruenja i sredstvima javnog priopavanja i da objasnimo to je ekologija, to je zatita ivotne sredine, gradska istoa, osobna higijena i tko se s time bavi. To vie nije smijeno ve je postalo vrlo alosno i ekoloki zabrinjavajue. Ecology - the science of garbage management Due to the very intensive production of energy and of new products, we started to accumulate on our planet quite a bit of any kind of waste (artificial radionuclides, persistent pesticides, toxic and cancerogenic products and inadequate disposal of solid urban garbage, fecal and industrial waste water). Suddenly we became conscious that a new technological era was initiated and that, besides the very pertinent human environment, we started to endanger air, water and soil, the basic resources of the natural environment. Thus, already 30 years ago, aware of the heavy and obvious impacts, but particularly because of pessimistic future projections, we started to study the possibility of control and rationale management of wasting substances and the development of functional methods for their immediate disposal. That was the time when a "new" scientific discipline was discovered: ecology, the science of garbage management. Since then, the number of eco-specialists is growing proportionally to the continuous increasing of garbage and fallout production. Their basic profession, intellectual and academic degree are very extravagant. The lowest categories are the ecological operators, the road-sweepers, while the eco-engineers are the leading specialists competent for the organization of a sewage or of an urban waste plant. Eco-animators, before the incipient tourist season, coordinate school children, citizens and others to clean up beaches, woods and meadows and to scrub squares of the garbage that remained from the last season. Biologists are, of course, scarcely interested in ecology. Owing to their basic education, biologists are licensed to study petty birdies and fish, flighty butterflies or even meadows flowerets, fancy underwater caves or crystalline mountain streams. But since these happenings are idyllic, fresh and clean, these issues are not pertinent to genuine ecology, there are no serious ecological problems. Ecological aspects of life, ecological food and feeding, eco-agriculture, eco-engineering, ecological potentials and capacities, eco-conscience, eco-forums, ecological ventures, ecological weapons, eco-radars. Following with ecological catastrophes, ecological scandals, ecological bombs (BOOM!!), ecological furs and clothes, many new panacean ecological products (detergents, fuels, packing, paper, safety matches, motors ......), eco-tourism (soft type), ecological boats (floating garbage cans for the collection of solid or fluid waste on the sea: like the MS EKOMAR), ecological operators and ecological machines for cleaning up the streets. That was only a modest collection of (eco-stupidities) ecological images, among the most authoritative that are frequently used in the everyday language, in press, radio and TV news, in conferences and during many scientific meetings, as well. Finally we come to the conclusion that ecology became an ample container for garbage where, without regret we can overload all the dirty trash that the human kind was able to discover, produce and spread out in the environment. Of course, everybody is expecting that this ecology and those eco-specialists will contribute to resolve the problems of the endangered environment. That looks very auspicious, because many politicians, lawyers, economists and scientists of any kind (and some biologists) have extended their interest to ecology. To advance and apply political ecology, eco-marketing and eco-business, all based on ecological ethics, ecological standards and normatives, and the last, but not the least there are also some urgent proposals to promote the eco-biology. If somebody was disgusted, I am happy to have stimulated your attention. Thus I hope that, without further delay we, biologists must defend the dignity of our profession. We must act every day and everywhere mainly in schools, universities, public media and explain what is ecology, environment protection, municipal cleansing and personal hygiene, because this situation is not any more funny but very sad and worrying. Milan Sijerkovi, Ksenija Zaninovi, Marko Vueti, Davor Nikoli, Vinja ojat Dravni hidrometeoroloki zavod, Gri 3, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Povezanost biologije i meteorologije u Hrvatskoj Premda biologija i meteorologija postoje kao samostalne znanosti, njihove su veze znatno brojnije i vre nego to se to obino pretpostavlja. O tome svjedoi i postojanje posebnog znanstvenog podruja meteorologije, biometeorologija, koja istrauje odnose izmeu fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstava atmosfere i ivih organizama. Unutar biometeorologije razvila su se posebna znanstvena podruja, od kojih treba istaknuti ekoloku meteorologiju i biometeorologiju ovjeka ili humanu biometeorologiju, zatim agrometeorologiju i umarska meteorologiju. Svrha je ovog rada da upozori na koje je sve naine i oblike biologija prisutna u meteorolokoj slubi Hrvatske, iji je nositelj i glavni autoritet Dravni hidrometeoroloki zavod. Glede toga valja posebno istaknuti agrometeorologiju, kao znanost koja istrauje sustav interakcija izmeu vremena i poljoprivrednih kultura, domaih ivotinja, biljnih bolesti, korisnih i tetnih kukaca u ekosferi. U Hrvatskoj je razvijen poseban ustroj agrometeoroloke slube, sa svojim motriteljskim, analitikim i prognostikim sustavom. U okviru humane biometeorologije obavljena su brojna istraivanja veze vremena i raznih bolesti, a u praktinoj su primjeni stupnjevi toplinske ugode, kao sastavnica bioklime. Okvirom umarske meteorologije izraeni su pokazatelji opasnosti od nastanka i irenja umskih poara, a njihove prognostike vrijednosti redovito se izrauju i upotrebljavaju u slubi zatite uma od poara. Ponajvie u cilju zatite poljoprivrednih kultura od tetnih uinaka tue ustrojena je sluba zatite od tue, kao sloeni opaaki (radari), prognostiki i zatitni (rakete, generatori) sustav. Sustavna mjerenja kakvoe zraka i voda takoer su u funkciji zatite ivih organizama od nepovoljnih uinaka oneienja ekosfere. Na kraju valja istaknuti da se pri istraivanju klime biljni pokrov razmatra kao jedan od klimatskih imbenika, a podaci o njemu prisutni su i u atmosferskim modelima za prognozu vremena. The connection between biology and meteorology in Croatia Although biology and meteorology exist as independant sciences, their relations are more frequent and stronger than it is usually assumed. Therefore, there is a part of meteorology - biometeorology, a science investigating the relations between the chemical and physical characteristics of atmosphere and living organisms. The parts of biometeorology are human biometeorology, agrometeorology, forest meteorology and ecological meteorology. The intention of this article is to introduce the presence of biology in the activities of the Meteorological and Hidrological Service of Croatia. Agrometeorology investigates the interactions between weather and agriculture, domestic animals, plant diseases, useful and harmful insects in ecosphere. There is a special system of agrometeorological service in Croatia, having its observational, analytical and forecast service. In the field of human biometeorology numerous investigations about the influence of weather on different diseases have been made, and the assessment of thermal comfort on men is in operational use. The beginning and development of wild fires depend very much on meteorological conditions. The forecast of the danger degree of wild fire has a great importance in fire control. The main role of hail suppression is to minimize the damages of hail in agriculture. The hail suppression service consists of observational (radars), forecast and protection system (rockets, generators). Systematic observations of air and water quality are in the function of protection of living organisms from the dangerous effects of pollution. It has to be emphasized that the plant world is influencing climate on a regional as well as on a local scale. So, its parameters are also taken into account in the climate investigations and weather forecast models. Eugen Draganovi Ministarstvo kulture, Uprava za zatitu kulturne i prirodne batine, Ilica 44, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Zatita prirode i zatita okolia Zatita prirode i zatita okolia djelatnosti su koje se bave zatitom prostora od nesvrhovitog i neracionalnog koritenja ljudi. Iako imaju mnogo dodirnih toaka ove su djelatnosti ipak razliite. esto se zato kako u biolokoj tako posebno u irokoj javnosti njihova uloga netono tumai i esto se ovi pojmovi zamjenjuju ili smatraju sinonimima. Djelatnost zatite prirode bavi se prvenstveno posebno vrijednim, znaajnim i ugroenim dijelovima izvorne ili ljudskim djelovanjem izmijenjene prirode koju treba sauvati. U Hrvatskoj se temelji na Zakonu o zatiti prirode i ima dugu tradiciju. Prvi zakonski akt koji se bavi ovom problematikom donesen je ve nakon svretka II Svjetskog rata. Danas je na snazi Zakon o zatiti prirode donesen 1994. godine. Djelatnost zatite okolia temelji se na Zakonu o zatiti okolia koji je donesen koncem 1994. godine i prvi je takav propis u nas. Ona je sama po sebi antropocentrina budui da se bavi ljudskim potrebama i interesima s obzirom na koritenje prirodnih dobara te uklanjanjem otpadaka ili drugih polutanata na najmanje tetan nain. Protection of nature and environmental protection Protection of nature and environmental protection are disciplines dealing with the protection of the space against inadequate and unreasonable human use. Having many close connections these activities are still different. Often biologists and especially common people misunderstand these terms or think of them as synonym. Nature protection primarily is dealing with the protection of specially worthy, significant and endangered parts of authentic parts of untouched nature or by human activities influenced areas that have to be saved for future. This activity is based on the provisions of the Law on nature protection and it has long tradition in Croatia. First legal document dealing with this subject had been passed just after the Second World War. Today is in force legal act passed in 1994. Environmental protection is based on the Law on environmental protection, passed in 1994 as the first legal document of its kind in Croatia. By itself environmental protection is anthropocentric since it deals with human needs and interests in respect with use of natural resources. It deals also with treatment and disposal of wastes and different pollutants in as possible harmless way. Snjeana Kuir1, uro Huber2, Jasmina Muini3 1Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju ,Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 3Zavod za ornitologiju, HAZU, Ilirski trg 9, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Primjena bioloke metode rastjerivanja ptica sa prometnih povrina zrane luke Zagreb Ptice na aerodromima su stalna opasnost za mlazne avione u fazi slijetanja ili polijetanja. tete na avionima od sudara s pticom su velike, a mogu biti ugroeni i ljudski ivoti. Na zagrebakom aerodromu, od 1987. godine djeluje Sluba bioloko-tehnike zatite koja sa prekidima zbog ratnih zbivanja funkcionira i danas. U sklopu te slube rade etiri djelatnika koristei 9 izvjebanih ptica grabljivica. Od mnogih iskuanih metoda, najvie uspjeha pokazalo je kombiniranje metode ureenja okolia aerodroma (uklanjanje privlanih imbenika) sa metodom rastjerivanja preostalih ptica upotrebom ptica grabljivica u sklopu bioloke metode zatite. U svrhu rastjerivanja ptica po potrebi koristi i vatreno oruje (lovake puke). Prikupljanjem informacija o iskustvima drugih zranih luka te suradnjom s biolozima i ornitolozima, ova metoda se i dalje usavrava kako bi se postigla potpuna zatita bez koritenja vatrenog oruja. Istraivanja provedena u 1996. godini na podruju Zrane luke Zagreb pokazala su da koritenje ptica grabljivica, iako nisu bile u punoj letnoj formi, ima uinak na rastjerivanje ptica sa aerodromskih povrina. Od uvoenja bioloke zatite (ptica grabljivica), te uklanjanja atraktanata za ptice (penica, jestivi otpad) sa povrina Zrane luke Zagreb, broj ptica na tim povrinama je, prema grubim pokazateljima, smanjen za oko 70 %. The use of the biological method for scaring birds from the Zagreb airport traffic areas Birds at airfields are constant threat for jet airplanes during landing and take off. Bird strikes cause great damages on aircrafts and human lives may be threatened too. The Office of Biological and Technical protection have been organized at the Zagreb airport in 1987. It functions until today but has been interrupted during the war conflicts in the meantime. There are four workers with nine birds in this Office. Many methods have been tested but the combination of proper organizing the airport surroundings (elimination of bird attractants) with the scaring of the remaining birds by the use of raptor birds (biological protection) showed the best results. Occasionally they also use the fire arms (shot guns) when is necessary. By gathering informations about other airports experiences and in cooperation with biologists and ornithologists, this method is being improved constantly to obtain full protection without using fire arms. Observations from 1996 at the Zagreb Airport have shown that using raptor birds, even if they were not in their best flying condition, had effect on scaring birds from airport area. Since founding of biologic protection at airport (raptor birds), and removing birds attractants (wheat, eatable garbage) from airport area, the number of birds on that area was roughly reduced by some 70 %. eljko tahan1, uro Huber2, Josip Kusak2, Darko Kovai3, Katarina Karada2, DinkoNovosel2 1Ministarstvo kulture, Uprava za zatitu kulturne i prirodne batine, 10000Zagreb,Ilica44, Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 3Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Analiza odtetnih zahtjeva za tete od vukova u Hrvatskoj Sivi vuk (Canis lupus) u Hrvatskoj je zatiena ivotinjska vrsta od svibnja 1995., a sukladno tom statusu vlasnici domaih ivotinja imaju pravo traiti od drave nadoknadu tete koji im poini vuk. Budui da prije zatite vuka tete nisu bile isplaivane nije bilo niti evidencije o njima, a sada, kada za svaku prijavu ovlateni inspektor obavlja oevid i ispisuje predvieni obrazac, mogua je analiza prijavljenih teta. Takoer su izvrena vlastita terenska istraivanja tragova na mjestu teta i naina dranja stoke. Od 156 rijeenih odtetnih zahtjeva za razdoblje od veljae 1995. do listopada 1996. ak 146 (94%) bilo je s podruja ibenske i Splitsko-dalmatinske upanije. Traeno je obeteenje za ukupno 925 zaklanih, ozlijeenih ili nestalih grla stoke u ukupnoj vrijednosti od 693915 kuna. Za 106 sluajeva (68%) slubeno je procijenjeno da je tetu poinio vuk i za to je odobrena isplata od 209000 kuna. Velika veina od ukupno 141 napada na stoku (90%) desila se dok su ivotinje bile na pai. Samo 25 (49%) od 64 promatrana stada stoke na pai bilo je uvano, a samo 5 od 25 (20%) pastira tih stada je imalo i psa. Krupna stoka i manja stada redovito nisu uvana. Samo 6 (4%) nezgoda desilo se dok je stoka bila u toru. Najvei dio teta prijavljen je za razdoblje od svibnja do kolovoza (66%). Terenskim istraivanjem je utvrena prisutnost veeg broja pasa koji se nekontrolirano kreu terenom, pa i jedno razmnaanje pasa u divljini. Utvrena je prisutnost aglja u istraivanom podruju. Zakljuujemo da je stoka je nedovoljno uvana i da je meu predatorima u istraivanom podruju vuk je u brojanoj manjini u odnosu na pse i agljeve. Dokazano je najmanje 8 sluajeva ubijanja i 3 druga stradanja zakonski zatienog vuka. Vuk je lovljen veim intenzitetom nego prije zatite i za to jo niti jedan poinitelj nije kanjen. Zbog kratkog vremena zatite i velikog broja ubijenih vukova nije mogue da je reim zatite doveo do porasta populacije vuka. Analysis of wolf damage compensation requests in Croatia Since May 1995 gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a protected species in Croatia. Due to such legal status the owners of livestock are allowed to request the compensation from the state for damage done by wolf. Before legal protection no evidence of damage has been recorded but now each request is inspected by qualified inspector and noted in a standardized form. This made possible the analyses of damage requests. In addition we made field surveys of signs at damage sites and of the husbandry practices. A total of 156 resolved damage compensation requests was analyzed for the period from February 1995 through October 1996 with most of them (N=146, 94%) originating from counties of ibenik and Split-Dalmacija. Compensation was requested for 925 killed, wounded or lost domestic animals in the total value of 693915 Kunas. For 106 cases (68%) the damage compensation has been approved and 209000 Kunas were paid. The great majority (N=141, 90%) of attacks occurred in pastures. Only 25 (49%) of 64 observed herds of domestic animals have been guarded by shepherds, and only 5 of 25 (20%) shepherds had dogs. Cattle and horses were never guarded. Only 6 (4%) accidents happened in night shelters. Most cases were reported for the period May - August (66%). In 108 (69%) cases the distance between canine wounds have been measured. Field studies documented numerous free roaming dogs and even a case of dogs reproducing in wild. Golden jackal (Canis aureus) was also confirmed in the area. We concluded that the livestock is insufficiently guarded and that, among predators, the wolves are outnumbered by dogs and jackals. At least 8 cases of killings and 3 cases of other mortalities of protected wolves have been proved. Wolf was hunted with higher intensity then before protection and nobody has been punished yet. Due to the short period of protection and the high number of killed wolves the legal protection could not have resulted in the wolf population growth. Josip Kusak, uro Huber Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Biljna komponenta hranidbene osnove stanita smeeg medvjeda u Gorskom kotaru Smei medvjed (Ursus arctos) u Hrvatskoj zadovoljava 90% svojih hranidbenih potreba iz biljnih izvora. Cilj je bio odrediti kvalitetu stanita usporeivanjem pokrovnosti i raznolikosti medvjedu znaajnih biljaka. Podruje istraivanja bio je Gorski kotar podijeljen na 4 dijela i to: umarije Vrbovsko, Delnice, abar i Rijeka. Za svako godinje doba, osim zime, ocjenjivali smo dostupnost i raznolikost biljne hrane koristei podatke o pokrovnosti procijenjenoj po metodi Braun-Blanquet-a. Istraivana podruja usporeivali smo po metodi Habitat Suitability Index (HSI), gdje je ocjena (SI) 0.0 oznaavala neprikladno, a 1.0 prikladno stanite. Biljke iz rodova Allium, Arum i Rumex predstavljale su dostupnost proljetne hrane. Njihova ukupna pokrovnost bila je 4.94%, (raspon = 1.4-8.7%, N=4, SD=3.0) SI = 0.5. U svakoj jedinici istraivanog podruja samo je kozlac imao pokrovnost veu od 10%, to je dalo SI =0.5 za raznolikost. Pokrovnost biljaka rodova Rubus, Rhamnus Vaccinium, Aposeris i Angelica predstavljala je pokazatelj dostupnosti ljetne hrane. Pokrovnost ljetne hrane bila je vea od 10% u svakoj jedinici istraivanog podruja (srednja vrijednost = 25.2%, raspon = 15.4-33.9%, N=4, SD=7.6) SI=1.0. U svakoj jedinici istraivanog podruja pronali smo vie od jedne (najvie deset) "ljetnih medvjeih biljka" to je dalo najviu ocjenu1.00 za raznolikost ljetne hrane. Bukva, kao jedini vaan izvor jesenske hrane, pokrivala je 55.9% povrine istraivanog podruja (raspon = 44.663.5%, N=4, SD=8.1) to je ocijenjeno s SI=0.6. U prosjeku 11.0% svih bukvi (raspon=9.9-12.5%, N=4, SD=1.1) bilo je sposobno davati plod, to je za produktivnost jesenske hrane dalo SI=0.3. Konana ocjena za hranidbenu komponentu stanita medvjeda u Gorskom kotaru bila je HSI=0.6, to se smatra dobrim stanitem. Plant component of the food base of the brown bear habitat in Gorski kotar Brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Croatia fulfills 90% of its food requirements from plant sources. The aim was to determine habitat quality by comparing the cover and diversity of plants significant for bears. Study area was Gorski kotar divided in 4 forestry parts: Vrbovsko, Delnice, abar and Rijeka. For each season, except winter, we evaluated availability and diversity of plant food using data for cover estimated by Braun-Blanquet method. Study areas were compared by Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) method where SI=0.0 represented unsuitable, and SI=1.0 suitable habitat. Plants of genus Allium, Arum and Rumex represented availability of spring food. Their total cover was 4.94%% (range = 1.38-8.77%, N=4, SD=3.02) SI = 0.48. In each study unit only lords and ladies were present in cover (10%, what gives SI=0.50. Cover of plants belonging to genera Rubus, Rhamnus, Vaccinium, Aposeris, and Angelica represented indices of summer food availability, and covered >10% of surface in each habitat section ( EMBED Equation.2 =25.21%, range=15.37-33.87%, N=4, SD=7.59) giving the areas SI=1.00 In each habitat section we found more than one (max.=10) of "bear summer plants" what makes SI=1.00 for summer food diversity. Beech, as the only important producent of fall food in our study area, covered 55.92% (range=44.59-63.54%, N=4, SD=8.07) of forested surface. The associated SI value for fall food availability was0.56. In average 11.04% (range=9.86-12.54%, N=4, SD=1.08) of all beech trees in area were capable of producing nuts. The resulting suitability index for fall food productivity was SI=0.28. The final value for food component of brown bear habitat in Gorski kotar was HSI=0.58, what is considered as a good habitat. Vladimir Kuan1, Jasmina Muini2, eljko Vasilik3 1Zavod za ureivanje uma, umarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za ornitologiju HAZU, Ilirski trg 9, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3S. Bereka 11, 44202 Topolovec, Budaevo, Hrvatska Primjena satelitskih snimaka pri ornitolokoj valorizaciji urbanihbiotopa Podaci o tipovima biotopa, njihovu smjetaju, rasporeenosti i meusobnom odnosu neophodni su za gospodarenje ivotnim prostorom. Pri tome je potrebno da su takvi podaci kvalitetni i brzo dostupni jer se okoli neprestano mijenja. U posljednje vrijeme se za tu namjenu u svijetu sve vie koriste satelitske snimke od kojih su Landsat TM osobito pogodne. U Hrvatskoj su u okviru projekta Zavoda za ornitologiju HAZU "Ornitoloka valorizacija urbanog okolia" po prvi puta koritene satelitske snimke sa ciljem ornitoloke valorizacije urbanog okolia. To su satelitske snimke iz 1992. i 1995. godine za podruje grada Siska koji je kao urbani okoli izabran jer predstavlja centar teke industrije, a smjeten je izmeu dva podruja znaajna za ptice u Hrvatskoj: Turopolja (009) i Parka prirode "Lonjsko polje" (010). Interpretacijom satelitskih snimaka grada Siska istraeni su tipovi biotopa, njihova zastupljenost i raspodjela. Rezultati su georeferencirani i uklopljeni u geografski informacijski sustav (GIS) sa ciljem meusobnog povezivanja s ornitolokim podacima. Ornitoloka istraivanja klasificiranih biotopa grada Siska provedena su u razdoblju 1992-96. Tako organizirani i statistiki interpretirani podaci o koritenju biotopa od strane ptica (gnjezdarica, proljetni/jesenskih prolaznica, zimovalica, ugroenih vrsta, vrsta u opadanju, itd.) predstavlja osnovu za procjenu ornitoloke vrijednosti biotopa grada Siska kao nulto stanje za provedbu daljnjeg monitoringa u cilju zatite urbanog krajolika ili drugih oblika gospodarenja. Using satellite imageries for study of the birds distribution to the urbanbiotopes The data about biotopes, their spatial distribution and the relationships among them are very important in landscape management and nature conservation. The data need to be up to date in spite of the changes in the environment. In a last decade the Landsat TM imagery have been used for biotopes mapping. In the Institute for Ornithology of Croatian Academy of Science and Art satellite imagery were used for ornithological evaluation of urban areas as a part of the project Ornithological evaluation of biotopes in Croatia. The imageries from 1992 and 1995 were used. The town Sisak was chosen for investigation because it is a center of hard industry situated between two important bird areas in Croatia: Turopolje (009) and Lonjsko polje (010). The classification and interpretation of Landsat TM imagery were used for investigation of types and spatial distribution of biotopes in town Sisak. The results of classification were georefernced and incorporated in geographical information system (GIS). That data are connected with the terrestrial investigation of the bird species, their distribution and activities (housing, spring/autumn migration, feeding etc.). Such investigations were performed between 1992 and 1996. Described arrangement of data will be the initial stage for evaluation of ornithological biotopes in the town Sisak, and the base for monitoring of changes. The information provided in this investigation can improve landscape management and nature conservation activities in urban areas in Croatia. Mladen Kuini Zooloki odjel, Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Zoogeografske znaajke danjih leptira (Rhoplocera) Hrvatske Istraivanja faune leptira na podruju Hrvatske traju neto vie od dva stoljea. Prve pisane podatke nalazimo kod Scopolia iz 1763. godine. Nakon njega velik broj, posebice stranih istraivaa pohodio je Hrvatsku istraujui nau faunu. Fauna leptira Hrvatske broji oko 3500 vrsta, od kojih je najbolje istraena skupina danjih leptira i inae najbolje poznata grupa kukaca u gotovo svim europskim zemljama. Dosadanjim istraivanjma zabiljeeno je u fauni Hrvatske 187 vrsta danjih leptira. Od posebno faunistiki zanimljivih vrsta moemo istaknuti: Zerynthia ceryisi ssp. dalmacijae Sal. & Bol., Leptidea morsei ssp. major Grund, L. reali Reiss., Apatura metis Frey., Lycaena dispar Haw., Paleochrysophanus hippothoe L., P. candens F., Protoerebia phegea ssp. dalmata God., Erebia gorge ssp. vagana Lork., E. stirius ssp. kleki Lork., E. oeme ssp. megaspodia Mlad. & Lork.i druge. U radu dat e se prikaz zoogeografskih i faunistikih znaajki danjih leptira Hrvatske u pojedinim njenim regijama, kao i rezultati novijih istraivanja provedenih na podruju donjeg toka rijeke Neretve i Biokova. Osim ovih aspekata ukazat e se i na odreene probleme zatite pojedinih speciesa gdje se posebice istie rod Maculinea, kod kojeg se svih pet europskih vrsta (M.alcon D.&S., M.rebeli Hirs., M.arion L., M.telejus Berg., M.nausithous Berg.) pojavljuje i u hrvatskoj fauni, a nalazi se na IUCN-ovoj crvenoj listi. Zoogeographical characteristics of butterflies (Rhopalocera) of Croatia Research of butterflies fauna on the territory of Croatia lasts for almost two centuries. First written data we can found in Scopoli in 1763. In that period great number of researchers, especially foreign, visited Croatia and did some research on our fauna. Of about 3500 species of lepidoptera in Croatian fauna, the best known are butterflies, which are also the best studied group of insects in all European countries. With research up to date 188 species of butterflies have been noted in Croatian fauna. As faunistically very interesting species we can emphasize: Zerynthia ceryisi ssp. dalmacijae Sal. & Bol., Leptidea morsei ssp. major Grund, L. reali Reiss., Apatura metis Frey., Lycaena dispar Haw., Paleochrysophanus hippothoe L., P. candens F., Protoerebia phegea ssp. dalmata God., Erebia gorge ssp. vagana Lork., E. stirius ssp. kleki Lork., E. oeme megaspodia Mlad. & Lork.and others. In this paper zoogeographical and faunal features of butterflies in some regions of Croatia and results of newer research in the area of lower part of Neretva River and Biokovo Mountain will be presented. Except of the mentioned aspects certain problems of protection of particular species, as is genus Maculinea which is in Croatia present with all five European species (M.alcon D.&S., M.rebeli Hirs., M.arion L., M.telejus Berg., M.nausithous Berg.) and which are listed on the IUCN Red Data List, will be pointed out some characteristics of fauna and protection of butterflies of Croatia. Branislava Mihajlova Prirodonauen muzej na Makedonija, Bul. Ilinden 86, 91000 Skopje, Makedonija Taksonomsko-ekoloka istraivanja vrsta iz porodice Curculionidae (Coleoptera) u Mavrovskoj regiji Tijekom trogodinjih sustavnih istraivanja faune surlaa (Curculionidae, Coleoptera) Makedonije, obavljenih u regiji Mavrova, planine Bistre i doline rijeke Radike, sakupljeno je preko 2500 primjeraka ove porodice. Sakupljanje vrsta obavljeno je pomou standardnih metoda za ovu grupu kukaca. Na bazi taksonomske analize utvreno je prisustvo 49 vrsta koje su svrstane u 16 rodova i 7 podporodica. Prema taksonomskoj pripadnosti vrsta utvreno je 40 vrsta sa irokim arealom rasprostranjenja, 9 vrsta utvrene za regiju Mavrova po prvi put: Phyllobius fulvago, Otiorrynchus gangelbaueri, Otiorrhynchus molytoides, Otiorrhynchus caviventris, Otiorrhynchus perdix, Sitona lineatus, Lixus elongatulus, Lixus sanguineus i Plinthus sturmi a dvije su i endemine Otiorrhynchus molytoides i Otiorrhynchus caviventris. Pomou floristike analize utvrene su i njihove biljke hraniteljice, prema kojima se ovi kukci - tetnici mogu grupirati u tri kategorije: vrste tetnici travnih biljaka; vrste tetnici grmlja i korova i vrste tetnici drvenastog bilja. Taxonomic-ekological investigations of snout beetles Curculionidae (Coleoptera) in the region of Mavrovo In the course of investigation work of three years over the fauna of snout beetles (Curculionidae, Coleoptera) in Macedonia, mainly concentrated in the region of Mavrovo, the mountain Bistra and along the flow of the river Radika, over 2500 specimens of insects from this family were collected. Collecting was done according to standard methods for collectioning of this group of insects. During their taxonomic elaboration there was determined the presence of 49 species belonging to 16 genuses and 7 subfamilies. According to the taxonomic belonging of species, 40 species were found with a wide area of distribution, while 9 species were registered for the first time in this region: Phyllobius fulvago, Otiorrynchus gangelbaueri, Otiorrhynchus molytoides, Otiorrhynchus caviventris, Otiorrhynchus perdix, Sitona lineatus, Lixus elongatulus, Lixus sanguineus and Plinthus sturmi, and two endemic species: Otiorrhynchus molytoides and Otiorrhynchus caviventris. On the basis of floristic analysis there were determined nutrition plants of snout beetles, according to which they may be distributed to three categories: types harmful insects for grassy plants; types harmful insects for bushes and weeds and types harmful insects for trees. As exclusive phitophfages, the snout beetles are known as harmful insects with a great economic importance. Stoe Smiljkov Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathemathic, P.O.Box162, 91000Skopje,Republic of Macedonia Kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza pripadnika makrozoobentsa u umjetnom jezeru Matka i donjem toku rijeke Treske Glavni zadatak ovog znanstvenog rada bilo je istraivanje makrozoobentosa ekosustava umjetnog jezera Matka i rijeke Treske u Makedoniji. U jezerskom ekosustavu naeno je 12 taksona a u rijenom 28. Prema populacijskoj gustoi dominantne grupe su bile: Oligochaeta i Chironomidae u jezeru Matka; Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, Gastropoda, Hirudinea i Crustacea u rijeci Treski. U jezeru Matka najveu abundanciju imali su taksoni: od Chironomidae: Chironomus gr. plumosus i Procladis choreus; od Oligochaeta: Tubifex tubifex, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, L. udekemianus i Potamothrix hammoniensis. Najvea gustoa nabrojanih grupa naena je u kolovozu - 4506 jedinki/m2 (Oligochaeta) i u lipnju -1820 jedinki/m2 (Chironomidae). Populacije rakova imale su najveu gustou u donjem toku rijeke Treske crustacean populations: Asellus aquaticus (809 jedinki/m2) i Gammarus balcanicus (749 jedinki/m2). Qualitative and quantitative constituents of the macrozoobenthos in the artificial lake Matka and the lower part of Treska river The main task of this scientific work was to investigate the macrozoobenthos in the ecosystems of the artificial Lake Matka and the Treska river in Macedonia. In the lake ecosystem 12 taxa were found and in the river ecosystem 28. Considering the population density of the dominant groups were: Oligochaeta and Chironomidae in the Lake Matka; and Oligochaeta, Chironomidae, Gastropoda, Hirudinea and Crustacea in the river Treska. In the Lake Matka most abundant taxa are the following: from Chironomidae: Chironomus gr. plumosus and Procladis choreus; from Oligochaeta: Tubifex tubifex, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, L. udekemianus and Potamothrix hammoniensis. The highest density of the above mentioned groups was found out in August - 4506 ind/m2 (Oligochaeta) and in June -1820 ind/m2 (Chironomidae). In the lower section of Treska river crustacean populations were at the highest density: Asellus aquaticus (809 ind/m2) and Gammarus balcanicus (749 ind/m2). Rudolf Paulus Koranska 21, 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska Rezultati istraivanja rasprostranjenja i brojnosti vrsta Anophelina (Diptera, Culicidae) u Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini i Sloveniji Tijekom 1980. do 1990. godine u Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini i Sloveniji, zbog epidemiolokog znaenja, istraivana je podporodica Anophelinae, ali i druge vrste iz porodice Culicidae koje ulaze u nastambe domaih ivotinja. Prikupljene enke s uzetim krvnim obrokom identificirane su prema habitusu i izgledu poloenih jaja u epruveti. Na 82 postaje sakupljeno je 26.509 enki iz porodice Culicidae i utvreno prisustvo: 11 vrsta iz roda Anopheles, 2 vrste iz roda Culex, 8 vrsta iz roda Aedes, te po jedna vrsta iz rodova Mansonia i Culiseta. Results of investigation of distribution and numerosity of Anophelinae mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina and Slovenia During 1980 to 1990 in the area of Croatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina and Slovenia Anophelinae mosquitoes have been studied, according to their epidemiological importance. All other mosquitoes which entered stables were also identified. The determination have been done according morphological characteristic of female adults and eggs. On 82 localities 26,509 specimens of mosquitoes were colected. A total of 23 species of mosquiotes were determined: 11 species of Anopheles genus, 2 species of Culex genus, 8 species of Aedes genus and one species of Mansonia and Culiseta genus. Enrih Merdi1, Zdenka uljak2 1Pedagoki fakultet, Jgerova 9, 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska 2Zavod za javno zdravstvo upanije osjeko baranjske, 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska Monitoring komaraca u Osijeku Od 1995. godine u Osijeku gradu poznatom po komarcima uspostavljen je znanstveni monitoring komaraca. Monitoring je financiran od strane gradskog poglavarstva, a osnovna svrha mu je pratiti dinamiku pojavljivanja komaraca u slubi kontrole komaraca. Osnovni zadaci su kartiranje legala komaraca, praenje pojavljivanja liinki komaraca, kontrola efikasnosti aviotretmana, praenje dinamike populacija odraslih komaraca u razliitim dijelovima grada, utvrivanje mjesta prezimljavanja obinog kunog komarca (Culex pipiens) u podrumima. Monitoring of mosquitoes in the city of Osijek Since 1995 in Osijek, city well known as mosquito city, scientific monitoring of mosquitoes have been establish. The monitoring has financial support of city goverment, and the main purpose was to study the population dinamics with regard of mosquito control. The main aims are: mapping of breeding places, control of larvae, control of treatmants, control of population dinamics with CDC traps, and finding hibernation places for house mosquito (Culex pipiens) in cellars. Ivana Maguire Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Epigenetski polimorfizam kunog mia, Mus musculus domesticus LINN( Kvalitativne varijacije na lubanji ili kosturu, openito poznate kao nemetrika ili epigenetska obiljeja, upotrebljavaju se da bi se procijenila genetska divergencija (udaljenost) izmeu populacija iste vrste. Pri emu se uzima u obzir da je uestalost opaenih modaliteta epigenetskih obiljeja svojstvo svake populacije. Mievi su sakupljeni na podruju sjeverne Francuske, Luksemburga i Belgije u svrhu prouavanja Robertsonianove fuzije kromosoma. Studija je pokazala da u uzorku postoje dvije fuzije, i to Rb (4.12) i Rb (5.10) (kratice predstavljaju autosome ukljuene u fuziji). Rezultati dobiveni tim istraivanjem koriteni su i u ovom radu. Cilj rada je bio istraiti, koritenjem epigenetskih obiljeja, da li se populacije kunog mia razlikuju geografski i ako da, dali je to posljedica geografske udaljenosti ili, moda, kariotipova. Pregledano je po 20 epigenetskih obiljeja na svakoj od 363 lubanje (ivotinje iz 11 populacija), i biljeeni su njihovi modaliteti, tj. oblik prisutnosti ili odsutnost pojedinih obiljeja. Analiza je pokazala da epigenetske karakteristike ne pokazuju znaajnu relaciju sa starou ivotinja, spolom ivotinja niti skariotipom. Drugim rijeima da ne ovise o starosti, spolu niti kariotipu ivotinja. Pearsonov koeficijent korelacija pokazao je da su epigenetska obiljeja meusobno nezavisna. Meutim, uoeno je postoji pozitivna asocijacija izmeu nekih epigenetskih obiljeja i geografskih lokacija. A upotrebom MMD-a da postoji divergencija izmeu populacija mieva temeljena na uestalosti epigenetskih obiljeja koja je propocionalna geografskoj distanci, to je potvreno Mantelovim korelogramom. Iz toga se moe zakljuiti da su razlike izmeu populacija, vjerojatno, rezultat prilagodbe ivotinja na uvjete okolia, za koje znamo da su razliiti. Epigenetic polymorphism of house mouse, MusmusculusdomesticusLINN( The qualitative variations in the skull and skeletons, generally called non-metric or epigenetic traits are utilized to estimate genetic divergence between populations, considering that the frequency of each observed trait is the property of each populations. The mice were collected in Belgium, Luxembourg and northern France for the study of the Robertsonian chromosome fusion that is presented like fusion Rb (5.10) and Rb (4.12), these are abbreviated forms in which numbers correspond to autosomes which are involved in fusion. The results obtained by that study have been also used in our work. The aim of the present work was to discover if populations of house mice diverge geographically, and if so, is it due to geographical distance or maybe to karyotype. 363 skulls (mice from 11 populations) were examined for 20 non-metrical traits and their modalities were recorded. Analyses have shown that epigenetic traits show no significant relation with age, sex and karyotype, other words said, traits don't depend on age of animals, their sex and karyotype. Pearson correlation coefficient has show that epigenetic traits are independent from each other. We observed the existence of association between certain epigenetic traits and geographical localities. By using statistic of MMD we observed divergence between local populations of mice, on the base of frequencies of epigenetic traits, that is proportional to geographical distance as the correlogram of Mantel approved. Because we know that the local conditions were different, we can conclude that the differences between populations are, probably, the result of local adaptations of animals (pression of selection). Marjana Balti1, Marijana Vukovi1, Josip Margaleti2 1Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2umarski fakultet, Svetoimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Dinamika populacija sitnih glodavaca (Mammalia, Rodentia) u umi hrasta lunjaka i obinog graba u Turopolju (Hrvatska) Problem sitnih glodavaca znaajan je u umarstvu kako zbog velikih teta koje nastaju na mladim stablima pri poumljavanju, tako i zbog tete koja nastaje unoenjem velikih koliina rodenticida u okoli. Rodenticid se u praksi unosi u prekomjernim koliinama ne uzimajui u obzir promjene u gustoi populacije glodavaca. Tijekom tri godine (proljee i jesen 1995., proljee, ljeto i jesen 1996., te 1997.) praene su promjene u brojnosti populacije glodavaca u umi hrasta lunjaka i obinog graba (Carpino betuli - Quercetum roboris) koja se nalazi u sklopu umarske gospodarske jedinice Turopoljski Lug, lokalitet Vratovo, odjel 98a, UTM WL95, 100 m n.m. Koritene su paralelno dvije metode, metoda minimalnog kvadrata i Y-metoda. Dosadanji rezultati su pokazali jesenski porast i proljetni pad brojnosti, odnosno pravilnu dinamiku populacije glodavaca, s maksimalnom brojnou u jesen 1995. Daljnja istraivanja trebala bi omoguiti predvianje godine sa slijedeom maksimalnom brojnou glodavaca, to bi imalo praktinu primjenu pri odreivanju koliine rodenticida koja bi se eventualno unosila u ekosistem. Population dynamics of the small rodents community (Mammalia, Rodentia), in the pedunculate oak and common hornbeam forest in Turopolje (Croatia) The problem of small rodents has a great significance in forestry, not only because of a great damage they cause on young trees during the afforestation, but also because of the damage done by introducing a large amount of rodenticide into the environment. In practice, rodenticide has been introduced in excessive amounts without taking into consideration the changes in small rodents population density. During three years (spring and autumn 1995, spring, summer and autumn 1996, 1997) changes in population density of a rodent community have been observed in the pedunculate oak and common hornbeam forest (Carpino betuli - Quercetum roboris) in forestry management unit Turopoljski Lug, locality Vratovo, department 98a, UTM WL95, 100 m above sea level. Two methods have been used parallelly, the minimal square method and the Y-method. So far results showed autumn increase and spring decrease in population number, i. e. regularity in rodent population dynamics with the maximum number in autumn 1995. Further research should enable the anticipation of the next year with maximal population density, which could be used in defining the rodenticide dose that would eventually be introduced into the ecosystem. Wolfgang Waitzbauer, Johanna Ortel Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Zajednice lankonoaca submediteranske listopadne ume na otoku Cresu, Hrvatska Na sjeverno-istonom dijelu otoka Cresa proteu se ume Carpinetum orientalis adriaticum sa mjestiminim nakupinama Querco-Castanetum submediterraneum u podruju Tramuntane. Dominantne vrste su Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, Carpinus orientalis i Ostrya carpinifolia, meu kojima je posljednja element submountane ikaraste ume. Hrastovi dosiu visinu do 30 metara. U zoni podrasta ima malo vrsta, na primjer Arum italicum, Helleborus viridis, Euphorbia myrsinitis, Pteridium aquilinum. Tlo je degradirana Terra rossa bogata boksitom. lankonoci su hvatani upadnim klopkama i runim mreama. U listincu su zastupljene higrofilne vrste poput piljskog cvrka Troglophilus cavicola (Gryllacridoidea), a zajedno s njime i vrste koje oznauju razdoblja razdoblja ljetnih sua (Collembola: Orchesella croatica, Lepidocyrtus curvicollis). Meu svojstvenim drvnim vrstama karbida naeni su: Carabus caelatus ssp. dalmatinus, Procerus coriaceus, Abax carinatus, Leistus rufomarginatus (hrane se posebno pripadnicima Collembola). Calosoma sycophanta i C. inquisitor su se pojavljivali u velikoj gustoi u kasno proljee kao vani predatori liinki lepidoptera (npr. Lymantria dispar). Smanjena antropogena uporaba uma poveala je koliine mrtvog drva, a koje pogoduju ksilophagnoj fauni. Tijekom ljeta stari trupovi hrastova nastanjeni su rijetkim kukcima, meu kojima su mnogi zatieni poput Lucanus cervus, Dorcus parallelepipedus, Ceruchus chrysomelinus (predstavlja relikt europskih prauma), Systenocerus caraboides (Lucanidae) i Cerambyx cerdo, Cerambyx scopolii (Cerambycidae). Takoer su vrijeni spominjanja Oryctes nasicornis (Scarabaeidae) i Enoplopus velikensis, Helops rossii, Uloma payraudi (Tenebrionidae). Prethodna istraivanja zajednice lankonoaca ovih submediteranskih hrastovih uma dokumentirala su intaktni ekoloki status sa zanimljivom faunom koja ukljuuje i drugdje ugroene ili izumrle vrste. Ove gotovo prirodne ume imaju veliku ekoloko vrijednost i trebale bi biti zatiene. Aspects of the arthropode coenosis of Submediteranean deciduous forests on the isle of Cres, Croatia At the northeastern part of the isle of Cres deciduous forests of the Carpinetum orientalis adriaticum extend with locally restricted mixed stands of the Querco-Castanetum submediterraneum in the area of Tramuntana. The dominant species are Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, Carpinus orientalis and Ostrya carpinifolia, the latter already being an element of the submountane shrub forests. Oaks reach heights up to 30 meters. The understory is poor in species, e.g. Arum italicum, Helleborus viridis, Euphorbia myrsinitis, Pteridium aquilinum. The type of soil is a degraded Terra rossa which is locally rich in bauxite. Arthropods were captured by pitfall traps and hand nets. In the litter, hygrophilic species such as the cave kricket Troglophilus cavicola (Gryllacridoidea) are represented along with species indicating periods of summer drought (Collembola: Orchesella croatica, Lepidocyrtus curvicollis). Typical wood species of carabids were found: Carabus caelatus ssp. dalmatinus, Procerus coriaceus, Abax carinatus, Leistus rufomarginatus (feeding especially on Collembola). Calosoma sycophanta and C. inquisitor appear in high densities in late spring and are important predators of lepidopteran larvae (e.g. Lymantria dispar). The reduced anthropogenic utilization of the woods enhanced the amount of dead wood, which favors the xylophagous fauna. During summer, old oak trunks are inhabited by rare beetles, many of which are protected such as Lucanus cervus, Dorcus parallelepipedus, Ceruchus chrysomelinus (represents a relict of European virgin forests), Systenocerus caraboides (Lucanidae) and Cerambyx cerdo, Cerambyx scopolii (Cerambycidae). Also noteworthy are Oryctes nasicornis (Scarabaeidae) and Enoplopus velikensis, Helops rossii, Uloma payraudi (Tenebrionidae). This preliminary study of the arthropod coenosis of this Submediterranean oak forests document the intact ecological status with an interesting fauna comprising species which are endangered or extinct elsewhere. These near-natural forests possess high ecological value and should be protected. Marijan Grubei1, Gerhard Schwab2, Dominik Ragu1 1Zavod za zatitu uma i lovita, umarski fakultet, Svetoimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Munich Wildlife Society, Linderhof 2, 82488 Ettal, Germany Rezultati ponovnog naseljavanja dabra (Castor fiber L.) u Hrvatsku Projekt Dabar u Hrvatskoj ima za cilj ponovno naseljavanje dabra na njegova prvobitna stanita u Hrvatskoj. Rad na projektu zapoeo je 1993. godine s izradom opisa projekta te s pripremnom (prvom) fazom, u kojoj je trebalo istraiti potencijalna stanita, prikupiti potrebnu dokumentaciju za provoenje projekta i pripremiti sve za realizaciju druge faze. Druga faza projekta koja obuhvaa hvatanje, doprema i isputanje dabrova, kao glavni detalj u cijelom projektu, zapoela je u travnju 1996. godine, kada su uhvaena i dopremljena u Hrvatsku prva dva dabra. U godinu dana rada, dakle do travnja 1997. godine ukupno je u Hrvatsku dopremljeno 18 dabrova. Ve nakon isputanja prvih dabrova zapoela je i trea faza projekta, odnosno monitoring. Praenje i nadzor dabrova daju stalno nove podatke o njihovom kretanju i aktivnostima. Znaajan je podatak da je jedan mladi dabar (samac) prevalio put od 50 km u potrazi za novim stanitem. Results of resettling beaver (Castor fiber L.) in Croatia Project Beaver in Croatia has for a goal resettling beaver to its primary residence in Croatia. The work of this project started in 1993 with production an description of project and with preparation of first stage. This stage needed a research of potential residences and collecting a documentary for carrying out the project, and also the preparation of the second stage. The second stage of the project included catching, delivery and releasing beaver as a main detail in the whole project. It begun in April, 1996 when first two beaver where brought to Croatia and released. In one year of working, until the April 1997, 18 beavers have been brought to Croatia. The third stage, monitoring of the project begun immediately after releasing beaver. Tracking and supervision of the beaver are giving us many new facts about their moving and activity. Important fact is that one young beaver who is single covered a distance of 50 kilometers in a search for a new residence. Alojzije Frkovi Hrvatske ume, Vukotinovieva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Stradanja europskih smeih medvjeda u ratu i porau u Lici i Gorskom kotaru u razdoblju od 1991. do 1996. Godine U gorsko-planinskom podruju Like i Gorskog kotara na povrini od oko 5000 km2 brojno stanje europskih smeih medvjeda prije poetka Domovinskog rata procijenjeno je na oko 400 grla. Prema prvim, jo nedovoljno provjerenim i nepotpunim, podacima kroz etiri ratne godine (1991-1995) i jednu, uvjetno reeno, poratnu godinu (1996) na tom je podruju stradalo 57 medvjeda, od ega odraslih 41 (72%) i mladih 16 (28%). Meu odraslim primjercima bilo je mujaka 11 (27%), enki 9 (22%) i neutvrenog spola 21 (51%) medvjed. Od posljedica nekontrolirane pucnjave pjeadijskim vatrenim orujem na samoj liniji bojinice, na straarskim mjestima, pri patroliranju, i/ili premjetanju trupa stradalo je 10 (17%) jedinki, od posljedica granatiranja i aktiviranja nagaznih mina 14 (25%), namjernog ubijanja u mirnodopskim uvjetima od strane naoruanih vojnih lica i civila (krivolov) 20 (35%) te gaenjem vozilima, hvatanjem ivih i uznemirivanjem brloga, koje je imalo za posljedicu naputanje mladunadi, 13 (23%) medvjeda. U Gorskom kotaru i danas se sreu medvjedi s tekim tjelesnim ozljedama. Koliko je samo uznemirivanje medvjeda uslijed ratnih djelovanja utjecalo na njihovo razmnaanje, prisilna horizontalna i vertikalna premjetanja i dr. te koliko su se ona negativno odrazila na veinu populacije medvjeda nije dostatno istraeno. Brown bear mortality related to the war in Lika and Gorski kotar in Croatia during 1991-96 The mountainous areas of Lika and Gorski kotar in Croatia have been estimated to host 400 European brown bears (Ursus arctos) before the Homeland war started in 1991. The initial and not fully confirmed data indicate that during the war (1991-95) and the first post-war year (1996) at least 57 bears died in relation to the war. Forty-one (72%) bears were adults and 16 (28%) cubs and subadults. Among adult bears 11 (27%) were males, 9 (22%) females and 21 (51%) of undetermined sex. The known immediate causes of bear deaths were: 10 (17%) by shooting on the fire line during combats, troop movements, or soldiers on guard, 14 (25%) by land mines and shelling, 20 (35%) by intentional illegal shooting with military weapons, and 13 (23%) by den disturbances, captures of live cubs and vehicle collisions. Bears with severe body defects still may be seen in Gorski kotar. It is not yet possible to evaluate the influence of war related disturbances on the bear reproduction, horizontal and vertical migrations, as well as the impact on the entire population. Todor Ivanovski1, Kostadin Atanasovski1, Ilija Noveski2 1Prirodonauen muzej na Makedonija - Skopje, Bul. "Ilinden" 86, 91000 Skopje, Makedonija 2Zooloka gradina, Skopje, Bul. "Ilinden" 86, 91000 Skopje, Makedonija Reprodukcija bjeloglavog supa Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783) u Zoolokom vrtu u Skoplju U cilju rjeavanja problema ugroenosti bjeloglavog supa u Makedoniji, u listopadu 1992. godine izradili smo program za reprodukciju dvaju parova bjeloglavog supa u zoolokom vrtu u Skoplju. Bjeloglavi supovi su prvobitno bili smjeteni u zatvorenom prostoru - velikoj volijeri, zajedno sa drugim vrstama ptica grabljivica (smeoglavi leinar, orao bjelorepan, suri orao i orao krsta). Dva para bjeloglavog supa su izdvojena u posebne kaveze - volijere. U proljee 1993. godine oba dva para su snijela jaja, a jedan je par odgojio mlado. U 1994. godini su formirana 3 para od kojih su 2 para uspjela odgojiti po jedno mlado. U 1995. godini sva tri para bjeloglavih supova su snijela jaja, ali se ispililo samo jedno mlado koje je uginulo poslije 40 dana. Poveanom brigom i zatitom u 1996. godini sva tri para su dala zdravo potomstvo. U proljee, ove 1997. godine sva tri para su snijela po jedno jaje. Na osnovu svih prethodnih rezultata smatramo da je reprodukciju bjeloglavog supa u zatvorenom prostoru mogue uspjeno obavljati. Na taj nain se moe poveati brojnost ove ugroene vrste i introducirati je u slobodnu prirodu. Reproduction of griffon vulture Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783) in the Zoological Garden - Skopje In October 1992, a program for reproduction of two couples of griffon vulture in a closed space was made as to overcome the problem of endangering the in Macedonia. The griffon vultures were isolated from the large cage (in which black vulture, white - tailed eagle, golden eagle and imperial eagle were kept) into two separate cages. In 1993, both of the couples laid eggs; even, the second couple got youngsters. So, in 1994 three couples of griffon vulture were formed, and the second and the third couple got two youngsters. In 1995, in spite of the fact that there were eggs laid from all three pairs, only one youngster hatched from the second couple's egg, which died 40 days later. Because of increased engagement and protection of all of the three couples, they produced healthy youngsters in 1996. During the year 1997, all three couples laid one egg each. We are of an opinion that the results being obtained, give the opportunity for the griffon vulture to be reintroduced in the nature. eljko Gottstein1, Goran Guvica1, Darko Kovai2, Vesna tamol3 1Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zoologijski zavod Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 3Zoologijski zavod Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog muzeja,Demetrova1,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Novi nalazi fauna gastropoda i vertebrata iz kvartarnih naslaga ireg podruja Virovitice U ovom djelu obraena je fauna gastropoda i vertebrata sa lokaliteta Brusevi, sa ciljem rekonstrukcije paleoekolokih uvjeta. Ostaci navedenih fauna naeni su nedaleko sela Lonarica (45o 46' 6'' sjeverne geografske irine; 17o 19' 37'' istone geografske duine), na dubini od 2,4 m od povrine. Pjeskoviti sediment bez izraene slojevitosti je ute do smee boje sa mjestimino uklopljenim vapnenakim konkrecijama. Pronaena fauna pripada razredima Gastropoda, Aves i Mammalia. Iz razreda Gastropoda pronaene su vrste: Cepaea nemoralis, C. vindobonesis, Perforatella incarnata, Chondrula tridens i Aegopis verticillus. Navedene vrste pripadaju redu Stylommatophora. Razred Aves predstavljen je redom Striges, na ijim su skeletnim dijelovima utvreni tragovi zuba, a prema razmaku onjaka vjerojatno vrste Mustela nivalis. Razred Mammalia predstavljen je redovima Insectivora i Rodentia. Red Insectivora zastupljen je vrstom Crocidura leucodon, a red Rodentia vrstama Clethryonomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis i Sciurus vulgaris. Veina naenih vrsta pueva dobri su ekoloki indikatori i karakteristini su za listopadne ume umjerenog pojasa, ili njezine degradacijske stadije (ipraje ili rubne dijelove), osim nekih koje se mogu nai i na livadama pjeskovitih tala. Pronaene vrste Micromammalia danas uglavnom obitavaju u umskim i sunim stanitima. Strukturu opisane faunistike zajednice mogao je uzrokovati itav niz imbenika. Tek daljnjim istraivanjima odnosno nalazom veeg broja skeletnih ostataka koji e omoguiti provoenje tafonomske analize biti e mogue odgovoriti na slijedea pitanja: Da li su naene tafodeme istovremene, te koje su starosti?; Da li je opisana heterogena ivotinjska zajednica (u smislu okolia) naena "in situ" ili je ona rezultat jednog od mehanizama akumulacije odnosno pretaloivanja skeletnih ostataka (eolski, fluvijalni, itd.)?; Koji su odnosi u smislu predator plijen naene faune? Odgovori na ova pitanja doprinijeti e boljem poznavanju paleoekolokih znaajki mlae geoloke prolosti istraivanog podruja. New records on gastropod and vertebrate fauna in quaternary sediments of Virovitica area The gastropod and vertebrate fauna found in quaternary sediments near Virovitica were analyzed with attempt to reconstruct the paleoecological conditions of this area. The material originate from Brusevi site in vicinity of Lonarica village (45 46' 6" northern geographical latitude and 17 19' 37" east geographical longitude), at the depth of 2.4m under the surface. Sand sediment is yellow to brown colored, not markedly layered, somewhere with limestone concretions. Found fauna belong to the Gastropoda, Aves and Mammalia classes. The following species belongs to Gastropoda class: Cepaea nemoralis, C. vindobonensis, Perforatella incarnata, Chondrula tridens and Aegopis verticillus. Those species belong to order Stylommatophora. The Aves class is represented by order Striges on which remains were detected teeth marks which may belong according to canine distance to species Mustela nivalis. The Mammalia class is present with Insectivora and Rodentia orders. The Insectivora order represented with Crocidura leucodon, while Rodentia order by following species: Clethryonomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis and Sciurus vulgaris. The most of collected snails are good ecological indicators. Beside a few species which could be found also on sandy meadows, a majority of snails are typical for forest habitats or scrub rich in litter and capable to maintain humidity. Collected Micromammalian species today mostly inhabit forest and dry habitats. Reconstructed animal assemblage shows the structure which could be influenced by certain number of factors. Only subsequent research with new finding of skeletal remains would enable to performed the taphonomical analysis. This results could become a basis for resolving the existing questions: are the established taphodems simultaneous and what age are they?; is the animal assemblage (in view of habitat) found in situ, or is it result of one of accumulation mechanisms i.e. resedimantation and dislocation of skeletal remains (eolian, fluvial, etc.)?; what are possible relationships among predator and prey in founded fauna? Answers to this questions will improve our knowledge of paleoecological features of younger geological history in researched area. Goran Guvica Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Nalazi velikih fosilnih zvijeri u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj i njihov znaaj u interpretaciji paleookolia Istraivanja pleistocenskih nalazita u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj u proteklih 35 godina rezultirala su bogatim osteolokim nalazima fosilnih kraljenjaka. Na najznaajnijim nalazitima, polupilji kraj Krapine, pilji Veternici u Medvednici, te Velikoj peini i Vindiji kraj Ivanca, ostaci velikih fosilnih zvijeri su najbrojniji. Takva struktura nalaza uvjetovana je injenicom da na svim nalazitima ostaci piljskog medvjeda (Ursus spelaeus) ine preko 90% svih nalaza. Osim piljskog medvjeda na lokalitetima sjeverozapadne Hrvatske naeni su i slijedei predstavnici velikih fosilnih zvijeri: smei medvjed (Ursus arctos), vuk (Canis lupus), crveni ili alpski vuk (Cuon alpinus), piljski lav (Panthera spelaea), leopard (Panthera pardus), ris (Lynx lynx) i piljska hijena (Crocuta spelaea). Ostaci velikih fosilnih zvijeri osim za istraivanje paleobiolokih znaajki pojedinih taksonomskih jedinica, filogenetskih, evolucijskih i mikroevolucijskih odnosa, pogodni su i za rekonstrukciju paleobiotopa. Navedene skupine predstavnici su razliitih ivotinjskih zajednica koje su se sukcesivno izmjenjivale tijekom pleistocena. Promjene biotopa kao posljedica relativno brzih klimatskih oscilacija u pleistocenu uvjetovale su migracije pa ak i nestanak pojedinih skupina to je utjecalo na sastav faunistikih zajednica. Distribucija fosilnih ostataka velikih zvijeri kroz slojeve navedenih lokaliteta, te paleobioloke znaajke pojedinih fosilnih vrsta (euritermnost, stenotermnost, otvoreniji i zatvoreniji biotop) omoguili su upotpunjavanje slike o klimatskim prilikama, te tipovima biotopa zastupljenih u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj tijekom srednjeg i gornjeg pleistocena. S obzirom da u istom sloju vrlo esto nalazimo heterogene ivotinjske zajednice u smislu otvorenosti biotopa mogue je pretpostaviti egzistiranje niza razliitih biotopa u okolici istraivanih pilja pri emu treba uzeti u obzir i nain akumulacije fosilnog materijala u njima. Iz navedenih istraivanja mogue je rekonstruirati tipove i raspored paleobitopa od otvorenijeg tipa u dolinama Krapine, Save, Bednje i Drave, pa do biotopa zatvorenog tipa umovitih podruja Medvednice, Ivanice i Ravne gore. The remains of large fossil carnivores in northwestern Croatia and their significance in interpretation of paleoenvironment Investigations of Pleistocene sites in northwestern Croatia through last 35 years resulted with findings of numerous skeletal parts of fossil vertebrates. On the main sites, semicave near Krapina, Veternica cave in Medvednica and Velika peina and Vindija caves near Ivanec, the remains of large fossil carnivores are the most numerous. This structure of findings is stipulated by the fact that the over than 90% of all findings belongs to skeletal remains of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus). Except the cave bear on the sites in northwestern Croatia were founded the following taxa of large carnivores: brown bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), cave lion (Panthera spelaea), leopard (Panthera pardus), lynx (Lynx lynx), and cave hyena (Crocuta spelaea). The remains of large fossil carnivores, besides for investigations of paleobiological features of certain taxonomical units, philogenetical, evolutional and microevolutional relationships, is also usable for the reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Those taxa belongs to different animal asseblages which were successive replaced through middle and upper Pleistocene. Changes of biotopes stipulated by the relative rapid climatic oscillations in Pleistocene were caused the migrations and even extinctions of some species. All those facts had the influence on structure of fossil animal assemblages. Distribution of fossil remains of large carnivores through the stratigraphic layers and paleobiological features of certain fossil species (eurotermal and stenotermal features, type of biotope) make possible the reconstruction of climate and types of biotopes existed in northwestern Croatia through middle and upper Pleistocene. Heterogeneous animal assemblages (according to type of biotope) found in many stratigraphic layers point out on the existence of different types of biotopes in area of investigated sites (northwestern Croatia). For all that we must take into consideration the way of bone accumulation in cave sediments. On the base of those investigations is possible to interprate the types and distribution of paleobiotopes, from the opener types in valleys of Krapina, Sava, Bednja and Drava rivers, to the closer types of forested areas of Medvednica, Ivanica and Ravna gora mountains. Daniela Hamidovi1, Darko Kovai2, Beatrica Djuli2 1enova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg 6,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Hibernacija velikog topira Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) i junog topira Rh. euryale (Blasius, 1853) u pilji Veternici kraj Zagreba (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) Tijekom zime 1995/96. detaljno je prouen utjecaj vanjske klime i mikroklime na hibernaciju vrsta Rh. ferrumequinum i Rh. euryale u Veternici. Vrsta Rh. euryale nije do sada zabiljeena u Veternici u zimskom razdoblju, pa se smatralo da tamo ne hibernira zajedno s vrstom Rh. ferrumequinum. pilja se nalazi u blizini sjeverne granice areala vrste Rh. euryale koja je termofilna i tijekom hibernacije trai mjesta s temperaturom izmeu 10 (C i 13 (C i relativnom vlagom ne manjom od 80%. Vrsta Rh. ferrumequinum ima veliki areal i moe podnijeti velike razlike u temperaturi i relativnoj vlazi tijekom istog razdoblja. pilja Veternica nalazi se u blizini Zagreba. Ukupna duina svih kanala iznosi priblino 7100 m. Ovo istraivanje obavljeno je u prvih 650 m glavnog kanala pilje u razdoblju od studenog 1995. do svibnja 1996., odnosno od poetka do kraja hibernacije tih dviju vrsta. Uglavnom jednom tjedno vrste su promatrane, a za utvrivanje klimatskih uvjeta koriteni su hidrometeoroloki instrumenti. Ve prilikom prvog posjeta Veternici vrste su naene jedna pored druge na istom mjestu speleolokog dijela spilje. U koloniji vrste Rh. ferrumequinum bilo je 197 jedinki s omjerom spolova 36 mujaka: 10 enki. Vrsta Rh. euryale formirala je dvije kolonije. Prva je brojala 103 jedinke, s omjerom spolova 18 : 18, a u drugoj od 17 jedinki omjer spolova je bio 7 mujaka : 5 enki. Nakon jednog tjedna vrste su se udaljile i ostatak hibernacijskog razdoblja nisu provele zajedno. Broj jedinki u kolonijama vrste Rh. ferrumequinum bio je izmeu 19 i 300, a u koloniji vrste Rh. euryale bilo je izmeu 17 i 150 jedinki. Naeni su i usamljeni primjerci vrste Rh. ferrumequinum, kao i manje skupine. Rezultati koji opisuju hibernaciju ove dvije vrste u Veternici uklapaju se u ope uvjete poznate za njihovu hibernaciju. Mikroklimatski uvjeti u Veternici omoguuju hibernaciju obje vrste. Pri tome optimalni uvjeti za svaku od njih uvjetuju njihovo prostorno razdvajanje. Nai rezultati istraivanja iz zime 1995/96. usporeeni su sa rezultatima istraivanja koja je provela Djuli od 1956. do 1958. u istoj pilji. Hibernation of the greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) and the Mediterranean horseshoe bat Rh. euryale (Blasius, 1853) in the cave Veternica near Zagreb, Croatia (Chiroptera,Rhinolophidae) In the winter of 1995/96 the influence of the microclimate and external climate on the hibernation of Rh. ferrumequinum and Rh. euryale was studied. The former opinion was that Rh. euryale doesnt hibernate in Veternica, because no specimen was noted during winter. The cave is situated near the northern border of the Rh. euryale area of distribution. This species is thermophilic that looks for places with the temp. between 10 (C and 13 (C, and rel. humidity above 80% for hibernation. Rh. ferrumequinum has very wide area of distribution and can stand greater variation of temperature as well as rel. humidity during the same period of time. The cave is located near Zagreb, Croatia. The length of all the channels amounts to cca 7100 m. This survey was conducted in the first 650 m of the main channel from November 1995 till May 1996, concerning the beginning and the end of the hibernation of these two species. Mostly once per week species were observed, and climate conditions were measured with the hydrometeorological equipment. During first visit to Veternica species were found hibernating at the same place in the speleological part of the cave. In the cluster of Rh. ferrumequinum consisted of 197 individuals, the sex ratio was 36m:10f. Rh. euryale formed 2 clusters. The first numbered 103 individuals with the sex ratio 18:18, and the second 17 individuals with the sex ratio of 7m:5f. After 1 week these 2 species split and the rest of the hibernation they spent in different places in the cave. The number of the individuals in clusters of Rh. ferrumequinum was between 19 and 300, and in the Rh. euryale cluster was consisted from 17 to 150 individuals. Rh. ferrumequinum specimens were also found hibernating individually and in small groups. The results describing hibernation of these two species confirm noted general conditions. Microclimate conditions in Veternica enable the hibernation of both species. For that, optimal conditions for each one stipulate their separation concerning space. The results of the observation conducted during the winter of 1995/96 were compared with the results of Djulic from 1956 to 1958. Marija Edita oli Institut Planina i more, Franjevaki put 1, 21300 Makarska, Hrvatska Priroda Biokova izmeu zatite i devastacije Dosadanja istraivanja ireg i ueg Biokovskog podruja ukazuju na izvorne posebnosti i bogatstvo bioloke i krajobrazne raznovrsnosti znaajne za Republiku Hrvatsku. Istraivanje na terenu ukazuje 1) na degradaciju prirodnog nasljea ovog podruja pred dominacijom partikularnih i kratkoronih interesa u do sada zatienim dijelovima Biokova i 2) na znaajne dijelove prirode Podbiokovlja koji nisu do sada obuhvaeni nikakvom kategorijom zatite Zakonom o zatiti prirode, a po svojim znaajkama bioloke i krajobrazne raznovrsnosti neosporno nalau hitnu zatitu. Predlae se aurnost stvarne i cjelovite zatite prirode Biokova: populacija zajednica i ekosustava od dna mora do najvieg vrha uz obalu Hrvatske (sv. Jure na Biokovu, 1762 m n. m.), jer uskoro bi moglo biti kasno. The nature of the Biokovo Mts. between the protection and devastation The research of the Biokovo area has so far shown its original and distinctive characteristics and abundance of both biological and geographical diversities, important for the Republic of Croatia. The field work showed: 1) degradation of natural heritage of this area because of the domination of some particular and short-term interests in so far protected parts of the Biokovo Mts. and 2) the fact that some important parts of the nature beneath the Biokovo Mts., which have so far not been protected by the Nature Protection Law, should be protected as soon as possible because of its biological and geographical variety. We propose immediate positive and complete protection of the nature of the Biokovo Mts.: of the populations of associations and ecosystems from the sea-floor to the highest peak on the Croatian coast (St. George, 1762 m above s. l.) because soon it could be too late. Nikola Hristovski1, Stojmir Stojanovski2, R. Mandevski3, R. Eftimova4 1Via zemjodelska kola, Univerzitet "Sv. Kliment Ohridski", 97000 Bitola, Makedonija 2Hidrobioloki Zavod, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija 3ZK "Pelagonija", Ribnik Dzabeni, 97000 Bitola, Makedonija 4JZU Medicinski Centar, Gevgelija, Makedonija Lernea cyprinacea L, 1758, nova vrsta kopepoda u fauni nametnika riba iz Pelagonije, Makedonija Tijekom istraivanja nametnika riba u ribnjaku Dzabeni (Pelagonija, Makedonija) u razdoblju od 1995. - 1996., pronali smo kopepode Lernea cyprinacea L., 1758 u Cyprinus carpio. Analizom intenziteta invadiranosti prema godinjim dobima nali smo da je on najvei od sredine lipnja do kraja kolovoza (intenzitet invazije 1 - 10), a kasnije se smanjuje i najmanji je u kasnu jesen i rano proljee kada gotovo nije postojao (intenzitet invazije 1 - 2). Ova vrsta nametnika prepada redu Cyclopoida Sars, 1886, porodici Lernaeidae Cobbold, 1879, i moe se nai na koi toplovodnih riba iz Europe, Azije i Sjeverne Amerike. Bolest "lerneozu" izazivaju enke tog kopepoda. Posebno velike tete mogu se pojaviti u ribnjacima. Lernea cyprinacea L, 1758, a new copepodae species to the fauna of parasites in the fishes from Pelagonia, Macedonia During the parasitological investigations of the fishes from the fish pond Dzabeni (Pelagonija, Macedonia) which have been performed in the period from 1995 - 1996, we have found the copepoda Lernea cyprinacea L., 1758 in Cyprinus carpio. Analysing the intensity of infestation according to the seasons of the year, we have found that the biggest was from the middle of June to the end of August (the intensity of infestation was between 1 - 10), later it was diminishing and the least was in the late autumn and in early spring when it almost didn't exists (the intensity of infestation was between 1 - 2). The parasite species belongs to the order Cyclopoida Sars, 1886, the family Lernaeidae Cobbold, 1879, and can be found on the skin of the warm water fish from Europe, Asia and North America, also. The disease "Lerneosis" is provoked by the female of this copepoda. The particularly big damages may occur in the fish ponds. Harald Schwammer Sch(nbrunner Tiergarten-GmbH, Maxingstrasse 13b, 1130 Vienna, Austria Prilozi biologiji i ekologiji otoka Krka (Hrvatska) Zooloki instutut organizirao je od 1975. godinje studentske izlete na otok Krk i okolne otoke, a od 1984. organizira ih zajedno s Institutom za fiziologiju bilja Sveuilita u Beu. Cilj tih izleta bio je da prikae eu-, sub- i mediteranske ekosustave. Studentima je pruana mogunost da se za vrijeme teaja pridrue malim istraivakim projektima. Sada se provode dve podruja istraivanja. Prvo ukljuuje autekoloka istraivanja odbranih vrsta ptica (Gyps fulvus, Larus cachinnans michahellis), riba (Gambusia affinis), i beskraljenjakai (Lycosa tarentula, Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus, Thaumetopoea pityocampa). Zabiljeeni su rasprostranjenje gmazova i vodozemaca na otocima Krku, Prviu, Plavniku, Galunu, Kormatu i Seci, a sve postojee vode su kartirane. Drugo podruje istraivanja usredotoilo se na antropogeni utjecaj na osjetljive otone ekosustave. Opisana je terrestrika i akvatika bolest (Spatangus purpureus), kao i smanjen vitalitet i rasprostranjenje ute gorgonije (Eunicella cavolinii). Uz prikupljanje opsenih autekolokih podataka o nabrojanim vrstama nae dugogodinje promatranje dokumentiralo je gubitak stanita, destrukciju vodenih povrina i druge iroke utjecaje na osjetljive ekosustave. Cjeloviti pristup istraivanja ukljuuje i ponaanje domaih ovaca na krkom pejsau i njihov utjecaj na biljne zajednice. Rezultati terestrikih i akvatikih (ukljuujui morske) istraivanja do danas su objavljeni u 9 znanstvenih djela. iroka baza podataka i dalje se obrauje. Contributions to the biology and ecology of the island of Krk (Croatia) Since 1975 the Zoological Institute has organized annual student excursions to Krk island and surrounding islands as of 1984 jointly with the Institute of Plant Physiology of the University of Vienna. The aim of these excursions is to demonstrate EU-, sub- and Mediterranean ecosystems. The students are given the opportunity to join small research projects during the course. Two fields of research are currently being pursued. The first involves autecological studies on selected bird species (Gyps fulvus, Larus cachinnans michahellis), fishes (Gambusia affinis), and invertebrates (Lycosa tarentula, Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus, Thaumetopoea pityocampa). In general, the distribution and range of reptiles and amphibians on the island of Krk, Prvic, Plavnik, Galun, Kormat and Sece were recorded and all existing water bodies mapped. The second field of research concentrates on anthropogenic impacts on sensitive island ecosystems, both in the terrestrial and aquatic disease (Spatangus purpureus) was described and the reduced vitality and range of the yellow gorgonian (Eunicella cavolinii) was reported. In addition to compiling comprehensive autecological data on the above-mentioned species, our long-term monitoring documents study habitat loss, wetland destruction, and other broad impacts on the sensitive ecosystems. The holistic approach also includes research into the behaviour of domestic sheep in karst landscapes and the impact on plant communities. The results from the terrestrial and aquatic (including marine) investigations have been published in 9 scientific papers to date. Extensive monitoring data are currently being evaluated. Aleksandra Radanovi, Jelena Greguri Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Zdrav okoli = zdravi ljudi Ravnotea u prirodnim ekosustavima uvjetuje zdravlje i ugodno osjeanje ovjeka. Svojim radom i utjecajem, posljednjih desetljea on ih sve vie oneiuje remetei tako ravnoteu. Vodu za pie zagauje neproienim otpadnim vodama, fekalijama i raznim fizikalnim i kemijskim agensima, zrak ispunim plinovima i dimom, tlo umjetnim gnojivima, herbicidima, nereciklirajuim otpadom, tekim metalima, toksinima i slinim toksinim tvarima koje mu se vraaju u hrani, vodi ili zraku. Oneienje je svakim danom sve vee, a jedan od pokazatelja mogu biti i bakterije, npr. roda Salmonella. Ove se bakterije nalaze u fekalijama oboljelih jedinki ili jedinki kliconoa. Uzronik se prikriven razmnoava u domainu dok njegov broj ne premai granicu ravnotee, a tada fecesom dospijeva u okoli zatvarajui krug izmeu mikroorganizma, domaina i okolia. Tako se ukljuuje u jedan u nizu stalnih procesa kruenja tvari u prirodi najbolje prikazanih trokutom zdravlja, a konstantnim zagaivanjem okolia infekcija se iri, utjeui na ravnoteu drugih ekosustava i predstavljajui opasnost za ovjekovo zdravlje. Iz znanstvene literature izdvojene su sheme koje na razumljiv nain prikazuju meuovisnost dijelova ekosistema. Svrha rada je shematski prikazati odnos zdravog okolia i zdravlja ljudi. Healthy environment = healthy people Human health and well being depends on balance in natural ecosystems. With his work and influence in the last few decades man has polluted them more and more, which has caused unbalance. Fresh water is being polluted by unpured waste waters, fecal mass and different physical and chemical agents; atmosphere is polluted by car gases and smoke, the soil by industrial fertilizers, herbicides and similar toxic agents which come back to us in food, water and air, not to mention enormous amount of inrecyclable materials, heavy metals, toxins and hormones. Pollution is getting bigger every day. One of the indicators could be bacteria, for example genus Salmonella. These bacteria can be found in fecal mass of sick individuals or germ carriers. Causative agent lives hidden in a host and has the ability of reproducing for a certain period of time until its multiplication comes over the limit of equilibrium, then comes back into environment by feces and closes the cycle between microorganism, host and environment. This is the way it gets involved into one of persistent natural circulation processes which is best shown in the health tirade. Consistent environmental pollution spreads the infection and in that way effects balance of other ecosystems, so at the same time it represents danger for human health. From scientific literature schemes had been taken to present in an understandable way interaction of parts of ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to schematically present the relationship between the preserved environment and health of people. Jelena Greguri1, Marija Vuemilo2, Ksenija Vlahovi1, Marina Pavlak1 1Zavod za biologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Heinzelova55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zavod za animalnu higijenu i etologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Problem smea na otoku Pagu Pag se nalazi u sjeverno dalmatinskoj otokoj skupini. Povrina otoka iznosi 284,6 km2, a duljina obale 269,2 km. Najvei dio otoka izgraen je od vapnenca, a manji od sedimentnih naslaga, pa je vei dio otoka kamenjar. Ima zimzelene ikare - makije (3,4%), neto niske ume hrasta medunca (Quercus lanuginosa) te malo crnike (Quercus ilex). Na otoku se uzgaja vinova loza, itarice, povre, voe te maslina. Stanovnitvo se bavi poljoprivredom, stoarstvom, ribarstvom i u zadnje vrijeme turizmom. Iz davnine je poznato dobivanje soli iz morske vode kod grada Paga. Osim niza manjih naselja na otoku su dva vea mjesta i to glavni grad Pag i Novalja, koji imaju loe organizirana odlagalita smea, koja su smjetena tako da stalno prijete ekolokom katastrofom. Pako smetlite ugroava, solanu, dok je u Novalji rasprostranjeno u irinu i duljinu vie stotina metara od dozvoljenog te ugroava podzemne vode. Pa iako postoje deponije smea glomazni otpad i drugi oblici smea mogu se nai izvan podruja smetlita. Godine 1993. i 1994. obili smo smetlita Novalje i Paga sa svrhom da slikama dokumentiramo nemar i nebrigu za okoli i ljudsko zdravlje. Svrha ovog rad je da se ukau opasnosti koje proizlaze iz oneienja okolia kao i uzrocima ovog oneienja. Garbage problem on the island Pag Pag is situated in the North Dalmatian archipelago. The surface of the island is 284.6 km2, and the length of the coast is 269.2 km. The biggest part of the island is built of limestone, and the smaller one of sediments, so the larger part of island is rocky ground. There is some evergreen underbrush "chaparral" (3.4%), some low forest of oak tree (Quercus lanuginosa and Quercus ilex). On island vine yards, cereals, vegetables, fruit and olives are bred. Population occupy themselves by agriculture, cattle- breeding, fishing and by tourism lately. From old times near the town of Pag the process of sea-salt production from the sea is known. Besides few smaller settlements on island there are two bigger ones, the capital Pag and town of Novalja. For these two towns garbage deposit has been badly organized and they threaten by ecological disaster. The garbage of town Pag brings into danger salt-pan, while in Novalja it is spread out more then it is permitted, and it brings into danger underground waters. Although garbage deposits exist bulky garbage and other kinds of garbage can be found out of garbage deposit area. Garbage deposits in Novalja and Pag had been examined in 1993 and 1994 with the purpose to document lack of care for the environment. The aim of this work is to show the danger which comes from the pollution and from the causes of that pollution. Danijel Frkovi, Jelena Greguri Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Oneienje rijeke Dobre- Gjulinog ponora Ponor rijeke Dobre pokraj Ogulina predstavlja jedan od prirodnih fenomena krakog podruja ovog dijela Hrvatske. Svojim dimenzijama i obujmom svrstan je meu najvee ponore u Hrvatskoj. Nepostojanje adekvatnih komunalnih slubi na ovom prostoru dovelo je do toga da se gradski otpad odlae na bilo kakva priruna odlagalita. Jedno takvo priruno odlagalite postao je i ponor rijeke Dobre, kao najblia i najjeftinija mogunost. Svemu tome pridonio je i domovinski rat na ovom podruju, za vrijeme kojega je oneienje ponora, a time i same rijeke Dobre, doseglo vrhunac. U vezi s time samo jedan od problema jest podzemna povezanost rijeke s crpilitima i pojilitima. Stupanj oneienja Gjulinog ponora bio je procijenjen u veljai 1997. pregledom dna ponora i slikanjem. Svrha ovog rada jest upozoriti na posljedice uzrokovane oneienjem ponora rijeke Dobre u njegovoj neposrednoj blizini i irem podruju. Pollution of the river Dobra - Giulas chasm River Dobra chasm near Ogulin represents one of the natural phenomenon of the Karst area in this part of Croatia. It is ranged among the biggest chasms in Croatia according to its dimension. Because of the absence adequate municipal services in this area the town garbage is laid away on any handy putting off. River Dobra chasm has become one of the mentioned handy putting off, as the nearest and the cheapest possibility. This situation has been made worse by homeland war in this area, during which the pollution of the chasm, as well as the river Dobra, has reached its climax. One of the problems connected with this pollution is underground connection of the river with pumping station and watering- place. Pollution deeper of Gjulas chasm has been estimated in February 1997 examination of chasm's bottom and taking pictures. The aim of this work is to warn to the consequences caused by the pollution of the river Dobra chasm in its nearer and wider area. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Ivo Trinajsti umarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Amaterizam u floristikim istraivanjima s posebnim osvrtom na endeme hrvatske flore Openito se pod amaterizmom, kao to je poznato, smatra odreena ovjekova aktivnost pokretana ljubavlju prema neemu i obino nije u nikakvoj povezanosti s profesionalnom djelatnosti takvoga amatera. Amateri mogu biti glumci, pjevai, modelari, planinari, uzgajivai cvijea itd., a mogu na takvoj osnovici postizati i vrlo uspjene rezultate. Amaterizam je vezan i za znanstvena istraivanja. Naroito je rasprostranjen i obljubljen u arheolokim, entomolokim i ornitolokim istraivanjima, te napokon i u floristikim istraivanjima. U jednom razdoblju istraivanja regionalnih flora amateri su odigrali znaajnu ulogu, a ona se je oitovala u marljivom sakupljanju biljnoga materijala za herbarske zbirke, koje su onda strunjacima posluile za znanstvena istraivanja. Takvi su amateri bili sakupljai (kolekcionari), a znanstvena je obrada bila povjerena strunjacima - profesionalcima, istraivaima kojima su istraivanje flore i taksonomija zanimanje. Slijedea faza u amaterskom istraivanju flore nastupila je, kad su amateri, osim sakupljanja vrili i znanstvenu obradu materijala, pa su s vie ili manje uspjeha pisali i znanstvene radove. Takvi su radovi mogli imati i stvarnu znanstvenu vrijednost, ako su amateri bili povezani s profesionalcima, pa su njihove radove prije objavljivanja pregledali i korigirali odgovarajui strunjaci. Ukoliko se to nije dogaalo, takve su radove profesionalci uzimali s oprezom ili su sami provjeravali sumnjive nalaze. Nezgoda je nastajala obino onda kad su amaterske radove dalje preuzimali amateri ili nedovoljno struni profesionalci, jer su se u takvim sluajevima pogreke umnoavale, pa su se pogreni podaci uestalo prenosili i postupno infiltrirali u znanstvenu literaturu. Kad se je tijekom vremena izgubila veza s izvornikom (prvo objavljenim amaterskim podatkom), podatak se uzimao kao znanstveni i u mnogo je sluajeva remetio ili onemoguavao odgovarajue ispravne zakljuke. Dva hrvatska botaniara-amatera Dragutin Hirc i Ljudevit Rossi dostigli su tijekom floristikih istraivanja skoro profesionalnu razinu. Naalost, zbog nedovoljne strunosti mogli su prepoznati samo ono to je ve otprije bilo poznato, ali nisu mogli otkriti nita novo. Upravo tijekom njihove najaktivnije floristike djelatnosti, pod kraj 19. i poetkom 20. stoljea otkriveni su najznaajniji endemi hrvatske flore - Degenia velebitica, Sibiraea croatica, Campanula istriaca, C. fenestrellata, C. poscharskiana, Iris illyrica, Dianthus croaticus, D. velebiticus, Centaurea lungensis, C. jabukensis, Limonium vestitum i niz drugih, a otkrili su ih i opisali sve od reda strani znanstvenici. Moramo istaknuti da su i poneki nedovoljno struni profesionalni, istraivai hrvatske flore ostali na razini amatera, to je unaalo a i danas unosi zbrku i u pogledu tonih determinacija i u pogledu pravilne upotrebe literaturnih izvora, kao i fitogeografske interpretacije pojedinih taksona. Amateurism in floristical researches with special reference to endemics of Croatian flora As it is known, amateurism is generally considered to be a human activity moved by love or something and usually has nothing to do with professional activity of the amateur. Amateurs can be actors, singers, modelists, mountaineers, flower growers, etc. who on that basis can be very successful. Amateurism is connected with scientific research, too. It is particularly frequent and popular in archeological, entomological and ornithological researches, but in floristical researches as well. At a certain time period of reginal flora rese-arches, amateurs played an important role manifested by a diligent collecting of plant material for herbaria collections which then served to scientists for scientific research. Such amateurs were collectors, while scientific analysis was entrusted to scientists - professionals, research-workers whose profession is flora research and taxonomy. The next phase in the amateur research of flora took place when amateurs, in addition to collecting made also scientific analysis of the collected material, and even wrote more or less successful scientific papers. Such papers also could have a real scientific value when amateurs were connected with professionals and when before publishing their papers were reviewed and corrected by adequate specialists. Otherwise, professionals would take such papers with a dose of caution or they would check themselves doubtful findings. The problem usually arose when amateur papers were further developed either by amateurs or by insufficiently skilled professionals because in such cases errors were multiplied. The result was that often incorrect data were transmitted and gradually become infiltrated into scientific literature. When, in the course of time, the connection with the original (the initially published amateur data) was lost, the data was taken as scientific and in many cases prevented or unabled adequate correct conclusions. Two Croatian botanists-amateurs, Dragutin Hirc and Ljudevit Rossi, in their floristical research have reached an almost professional level. Unfortunately, because of insufficient qualification they could only recognize what had already been known before but they could not make any new discovery. During their most active floristical activities, at the end of 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the most important endemic plants of Croatian flora were discovered - Degenia velebitica, sibiraea croatica, Campanula istriaca, C. fenestrellata, C. poscharskiana, Iris illyrica, Dianthus croaticus, D. velebiticus, Centaurea lungensis, C. jabukensis, Limonium vestitum and many others which were all discovered and described by foreign scientists. It must be noted that some insufficiently qualified professional research-workers of Croatian flora remained on the level of amateurs, that caused and still today causes confusion with regard to exact determinations and proper use of literature sources. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Ljudevit Ilijani Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg20/II,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska O ivotu i djelu prof. dr. Ive Horvata (uz stotu obljetnicu roenja) Ivo Horvat (1897-1963), geobotaniar svjetskog glasa, nedvojbeno pripada meu one nae velikane, koji su znanstvenim opusom obiljeili svoju epohu. Od istraivanja filogenije paprati i floristikih istraivanja znanstveni interes doveo je ga do prouavanja vegetacije. Kao jedan od pionira fitocenologije i uvjereni sljedbenik Braun-Blanquet-ove fitocenoloke kole, s najveim je arom, uporno i sustavno otkrivao fitocenoloke zakonitosti u sastavu i ralanjenosti biljnog pokrova Hrvatske i itavog Balkanskog poluotoka. Usporedo s istraivanjem znalaki je organizirao i kartiranje vegetacije. Bio je i izvanredan organizator i voditelj kompleksnih ekolokih, pedolokih, klimatolokih, umarskih i drugih istraivanja u fitocenoloki definiranim vegetacijskim jedinicama. Njegovu su kolu proli mnogi uenici, ne samo iz Htvatske. goleme su i njegove zasluge za zatitu prirode u nas. Kao najpozvaniji pisao je (na poziv) za Europu svoje ivotno djelo o vegetaciji floristiki i fitocenoloki iznimno bogatog i raznolikog, a stoga i veoma tekog, podruja jugoistone Europe. Pod naslovom Vegetation Sudosteuropas izilo je, na alost, desetak godine poslije njegove prerane smrti, nakon to su djelo dovrili V. Glava i H. Ellenberg. Svojim znanstvenim opusom uvelike je zaduio voljenu domovinu Hrvatsku, a ime Ive Horvata ostaje nezaobilaznim u geobotanikoj znanosti Europe. Life and opus of Prof. Ivo Horvat Ivo Horvat (1897-1963), the world famous phytogeographist, is one of our eminent researchers who marked his epoch with his scientific opus. From investigation of phylogeny of pteridophyta and floristical research, his scientific opus. From investigation of phylogeny of pteridophyta and floristical research, his scientific interest led him to the vegetation science. As one of pioneers in phytosociology and devoted follower of Braun-Blanquette phytosociological school, he systematically discovered with great enthusiasm the phytosociological principles in composition and division of plant cover of Croatia and whole territory of Balkan peninsula. In addition to investigation of vegetation he also organized vegetation mapping. Ivo Horvat was also a good organizer and head of complex ecological, pedological, climatological, forest and other investigations in phytosociologically defined vegetation units. Many scientist passed through his school, and not only from Croatia. He contributed very much to nature protection in Croatia. As the best in the field, he was invited to write for European science about the vegetation of Southeast Europe, floristically and phytosocilogically rich, diverse and consequently very difficult region. Unfortunately, the book Vegetation Sudosteuropas was published about ten years after his premature death, as completed by V. Glava and H. Ellenberg. Through his scientific opus Ivo Horvat honored his beloved Croatia, and his name remains written in annals of European phytogeographical science. Toni Nikoli1, Drago Bukovec2, Josipa opf1, Sven D. Jelaska1 1Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu Maruliev trg 20/2, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Kartiranje flore hrvatske: mogunosti i standardi Kartiranje flore, manjeg ili veeg obima provodi se u svijetu ve vie desetljea. Sve vea primjena korolokih podataka u strunim i znanstvenim disiplinama, posebno za potrebe ouvanja bioloke raznolikosti ini utvrivanje rasprostranjenosti flore izuzetno aktualnim. Preduvjet postupaka kartiranja flore je postojanje taksonomskih i geografskih referentnih jedinica. Taksonomske referentne jedinice sadrane su u "check" listama ili florama, a geografske su u veoj mjeri metodoloko pitanje. Izbor e ovisiti o nizu imbenika: preciznosti izvora podataka, postojeem kadru, povrini koja se karira, usklaenosti s postojeim standardima, tehnolokim resursima, kartografskim podlogama i dr. Goleme koliine podataka koje nastaju u procesu kartiranja nacionalnih flora stvaraju potrebu raunalne obrade odgovarajuim postupcima (RDBMS, GIS), danas izuzetno dobro razvijenim. Prijedlog standarda za potrebe kartiranja flore Hrvatske u ovom radu nastoji vodi rauna o izvedivosti u danim uvjetima i kompatibilnosti sa slinim projektima u Europi. Prijedlog odreuje: taksonomske referentne jedinice, metodu indirektnog kartiranja, geografske referentne jedinice (MTB osnovna polja, standardne oznake i nazivlje MTB polja, MTB 1/4, 1/16 i 1/64 osnovna polja za manja podruja), kartografske podloge, prikaz rasprostranjenosti na kartama mjerila 1 : 4.000.000 (Transvers Mercator projekcija, 5. zona, centralni meridijan 15(), mree osnovnih MTB polja, i konceptualne primjere za gradnju baza podataka. Za potrebe olakane izmjene podataka i standardnog akumuliranja prijedlog definira i standardne oznake i nazivlje UTM polja, mree osnovnih UTM polja, geografske regije, pripadno nazivlje i razgranienje. Za potrebe tehnike primjene prijedloga, sadrane su i slijepe karte Hrvatske dostupne na razliitim medijima i formatima, te podrka odgovarajueg Internet servisa. Mapping of Croatian flora: possibilities and standards For decades, world-wide flora has been mapped in various extents. The growing need for chorological data in scientific and experts' disciplines, and specially in preserving biological diversity, increased importance of defining the distribution of flora. Fundamental condition for such work is an existence of well-defined taxonomic and geographical units. While the basic taxonomic units are actually the contents of check-lists and Floras, geographical units are more a matter of methodological issues. Selection of a method depends on many factors: accuracy of data source, available staff, mapping area, coexistence with present standards, technological resources, basic maps, etc. Vast amount of data collected by mapping of national floras, need to be manipulate by, today well developed, computer tools (RDBMS, GIS). Here proposed standards for mapping of Croatian flora tried to take into account reality of caring out such a project under present conditions, as well as compatibility with similar European projects. The proposal defined basic taxonomic units, method of indirect mapping, basic geographical units (MTB grid squares, standard labels and names for MTB units, MTB 1/4 1/16 and 1/64 grid squares for smaller areas), cartographic bases, display of distribution on the 1:4.000.000 maps (Transverse Mercator projection, 5th zone, central meridian at 15(), MTB basic square grid and conceptual examples for constructing databases. Standard labels and names, as well as grids of basic UTM squares, geographical regions with names and fixed boundaries are given, to make easier exchange and accumulation of data. In enclosure there are "blind" maps of Croatia as assistance for technical applicability of proposal, which are also available in the other formats and media including the corresponding Internet service. Zinka Pavleti1, Ivo Trinajsti2 1Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Maruliev trg 20/II, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2umarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Vegetacija stjenjaa as. Campanulo-Centaurteetum dalmaticae H-i (1934) 1939 (Centaureo-Campanulion H-i 1934) na otoku Cresu Zbog vrlo znaajnih orografskih prilika istonojadranskog primorja koje u zemljopisnom smislu skoro u potpunosti pripada Republici Hrvatskoj, vegetacija stjenjaa pripada nizu endeminih biljnih zajednica. U tom se smislu jasno razlikuje vegetacija stjenjaa sjevernoga hrvatskog primorja (Kvarnersko primorja i Istra), od njegovog sredinjega i junog dijela (Dalmacija). Najznaajnija osnovna biljna zajednica kvarnerskog primorja je as. Campanulo-Centaureetum dalmaticae koja je po prvi puta bila opisana iz otoka Paga, te neto kasnije detaljno prouavana na otocima Rabu i Krku. U posljednje vrijeme ta je zajednica otkrivena i na otoku Cresu. Potrebno je naglasiti da se u luci Merag as. Campanulo-Centaureetum dalmaticae razvija na sekundarnom stanitu, na stijenama nastalim prigodom gradnje trajektne luke. Kako pokazuje vrlo tipian florni sastav moe se zakljuiti da razvitak vegetacije stjenjaa, odnosno osvajanje gole stjenovite podloge tee vrlo brzo. The rock plant association Campanulo-Centaureetum dalmaticae H-i (1934) 1939 (Centaureo-Campanulion H-i 1934) ontheislandofCres(Croatia) Due to very significant orographical conditions in the eastern Adriatic littoral which, geographically, almost entirely belongs to the Republic of Croatia, the rock plant vegetation belongs to the series of endemic plant associations. In that, the rock plant vegetation of the northern Croatian littoral (Kvarnersko primorje and Istria) differs distinctly from that in its central and southern parts (Dalmatia). The most important basic plant association of the Kvarnersko primorje is the ass. Campanulo-Centaureetum dalmaticae which was described for the first time from the island of Pag and studied in detail somewhat later on the islands of Rab and Krk. Quite recently, this association has been discovered on the island of Cres, too. It must be noted that in the port Merag the ass. Campanulo-Centaureetum dalmaticae is developed in the secondary stand, on rocks formed during the construction of the ferry boat port. Since it shows a relatively typical floral composition, it can be concluded that the development of the rock plant vegetation, namely its conquest of the bare rocky support is very fast. Alma Smital1, Ljerka Markovi1, Mirko Rui2 1Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg20/II, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2IV Gimnazija "Marko Maruli", Zagrebaka 2, 21000 Split, Hrvatska O irenju vrste Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte u Hrvatskoj Vrsta Artemisia verlotiorum pripada skupini istonoazijskih neofita, uneenih u Europu krajem prolog ili poetkom ovoga stoljea. Danas je ta pridolica prisutna u veini europskih zemalja, gdje uglavnom naseljuje obale tekuica i jezera ili rubove cesta. U Hrvatskoj je prvi puta zabiljeena tek 1969. godine na obalama Save kod Kljua, Podsuseda i Rugvice te uz eljezniku prugu kod Podsuseda, a dvadesetak godina kasnije naena je i na podruju Splita. Tijekom istraivanja flore u raznim dijelovima Hrvatske imali smo priliku u najnovije vrijeme utvrditi dalje irenje te vrste. U radu iznosimo sadanje stanje poznavanja rasprostranjenosti te istonoazijske pridolice u Hrvatskoj. Novi nalazi iz sjevernog i junog primorja te unutranjosti Hrvatske pokazuju da se ta vrsta i dalje iri. Zahvaljujui razmnoavanju podzemnim vrijeama i rastu u visokim, gustim sastojinama ta vrsta na rijenim obalama mjestimice potiskuje autohtonu obalnu vegetaciju ili spreava njezino irenje. Posljedica toga irenja je promijenjeni sastav vegetacije, koji se posebice zapaa u vegetaciji umskih rubova. Naroito je to vidljivo uz ostatke poplavnih uma na podruju Zagreba (Jarun, Bundek, Savica), gdje vrsta Artemisia verlotiorum zajedno s drugim neofitima (Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, Solidago gigantea, Asclepias syriaca i dr.) zauzima dominantno mjesto u vegetaciji umskih rubova. The spreading of the species Artemisa verlotiorum Lamotte in Croatia The species Artemisia verlotiorum belongs to the group of East-Asian neophytes, brought to Europe at the end of the last or the beginning of this century. Today this newcomer is present in most European countries, where it mainly inhabits the banks of rivers, streams and lakes or road edges. It was first recorded in Croatia as late as 1969 on the banks of the river Sava at Klju, Podsused and Rugvica and along the rail tracks at Podsused. Twenty years later it was found in the environs of Split. In the course of investigations of the flora in various parts of the country we were able to determine further spreading of this species. The paper presents the current knowledge of distribution of this East-Asian newcomer in Croatia. Recent finds along the northern and southern littoral and in the Croatian mainland show that this species continues to spread in those parts. Owing to its propagation by means of underground stolons and its growth in tall, thick stands, this species suppresses in places along river banks autochtonous river bank vegetation or prevents the latter from spreading. A consequence of this spreading is altered composition of the vegetation especially noticeable in the vegetation of forest edges, particularly in the remains of flood forests on the outskirts of Zagreb (Jarun, Bundek, Savica), where the species Artemisia verlotiorum together with other neophytes (Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, Solidago gigantea, Asclepias syriaca and others) is taking a predominant place in the vegetation of forest edges. A similar phenomenon is known from river banks in Switzerland and Germany. Marija Panda O. . "Murterski koji", Put kole 8, 22243 Murter, Hrvatska Flora otoka Krapnja i Prvia Otoci ibenskog arhipelaga Krapanj (0.36 km2) i Prvi (2.37 km2) bili su predmet floristikih istraivanja tijekom 1995. i 1996. godine. Za Krapanj literatura navodi 14 taksona od kojih 8 nije potvreno. Za dva od njih nije bilo mogue odrediti odgovarajue validno ime pa nisu uzeti u razmatranje kod ekoloke i fitogeografske analize. Za Krapanj je utvreno 268 taksona, a za Prvi 271 takson. Na oba otoka zakljuen je ukupno 361 takson (345 vrsta, 10 podvrsta, 3 varijeteta i 3 forme), 252 roda i 79 porodica. Vrstama su najbogatije porodice Fabaceae (45 vrsta, 12.47 %) i Poaceae (37 vrsta, 10.25 %). Od 359 vrsta njih 178 (49.58 %) pripada skupinama mediteranskog flornog elementa meu kojima su najbrojnije cirkummediteranske biljke (123 vrste, 34.26 %). U spektru ivotnih oblika dominiraju terofiti (174 vrste, 48.47 %). Analiza ivotnih oblika pokazuje mediteranski karakter flore ovih otoka. Veliko relativno bogatstvo flore (u odnosu na povrinu) na Krapnju moe se objasniti zastupljenou razliitih stanita i brojnou puanstva. Flora of the islands of Krapanj and Prvi Krapanj (0.36 km2) and Prvi (2.37 km2) the two islands of the ibenik archipelago, were the objects of floristic exploration during 1995. and 1996. For the Krapanj literature recorded 14 taxons out of which 8 were not confirmed. Two of them were not included in the ecological and phytogeographic analysis, as it was not possible to determine their appropriate valid names. On the island of Krapanj 268 taxons were defined and 271 on the island of Prvi. On both islands, the total of 361 taxons was determined (345 species, 10 subspecies, 3 varieties and 3 forms), 252 genera and 79 families. The richest in species were the following families: Fabaceae (45 species, 12.47 %) and Poaceae (37 species, 10.25 %). Out of 359 species, 178 (49.58 %) belong to the Mediterranean floristic element groups among which the circummediterranean plants are the most numerous (123 species, 34.26 %). The forms that dominate within the life forms spectrum are the terrophytes (174 species, 48.47 %). The Mediterranean character of the flora of the two islands is pointed out by the analysis of life forms. The considerable richness of the Krapanj island flora (considering the fact that the island is small) can be explained by the variety of different habitats and a large number of inhabitants. Mirko Rui, Maja Antoli IV Gimnazija "Marko Maruli", Zagrebaka 2, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Biljke zidina Dioklecijanove palae Flora koja nastanjuje zidine gradske jezgre po svojoj genezi je sekundarna, a po ekologiji eutrofna. Pukotine zidina su nepovoljnije za biljne vrste od vanjske sredine, zbog oteanih ekolokih uvjeta. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraivanja biljnih vrsta zidina Dioklecijanove palae. Sakupljene su 72 vrste viih biljaka sa tih zidina. Zastupljenost vrsta je razliita s obzirom na pojedinu stranu zida i zasjenjenost. Najzastupljenije porodice u flori zidina su Asteraceae i Poaceae, jer se rasprostiru svojim laganim i suhim sjemenkama. Najzastupljenija vrsta je Parietaria judaica L.. Biljke zidina su osobitost stare gradske flore, tj. indikator stare gradske jezgre Djelovanjem ovjeka, te izvoenjem restauratorskih ili konzervatorskih radova na zidinama mogu se unititi postojee vrste, u okviru kojih su i neke ugroene (Centaurea ragusina L. i Ephedra campylopoda C.A.Mey.). Biljke zidina Dioklecijanove palae s obzirom na njihove ivotne oblike i njihove florne elemente pripadaju eumediteranskoj zoni mediteranske regije. The Plants of the Diocletian Palace The flora which grows on the walls of the city nucleus is secondary by its genesis and by it ecology it is eutrophic. The cracks of the city walls are more unfavorable for the plant species than the outside environment because of the aggravating ecological conditions. In this research the results of the plant species of the walls of the Diocletian Palace are shown. More than 72 species of vascular plants have been collected on these walls. The representation of the species varies considering the particular side of the wall and its shading. The most prevalent plant families of these walls are Asteraceae and Poaceae, because they spread out by their light and dry seeds. The most represented species is Parietaria judaica L. The plants of the city walls are the characteristic of the old city flora, in fact they are the indicator of the city nucleus. The renovated or the art - conservation works and the influence of man can destroy these species and some of them have already been imperiled: Centaurea ragusina L. and Ephedra campylopoda C.A.Mey. The plants of the walls of the Diocletian Palace belong to eumediterian zone of the Mediterranean region considering their life shapes and the flora elements. Nenad Jasprica1, Sanja Kovai2 1Bioloki zavod IOR-a, pp. 39, 20001 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska 2Botaniki vrt Lokrum, pp. 39, 20001 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska Vaskularna flora sredinjeg dijela poluotoka Peljeca Prema podacima iz literature i nakon viegodinjeg istraivanja (1980-1996) utvreno je da sredinji dio poluotoka Peljeca (65 km2) broji 528 svojti vaskularnih biljaka, od toga je 490 vrsta, 38 podvrsta, 341 rod i 89 porodica. Od toga za ovo podruje prvi puta se navodi 498 vrsta i niih svojti. Najvei broj svojti pripada porodicama Poaceae (54) i Fabaceae (52). Najbolje su zastupljene biljke mediteranskog flornog elementa (47%), a u spektru ivotnih oblika dominiraju terofiti (41%) to potvruje mediteranske znaajke flore. Za fitogeografski poloaj istraivanog podruja znaajna je skupina ilirsko-jadranskih endeminih biljaka. Vascular flora of central part of Peljeac Peninsula Based on the relevant literature and our own floristic research (1980-1996), 528 vascular plant taxa have been recorded in the central part of Peljeac Peninsula (65 km2). The floristic list consists of 490 species and 38 subspecies, 341 genera and 89 families. 498 taxa are mentioned for the first time. Two families, Fabaceae and Poaceae, are presented with the greatest number of taxa. Mediterranean floristic element is the most widely (47%) represented in the flora. The predominance of therophytes in the spectrum of life forms (41%) to all other facts indicates the Mediterranean character of the flora. The presence of Illyrian-Adriatic plants is significant for the phytogeographical position of the investigated area. Ljerka Markovi, Alma Smital Btaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg20/II, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Flora savskih obala u Hrvatskoj Obalna flora Save istraivana je na dijelu rijenog toka u granicama Republike Hrvatske. Odabrano je deset reprezentativnih odsjeaka obalnog pojasa jednake duine, na kojima je istraen sastav obalne flore i izvrena analiza flore s obzirom na pripadnost biljnim porodicama, ivotnim oblicima, flornim elementima, tipovima stanita i vegetacije. Terenski dio istraivanja vren je tijekom ljeta i jeseni, tj. u vrijeme optimalnog razvitka obalne flore. Usporedba flore istraivanih odsjeaka rijenog obalnog pojasa Save u Hrvatskoj pokazuje da se sastav flore du rijenog toka mijenja, ovisno o morfologiji rijenih obala, teksturi obalnog tla, hidrolokim i klimatskim prilikama te intenzitetu ovjekova utjecaja. The flora of the Sava river banks in Croatia The flora of the Sava river banks has been investigated in the river course within the borders of the Republic of Croatia. Ten representative segments of the same bank length were chosen for examinations of the composition of the river banks flora. Analyses of the flora were performed in respect of plant families, life forms, elements of the flora, types of habitat and vegetation. Field research was carried out during summer and autumn, i. e. at the time of optimal development of the riparian flora. A comparison of the segments investigated of the Sava riparian belt in Croatia shows that the composition of the flora along the river course varies depending on the morphology of the river banks, the texture of the bank soil, on hydrological and climatic conditions and intensity of human influence. Davorin Kajba Zavod za umarsku genetiku i dendrologiju, umarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Varijabilnost morfolokih svojstava lista u adultnim populacijama obine breze (Betula pendula Roth) s podruja Hrvatske Obina breza (Betula pendula Roth) danas je kao brzorastua i pionirska vrsta vrlo perspektivna, a veliki areal njenog rasprostranjenja upuuje na njenu znatnu ekoloku amplitudu. Cilj ovih istraivanja bio je utvrivanje fenotipske varijabilnosti izmeu i unutar adultnih populacija obine breze na podruju Hrvatske, a provedena su istraivanja morfometrijskih karakteristika lista. Analiza je obuhvatila etiri populacije (Dotrina, Duga Resa, Moslavaka gora, Papuk), a izmjere svojstava lista izuavane su na fertilnim i sterilnim izbojcima. Provedena morfometrijska istraivanja lista utvrdila su postojanje vrlo izraenog, statistiki znaajnog varijabiliteta za sva mjerena svojstva, unutar svake populacije. Za procjenu meupopulacijske varijabilnosti najbolje je koristiti svojstvo broja postranih ila, kod kojeg su dobivene statistiki znaajne razlike izmeu testiranih populacija. Nije utvreno postojanje morfoloke razliitosti izmeu listova uzimanih s plodnih i sterilnih izbojaka. Variability of morphological characteristics of the Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) leaf in adult populations in the region of Croatia Today, the Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth), as a fast-growing and pioneer species, is very promising and the large area of its range indicates its considerable ecological amplitude. The aim of this research was to determine the phenotypical variability between and within the silver birch adult populations in the region of Croatia, and to mycarry out investigations of morphometric characteristics of the leaf. The analysis included four populations (Dotrina, Duga Resa, Moslavaka gora, Papuk) and the measurements of leaf properties were studied on fertile and sterile shoots. The carried out morphometric research on the leaf proved, in adult trees from the researched populations, the existence of a very pronounced and statistically significant variability of all measured properties inside each population. To evaluate the interpopulation variability, it is best to use the property of the number of side veins, for which the statistically significant differences between the tested populations were obtained. No morphological difference between the leaves taken from fertile and sterile shoots was found. eljka Lovaen-Eberhardt Ljudevita Posavskog 18, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Sinoptike polenske karte Hrvatske Od 1973. god. vrena je polenska analiza i izrada polenskih kalendara za Zagreb, a kasnije i za cijelu Hrvatsku na nizu mjernih postaja. Polen je sakupljan Durhamovom gravimetrijskom metodom. Fenoloka, vegetacijska i floristika istraivanja pokazuju korelaciju izmeu polenske produkcije i sastava okolne vegetacije. Istraivanja pokazuju specifinosti polenskih kalendara i produkcije u velikim gradovima, zbog posebnih mikroklimatskih uvjeta, kao i prisustva niza introduciranih hortikulturnih vrsta u parkovima. Manja naselja i prirodna stanita u polenskom spektru imanju autohtoni anemo- i ambofilni polen, karakteristian za vegetaciju tog podruja. S obzirom na vegetaciju, a time i polensku produkciju u Hrvatskoj razlikujemo primorski i kontinentalni vegetacijski pojas, veliina polenske produkcije poklapa se s uestalou alergijskih oboljenja (polenoza) u Hrvatskoj. Naa zemlja odlikuje se bogatstvom vrsta od kojih je znaajan broj palinoalergenski agresivan, pa se time razlikujemo od ostalih zemalja srednje Europe. Agresivni palinoalergeni podjednako su zastupani u kontinentalnom i primorskom vegetacijskom pojasu. Sistematska analiza polenske produkcije na cijelom podruju Hrvatske omoguava izradu polenskih kalendara i osnova je za sinoptike polenske karte pojedinih podruja. Synoptic pollens maps of Croatia Since 1973 the pollen analysis has been carried out and pollen calendars have been made on a continuous basis, first in the area of the city Zagreb, and afterwards in a number of measuring stations in Croatia. The pollen has been collected using Durham gravimetric method. Furthermore, the phenological, vegetational and floristical researches have been carried out to establish a correlation between the pollen production and the environmental vegetation structure. These researches have shown that when making pollen maps and calendars, larger towns because of their specific microclimate and an important presence of introduced plant species in parks are to be considered separately. In smaller towns as well as at natural habitats dominant in the pollen production are the autochtonous anemo- and ambophilous species which belong to the natural vegetation of the researched area. With regard to its vegetation, and consequently to the pollen production, the region of Croatia is divided into the littoral an continental belt. The results of pollen production monitoring coincide with abundance of species, the number of aggresive pallynoallergens registered in our country is higher than in other European countries. These aggressive pallynoallergens are uniformly present in the both the continental and littoral vegetational belts. Pollen analysis include the entire Croatia, and on the basis of the measurements carried out so far pollen calendars and synoptic pollen maps according to the regions have been made. Sven D. Jelaska Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg 20/II, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Primjena Geografskih informacijskih sustava u botanici Geografski informacijski sustavi (GIS) su u svijetu rairena metodologija koja omoguuje uvanje baza podataka, te sloene prostorne analize. Osnovni preduvjet za postojanje i upotrebu GISa vezanost je bilo koje vrste podatka s pripadajuim geografskim koordinatama, bilo da se radi o pripadnosti podatka tokastom geografskom entitetu ili odreenom podruju (biotop, planina, upanija, nacionalni park, UTM ili MTB kvadrant). U biologiji, na razini istraivanja organizama, svaki je objekt geografski odreen, te je poznavanjem njegovog prostornog podrijetla mogua analiza koreliranosti sa svim poznatim pripadajuim parametrima koji ekoloki odreuju taj prostor. Analizu je mogue provesti na razini vrste, biljne zajednice ili odreenog podruja (sa stanovita biocenoza ili fizionomskih biljnih zajednica). Zahvaljujui geografskoj odreenosti podataka, izrada areal-karata je jednostavna. Upotrebom snimaka daljinskih promatranja mogue su znatne vremenske i materijalne utede, uz zadovoljavajuu tonost podataka, pri praenju rasprostranjenosti pojedine biljne vrste ili zajednice. Osim za analizu postojeeg stanja, GIS se esto koristi i za razvijanje modela pojava u prirodi, gospodarenje nacionalnim parkovima, planiranju mjera zatite od poara ili predvianju poloaja stanita rijetkih vrsta. Svojom strukturom i fleksibilnou omoguuje multidisciplinaran pristup i analizu, te razumljiv i atraktivan kartografski prikaz rezultata. U skladu sa svjetskim nastojanjima potrebno je digitalno pohranjene podatke logino urediti ime e biti raspoloivi za razliite analize. U tu svrhu potrebno je, osim prikupljanja i organiziranja ve postojeih podataka, razviti standarde za to uinkovitije sakupljanje novih podataka. U izlaganju e biti izloena osnovna organizacija podataka u GISu, primjeri upotrebe GISa u botanici i kratak osvrt na stanje u Hrvatskoj. Applicability of Geographic Information Systems in botany Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are world-wide accepted methodology for storage data and performing various spatial analyses. Basic condition for existence and usage of GIS is known geographical origin of any kind of data, no matter whether their origin is a single point, or area (biotope, national park, UTM or MTB grid unit). In biology, at the organism level, almost every object of research is geographically identifiable. Therefore by knowing geographical origin of the object, we are able to perform complex analysis and examine correlation with various factors that ecologically define some area. We can analyze certain species, plant communities or biocenoses of some area. Thanks to geographically defined data, making of species and community's distribution maps are easy. Significant savings in time and money can be achieved by using sufficiently accurate data obtained by remote sensing techniques, for monitoring distribution of flora and vegetation. Besides the analysis of present state, GIS are often used for developing predicting models of: succession in nature, spreading of fire, predicting habitats of rare species, etc. By its structure and flexibility, GIS enable multidisciplinary approach and analysis, as well as understandable and attractive cartographic display of results. Logically organized data in the digital format is essential to make data available for various analyses. Therefore, besides collecting and organizing already existing data, it is essential to develop standards for collecting new ones. Basic structure of data in GIS, examples of application in botany and present state in the Croatia will be presented. Vladimir Krpa Prirodonauen muzej na Makedonija, Bul. Ilinden 86, 91000 Skopje, Makedonija Taksonomija i horologija roda Veronica L. (Scrophulariaceae) uSkopskojkotlini Danas se u Skopskoj Kotlini vri intenzivna industrijalizacija i urbanizacija, to dovodi do takvih promjena koje remete dinamiku ravnoteu ivoga svijeta i sastav flore i faune. Polazei od toga, u periodu 1984.-1996. godine izvrena su istraivanja roda Veronica L. u Skopskoj kotlini, u skoro svim godinjim dobima. Istraivani su brojni lokaliteti od najniih dijelova kotline (173 m n. m. - Taor) do najviih vrhova planina (2546 m n.m. - Solunska Glava), to je uvjetovalo prikupljanje obilnog materijala. Za realizaciju rada koriteni su materijali iz herbarskih zbirki: Generalne Herbarske zbirke Botanikog Zavoda Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, (ZA); Herbar Prof. Dr I. Horvata, (ZAHO); Herbar Prirodnjakog muzeja u Beogradu, (BEO); Herbar Instituta za botaniku i Botanika bata u Beogradu, (BEOU); Herbar Instituta za biologiju u Novom Sadu, (HIB); Herbar Prirodonaunog muzeja Makedonije u Skoplju i vlastiti herbar, pohranjen u zbirci Prirodonaunog muzeja u Skpolju. Tijekom viegodinjeg rada, znatna panja bila je posveena populacijskim istraivanjima, koja su na samom terenu omoguila iri uvid u ovu problematiku, olakala shvaanje varijabilne irine svakog taksona i pomogla u interpretaciji vrsta. Da bi se dobili sigurniji rezultati materijal vlastite zbirke usporeivan je sa zbirkama: SOM, ZA, ZAHO, BEO i BEOU. Veliki dio vlastite zbirke je revidiran od Prof. Dr M. A. Fischer-a sa Instituta za Botaniku Sveuilita u Beu. Na temelju viegodinjih istraivanja ustanovili smo da je rod Veronica L. u Skopskoj Kotlini zastupljen sa 6 skupina, 32 vrste, 1 podvrstom, 2 varijetata i 2 forme. Ovdje je smjetena i jedna vrsta iz skupine Pseudolysimachium Koch, koju zbog reproduktivne izolacije neki autori je izdvajaju u poseban rod Pseudolysimachion Koch, blizak rodu Veronica. Vrstu V. bedalovae nom. provis po prvi puta se navodi za znanost. Vrste V. sublobata M. Fischer i V. vindobonensis M. Fischer po prvi put se navode za floru Makedonije. Po prvi put u Skopskoj Kotlini konstatirane su vrste: V. crassifolia Wiersb., V. alpina L., V. acinifolia L., V. rhodopaea (Vel.) Deg. ex Stoj. et Stef., i V. thessalica Bentham in DC. Taxonomy and horology of genus Veronica L. (Scrophulariaceae) intheSkopje valley Nowadays, in the Skopje Valley is made industrialization and urban planning, which brought to such changes which disturb the dynamic balance of living world and the composition of flora and fauna. Starting from this, in the period 1984-1996 investigations were made over the genus Veronica L. in the Skopje Valley, almost over the four annual seasons. There were investigated numerous locations, from the lowest parts of the valley (173 m above sea level - the village Taor) to the highest peaks of the mountains (2546 m above sea level - Solunska Glava), which conditioned the collectioning of abundant materials. For the sake of realization of the work there were used materials from herbarium collections: The General Herbarium of Botanic Institute at the Natural-science Faculty of the University in Zagreb, (ZA); The Herbarium of Prof. Dr I. Horvat, (ZAHO); The Herbarium at the Natural Museum at Belgrade, (BEO); The Herbarium from the Botanic Institute and Botanic Garden at Belgrade, (BEOU); The Herbarium for Biology at Novi Sad, (HIB); The Herbarium from the Natural-science Museum of Macedonia in Skopje and the private herbarium included into the collection at Natural-science Museum in Skopje. In the course of long-term work, significant attention was paid to populations investigations, which on the terrain itself allowed wide observation of this problem, enabled an understanding of variation spreading of taxon and assisted in the interpretation of species. In order to receive certain results, the material from the private collection was compared with the collections: SOM, ZA, ZAHO, BEO and BEOU. Major part of the private collection was revised by the Prof. Dr M. A. Fischer from the Botanics Institute at the University at Wienna. On the basis of long-term investigations we have stated that the genus Veronica L. In the Skopje Valley covered by 6 sections, 32 species, 1 subspecies, 2 varietates and 2 forms. Here is allocated one more species from the section Pseudolysimachium Koch, which, due to the reproduction isolation, several authors separate it in a separate genus Pseudolysimachion Koch, close to the genus Veronica L. The species V. bedalovae nom. provis for the first time is mentioned for the science. The species V. sublobata M. Fischer and V. vindobonensis M. Fischer for the first time is mentioned for the Flora of Macedonia. The following species have been mentioned for the first time in the Skopje Valley: V. crassifolia Wiersb., V. alpina L., V. acinifolia L., V. rhodopaea (Vel.) Deg. ex Stoj. et Stef., i V. thessalica Bentham in DC. Toni Nikoli1, Karmen Braja2, Marija Kozlovi2, arka Krni2 1Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg 20/II, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Istraivaki institut - Biomedicina, Pliva, Prilaz baruna Filipovia 89, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Seroloki odnosi izmeu nekih vrsta roda Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) Rod Thalictrum L. sadri nekoliko taksonomski tekih skupina, ukljuujui i Thalictrum minus kompleks. I pored mnotva pokuaja u proteklom razdoblju za iznalaenjem odgovarajue klasifikacijske sheme sva su rjeenja privremena i neodgovarajua. Visoki stupnjevi poliploidije, izrazita varijabilnost, fenotipska plastinost, iroke ekoloke amplitude i korologija roda oteava iznalaenje evolucijskog tijeka njegovog razvoja i srodstvenih odnosa. Istraeni su imunoloki srodstveni odnosi vrsta T. aquilegifolium, T. lucidum i T. minus sa ukupno 8 primjeraka ireg Europskog podruja. Serum je dobiven imunizacijom takora ukupnim sjemenskim proteinima za sve tri vrste i reagiran s antigenima svih primjeraka ELISA-om (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay). Na temelju optike apsorpcije izraunan je ISI (Imunological Similarity Index). Iz osnovne matrice podataka izraunata je matrica Euklidskih udaljenosti, a zatim izveden UPGMA dendrogram. Rezultati ukazuju na veliku heterogenost u kvalitativnom sastavu sjemenskih proteina unutar T. minus kompleksa. Iako su T. aquilegifolium i T. lucidum jasno izdvojeni od veine pripadnika T. minus kompleksa, uzorci s dalekog istoka Europe (Altai, istona Poljska) pokazuju jo i veu divergenciju. Grupiranje pripadnika T. minus kompleksa prema nalazitima ukazuje na mogunost klinalne varijabilnosti u sastavu sjemenskih proteina uoenu i za neke morfoloke osobine (npr. veliina ploda). Odvojenost vrste T. aquilegifolium oekivana je s obzirom na mnoge druge pokazatelje njene izoliranosti. ELISA pokazuje osjetljivost i na razini populacija, to za neke druge imunoloke tehnike nije sluaj. Serological relationships between some Thalictrum species (Ranunculaceae) Thalictrum L. genus contains several taxonomically difficult groups, including T. minus complex. Many attempts in the past did not produced wide accepted classification, so all solutions are temporary. The high levels of polyploidy, strong variability, phenotypic plasticity, wide ecological amplitudes and genus chorology make difficult phylogenetic relationships investigation. Immunological affinities were investigated among species T. aquilegifolium, T. lucidum and T. minus and 8 specimens from wide European area. Antiserum were raised in rats from total seed proteins for all three species and reacted in ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay) with antigens from all specimens. Optical density data were used for calculating matrix of Euclidean distance and developing the UPGMA dendrogram. Results shows the great heterogenity in qualitative contents in seed proteins among Thalictrum minus complex. The samples from far east part of Europe (east Poland, Altai) shows the greater divergence from other complex species than T. aquilegifolium and T. lucidum. Clusters of T. minus complex specimens in congruence with localities of origin, point at possible clinal variability in storage proteins already observed for some morphological characters (i.e. dimension of fruit). Dendrogram shows the expected separation of T. aquilegifolium from the rest of species. ELISA have sensibility for serological divergence on population level, which is not the case for some other immunological techniques. Andra arni Institut of Biology, Centre of Scientific Research of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Gospodska 13, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Vegetacija umskih rubova iarije i Uke (Istra, Hrvatska) Rad obrauje prirodnu vegetaciju umskih rubova (Trifolio-Geranietea) na iariji i Uki. U radu je upotrijebljena standardna srednjoeuropska metoda Braun-Blanqueta. umske rubove izgrauje zeljastim biljkama bogata vegetacija, tvorei obrube poput pojasa oko uma ili sastojina u obliku posebnih zajednica (Mantle communities) sastavljenih od vrsta razreda Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Festuco-Brometea i Calluno-Ulicetea. Te zajednice u kojima dominiraju visoke zelene biljke i trave uvrtene su unutar razreda Trifolio-Geranietea, T.Mller 1961 i u svezu Geranion sanguinei R. Tx. in T. Mller 1961. U submediteranskom dijelu Hrvatske, Slovenije i Italije zastupljene su s endeminom podsvezom Dictamno-Ferulagenion van Gills i sur. 1975, koju diferenciraju od podsveze Geranienion sanguinei, R. Tx. in T. Mller 1961 iz kopnenih dijelova mnoge vrste reda Scorzonero-Carysopogonetalia (Genista sylvestris, Betonica serotina, Knautia targestina itd) i umske vrste kao Helleborus odurus subsp. istriacus i Sesleria autumnalis. U tim se zajednicama mogu susresti slijedee vrste: Geranium sanguineum, Thalictrum minus, Anthericum ramosum, Polygonatum odoratum, Dictamnus albus, Euphorbia cyparissias, Filipendula vulgaris i Brachypodium rupestre. U istraivanom podruju zabiljeene su slijedee asocijacije: Veronicetum barrelieri-jacquinii van Gils i sur. 1975 corr. arni 1997, Cirsio-Clematidetum rectae van Gils i sur. ex arni 1997, Cirsio pannonicae-Peucedanetum cervariae van Gils i sur. 1975, Scorzonero-Trifolietum alpestris arni 1995 i Libanoto-Laserpitietum sileris van Gils i sur. 1975. Saum vegetation in iarija and the Uka mountain range (Istria, Croatia) The study deals with the natural saum vegetation (Trifolio-Geranietea) in iarija and on the Uka mountain range. The study was carried out using the standard central European, Braun-Blanquet method. Forest edges bear often herb rich vegetation forming belt-like saum bordering on forests or stands termed mantle (dominated by shrubs) communities on one hand and mown grassland of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea or dry grassland of the Festuco-Brometea or heatlands and nutrient poor pastures of the Calluno-Ulicetea on the other. These communities, dominated by tall forbs and grasses, are classified within the Trifolio-Geranietea T. Mller, the Origanetalia T. Mller 1961 and the Geranion sanguinei R. Tx.in T. Mller 1961. In the Submediterranean parts of Croatia, Slovenia and Italy, there exist an endemic suballiance Dictamno-Ferulagenion van Gils et al. 1975, that differs from the suballiance Geranienion sanguinei R. Tx.in T. Mller 1961, found in the continental parts, by many species of the Scorzoneretalia-Chrysopogoni (Genista sylvestris, Betonica serotina, Knautia tergestina, etc.) and forest species as Helleborus odorus subsp. istriacus and Sesleria autumnalis. In these communities the following species can be found: Geranium sanguineum, Thalictrum minus, Anthericum ramosum, Polygonatum odoratum, Dictamnus albus, Euphorbia cyparissias, Filipendula vulgaris and Brachypodium rupestre, to mention the most common ones. In this region the following communities have been stated: the Veronicetum barrelieri-jacquinii van Gils et al. 1975 corr. arni 1997, Cirsio-Clematidetum rectae van Gils et al. ex arni 1997, Cirsio pannonicae-Peucedanetum cervariae van Gils et al. 1975, Scorzonero-Trifolietum alpestris arni 1995 and Libanoto-Laserpitietum sileris van Gils et al. 1975. Oleg Antoni Institut "Ruer Bokovi", Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Okolini gradijent diverziteta dominantnih vrsta drvea u Nacionalnomparku Risnjak Cilj studije bilo je objanjenje prostorne varijabilnosti diverziteta dominantnih vrsta drvea u Nacionalnom parku Risnjak. Biodiverzitet je izraen Shannon-Wienerovim indeksom. Relativne abundance dominantnih vrsta drvea (bukva - Fagus sylvatica L., jela - Abies alba Mill., smreka - Picea abies (L.) Karsten i bor krivulj - Pinus mugo Turra.) bile su uzorkovane daljinskim istraivanjima i kartografski interpretirane. Svi temeljni podaci, ukljuujui fitocenoloku i geoloku kartu, prikupljeni su od razliitih autora i nezavisno od ove studije. Sukladno tome, prije statistike analize morao je biti uspostavljen rasterski geografski informacijski sustav sa svim potrebnim slojevima. Topoklimatski procjenitelji su modelirani na temelju digitalnog modela terena u okviru spomenutog rasterskog GIS-a. U prvom koraku, Shannon-Wienerov indeks koreliran je s nadmorskom visinom uz koritenje nelinearne regresije (beta-funkcija). Na istraivanom podruju diverzitet dominantnih vrsta drvea ima maksimum priblino na 900 m nadmorske visine. U drugom koraku, odstupanje od spomenute regresijske krivulje korelirano je s modeliranim topoklimatskim procjeniteljima i udjelom vapnenca u geolokoj podlozi uz upotrebu viestruke linearne regresije. Znaajni procjenitelji bili su nagib terena, direktna solarna radijacija, dubina u ponikvama, izloenost vjetru, zakrivljenost terena, akumulacija povrinskog teenja i udio vapnenca. Konano odstupanje je znaajno razliito izmeu glavnih umskih zajednica, to upuuje na dodatni utjecaj varijabli koje nisu bile razmatrane u ovoj studiji. Enviromental gradient of the dominant tree species diversity in the National park Risnjak The explanation of the spatial distribution of dominant tree species diversity in the National park Risnjak has been aim of this study. Biodiversity has been expressed by the Shannon-Wiener index. Relative abundances of the dominant tree species (beech - Fagus sylvatica L., fir - Abies alba Mill., spruce - Picea abies (L.) Karsten and mountain pine - Pinus mugo Turra.) have been remotely sensed and cartographically interpreted. All basic data, including phytocoenological and geological map, have been collected of different authors and independently of this study. Consequently, raster geographic information system with all mentioned layers had to be established before statistical analysis. Topoclimatic estimators has been modeled using digital terrain model, in a frame of the mentioned raster-GIS. At the first step, Shannon-Wiener diversity index has been correlated with an altitude using non-linear regression (beta-function). Diversity of dominant tree species has maximum approximately on the 900 m above sea level on the study area. At the second step, residual around the mentioned regression curve has been correlated with a modeled topoclimatic estimators and also with a portion of limestones in the geological substratum, using multiple-linear regression. Significant estimators were surface slope, direct solar irradiation, depth in sinkholes, exposure to wind, terrain curvature, surface flow accumulation and the portion of limestones. Final residual was significantly different among the main forest communities that indicate the additional impact of the variables had not been examined in this study. Branimir Prpi Akademija umarskih Znanosti, Trg Maurania 11, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Posljedice promjena biotopa Motovunske ume poslije regulacije rijekeMirne Motovunska uma je prirodna nizinska primorska uma hrasta lunjaka i poljskog jasena u dolini rijeke Mirne u Istri. Dananja povrina Motovunske ume je oko 1 000 ha. Prije dva desetljea dovren je u prostoru ove ume vodotehniki zahvat regulacije rijeke Mirne iji je vodotok, koji je prije tekao kroz umu, premjeten izvan ume. Zahvat je znaajno promijenio vodne odnose u stanitu. Motovunska uma bila je prije toga redovito poplavljivana, a poplavna voda povlaila se brzo kroz korito rijeke Mirne. Danas, meutim u dijelovima ume voda stagnira dugo vremena iza poplave, dok je u itavome arealu ume dolo do snienja razina podzemne vode. Jedna i druga promjena ima za posljedicu fizioloko slabljenje i ugibanje stabala hrasta lunjaka, glavne vrste drvea ove ume. Ekoloka konstitucija hrasta lunjaka naruena je u podruju njegove fizioloke konstitucije odnosno onoga njezinog dijela koji se odnosi na vodu. Drimo kako bi ponovno ukljuivanje starog korita rijeke Mirne u funkciju, makar i djelominu, popravilo stanje biotopa Motovunske ume. U veinu umskih sastojina Motovunske ume nadire danas poljski jasen. To je pionirska nizinska vrsta drvea vrlo iroke ekoloke valencije koja podnosi barska stanita pa sama, bez hrasta lunjaka zauzima zajedniko stanite. umske sastojine koje danas nastaju u Motovunskoj umi su monokulture jedne vrste koja je u jednom trenutku postala konkurentnija te osvojila stanite stabilne mjeovite ume hrasta lunjaka, poljskog jasena i obinog graba (Querco robori-Carpinetum betuli submediteraneum Bert.). Dendrokronoloke analize koje smo nainili na starim stablima hrasta lunjaka u korelaciji su s izvedenim vodotehnikim zahvatom. The effects of the Motovun forest biotope change following the Mirnariver regulation Today covering an area of about 1,000 ha, the Motovun forest is a natural lowland coastal forest of the Pedunculate Oak and Field Ash along the river Mirna in Istria. The regulation of the river Mirna carried out two decades ago moved its stream outside the forest, significantly changing the water regime in the habitat. Once regularly flooding the forest, water quickly receded into the river bed. Today in parts of the forest the water stagnates long after the flood, and the underground water levels have fallen in the whole forest areal. Both effects have lead to physiological weakening and consequent dying of the Pedunculate Oak, the main tree species of this forest. The ecological constitution of the Pedunculate Oak has been disturbed in the region of its physiological constitution, i.e. its part that refers to water. We think that a restored functioning of the old river bed, though only partial, would improve the state of the Motovun forest biotope. The Field Ash is a species encroaching today most of the forest stands of the Motovun forest. A pioneer lowland tree species of a wide ecological valance, enduring swampy habitats, the Field Ash is settling on the mutual habitat. The forest stands appearing today in the Motovun forest are monocultures of one species that, at a particular moment, has become competitive and conquered the habitat of the stable mixed forest of the Pedunculate Oak, Field Ash and Common Hornbeam (Querco robori-Carpinetum betuli submediteraneum Bert.). Our dendrochronological analyses of the old Pedunculate Oak trees are in correlation with the mentioned hydrotechnical operations. Igor Ani, Slavko Mati, Milan Orani Zavod za uzgajanje uma, umarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska25,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Utjecaj mikroreljefa na pomlaivanje nizinskih uma Osobine reljefa odluujui su imbenik i modifikator ekolokih prilika u umskim ekosustavima. Reljef neposredno ili posredno utjee na rasprostranjenost, sastav, uspijevanje, proizvodnost, stabilnost, pomlaivanje te druge bioloko - ekoloke i gospodarske osobine umskih sastojina. Osobine reljefa uzrokuju jae ili slabije promjene osobina umskih stanita, pa nastalim promjenama treba smiljeno prilagoivati uzgojne zahvate pomlaivanja umskih sastojina. U nizinskim umskim ekosustavima navedeni se utjecaji i promjene oituju na razini mikroreljefa. Zato se uzgojni zahvati pomlaivanja u nizinskim umskim sastojinama prilagoavaju osobinama mikroreljefa. Istraivanja su obavljena kako bi se utvrdio odnos mikroreljefa i strukturnih osobina mladih sastojina nastalih razliitim metodama pomlaivanja. Promatrane su glavne gospodarske vrste nizinskih uma: hrast lunjak, poljski jasen, obini grab, crna joha i nizinski brijest. Istraivanje je obavljeno u umskom bazenu esma, na podruju kojim gospodari umarija Vrbovec. Pokusne plohe postavljene su du niveliranih profila terena na kojima nalazimo tipine oblike nizinskog mikroreljefa. Nivelirani profili poloeni su u sastojinama koje su nastale pomlaivanjem postupanim i golim sjeama. Rezultati istraivanja pokazuju kako se strukturne osobine pomlatka mijenjaju s promjenama mikroreljefnih osobina stanita, a kvaliteta pomlaenja s primijenjenom metodom pomlaivanja. Hrast lunjak, obini grab i nizinski brijest se pomlauju na mikrouzvisinama, a poljski jasen i crna joha u mikroudubinama istraivanih ploha. Kvalitetnije pomlaenje omoguila je metoda pomlaivanja postupnom sjeom. The influence of micro-relief on the regeneration of lowland forests The relief and its features are decisive factors and modifiers of ecological conditions in forest ecosystems. The relief exerts a direct or an indirect influence on the distribution, composition, growth, productivity, stability, rejuvenation, and other biological - ecological and economic characteristics of forest stands. It also causes greater or lesser changes in forest habitats. Consequently, all silvicultural treatments aimed at regenerating forest stands should carefully follow these changes. In lowland forest ecosystems the mentioned influences and changes occur at the micro-relief level. Therefore, regenerative silvicultural activities in lowland forests stands should be adapted to the characteristics of the micro-relief. Research was carried out to establish the relationship between the micro-relief and the structural properties of young stands developed by different regenerative methods. The following principal economic species of lowland forests were observed: Pedunculate oak, narrow-leafed ash, common hornbeam, black alder and lowland elm. The research was conducted in the esma forest basin managed by the Vrbovec Forest Office. The experimental plots were placed along the leveled terrain profiles containing typical lowland micro-relief forms. The leveled profiles were placed in the stands which were regenerated with regeneration and clear fellings. The results of the research show that structural characteristics of young trees change in accordance with the changes in micro-relief habitats, while the quality of regeneration depends on the applied method of regeneration. Pedunculate oak, common hornbeam and lowland elm were regenerated in the micro-elevations, and narrow-leafed ash and black alder in the micro-depressions of the studied plots. The method of regeneration felling resulted in a better-quality regeneration. Josip Franji Zavod za umarsku genetiku i dendrologiju, umarski fakultet, Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Da li je esta zimotrenost cera (Quercus cerris L.) posljedica neprilagoenosti na stanine uvjete? Cer (Quercus cerris L.) je rasprostranjen na podruju srednje, june i jugoistone Europe i u zapadnome djelu Azije. Tu se javlja na suhim i toplim stanitima u slabo acidofilnim listopadnim umama i ikarama nizinskih predjela kontinentalnih i primorskih krajeva u pravilu na podlozi dubokoga tla. Cer je element umske vegetacije reda Quercetalia pubescentis i regionalno karakteristina vrsta sveze Quercion frainetto. U kontinentalnom djelu Hrvatske cer se javlja, takoer, na suhim i dubokim tlima gdje raste zajedno s drugim hrastovima (Quercus pubescens, Q. petraea, Q. virgiliana, Q. robur, Q. frainetto). Za razliku od drugih hrastova s kojima cer raste on ima deblo, tehniki vrlo slabe kvalitete, iako moe postii vrlo impozantne dimenzije. Razlog slaboj tehnikoj kvaliteti deblovine je vrlo esta zimotrenost cera koja se javlja kao posljedica dugotrajnih i vrlo niskih temperatura, koje su dosta este u kontinentalnome djelu Hrvatske. Najnovijim istraivanjima uea zimotrenih cerova i kitnjaka u istim i mjeovitim sastojinama utvreno je da su gotovo sva debla cera zimotrena i tehniki gotovo neupotrebljiva, te se koriste kao ogrjev. Kao kontrola istraivana je i zimotrenost kitnjaka, te su dobiveni vrlo interesantni rezultati. U istim kitnjakovim sastojinama (bez cera) gotovo da i nema zimotrenih debala kitnjaka za razliku od mjeovitih sastojina kitnjaka (sa cerom) gdje se to uee mnogostruko poveava. Na osnovi provedenih istraivanja i dugogodinjega praenja moe se sa znatnom dozom sigurnosti tvrditi da je cer vjerojatno, kao i sladun, unijet u kontinentalni dio Hrvatske, te je zbog neprilagoenosti na stanine uvjete (niske temperature) sklon zimotrenosti. Kako neka stabla cera nisu zimotrena to bi se odreenim genetskim metodama istraivanja mogla usmjeriti na dobivanje jedinki otpornih na zimotrenost i time znatno doprinijeti poboljanju kvalitete i kvantitete drvnih sortimenata. Is frequent damage by frost crack of the bitter oak (Quercus cerris L.) the consequence of unadaptability to site conditions The bitter oak (Quercus cerris L.) is spread in the region of central, southern and southeastern Europe as well as in the western part of Asia. There, it occurs on dry and warm stands in poorly acidophilus deciduous forests and scrubs of continental and littoral lowlands generally on deep soils. The bitter oak is a forest vegetation element of the order Quercetalia pubescentis and a regionally characteristical species of the alliance Quercion frainetto. In the continental part of Croatia, the bitter oak also occurs on dry and deep soils where it grows together with other oaks (Quercus pubescens, Q. petraea, Q. virgiliana, Q. robur, Q. frainetto). Unlike other oaks with which it grows, the bitter oak tree trunk is of very low quality, although it may reach quite impressive dimensions. The reason for such low technical quality of bitter oak wood very often is damage by frost crack occurring as the consequence of long-lasting and very low temperatures, which are very frequent in the continental part of Croatia. By the latest researches concerning the share of bitter oaks and sessile oaks damaged by frost crack in pure and mixed stands, it was found out that most bitter oak tree trunks are damaged by frost crack and technically almost unusable, so very often they are used as firewood. For control purpose, the damage by cold of the sessile oak has also been studied, and the results obtained are very interesting. In pure sessile oak stands (without bitter oaks) almost no sessile oak tree trunks are damaged by frost crack while in the mixed stands (with bitter oaks) the share of damaged trunks is many times bigger. On the basis of carried out researches and the follow-up of many years it can be affirmed with a considerable certainty that the bitter oak, similarly as the Italian oak, has been brought into the continental part of Croatia and that due to its unadaptability to the stand conditions (low temperatures) it is liable to become damaged. However, as some bitter oak trees are not damaged by frost crack, certain genetic research methods could be oriented toward obtaining individuals resistant to cold thus contributing a great deal to the improvement of wood assortment quality and quantity. eljko panjol1, Vlado Topi2 1Zavod za uzgajanje uma, umarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska25,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Institut za jadranske kulture i melioracije kra, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Sanacija izgorjele povrine kulture crnog bora (Pinus nigra Arnold) - umski predjel Jazmina, umarija Crikvenica U srpnju 1987. godine na umskom predjelu Jazmina u poaru je izgorjela kultura crnog bora (Pinus nigra) stara 20. godina na povrini 37,5 ha. Sanaciji izgorjele povrine prilo se 1988. godine. Tijekom 1989., 1990. i 1991., obavljene su u vie navrata sjetva sjemena na "krpice" i omake crnog bora (Pinus nigra), alepskog bora (Pinus halepensis), obinog empresa (Cupressus sempervirens) i crnog jasena (Fraxinus ornus). Takoer je obavljena sadnja sadnica hrasta medunca (Quercus pubescens) i obinog empresa (Cupressus sempervirens). U periodu istraivanja od 1993. do 1997. godine obavljena su floristika, pedoloka i strukturna istraivanja. Na izgorjeloj povrini floristiki sastav je identian na cijeloj povrini, tako da tipinu sliku poarita daje sloj grmlja koji postoji i bogat sloj prizemnog raa. Osim vrsta kojima je sanirana povrina u manjem broju prevladavaju ostale vrste listopadnog drvea i grmlja karakteristine za zajednicu hrasta medunca i bijelog graba (Querco-Carpinetum orientalis H-i 1939) koja je tu klimazonalna fitocenoza. Meutim, ne nalazimo na irem potezu bijelog graba (Carpinus orientalis) ve crni grab (Ostrya carpinifolia). Tlo na poaritu je smee tlo na vapnencu, tipino, plitko, glinovito, vrlo je bogato humusom i duikom. Analizom uzoraka plohe na izgorjeloj povrini i kontrolne (nedirnute poarom) uoavamo razlike u mehanikom i kemijskom sastavu tala uzrokovanih poarom i procesima nakon njega. Iz dobivenih rezultata izmjera moemo uoiti da je sanacija izgorjele povrine uspjela, s obzirom da je broj biljaka po jedinici povrine znatan, kako na plohama gdje je izvrena njega ienjem i prorjeivanjem biljaka tako i na plohama koje su ostavljene spontanom i samostalnom razvoju. Tako na oienim plohama po hektaru za crni i alepski bor proizlazi 1000 do 2500 biljaka, a na neoienim plohama oko 3000 do gotovo 6000 biljaka. Visine biljaka doseu ve i preko 200 cm. Improvement of the burnt black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) - forest area of Jazmina in the Crikvenica forest management Following the fire in July 1987 that burnt down the twenty-year old black pine (Pinus nigra) cultures over 37.5 ha, the improvement operations first in 1988, and then in 1989, 1990 and 1991, included seed plantations of black pine (Pinus nigra), aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) and black ash (Fraxinus ornus). In addition, seedlings of pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) and cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) were also planted on the area. The 1993-1997 research involved floral, pedological and structural studies. With the same plant components over the whole surface, the burnt area is characterized by brush and a rich ground layer. Besides the newly planted species, there are other broadleaves and brush characteristic of the pubescent oak and white hornbeam association (Querco-Carpinetum orientalis H-i 1939), here a climatozone phytocoenosis. However, instead of the white hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis), there are large stretches of the black hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia). The soil is brown on lime, typical, shallow, limy, very rich in humus and nitrogen. A comparative analysis of the burnt plot samples versus untouched plot sample revealed differences in mechanical and chemical soil composition due to fire and the following processes. Based on the measurements, the improvement actions have been successful: the number of plants per area unit is considerable, both on the cleared and thinned plots and those left to spontaneous and independent growth. Thus, the cleared plots eventually had between 1000 and 2,500 black and Aleppo Pines, while the uncleared plots counted about 3000 to 6000 plants. Some of the plants have now grown more than 200 cm in height. Marija urki, Mira Kneevi Poljoprivredni fakultet, Sveuilite J.J. Strossmayer u Osijeku, TrgSv.Trojstva3,31000Osijek,Hrvatska Utjecaj mjera suzbijanja korova na indeks lisne povrine samooplodnih linija kukuruza Porast lisne povrine je bitan imbenik prinosa inbred linija kukuruza kojeg je mogue ostvariti uinkovitom zatitom od korova, posebice u ranim fazama razvoja usjeva. S tim ciljem vrena su istraivanja (1993.-1995.) utjecaja nekih mjera zatite inbred linija od korova na veliinu lisne povrine (LAI) biljaka kukuruza. Poljski pokusi su postavljeni na tri tipa tla u istonoj Hrvatskoj po split-split plot metodi u etiri ponavljanja. Uzorci za broj i masu korovnih biljaka uzimani su tijekom vegetacijskih sezona u 5 varijanata zatite: 1. kontrola bez okopavanja, 2. dva runa okopavanja, 3. metolachlor + atrazin (1800+1200 g/ha) primijenjen pre-em. po cijeloj povrini 4. metolachlor + atrazin (900+600 g/ha) primijenjen u trake irine15+15 cm, pre-em., 5. rimsulfuron (15 g/ha) primijenjen post-em., u fazi 3-5 razvijenih listova usjeva. Vrijednosti za LAI inbred linija utvrene su analizom svih listova na temelju pet sluajno izabranih biljaka u svakoj varijanti, odmah nakon fenofaze svilanja. Veliina lisne povrine inbred linija u odnosu na broj i masu korova varirali su ovisno o lokalitetima, godinama i varijantama zatite. Indeks lisne povrine bio je uvijek u negativnoj korelaciji s razinom zakorovljenosti. Temeljem toga utvrene su signifikantno najmanje vrijednosti za LAI u varijanti 1, tj. kontroli bez zatite (1,73). Istodobno su varijante s najuinkovitijom zatitom 2 i 3, tj. primjenom dva okopavanja i herbicidne kombinacije metolachlor + atrazin u vioj dozi osigurale najvee prosjene vrijednosti za LAI (2,21). Prinosi inbred linija kukuruza bili su u pozitivnoj korelaciji s vrijednostima za LAI (r=0,445) i u negativnoj korelaciji s brojem i masom korovnih biljaka (r= -0,722; r= - 0,805). Impact of weed control methods on leaf area index in the maize inbred lines The increase of the leaf area, an important factor of the yield of maize inbred lines, can be achieved by means of effective weed control, especially in the early phases of crop development. Having this aim in mind, in 1993-1995 the research of the influence of some weed protection measures of inbred lines on the leaf area (LAI) of maize plants was conducted. Field trials were set up as split-split plot designs in four replications on three soil types in Eastern Croatia. Samples analyzing the weed number and weed biomass were collected during the vegetation seasons in 5 variants: 1. control-without hoeing, 2. two hoeings, 3. metolachlor + atrazine (1800 + 1200 g/ha) pre-em. broadcast, 4. metolachlor + atrazine (900 + 600 g/ha) applied in bands 15 + 15 cm wide, pre-em, 5. rimsulfuron (60 g/ha) post-em, at 3 - 5 leaf stage. LAI values for inbred lines were determined by analyzing all leaves on the basis of five randomly selected plants for each variant, immediately after the phenophase of silking. The leaf area of inbred lines in relation with the weed number and weed biomass varied depending on locations, years and treatments. LAI was always in the negative relation to weed infestation. Accordingly, the significantly lowest LAI values were determined in the variant 1, i.e. untreated control (1.73). In the same time, the most effective protection which was achieved in the variants 2 and 3, i.e. two hoeings and herbicide mixture metolachlor + atrazine in a higher doses gave the highest average LAI values (2.21). Yield of inbred maize lines was in the positive correlation to LAI values (r = 0,445) and in negative correlation with the number and weed biomass of weed plants (r = -0,722; r = -0,805). Mira Kneevi, Marija urki, Ivan ugec Poljoprivredni fakultet, Sveuilite J.J. Strossmayer u Osijeku, TrgSv.Trojstva3,31000Osijek,Hrvatska Promjene u korovnoj zajednici ozime penice primjenom reduciraneobrade tla Ograniena uporaba herbicida kao ope prihvaeni pravac u biljnoj proizvodnji namee istraivanja alternativnih sustava zatite kultura od korova. S tim ciljem su postavljeni pokusi u ozimoj penici na podruju istone Posavine (Vrbanja) u trima vegetacijskim godinama (1993/94.-1995/96.). Promjene u korovnoj zajednici praene su u travnju, svibnju i lipnju u pet varijanata obrade tla: 1. standardna obrada, tj. oranje i tanjuranje; 2. samo tanjuranje; 3. bez oranja, samo multitiller s chisel motiicama; 4. bez oranja, sjetva rotosemom i 5. oranje, sjetva rotosemom u grubu brazdu. Broj i zrakosuha masa korovnih biljaka utvreni su na povrini od 0,25 m2 u 20 ponavljanja, na negnojenim i herbicidima netretiranim osnovnim parcelama (12 x 240 m). Rezultati su logaritamski transformirani za analizu varijance. Korovna zajednica je razvila najvei broj i masu biljaka u varijanti 5 u kojoj je svake godine utvreno znaajno poveanje (P<0,01) zakorovljenosti od 94% do 112% u odnosu na standardnu obradu (1). Najbrojnije su bile populacije vrsta: Ambrosia atemisiifolia, Chenopodium album, Plygonum persicaria i Chenopodium polyspermum. Najmanji broj korovnih biljaka (P<0,05) bio je u varijanti 4 gdje je u odnosu na standardnu obradu (1) smanjena zakorovljenost za 30 do 70%. Najvee udjele mase u varijanti 4 imala je vrsta Sonchus arvensis (85%) dok su druge viegodinje vrste (Cirsium arvense, Lathyrus tuberosus i Equisetum arvense) imale neznatno poveanje broja biljaka tek u treoj godini istraivanja. Ovi rezultati su pokazali da razliiti sustavi obrade tla mijenjaju kvantitativne odnose vrsta u korovnoj zajednici ozime penice. Na temelju prosjenih vrijednosti mase korovnih biljaka, istraivane varijante obrade tla mogu se poredati u pravcu smanjenja mase od 5, 3, 2,1 do 4. Changes of winter wheat weed community in reduced soil tillage A limited usage of herbicides as guideline for plant protection requires investigation of alternative systems of crop protection from weeds. The trials were set in the Posavina area (Vrbanja locality) in three growth seasons (1993/94 - 1995/96). Changes in weed community were observed in April, May and June in five soil tillage treatments: 1. conventional tillage, i.e. ploughing and disk-harrowing; 2. disk-harrowing; 3. no ploughing, tillage by a multitiller with chisel; 4. no ploughing, seedbed preparation + sowing by a rotosem and 5. ploughing, seedbed preparation + sowing by a rotosem. Number and air-dry mass of weeds were estimated from a 0.25 m2 plot in 20 replications on main plots (12 x 240 m) which had been neither fertilized nor treated by herbicides. The results were transformed logarithmically for the analysis of variance. Weed community developed the largest plant number and mass in the treatment 5, which showed a significant weed level increase (P<0.01) from 94% to 112%, compared to the conventional tillage. Populations of the following species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Chenopodium album, Polygonum persicaria and Chenopodium polyspermum were the most numerous. The lowest number of weed plants (P<0.05) was in the treatment 4, where the weed level was reduced for 30-70% compared to conventional tillage (1). In the treatment 4 the species Sonchus arvensis had the highest mass (85%), whereas other perennial species (Cirsium arvense, Lathyrus tuberosus and Equisetum arvense) showed an insignificant increase in plant number not earlier than in the third year of investigation. This indicated that different soil tillage systems change quantitative relationships between weed species in winter wheat weed community. Based on average values of weed mass, the investigated soil tillage treatments could be ranked in a decreasing order from 5, 3, 2, 1 to 4. Vice Ivanevi Trg I. Maurania 1/I, 51250 Novi Vinodolski, Hrvatska Ovisnost fenofaza i temperature tla obine bukve (Fagus silvatica L.) i hrasta medunca (Quercus pubescens Willd.) na Velikoj Kapeli, Velebitu, Krku i Pagu U okviru dugoronog programa praenja fenofaza i temperatura tla na 30 cm dubine glavnih vrsta drvea u naoj zemlji obuhvaena je i obina bukva, te hrast medunac na navedenom podruju. Ovom prilikom je istraena ovisnost fenofaza i temperature tla. Na temelju dosadanjih 4 godine (1993.-1996.) tjednih mjerenja za obinu bukvu (hrast medunac) prosjene godinje temperature tla iznose +8,5C (3,0C), kod prolistavanja (faza 2) +8,4C (+10,8C), potpunog uenja lia (faza 6) +9,7C (+14,2C), te potpunog otpadanja lia (faza 9) +8,6C (+9,2C). Ustanovljena je korelacija izmeu prosjenih godinjih temperatura zraka umskih zajednica i prosjenih temperatura tla kod prolistavanja. Prosjeno trajanje vegetacijskog razdoblja (faza 6-2), kao i najvei vremenski rasponi kod prolistavanja (faza 2) i potpunog uenja lia (faza 6) obine bukve iznose 5,1 mjeseci (17. 04. - 23. 05. /2/ i 28. 09. - 23. 10 /6/), odnosno hrasta medunca 5,3 mjeseci (07. 04. - 06. 05. /2/ i 16. 09. - 16. 11. /6/). Takoer je ustanovljena korelacija izmeu lisnih faza (2, 6 i 9) i nadmorske visine. U promatranom razdoblju nije bilo uroda sjemena, pa bi ovaj negativni trend trebalo ubudue paljivo pratiti. O tome ovisi i nesmetana prirodna obnova naih uma. Rad na ovom programu svakako valja i ubudue nastaviti. Pri tome bi bilo vrijedno istodobno mjeriti osnovne klimatske podatke za pojedine glavne vrste drvea u podrujima pripadajuih umskih zajednica. Time bi se svakako proirila saznanja o biologiji naih najvrednijih vrsta drvea. Dependence of phenophases and soil temperature of Beech (Fagus silvatica L.) and Pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) at VelikaKapela, Velebit, Krk and Pag According to the long term program of studying the phenophases and soil temperature at the depth of 30 cm of the main sorts of trees in our country, the beech and the pubescent oak are also included at the mentioned area. This time the dependence of phenophases and soil temperature was studied. The presented results are based on the four year measurements done each week (1993-1996) and for the beech (pubescent oak) run like this: the average annual soil temperature is +8,5C (+13C), in the leafing period (phases 2) it is +8,4C (+10,8C), in total leaf chlorosis (phases 6) it is +9,7C (+14,2C) and in total leaf fall (phases 9) it is +8,6C (+9,2C). The correlation between the average annual temperature of the air in the forest community and the average soil temperature during the leafing has already been measured. The average lenght of the vegetation seasons (phases 6-2) as well as the lenght of the longest period between the leafing (phases 2) and the total leaf chlorosis (phases 6) of the beech is 5,1 months (April 17 - May 23 /2/ and September 28 - October 23 /6/) and of the pubescent oak is 5,3 months (April 7 - May 6 /2/ and September 19 - November 16 /6/). The correlation between the leaf-phases (2, 6 and 9) and the height above the sea level has also been measured. In the observed period there was no seed production, so this negative tendency should be, in future, carefully studied, because the natural, undisturbed regeneration of our forests depends on it. The job on this program should be continued. It would be noteworthy to measure the basic climatic data for some important sorts of trees within the area of the forest communities which would, for sure, enlarge our knowledge in biology about our most valuable sorts of trees. Zvjezdana Stani Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg 20/II, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Movarna vegetacija okolice Konjine (Hrvatsko zagorje) U okolici Konjine (Hrvatsko zagorje), u periodu od 1994. do 1996. godine, istraivana je flora i vegetacija. Zbog blizine rijeke Krapine i njenih pritoka na tom podruju nalazi se vei broj vodenih stanita (jarci, bare i movare) s razvijenim movarnim zajednicama. Na relativno malom podruju (10 km2), detaljnijim istraivanjem utvreno je 11 asocijacija movarne vegetacije: Caricetum elatae W. Koch 1926, Caricetum gracilis (Almquist 1929) Tx. 1937, Caricetum ripariae Soo 1928, Glycerietum maximae Graebn. et Hueck 1931, Hottonietum palustris Tx. 1937, Lemnetum trisulcae Den Hartog 1964, Lemno - Spirodeletum polyrrhizae W. Koch 1954, Oenantho - Rorippetum Lohm. 1950, Phalarietum arundinaceae Libbert 1931, Phragmitetum australis Schmale 1939 i Typhetum latifoliae G. Lang 1937. Za svaku asocijaciju su izraene fitocenoloke snimke. Najuestalije asocijacije su: Phragmitetum australis i Typhetum latifoliae; a samo na jednom lokalitetu je utvrena asocijacija Hottonietum palustris. Swamp vegetation of the environs of Konina (Hrvatsko zagorje) The flora and vegetation of the environs of Konjina (Hrvatsko zagorje), were investigated in a period from 1994 to 1996. Owing to the vicinity of the river Krapina and its tributaries there are numerous water habitats (ditches, ponds and swamps) there with well developed swamp communities. On a relatively small area (10 km2) eleven associations of swamp vegetation were determined by detailed examination. They are: Caricetum elatae W. Koch 1926, Caricetum gracilis (Almquist 1929) Tx. 1937, Caricetum ripariae Soo 1928, Glycerietum maximae Graebn. et Hueck 1931, Hottonietum palustris Tx. 1937, Lemnetum trisulcae Den Hartog 1964, Lemno - Spirodeletum polyrrhizae W. Koch 1954, Oenantho - Rorippetum Lohm. 1950, Phalarietum arundinaceae Libbert 1931, Phragmitetum australis Schmale 1939 and Typhetum latifoliae G. Lang 1937. Relev(s of each association were made. The most frequent associations are: Phragmitetum australis and Typhetum latifoliae; the association Hottonietum palustris could be determined in one locality only. Jasenka Topi, Nedeljka egulja, Ljudevit Ilijani Botaniki zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg 20/II, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Rijetke i ugroene biljne vrste Gorskog kotara Podruje Gorskog kotara odlikuje se, kao to je poznato, u usporedbi s planinskim podrujem srednjoeuropskog prostora, velikim bogatstvom flore. Utjecajima sjevernih, alpskih odn. borealnih flornih elemenata, te ilirskih i mediteranskih treba pribrojiti i posredni i neposredni utjecaj ovjeka. Tako, s jedne strane dolazi do unitavanja stanita gradnjom velikih objekata (ceste, dalekovodi, naftovod, akumulacijska jezera), dok s druge strane depopulacija toga podruja ugroava antropogene biljne zajednice koje se odravaju u obliku trajnih stadija (travnjaci, korovna i ruderalna vegetacija). S toga e se stanovita predstaviti rijetke i ugroene biljne vrste Gorskog kotara kao Eriophorum gracile, Calla palustris, Taxus baccata, Pinguicula alpina, Gentiana symphyandra, Aconitum paniculatum, Eryngium alpinum, Lilium sp. div. Raspravljat e se o njihovoj rasprostranjenosti, ekologiji, veliini stanita te potrebnim mjerama zatite. Rare and endangered plant species in Gorski kotar region The area of Gorski kotar, as is well known, in comparison to other Middleeuropean mountain regions, is characterized by rich flora. There is the influence of different floric elements, northern, alpine and boreal, as well as illyric and Mediterranean, accompanied by anthropogeneous influence, direct or indirect. Two main causes of habitat destruction could be pointed out: large constructions (roads, pipeline, accumulation lakes) and depopulation of the area which endanger the anthropogeneous plant communities (grassland, weed and ruderal) persisting there as permanent vegetational stages. Some of the rare and endangered plant species in Gorski kotar region will be pointed out here such as Eriophorum gracile, Calla palustris, Taxus baccata, Pingicula alpina, Gentiana symphyandra, Aconitum paniculatum, Eryngium alpinum, Lilium sp. div. Their distribution, ecology, habitat area and protection management will be discussed here. Nada Hulina1, Ljubica umija2, Lada Biak1 1Zavod za poljoprivrednu botaniku, Agronomskog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska 25, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Zavod za kemiju, Agronomskog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska25,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Reynoutria japonica - biljka za dekontaminaciju stanita Biljna vrsta Reynoutria japonica Houtt. (syn. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc., Tiniaria japonica (Houtt.) Hedberg; por. Polygonaceae) je trajnica. Kao ukrasna biljka unesena je iz Azije u Europu oko 1825. godine. Meutim, tijekom posljednja tri desetljea R. japonica je agresivni ruderalni korov u Europi. Ona je osobito invazivna na rijenim obalama i uz rubove cesta (urbanofilna vrsta), gdje obino stvara zbijene, guste sastojine. Robustni rast, velika nadzemna biomasa, vegetativni naini irenja, visoka rezistentnost na mehanike povrede i razliite ekoloke uvjete (mraz, sua, atmosferska zagaenja) odgovorni su za jaku kompetitivnu sposobnost R. japonica. Ova injenica sugerira, da je irenje R. japonica u gradskom okruenju u svezi s njenom rezistentnou na teke kovine i na sposobnost da "upije" velike koliine tekih kovina. S tim u svezi, cilj ove studije bio je analizirati sadraj tekih kovina (Cu, Zn, Pb i Cd) u listovima R. japonica. Biljni uzorci bili su sakupljeni u rujnu 1995. i to sa est mjesta u podruju Zagreba, a jedan uzorak s podruja akovca. Analize su bile izvrene metodom atomske apsorpcije spektrofotometrije (Zeiss AAS 3) primjenom plamena acetilen-zrak. Rezultati pokazuju, da je raspon tekih kovina u listovima R. japonica bio: Cu 4,4 - 11,2; Zn 16,4 - 48,5; Pb 5,0 - 11,4 i Cd 1,1 - 2,2 (g/g suhe tvari. Najvee vrijednosti za Zn, Pb i Cd bile su utvrene u uzorku iz Jankomira, a za Cu u uzorku iz Hatzove ulice. Ove vrijednosti pokazuju, da je R. japonica "hiper-akumulator" za Zn i Cd (>10000 mg/kg). Njena sposobnost upijanja nekih tekih kovina pokazuje, da je ona pogodna kao bioindikator, a istovremeno i za dekontaminaciju oneienog stanita. Reynoutria japonica - a decontaminant plant species The plant species Reynoutria japonica Houtt. (syn. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc., Tiniaria japonica (Houtt.) Hedberg; fam. Polygonaceae) is perennial. It was introduced from Asia to Europe around 1825 as ornamental plant. However, during the last three decades R. japonica is an aggressive ruderal weed in Europe. It is especially invasive to riparian habitats and road-sides (urbanophil species), where it usually forms compact, thick stands. The robust growth, high aerial biomass, vegetative means of spread, high resistance to mechanical damages and adverse environmental conditions (frost, drought, atmospheric pollutions) are responsible for a strong competitive ability of the R. japonica. This fact suggests, that the spreading of R. japonica in a city environment is due to its heavy-metal resistance and ability to "consume" large quantities of heavy metals. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the content of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) in leaves of R. japonica. The plant samples were collected in September of 1995 at six sites in the area of Zagreb and one of akovec. The analysis were carried out by means of a Zeiss AAS 3 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The sample solutions were aspirated into an air-acetylen flame.Results show, that the range of heavy metal content in leaves of R. japonica was: Cu 4.4 - 11.2; Zn 16.4 - 48.5; Pb 5.0 - 11.4 and Cd 1.1 - 2.2 (g/g d. m.. Maximum values for Zn, Pb and Cd have been established at Jankomir site, and for Cu at Hatze street. These values show, that R. japonica is "hyper-accumulator" for Zn and Cd (>10000 mg/kg). Its ability of certain heavy metal accumulating suggests, that it is suitable bioindicator and at the same time suitable for decontaminating polluted habitat. Edita tefani Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveuilita Josipa Jurja Strossmayera, TrgSvetogTrojstva3,31000Osijek,Hrvatska Utjecaj razliitih varijanata obrade tla na raznolikost korovne zajednice u kukuruzu Raznolikost vrsta unutar korovnih zajednica kao i njihov meusoban odnos je vrlo bitan agronomski imbenik. Poznavanje promjena koje nastaju u korovnim zajednicama pod utjecajem razliitih agronomskih mjera (obrada tla, gnojidba, uporaba herbicida) od znaaja su za odreivanje najprihvatljivije strategije kontrole nepoeljnih korovnih vrsta na oranicama. Trogodinja istraivanja sprovedena su na dva tipa tla sjeveroistone Hrvatske i to na pseudogleju zaravni i eutrinom kambisolu uz primjenu sedam razliitih varijanata obrade od standardne pa sve do potpunog izostavljanja obrade tla. Floristikom analizom obuhvaene su netretirane parcele na kojima su korovi brojani po vrstama unutar 64 sluajno rasporeena kvadrata povrine 0,25 m2 za svaku varijantu obrade tla. Istraivanja su vrena u punom razvoju korovne flore (prva dekada srpnja) nakon to je utjecaj obrade tla postao evidentan. Razlikost u floristikom sastavu izmeu istraivanih varijanata obrade tla prikazane su pomou Shannon-Wiener-ovog indeksa H, a kanonika diskriminacijska analiza (CDA) upotrijebljena je u cilju odreivanja utjecaja obrade tla na promjene u sastavu korovne zajednice. Na oba lokaliteta su na varijantama s jaim reduciranjem ili izostavljanjem obrade tla zabiljeene najvee vrijednosti Shannon-Wiener-ovog indeksa H. Nadalje, primjenom kanonike diskriminacijske analize utvreno je i znaajno razdvajanje u floristikom sastavu izmeu istraivanih tretmana. Signifikantno su se razlikovale varijante s izostavljenom obradom tla, zatim s tanjuranjem u ljeto i jesen, te s tanjuranjem u ljeto a obradom chisel plugom u jesen. Impact of different tillage system on weed community diversity in maize The diversity of species within weed communities and the nature of relationship among these species is an issue of agronomic concern. An understanding the changes in species diversity due to agronomic disturbances such as tillage, fertilization and the use of herbicide is of particular relevance for selecting the most appropriate weed management strategy. Three year of experiment was conducted on two soil types in North-eastern Croatia: on pseudoglay soil and eutric cambisol using seven different tillage systems from conventional to zero tillage. Floristic analysis covered only untreated plots and weeds were counted by species within 64 randomly selected 0,25 m2 quadrates. Data were assessed when weeds were completely developed (first decade of July) after the effect of tillage had become evident. Weed species diversity was measured using Shannon-Wiener diversity index H. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was performed to determine if different tillage practice affected weed community composition. Variants with more reduced tillage or with the zero tillage showed on both localities greater diversity expressed by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index H. Moreover, results of the canonical discriminant analysis indicated compositional differences between investigated treatments. Significant differences were evident in zero tillage, variant with disc harrowing in summer and autumn and variant with disc harrowing in summer and chiselling in autumn compared to the other tillage variants used in the experiment. Ljiljana Pitra Ruina 78, 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska Spektar ivotnih oblika utvrene flore na odvodnim kanalima virovitikog podruja Trogodinja floristika istraivanja sprovedena su na odvodnim kanalima Budanica i Koevina Vodoprivrednog poduzea Brana iz Virovitice u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Hrvatske. Nakon krenja drvea na kanalima, utvrene biljne vrste ocjenjene su metodom ciriko-monpeljeke kole (Br.-Bl. 1964). Od 1989. do 1991. godine primijenjene su razliite aplikacije herbicida (triklopir; atrazin i klorpiralid+mekoprop; glifosat) u cilju da se utvrde promjene flore i na osnovu podataka prikae zastupljenost ivotnih oblika. Tijekom trogodinjih floristikih prouavanja utvreno je 108 biljnih vrsta iz 40 porodica i to: 89 vrsta na kanalu Budanica i 66 vrsta na kanalu Koevina. Na oba kanala najbrojnija vrstama bila je porodica Asteraceae (15 vrsta na kanalu Budanica i 10 vrsta na kanalu Koevina). Ostale biljne vrste po porodicama bile su znatno manje zastupljene. Meutim, na varijantama s kombinacijom atrazin i klorpiralid + MCPP, te s triklopirom najzastupljenija je bila porodica Poaceae psebno s vrstom Arrhenatherum elatius. U spektru ivotnih oblika istiu se na kontrolnim varijantama oba kanala hemikriptofiti sa 59,26% na Budanici i 55,56% na Koevini. Neto slabije zastupljeni bili su terofiti (31,48% i 33,33%), zatim geofiti (5,56% i 8,33%), dok su ostali ivotni oblici bili znatno manje zastupljeni. Primjenom herbicida nije se signifikantno promijenio postotni udjel navedenih ivotnih oblika u odnosu na kontrolu. Na varijantama s kombinacijom atrazina i klorpiralida + MCPP, te s triklopirom utvreno je poveanje hemikriptofita posebno populacije vrsta Arrhenaterum elatius i Dactylis glomerata koji su vrlo poeljne vrste na kanalima jer prekrivaju bankine i pokose kanala te spreavaju eroziju. Life form spectrum of determined flora on irrigational channels in Virovitica-Podravina county Three year of floristic investigation was conducted along irrigational channels Budanica and Koevina managed by Vatermanagement firm Brana-Virovitica in North-eastern Croatia. After all woody plants were cleared present weed species were described with releves method according to Zrich-Montpelier school (Br.-Bl. 1964). From 1989 to 1991 three herbicide variants were applied: variant 1. triclopyr, variant 2. atrazine and chlorpyralid + MCPP, variant 3. gliphosate and variant 4. was the control. The aim of this investigation was to determine changes of flora and frequency of different life forms. During the three year of investigation 108 species from 40 families were found. Among them 89 species were present on channel Budanica and 66 on channel Koevina. On both channels the most frequent was family Asteraceae (with 15 species on channel Budanica and 10 species on channel Koevina). All other families were present less frequently. However, in herbicide variants with atrazine and chlorpyralid + MCPP and with triclopyr the highest abundance had Poaceae family, specially the species Arrhenatherum elatius. On the control plots on both channels hemichryptophyte dominated in life form spectrum with 59.26% on Budanica and with 55.56% on Koevina channel. Less represented were therophyte (31.48% and 33.33% respectively) and geophyte (5.56% and 8.33% respectively). All other life forms were present in significantly lower percentage. With herbicide aplication portion of determined life form spectrum did not significantly changed compared to control (untreated variant). On the plots with combination of atrazine and clorpyralid + MCPP and with triclopyr the increasing percentage of hemicriptophyte were noticed specially the populations of Arrhenatherum elatius and Dactylis glomerata. Those species are desirable on the channels because they cover the banks and slopes and they serve as a protection against erosion. Valerija Babij, Andrej Selikar, Darinka Trpin, Branko Vre Biological Institute, Research Centre of Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts Novitrg5,1000Ljubljana, Slovenia Pojavljivanje vrste Fritillaria meleagris L. u Sloveniji, ekoloko i fitocenoloko opredjeljenje Prikazana je distribucija habitata vrste Fritillaria meleagris L. u Sloveniji, ugroene vrste prema kategorijama IUCN, ukljuujui neke nove lokalitete (Pijava Gorica (Rogovila) - 0053/4, Horjul (Zaklanec) - 9951/4, Ptuj (Kicar) - 9561/1) i mnogo ve dosada poznatih nalazita. Upotrebom metoda totalnog brojanja i sluajnih kvadrata procijenili smo prvi put u Sloveniji veliinu populacija na odreenim lokalitetima u odnosu od nekih ekolokih faktora. Na par lokaliteta naeni su primjerci bijelocvjetnih oblika (Sinja Gorica - 0051/2, Bevke -0052/1). Fitocenoloke snimke napravljene su bile na travnjacima i u umama i usporeene s europskim fitocenolokim podacima. Odreenje optimalnih uvjeta rasta od velike je vanosti za uravnoteeno gospodarenje u habitatima sa Fritillaria meleagris i za provedbu aktivnosti zatite prirode. The occurrence of Fritillaria meleagris L. in Slovenia, ecological and phytocenological definition The paper discusses the distribution of habitats with Fritillaria meleagris L. in Slovenia, an endangered species according to IUCN categories, including some new localities (Pijava Gorica (Rogovila) - 0053/4, Horjul (Zaklanec) - 9951/4, Ptuj (Kicar) - 9561/1) and many previously known sites. Using the method of random squares combined with the counting of individual plants related to some ecological factors, we tried for the first time to estimate the abundance of F. meleagris on selected localities in Slovenia. A few specimens of the white-flowered form were found on some sites (Sinja Gorica - 0051/2, Bevke -0052/1). Phytocenological relevs were recorded in both grassland and forest and compared to European phytocenological data. The definition of optimal growing conditions is of great importance for the sustainable management of habitats with Fritillaria meleagris and for the implementation of nature protection measures. Ivan Cikati, Marijana Hure Studenti biologije, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Sastav mjeovite ume hrasta otrike i crnog jasena (OrnoQuercetumcocciferae H-i) na poluotoku Peljecu Na temelju est fitocenolokih snimaka iz okolice Orebia, u zajednici hrasta otrike i crnog jasena (Orno-Quercetum cocciferae H-i) utvrene su ukupno 52 svojte vaskularnih biljaka. S najveim stupnjem stalnosti, uz hrast otriku kao svojstvenu vrstu asocijacije, bilo je jo sedam vrsta svojstvenih redu Quercetalia ilicis te jedna pratilica. Najvei broj vrsta (36) pripadao je mediteranskom flornom elementu, a u spektru ivotnih oblika dominirali su fanerofiti (48%). The floristic composition of association Orno-Quercetum cocciferae H-i on the Peljeac Peninsula Based on the six phytosociological relev(s in the Orebi area, 52 vascular plant taxa have been recorded in the association Orno-Quercetum cocciferae H-i. Besides Kermes Oak as character species of the association Orno-Quercetum cocciferae H-i, seven taxa of the order Quercetalia ilicis and one companion species, showed the highest frequency of occurrence. The greatest number of taxa belonged to the Mediterranean floral element. Phanerophytes were the most widely (48%) represented life-forms in this association. Marina Talevska Hidrobioloki zavod, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Povrina listova i lisni indeks trske (Phragmites communis TRIN.) na pojedinim lokalitetima du obale Ohridskog jezera, Makedonija Trska, Phragmites communis TRIN. je znaajni predstavnik makrofitske vegetacije Ohridskog jezera i u gornjem litoralu oblikuje diskontinuirani pojas sainjen od brojnih kompleksa razliitih oblika i veliine. Materijal je sakupljan standardnim limnolokim metodama razlinih lokaliteta Ohridskog jezera obala R. Makedonije. Povrina listova trske, Phragmites communis TRIN. odreivana je metodom vaganja. U radu je istraivan lisni indeks (LAI) trske, koji predstavlja povrinu listova na jedinicu tla. Rezultati istraivanja LAI pokazuju razliite vrijednosti, koji su u direktnoj vezi s brojem stabala, brojem listova i njihove povrine u istraivanim lokalitetima. Broj stabala u istraivanim lokalitetima varirao je od 24 st.m-2 do 59 st.m-2, s prosjenim vrijednou od 41 st.m-2. Broj listova je varirao od 8 listova/ stablo, do 17 listova/ stablo, sa prosjenim vrijednostima od 12 listova/ stablo. Povrina listova u istraivanim lokalitetima varirala je od 30.5 cm2/ stablo do 76.25 cm2/ stablo, s prosjenim vrijednostima od 58.69 cm2/ stablo. Lisni indeks u istraivanim lokalitetima du pojasa trske varira u granicama 1.74 do 4.27 m2.m-2 s prosjenom vrijednosti od 2,98 m2.m-2. Razlike u vrijednostima lisnog indeksa rezultanta su razliitih ekolokih uvjeta koji vladaju u istraivanim lokalitetima: koliina nutrienata, temperatura, razina vode, tip tla, svjetlosni reim i t. d. The leaf area and leaf area index of the reed belt (Phragmites communis TRIN.) at particular localities along the Macedonian part of theshoreofLake Ohrid The reed, Phragmites communis TRIN is a significant representative of the macrophytic vegetation of Lake Ohrid, and in the upper littoral forms discontinued belt comprised by numerous complexes of different shape and size. The material is collected by standard lymnological methods from different localities along the reed belt from Lake Ohrid. The leaf area of the reed was determined by the method of weighing. This paper presented the investigation of the leaf area index (LAI) of the reed, which represents the area of the leaves per unit of ground. The results for LAI showed various values which otherwise are in direct relation with the number of stems, number of leaves and their surface in the investigated localities. The number of stems in the varies between 24 to 59 st.m2 with an average value of 41 st.m2.The number of stems in the varies between 8 leaves/stem to 17 leaves/stem with an average value of 12 leaves/stem. The leaf area in the investigated localities varies from 30.5 to 76.25 cm2/stem, with an average value of 58.69 cm2/stem. The leaf area index in the investigated localities along the reed belt varies in the range of 1.74 to 4.27 m2.m-2. (the mean value for the whole reed belt is 2.98 m2.m-2). The differences in the values of LAI are most probably due to the different ecological conditions in the investigated localities: nutrient amount, temperature, water level, tip of soil, light regime, e.t.c. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Sreko Leiner1, Anelka Plenkovi-Moraj2 1Zooloki odjel, Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Botaniki zavod Biolokog odsjeka, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Potona pastrva (Salmo trutta m. fario) u vodotokovima Slapnica i Bregana na prostoru Parka prirode umberak - Gorjanci Planirani viegodinji rad na evidentiranju i vrednovanju prirodne batine Parka priroda umberak - Gorjanci prekinut je iz objektivnih razloga krajem 1991. godine. Ihtioloki rezultati te podaci o kvaliteti vode vodotokova Slapnica i Bregana dobiveni u lipnju, srpnju i kolovozu 1991. govore o dominaciji autohtone potone pastrve i I-II klase boniteta vode. Iznad 1000 kolonija saprofita u 1 ml vode kao i prisutnost fekalnih koliforma (3,800 l-1) osnovni su pokazatelji II klase boniteta. Fiziko-kemijski parametri (KMNO4 = 2,7 - 3,1 mg/l; otopljeni kisik = 10,0 do 11,4 mg/l; BPK5 = 0,6 do 1,0 mg O2 /l i dr.) upuuju na niske koncentracije organske tvari kao i na zanemarive procese biorazgradnje od strane bakterija (I klasa boniteta). Ribe su izlovljavane elektro-agregatom unutar karakteristinih transekata, a procjene populacija su izvrene prema modificiranoj Zippin metodi. Podaci govore o relativno kvalitetnim stanitima za potonu pastrvu. Procijenjena biomasa (i brojnost populacija) za potok Slapnicu izmeu 54 kg/ha (> 1200 jedinki/ha) i 195 kg/ha (> 4000 jedinki/ha) te 92 kg/ha (> 1300 jedinki/ha) za vodotok Breganu govori o zadovoljavajuem broju jedinki, ali i o niskoj prosjenoj teini (0,045 do 0,068 kg). Prekomjerni izlov velikih, teritorijalnih pastrva, stvorio je dodatni prostor (stanita) za vei broj manjih riba iste i drugih vrsta (Cottus gobio). Gospodarstvena valorizacija i pravilno gospodarenje mogu u kratkom vremenskom razdoblju stvoriti ponovne uvjete za uspostavu naruene ravnotee broja i veliine potone pastrve te omoguiti vrlo isplativ, kontrolirani portski ribolov. Brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) of the Slapnica and Bregana streams in Nature Park "umberak - Gorjanci" Research of the natural heritage of Nature Park umberak - Gorjanci was planned to last several years. By the end of 1991, this project was canceled for objective reason. Ichthyological results and data about water quality of the Slapnica and Bregana streams, provided in June, July, and August of 1991, show dominance of native brown trout and good water quality (I-II bonity class). More than 1,000 colonies of saprophytes in 1.0 ml of water and presence of fecal coliform bacteria (3.800 l-1) are the main indicators of the II bonity class. Physical and chemical parameters (KMNO4 = 2.7 - 3.1 mg/l, dissolved oxygen = 10.0 - 11.4 mg/l, BPK5 = 0.6 - 1.0 mg O2 /l) show low concentration of organic matter and minor processes of decomposition by bacteria (I bonity class). Fish were captured with backpack electroshocker through the characteristic transects. Modified population estimation techniques described by Zippin were used. The data indicate suitable habitats for brown trout. Estimated biomass and number of fish in the Slapnica brook were between 54 and 195 kg/ha (1,200 - 4,000 specimens) and 92 kg/ha (> 1,300 specimens) in the Bregana stream. The number of fish is satisfied, but the average trout weight, between 0.045 and 0.068 kg, is not promising. Overfishing of adult territorial trouts, created additional free space (habitats) populated by small trouts or other fish species (e.g., Cottus gobio). Tools of proper management actions can provide conditions for restoration of disturbed balance in size and number of brown trout. In addition, this will offer possibilities of profitable sport fishing. Anelka Plenkovi-Moraj, Katarina Caput Botaniki zavod Biolokog odsjeka, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Epifitonske zajednice na ljutku (Cladium mariscus Pohl) u podruju Nacionalnog parka Plitvika jezera Plitvika jezera posljednjih dvadesetak godina podlijeu ubrzanim procesima antropogene eutrofikacije. Masovni razvitak makrofitske vegetacije u obalnoj zoni jezera i intenzivni razvoj obratajnih zajednica na potopljenom supstratu, ukazuju na poveanje stupnja trofije u ekosustavu. Cilj je bio utvrditi na osnovi mikrofitskih vrsta, indikatora stupnja saprobnosti, koliko je taj proces prisutan u jezerima. Tijekom studenog 1989. godine istraivan je kvalitativan i kvantitativan sastav epifitonske zajednice na ivom i mrtvom ljutku (Cladium mariscus). Provedenim istraivanjima na dva razliita tipa supstrata ukupno su determinirane 124 mikrofitske vrste, od kojih je samo 48 zajednikih. U obrataju na mrtvom ljutku utvreno je 113, a na ivoj 62 mikrofitske vrste. U svim analiziranim uzorcima dominiraju alge kremenjaice. Masovan razvoj modrozelenih i zelenih alga, indikatora vieg stupnja saprobnosti (Spirulina major, Lyngbya limnetica i Cladophora globulina) kao i nazonost vrsta koje ukazuju na povieni stupanj trofije (Chroococcus limneticus, Fragilaria crotonensis) utvreni su iskljuivo na uginulom ljutku. Indeks saprobnosti uzoraka kretao se od 1,5 do 1,9 na ivoj te od 1,8 do 2,3 na mrtvom ljutku. Analize obratajnih zajednica na trskama pokazuju da njihov kvalitativan i kvantitativan sastav ovisi o koncentraciji dostupne organske tvari te bi u budunosti istraivanja trebalo provesti detaljnije. Kako uginuli makrofiti i njihov pripadajui obrataj s vremenom padaju na dno, stvara se podloga za sukcesiju zajednica bentosa. Procesima humifikacije litoralnog podruja, jezera postupno gube svoj prvobitan izgled. Epiphytic communities of reeds' (Cladium mariscus Pohl) in the PlitviceLakes National Park During the last 20 years, process of human oriented eutrophication on the Plitvice Lakes become more and more obvious. Intensive development of periphytic communities as well as macrophytes along the shorelakes, indicate the increase of ecosystem's trophic level. The aim of the study was to identify a level of eutrophycation process, according to presence of microphyte indicator species. During November of 1989, qualitative and quantitative composition of epiphytic community on vegetative and dead reed stalks were observed. The dead stalks had 113 species, while on growing reed only 62 species were present. Forty-eight species were common for both substrates. Diatoms were dominant in all samples. Massive presence of higher saprobic level indicators (Spirulina major, Lyngbya limnetica, and Cladophora globulina) appeared especially on dead reed. The presence of species Chroococcus limneticus and Fragilaria crotonensis on dead reed, point out the increase of trophic level. Index of saprobity on dead reed was 1.8 to 2.3, while on growing reed it was 1.5 to 1.9. Periphytic qualitative and quantitative composition of this substrate depend on concentration of available organic mater. Preliminary results suggest continuation of research with adequate monitoring activities. In time, dead macrophytes with periphytic communities sink on the bottom, to participate in formation of substrate as the first step in succession of benthic communities. The process of humification in the littoral reed-swamp zone, considerably contribute in original lakes' configuration lost. Zoran Spirkovski Hidrobioloki zavod, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Krioprezervacija spermatozoida ohridske pastrve Salmo letnica (Karaman) iz Ohridskog jezera i njihov tretman laserskom svjetlou Iako su istraivanja umjetne oplodnje ikre divljih vrsta riba sa krioprezerviranim mukim gametama, na Balkanskom prostoru i ire, jo uvijek u fazi preliminarnih, ipak, s obzirom na znanstveni znaaj ohridske pastrve - tonije reeno njenog endemizma, reliktnosti i dominatnosti u ohridskom jezerskom sustavu, kao i jo uvijek njen nedovoljno rasvijetljeni taksonomski status ekonomske vrijednosti, jo 1992. smo otpoeli pokusima za krioprezervaciju njenih mukih gameta. Umjetni mrijest ove ribe na Ohridskom jezeru se neprekinuto izvodi od 1934. godine i to u koliinama koje su prethodnog desetljea u prosjeku iznosile oko 16,5 milijuna jaja u jednom zimskom turnusu. U cilju poboljanja ovog procesa u naim instalacijama poduzeli smo slijedee pokuse. Prvo je odreivana srednja koliina ejakulata kod mujaka ove vrste kod razliitih duinskih i teinskih razreda i to u ovisimosti tjelesne teine. Tako je u mujaka s teinom od 774253 g koliina ejakulirane (iscijeene sperme) u prosjeku iznosila 2.0630.58 ml. Daljim proraunom je utvrena i prosjena koliina ejakulata na 1 kg t.t. od 3.40 ml. Kod istraivanih mujaka je utvreno da se u 1 ml sjemene tekuine nalaze 10.031.249 spermija. Postupak smrzavanja je vren na parama tekueg duika od -127(C u ultrazvuno zapeaenim plastinim tubulama od 0.5 ml, da bi ih postupno odlagali u kriokontejnere na temperaturi od -196(C. Nakon nekoliko dana uraena je kontrola motiliteta, u ambijentu aktivacije od +4(C i +10(C, koji je u prvom sluaju iznosio 56 sec, a 40 u drugom. Tretman laserskom svjetlou spermija s razliitim intenzitetima izvora od 5 i 25 mW i s razliitim ekspozicijama dao je najbolje rezultate kod ekspozicija od 10, 20 i 30 sec, i to kako u sluaju nativne tako i kod smrznute sperme, a to je rezultiralo prolongacijom motiliteta spermija. To je bilo izraajnije u sluajevima pri ekspoziciji od 20 sekundi. Cryopreservation of spermatozoids of lake Ohrid trout, Salmo letnica (Karaman) from lake Ohrid, and their treatment with laser light At the area of Balkan Peninsula and wider the investigations on fertilisation of wild fish eggs with cryopreserved sperm are still at preliminary level. Considering the fact of scientific significance of Lake Ohrid trout - endemic, relict, dominance in the mentioned aquatic ecosystem, as well as the unsolved taxonomy state of this fish - and also it's great economic value, in 1992 we started with cryopreservation experiments of it's male gametes. The artificial spawning of this species since 1934 is performed continuously, and in the last decade an average of 16.5 millions eggs in one winter turnover were collected. In aims of improvement of this process in our hatchery installations we undertook this experiments. Primarily we determined the amount of ejaculate at the different length and weight classes in relation of weight of the males. Thus, at males with weight of 774253 g the ejaculate in average was 2.0630.580 ml. Further estimation gave the amount of ejaculate per 1 kg body weight - 3.40 ml. Among the examined males was determined the number of spermatozoids per 1 ml of sperm which was 10.031.24.109. The deep freezing was performed on liquid nitrogen steam at -127(C in ultrasound packed plastic tubes of 0.5 ml, with further successive disposing in cryocontainers at a temperature of -196(C. The control on spermium's motility in an activation ambient (water from the hatchery) at temperature of +4 and +10(C few days after freezing shows motility of 56 and 40 seconds respectively. The treatment of the spermatozoids with laser light performed before the deep freezing, with light intensity of 5 mW , gave best results at 20 seconds' exposure, and both in the case of native and frozen sperm; this resulted in prolonged spermium's motility up to 105 seconds at +4(C with the native, and up to 78 seconds with the cryopreserved sperm, both previously stored for 170 days. Zlatko Mihaljevi, Mladen Kerovec, Milan Metrov, Vladimira Tavar, Ivanica Bukvi, Sanja Gottstein Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Makrozoobentos Vranskog jezera na otoku Cresu Vransko jezero na otoku Cresu predstavlja specifian krki fenomen. Radi se o relativno velikom (5.75 km2) oligotrofnom, monomiktikom jezeru koje je s bioloko-ekolokog stanovita vrlo slabo istraeno. U makrozoobentosu profundala (dubina 30-50 metara) brojem jedinki dominiraju Ostracoda i Oligochaeta s prosjenom gustoom od 24090 jedinki, i svjeom biomasom od 10.14 g m-2. U najdubljem podruju jezera (dubina 70 m) koje je ogranieno na vrlo malu povrinu, zabiljeena je manja prosjena gustoa makroskopskih beskraljenjaka (4080 jedinki) biomase 2.52 g m-2. Sublitoralnu zonu (dubina 10 -20 metara) karakterizira vea raznolikost makrozoobentosa. Brojem jedinki dominiraju Oligochaeta, Chironomidae i Ostracoda. Prosjena gustoa makroskopskih beskraljenjaka iznosi 7160 jedinki, uz biomasu od 9.19 g m-2. Posebno je zanimljiv je nalaz isopodnog raka Asellus aquaticus artrobranchialis, koji ukazuje na odreenu vezu faune Vranskog jezera s faunom sjeverne Italije. Uz spomenuto, u litoralu dolaze relativno guste populacije dekapodnog raka Austropotamobius pallipes italicus te koljkaa iz roda Anodonta. Macrozoobenthos of Vrana Lake on the island of Cres The Vrana Lake on the island of Cres in the Adriatic Sea represents a specific karstic phenomenon. It is relatively large (5.75 km2) oligotrophic, monomictic lake, which is poorly analyzed in biological and ecological aspects. Oligochaeta and Ostracoda is dominant macroinvertebrates in the profundal, and their average abundance was 24090 ind. m-2 and wet biomass 10.14 g m-2. At the deepest part of the lake (70 m depth) which occupied a small area, we found a lower average abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrates (4080 ind m-2 and 2.52 g m-2). Sublitoral is characterized with a diverse fauna but Oligochaeta, Chironomidae and Ostracoda dominated. In this zone, the average abundance of macroinvertebrates was 7160 ind m-2 and biomass 9.19 g m-2. We found isopod cancer Assellus aquaticus artrobranchialis, which is specially interesting and shows connection between fauna of Vrana Lake and fauna of Northern Italy. Sublitoral and littoral is also characterized by dense populations of decapod cancer Austropotamobius pallipes italicus and mollusks of genus Anodonta. Marija Tomec, Zlatica Teskeredi, Emin Teskeredi, Mato Hacmanjek, RozelindaoRakovac Centar za istraivanje mora - Zavod Zagreb, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika54,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Vertikalna rasprostranjenost fitoplanktona u Vranskom jezeru naotokuCresu Vransko jezero je prirodni fenomen pojave slatke vode na otonom kru u neposrednoj blizini mora. Kao izvor pitke vode dobre kakvoe, od davnina predstavlja hidroloki i hidrogeoloki objekt istraivanja. Nasuprot k tome, biologija jezera je malo istraivana. Zato su tijekom 1989. i 1990. godine zapoela bioloko-ekoloka istraivanja koja su nastavljena 1995. i 1996. godine. Osobita panja posveena je istraivanju fitoplanktona, koji je jedan od glavnih pokazatelja trofije jezera. Uzorci planktona uzimani su na dubinama od 0,5 m; 10 m; 20 m; i 40 m. Tijekom istraivanja vertikalna rasprostranjenost fitoplanktonskih vrsta bila je uvjetovana sezonskim promjenama, a time i temperaturnim oscilacijama jezera. U kvalitativnom sastavu prevladavali su predstavnici Bacillariophyceae, a glavno obiljeje strukturi fitoplanktona je dala vrsta Ceratium hirundinella. Kvantitativne analize ukazuju na oligotrofni karakter jezera. Vertical phytoplankton distribution in the Vrana Lake ontheCresisland The Vrana Lake is a natural phenomenon of freshwater occurrence in the karstic soil of an island, very close by the sea. As a source of good quality drinking water, the Lake has been hydrologically and hydrogeologically investigated since very long time ago. On the opposite, from biological aspect the Lake was very little investigated, which was the reason for starting biological-ecological investigations during the years 1989 and 1990, continued in 1995 and 1996. In these investigations special attention was paid to investigate the phytoplankton as one of major characteristic parameters for the trophic of the lake. Phytoplankton samples were taken from the depths of 0.5 m, 10 m, 20 m and 40 m. During the investigations it was found that vertical distribution of phytoplankton species was influenced by seasonal variations and by the according temperature oscillations in lake waters. In qualitative composition the dominance of Bacillariophyceae was observed, and in phytoplankton structure Ceratium hirundinella was the prevailing species. Quantitative analyses indicate towards oligotrophic character of the Lake. Ivanica Bukvi, Mladen Kerovec, Zlatko Mihaljevi, Milan Metrov, Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Makrozooplankton jezera Vrana (Cres) Vremenska i prostorna raspodjela makrozooplanktona, kao i vremenski slijed pojedinih trofikih grupa u Jezeru Vrana (Cres) praena je tijekom jednogodinjeg razdoblja. Interspecijski odnosi izmeu Copepoda i Cladocera, te trofikih kategorija ukazuju da je makrozooplankton jedna od bitnih karika koja odreuje trofiju ovog ekosistema. Vransko jezero na otoku Cresu je najvei vodni fenomen Jadranskog podruja, ali i cijelog Mediterana. Povrina jezera je 5,75 km2, a potpuno slatka masa vode (220 mil. m3), see do dubine 60 m ispod razine mora. Vransko jezero je monomiktiko jezero umjerenog klimatskog pojasa, s izraenom termikom stratifikacijom ljeti i zimskom izotermijom. Zooplankton je sakupljan na pet postaja u jezeru, od kojih je u ovom radu obraena najdublja. Uzorci su uzimani na vertikalnom profilu do dubine od 65 m, a u intervalima od 10 m, svaka tri mjeseca, poevi od studenog 1995. do studenog 1996. Makrozooplankton sainjavaju slijedee vrste: Daphnia longispina, Diaphanosoma brachiurum, Bosmina longirostris, Cyclops abyssorum vranae, Megacyclops viridis. Macrozooplankton in a karstic Lake Vrana (Cres) The trophic role of macrozooplankton in monomictic, oligotrophic karstic lake Vrana is analyzed. Annual cycle, biomass distribution in relation to trophic factors and interrelation of cladocerans and copepods shows that they form a significant part of zooplankton community in this karstic lake. By origin, Lake Vrana is an cryptodepression which has a bottom 60 m below sea level. It is situated in the south of Croatia, in the island of Cres. The surface area of the lake is 5,75 km2. Maximum depth is 80 m. Lake Vrana is warm, monomictic, with mixing between November and April, followed by stratification during summer. Zooplankton was collected every three month from November 1995 to November 1996 with an open diaphragm bilge pump, at the deepest parts of the lake. Samples were taken at 10 m intervals running from the surface to the depth of 65 m. The seasonal macrozooplankton cycle is a succession of population conditioned by food supply and interspecies competition. There are five species in macrozooplankton of lake Vrana: Daphnia longispina, Diaphanosoma brachiurum, Bosmina longirostris, Cyclops abyssorum vranae, Megacyclops viridis. Biserka Primc-Habdija, Ivan Habdija, Anelka Plenkovi-Moraj, Maria poljar Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Potencijal razvoja mikrofaune na umjetnim podlogama eksponiranim na vertikalnom profilu u jezeru Visovac Cilj istraivanja bio je utvrivanje kapaciteta obrastanja umjetnih podloga perifitonom u epilimnionu, metalimnionu i hipolimnionu u krkom jezeru Visovac. Mjera za odreivanje biotikog potencijala obrastanja bila je ukupna biomasa razvijenog perifitona, sadraj klorofila A, broj vrsta naseljene mikrofaune i gustoa njihovih populacija nakon mjesec dana ekspozicije i postizanja ekvilibrija zajednice. Uzimajui ukupnu biomasu perifitona kao jedan od pokazatelja potencijala obrastanja zakljuili smo da je on najvei u povrinskom, a minoran u hipolimnionskom sloju. Razmatrajui sezonske promjene u biomasi perifitona i sadraju klorofila A, najvei obim obrastanja izmjeren je u proljetnom i jesenskom razdoblju, a najmanji poetkom zime. Najvei dio obratajne biomase pripada primarnim producentima, a samo manji dio biomasi mikrofaune. Raznolikost i gustoa populacija mikrofaune, kao parametri obima obrastanja umjetnih podloga, ne poklapaju se u potpunosti s vrijednostima ukupne biomase perifitona. Najvei broj vrsta (79) naen je na obratajnim podlogama eksponiranim u metalimnionu, a najmanji (63) u hipolimnionskom sloju. Analiza brojnosti mikrofaune pokazuje da se gustoa populacija kolonizirane mikrofaune smanjuje s dubinom. S poveanjem dubine poveavaju se i sezonske oscilacije u brojnosti mikrofaune. The overgrow capacity of microfauna on artificial substrates exposed at vertical profile in the Lake Visovac The aim of this study was to establish the seasonal changes of overgrow capacity by periphyton on the artificial substrates in epilimnion, metalimnion and hypolimnion in the karstic lake Visovac. Periphyton biomass, content of chlorophyll A, number of colonized species and their population density after one month of exposition and reaching the community equilibrium were taken as the measure for degree of overgrowing capacity by periphyton. Taking the total periphyton biomass as the indicator of overgrowing degree, we concluded, that it was the greatest in the epilimnion, and minor in hypolimnion. Considering the seasonal changes in the periphyton biomass and chlorophyll A content, the greatest overgrowing capacity was measured in spring and autumn periods, and the lowest at beginning of the winter. The major share of periphyton biomass belongs to the primary producers, and just smaller part to biomass of microfauna. Diversity and microfauna population density, as the parameters for overgrowing capacity of the artificial substrates, do not correspond with the values of periphyton biomass completely. The greatest number of species (79) was found on the overgrown substrates in metalimnion, and the smallest (63) in hypolimnion layer. Population densities of colonized microfauna species decreases with the depth. Seasonal oscillations of abundance of colonized microfauna was more expressed in the metalimnion and hypolimnion than in the epilimnion. Anelka Plenkovi-Moraj1, Biserka Primc-Habdija2, Ivan Habdija2, Mladen Kerovec2, Ivanica Bukvi2 1Botaniki zavod Biolokog odsjeka PMF-a, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zoologijski zavod Biolokog odsjeka PMF-a, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Biocenoloka struktura zajednice bentosa u akumulacijiPonikve(otokKrk) Tijekom 1994/95. su u akumulaciji Ponikve provedena istraivanja sezonskih i prostornih promjena u biocenolokoj strukturi zajednice bentosa. Cilj je bio utvrditi stupanj trofije i kvalitetu vode akumulacije koja se koristi za vodoopskrbu otoka Krka. Fiziko-kemijske karakteristike vode akumulacije ne pokazuju u pravilu znaajnije razlike u istraivanim dijelovima jezera. Temperatura vode kretala se od 10(C do 13(C tijekom zimsko-proljetnog razdoblja dok su najvie vrijednosti (23(C -24,6(C) zabiljeene ljeti. Zasienje vode otopljenim kisikom bilo je u rasponu od 43,9 do 111%. Vrijednosti koliine potroenog kisika pokazuju da jezerska voda sadri relativno visoke koncentracije oksidabilnih organskih tvari (prosjena vrijednost KPK bila je oko 5 mg O2/l). Tijekom istraivanja u bentosu jezera naeno je ukupno 132 taxona od ega 73 biljna i 59 ivotinjska (37 mikrozoobentoskih vrsta, 22 makroskopskih beskraljenjaka). Po broju vrsta u fitomikrobentosu najbrojnija je skupina Bacillariophyceae, u mikrozoobentosu fauna Ciliata, a u makrozoobentosu dominiraju skupine Oligochaeta i Gastropoda. Gustoom populacija u fitobentosu dominiraju skupine Cyanophyceae i Bacillariophyceae, u fauni mikrozoobentosa trepetljika Loxodes magnus, a u makrozoobentosu pu Planorbis planorbis kao i predstavnici skupine Chironomidae. Analiza sezonske fluktuacije zajednice bentala pokazuje, da se maksimum brojnosti jedinki javlja tijekom proljea. Znatno smanjenje brojnosti utvreno je u ljetnom i zimskom razdoblju. Ljetni je minimum vjerojatno uzrokovan deficitom kisika, dok je uobiajeni zimski minimum posljedica stagnacije zajednice zbog niskih temperatura vode. Prema sastavu zajednice bentosa, akumulacija Ponikve pripada oligotrofnim do mezotrofnim stajaicama s laganom tendnecijom prelaska u eutrofni tip, naroito u vrijeme niih vodostaja i povienih temperatura vode. Indeks saprobnosti kretao se u granicama od 1,7 do 2,0. Biocenotical structure of bentic communities in the Ponikve Accumulation (the island of Krk) During 1994 and 1995, seasonal and areal changes in biocenotical structure of benthic community in the accumulation Ponikve was investigated. The goal of research was to found out the level of trophy and the accumulation water quality. The water of the Ponikve reservoir is usable water for the inhabitants on the island. Measured physical and chemical parameters in the accumulation do not indicate significant differences between investigated sites. During the winter-spring period, water temperature ranged between 10(C and 13(C, and during the summer period the highest temperature was 23(C -24.6(C. Oxygen saturation was 43.9 to 111%. Quantity of consumed oxygen indicate that water contains a high concentration of oxidized organic matter (average value = 5.0 mg O2/l). Total number of 132 species were found. Among them 73 are lower plants and 59 are animal species (37 microzoobentic, 22 macrozoobenthic). Bacillariophyceae were dominant in phytobenthic community, Ciliata in microzoobenthic, while among the macrozoobentic community Oligochaeta and Gastropoda were dominant. In phytobenthic community the most abundant species were from the groups of Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. The Loxodes magnus (Ciliata) was dominant species of microzoobenthos. The species Planorbis planorbis (Gastropoda) together with Chironomids were dominant in macrozoobenthic community. Maximal values of relative abundance in benthic community were mesaured in spring. Significant decrease of abundance was measured in summer and winter. Summer minimum was probably caused by oxygen depletion, while the common winter minimum was direct consequence of a community stagnation as a result of lower water temperature. According to hydrobiological and biocenotical investigation of benthic community, the Ponikve accumulation has mesotrophyc characteristics with tendency to eutrophycation, specially during the low water and higher water temperature. Index of saprobity was from 1.7 to 2.0. Zdravko R. Krstanovski Hidrobioloki zavod, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Dendrocoelum porfirevi, nova vrsta Tricladida Paludicola Ohridskogjezera Fauna trikladida u Ohridskom jezeru zastupljena je s 3 porodice (Dugesiidae, Planariidae i Dendrocoelidae), odnosno jednom potporodicom (Dendrocoelinae) i 6 rodova (Digesia, Planaria, Phagocata, Crenobia, Polycelis i Dendrocoelum). Rod Dendrocoelum zastupljen je sa 20 vrsta od kojih je 19 endeminih, a meu kojima je i nova vrsta Dendrocoelum porfirevi, utvrena 1982. godine. D. porfirevi pripada u nepigmentiranoj dendrocelidnoj skupini ohridskih trikladida. Karakteristika ove vrste je njena mala veliina. Spolno zrele jedinke mogu dostii duinu od 6 do 7 mm i irinu od 1 do 1,5 mm. Oi su tokaste i uoljivo krupne. Njihova meusobna udaljenost je skoro tri puta manja od irine eonog ruba glave. Glava je odvojena od tijela blagim vratnim utegnuem. Usni otvor nalazi se u sreditu trbune upljine. Pharinx je cilindrian, a njegov unutranji miini sloj izgraen je od isprepletenih krunih i uzdunih miinih vlakana. Prednja grana crijeva ima 5 do 8 pari izboina koje ne dostiu bone rubove tijela, a zadnja grana crijeva grana se u oko 16 grana. Prednji rub glave kod kretanja organizma pokazuju izrazitu konveksnost koja moe, na odreen nain, biti njegova specifina morfoloka odlika. Penis je smjeten u mukom atrijumu. Bulbus mu je ovalan i miiav, a ima i izduenu papilu. Kroz sredinji dio papile prolazi kanal penisa. U stvari, penisov kanal je produetak sjemenovoda koji se odvojeno ulijevaju u bulbus penisa. Jajovodi se ulijevaju u zavrni dio mukog atriuma preko zajednikog dugakog kanala. Osnovna anatomska odlika ove vrste je uoljivo pomicanje adeniodaktila prema stranjem kraju tijela. Dendrocoelum porfirevi a new species of Tricladida Paludicola inlakeOhrid The Tricladid fauna in Lake Ohrid is represented with three families (Dugesidae, Planariidae and Dendrocoelide), e.g. one subfamily (Dendrocoelinae), six genera (Dugesia, Planaria, Phagocata, Crenobia, Polycelis and Dendrocoelum). The genus Dendrocoelum in Lake Ohrid is represented with 20 species from which 19 are endemic, among which is the new specie Dendrocoelum porfirevi, evidenced in 1982. This species belongs to the non pigmented dendrocoelid group of Lake Ohrid tricladides. It is characterised with small dimensions, and the adult sexually matured individuals can reach length of 6-7 mm and width of 1-1,5 mm. The eyes in D. porfirevi are spot shaped and evidently large. The distance between them is, almost, three times smaller from the distance to the front head edge. The head is separated from the body with slight neck narrowing. The mouth whole is in the middle part of the stomach. The pharynx is cylindrical. It's internal muscle layer consists from mingled circle and longitudinal muscle papillas. The front intestinal branch has 5 to 8 evaginations (not approaching the lateral body edges), and the background intestinal branches are divergated in 16 branches. The front head edge, while the organism is in motion, shows sharp angled convexity which might be, on certain way, considered as a specific morphologic character. The penis is located in the male atrium. It is formed from ball shaped and muscular bulbus and elongated papilla through which medial part passes the penis channel. In fact, the penis channel is an adjacent of the seminal channels which separately, more or less, are entering from a dorso-posterior position in the bulbus penis. The oviducts are connected in the end part of the male atrium throughout a joint and evidently long channel. The main taxonomic characteristic of this species is the evidently displacement of the adenodactylus to the back part of the body, e.g. bigger distance between the adenodactylus and the penis. Kostoski Goce Hidrobioloki institut, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Sezonska rasprostranjenost Calanoida (Eudiaptomus gracilis G.O Sars i Arctodiaptomus steindachneri Richard) u Ohridskom jezeru Openito je poznata injenica da predstavnici skupine Calanoida nisu ravnomjerno rasporeeni, a ni sluajno prisutni u akvatiakim biotopima ve se pojavljuju strogo utvrenim zakonima i mjerilima. Njihovo prisustvo uvjetovano je kompleksom ekolokih i biocenolokih imbenika. Konvivencija dvije stalno prisutne vrste u planktonu i vremensko pomicanje njihovih populacija, karakteristino je za Ohridsko jezero. Usporeujui dinamiku spolno zrelih (adultnih) oblika i njihovih razvojnih stadija (kopepoditne i nauplijalne), kod obje vrste, utvrena je odreena sukcesija u njihovom pojavljivanju, odnosno vremensko pomicanje njihovih populacija. Dvije vrste proizvode samo subitana jaja, a njihov postembrionalni razvoj u Ohridskom jezeru je retardiran. Arctodiaptomus steindachneri predstavlja epirski faunistiki element, koji je dosada zabiljeen samo u Ohridskom, Prespanskom i Janjinskom jezeru. To je izrazito limnopelagian oblik i naseljava povrinske slojeve pelagijala. Spolno zrele enke susreu se u Ohridskom jezeru tijekom ljeta, a kopepoditni stadij tijekom cjele godine. Arctodiaptomus steindachneri ima strogo utvreno razdoblje intenzivne reprodukcije. Eudiaptomus gracilis je sibirski faunistiki element koji se na istoku rasprostire sve do Aljaske, a na zapadu do Britanskih otoka i Francuske. Nema podataka da je preao Pireneje ili Alpe, dok se na Balkanu prostire na jugu do kotline centralne Makedonije. To je euritermna, monociklina ili diciklina vrsta s izrazito negativnim fototropizmom. Spolno zrele enke i enke s jajima, u Ohridskom jezeru, susreu se krajem zimskog razdoblja (veljaa-oujak). Temporal distribution of Calanoida (Eudiaptomus gracilis G.O. Sars and Arctodiaptomus steindachneri Richard) in lake Ohrid In general is quite known that the representatives of Calanoida are not equally distributed and as well they are not occasionally present in the aquatic ecosystems, which on other hand means they appear in strictly precise conditions and regulations. Their presence is conditioned by the complexity of ecological and biologically - biocenological factors. The conviviality of two permanently present species in the plankton as well as the temporal displacement of their own populations is characteristic for Lake Ohrid. Comparing the dynamics of sexually matured (adult) forms and their larvae (copepodit and nauplial), among the both species, a particular succession in their appearance, e.g. temporal displacement of their populations. The both species in Lake Ohrid produces subitanne eggs and their postembrional development is retarded. Arctodiaptomus steindachneri represents an element from the Epirus fauna which till now is only registered in Lakes Ohrid, Prespa and Janinna. This is a typical lymno-pelagic form which inhabits the surface pelagic layers. The sexually matured females are present in the Lake Ohrid during summer, and the copepodit stages are present during whole year. Arctodiaptomus steindachneri has a strict defined period of intensive reproduction. Eudiaptomus gracilis represents an element from the Siberian fauna which spreads on East up to Alaska and on West to the British Islands and France. There is no data for passing the Alps or Pyrenees, while at the Balkan Peninsula it reaches on South up to Central Macedonia. This species is eurythermic, monocyclic or dicyclic with expressed negative phototropism. The sexually matured females and females with eggs of this species in Lake Ohrid are present at the end of the winter period (February-March). Kostoski Goce Hidrobioloki institut, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Danonona migracija i sezonska vertikalna raspodjela koljkaa Dreissena (Cariodreissena) stankovii Lvova et Starobogatov u Ohridskom jezeru Poznavanje vertikalne migracije, ove vrste, u perspektivi, korisno je za svestrano objanjene mnogih vanih problema, a u cilju predlaganja mjera za zatitu vodoopskrbnih objekata prilikom kontinuiranog snabdijevanja vodom. Istraivanje danonone vertikalne distribucije Dreisena (Cariodreissena) stankovii u Ohridskom jezeru predstavlja dio cjelokupnih ekolokih i biocenolokih istraivanja. Dreisena (Cariodreissena) stankovii, kao to je poznato, predstavlja planktonski oblik. Karakteristino je to to u Ohridskom i Aralskom jezeru ona ima specifinu biologiju, to znai da se u planktonu susree tijekom cijele godine. Danonone migracije liinke, tijekom cijele godine, imaju fluktuacijski karakter uglavnom u slojevima do 50 m dubine i najvjerojatnije su uvjetovani kompleksom imbenika. U razdoblju, listopad 1994. - listopad 1995., registrirana su dva maksimuma. Prvi i vei u jesenjem razdoblju, iznosio je u prosjeku 663.4 ind.m-3 (studeni 1994.), a drugi manji maksimum u ljetnjem periodu iznosio je u prosjeku 393.1 ind.m-3 (srpanj 1995.). Mladi i manji oblici u vrijeme termike stratifikacije uglavnom su rasporeeni u povrinskim slojevima metalimniona do 20 m dubine, dok se jezgra populacije krupnih i starijih stadija, u razdoblju jesen-zima, sputa i do 75 m dubine. Diurnal migration and seasonal vertical distribution of the shell Dreissena (Cariodreissena) stankovici Lvova and Starobogatov in Lake Ohrid, Macedonia The knowledge on vertical migration of this species in perspective is very useful for comprehensive explanation of very significant problems in terms of proposing protective measures for drinking water supply facilities in cases of permanent water supplying. The investigations on diurnal distribution of Dreissena (Cariodreissena) stankovici in Lake Ohrid is representing part of the comprehensive ecological and biocenological research. Dreissena (Cariodreissena) stankovici as it already known, represents meroplanktonic element. Apart from anywhere else, in the lakes Ohrid and Aral this species has a specific biology, which means it is present in the plankton during the whole year. The diurnal migrations of the larva during the whole year have fluctuate character and primarily in the layers till 50 m depth and most probably this is conditioned by complex factors. In the period October 1994 - October 1995 were registered two maximums. The first one and in the same time the higher in the autumn was in average 663.4 ind..m-3 (November 1994), and the second, the lower one, in the summer period in average was 393.1 ind..m-3 (July 1995). In the time of thermal stratification of the lake, the younger and smaller individuals are mainly present in the surface layers of metalimnion till 20 m depth, while the population nucleus of larger and older stages in the autumn-winter period migrate in depth even up to 75 m. Melita Peharda1, Nedo Vrgo2 1College of the Atlantic, 105 Eden street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, U.S.A. 2Institute for Oceanografy and Fisheries, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Odreivanje vrste, struktura populacije, duinsko/teinski odnosi i reproduktivne karakteristike ribe Gambusia sp. na lokalitetima iovoiHrvace U prvom dijelu 20. stoljea, slatkovodna riba Gambusia sp. naseljena je u priobalna slatkovodna stanita u Hrvatskoj s ciljem kontrole komaraca malariara. Vrste koje pripadaju rodu Gambusia su lako prilagodljive, spolno dimorfne, imaju unutarnju oplodnju, raaju ive mlade, te imaju relativno kratak ivotni vijek. Iz navedenih razloga one su jako interesantne za bioloka istraivanja. Za odreivanje vrste, rabili smo mikroskopska prouavanja strukture gonopodiuma (muki spolni organ) i meristikih karakteristika te pokazali da je vrsta prisutna na lokalitetima na iovu i Hrvacima Gambusia holbrooki. Tijekom od 2,5 godine istraivali smo populacisku strukturu, duinsko/teinske odnose i reproduktivne osobitosti G. holbrooki. Rezultati istraivanja su pokazali sezonske varijacije u strukturi populacije, broju gravidnih enki i broju mladih (fekunditet). Pronaen je duinsko/teinsko odnos, te takoer i odnos izmeu totalne duine enke i broja mladih. Neke osobine G. holbrooki meusobno se razlikuju na dva lokaliteta. Budua istraivanja trebala bi ukljuiti mjerenja ekolokih parametara koji bi objasnili ovu razliku meu lokalitetima. Species determination, population structure, length/weight relationship, and reproduction characteristics of mosquitofish (Gambusia sp.) at the iovo and Hrvace locations In the first part of the 20th century, a freshwater fish Gambusia sp. was introduced to coastal freshwater habitats in Croatia with the purpose of controlling mosquitoes that carry malaria. Species belonging to Gambusia genus are highly adaptive, sexually dimorphic, have internal fertilization, bear live young, and have a relatively short life span. Therefore they are very interesting for biological research. We used microscopic observation of the gonopodium structure (male reproductive organ) and meristic characteristics for species determination and have shown that species present at iovo and Hrvace locations is Gambusia holbrooki. Over a 2.5 year period, we studied population structure, length/weight relationship, and reproduction characteristics of G. holbrooki. Results of the study have shown seasonal variation in population structure, number of gravid females, and a number of offspring per brood (fecundity). Relationship was found between total length and weight, and also between total length of the female and a number of offspring. Two study locations differed to some degree in terms of G. holbrooki characteristics. Future studies should include measurements of ecological parameters to account for the differences between locations. Nataa Kardum1, Neda Mauran2, Draena Pape1 1Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2INA-Industrija nafte, Naftaplin, Sluba laboratorijskih istraivanja, Lovinievabb,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Prilagodbe pua Planorbarius corneus L. na otopine kalcij-klorida i kalcij-bromida U laboratoriju INA-Naftaplina provedena su opsena istraivanja "oteanih voda" koje se koriste u naftnoj industriji kao koncentrirane otopine CaCl2 (481.3 gdm-3), CaBr2 (1065.9 gdm-3) te smjesa ovih otopina u omjeru 1 : 1. U ovom radu, promatrano je djelovanje spomenutih otopina na razmnoavanje i smrtnost druge generacije pueva Planorbarius corneus L. izleenih i odraslih u navedenim otopinama. Nastojalo se utvrditi da li stalna prisutnost razliitih koncentracija ovih soli u vodi poveava prag tolerancije na istraivane kemikalije ili je njihovo negativno djelovanje moda izraenije u drugoj generaciji. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na mogunost adaptacije populacije izloene stalnom prisustvu razrijeenih oteanih voda u mediju stajae vode. Naime u viim koncentracijama istraivanih kemikalija (CaCl2 1%, CaBr2 0.5% i smjesa CaCl2 / CaBr2 1 : 1 0.5%), razlike u produkciji mrijestova i smrtnosti izmeu prve i druge generacije pueva bile su znaajno izraene (P<0.05). Adaptation of snail Planorbarius corneus L. on calcium-chloride and calcium-bromide solutions In INA-Naftaplin laboratory, the extensive investigations on "heavy brines", which are used in oil industry as concentrated solutions of CaCl2 (481.3 gdm-3), CaBr2 (1065.9 gdm-3) and their 1 : 1 mixture, have been carried out. In this study, the effect of several concentrations of heavy brines' water solutions to the fecundity and mortality of the second generation of fresh-water snail Planorbarius corneus L., hatched and raised in the same concentrations, was observed. The attempt was made to establish whether the permanent presence of various heavy brines' concentrations in stagnant water increases the toleration threshold to the chemicals, or their adverse effect in the second generation is stronger. The results suggest, that there is a possibility of adaptation of the population of snails permanently exposed to the diluted heavy brines in stagnant water, since in higher concentrations of tested chemicals (CaCl2 1%, CaBr2 0.5% and the mixture CaCl2/CaBr2 1 : 1 0.5%) the differences in egg-masses production and in mortality rates between the first and the second generation of snails were significantly expressed (P<0.05). Gorazd Kosi1, Ciril Krunik1, Bojan Sedmak1,2 1Institut za biologiju Ljubljana, Vena pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija 2Zavod za biologiju, Biotehnikog fakulteta, Vena pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija Fitoplanktonske zajednice i eutrofikacija u slatkovodnim biotopima Republike Slovenije Tijekom ljeta 1996. prouavali smo strukturu fitoplanktonskih zajednica u 73 vodena tijela irom Slovenije. Rezultati semikvantitativne analize tih zajednica obraeni su klasterskom analizom pomou DABA kompjuterskog programa, koji smo razvili u naem laboratoriju. Znakovite razlike otkrivene su unutar visokoplaninskih, srednjeplaninskih i nizinskih slatkovodnih voda stajaica. Klasterska analiza ukazuje na pet glavnih fitoplanktonskih zajednica. Za oligotrofne vode karakteristine su hrizofitske vrste (npr. Dinobryon), mijeane zajednice dinoflagelata i hrizofita, te zajednice dinoflagelata (Peridinium, Ceratium), dok u eutrofinim jezerima prevladavaju cijanofiti ili zajednice euglenofita i klorofita. Kako bismo ustanovili trofino stanje ispitanih voda, mjerili smo koliinu klorofila a. U nizinskim poljoprivrednim regijama te u gradskim podrujima eutrofikacija vode je bila via, a prevladavali su cijanofiti. Phytoplankton communities and eutrophication of Slovenianfreshwaterbiotopes Phytoplankton communities from 73 Slovenian fresh water bitopes were studied in the summer of 1996. Their semi quantitative analysis were clustered with the DABA computer program developed in our laboratory. Basic differences among high mountain, middle and lowland water bodies were determined. Cluster analysis identified five main groups of phytoplankton communities. Oligotrophic water bodies were characterised by chrysophyte (e.g., Dinobryon), mixed chrysophyte-dinoflagellate, and dinoflagellate type of communities (Peridinium, Ceratium). More eutrophic waters were characterized by cyanophyte or chlorophyte - euglenophyte communities. In order to determine the trophic status of water bodies, chlorophyll a content was measured. In lowland agriculture regions and in urban areas water eutrophication was highest with the prevalence of cyanophyte. Traje Talevski Hidrobioloki zavod, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Analiza dimenzija spolnih lijezda kod moraneca Pachychilon pictum (Heck. & Kner) iz Ohridskog jezera Moranec, Pachychilon pictum (Heck.& Kner), predstavlja endeminu i reliktnu vrstu iz Ohridskog jezera, rijeke Crn Drim i Skadarskog jezera. U razdoblju od rujna 1990. do prosinca 1991. godine prikupljeno je i analizirano standardnim ihtiolokkim metodama ukupno 754 jedinki moraneca. Mjereni su duina i teina tijela i spolnih lijezda (lijeve i desne gonade) kod mukih i enskih jedinki. Duina desne gonade je skoro uvijek i kod mukih i kod enskih jedinki vea u odnosu na lijevu gonadu i to kod mukih jedinki do 7.98%, a kod enskih jedinki 16.5%. Najvee razlike u duini su utvrene u razdoblju intenzivnog mrijesta. Prosjeno najvea duina gonada je utvrena u razdoblju mrijesta i to u lipnju i srpnju kada je i gonadosomatski odnos najvei. Korelativni odnos duine lijeve i desne gonade kod mukih jedinki je 0.983, a kod enskih 0.992. Razlike u teinama gonada su uglavnom male ali je ipak, skoro uvijek, teina desne gonade i kod mukih i kod enskih jedinki je vea u odnosu na lijevu gonadu. Korelativni odnos izmeu gonadosomatskog odnosa kod mukih jedinki i duine lijeve gonade je 0.474, a izmeu gonadosomatskog odnosa i duine desne gonade je 0.5. Korelativni odnos izmeu gonadosomatskog odnosa kod enskih jedinki i duine lijeve gonade je 0.836, a izmeu gonadosomatskog odnosa i duine desne gonade je 0.799. Korelativni odnos izmeu duine tijela i duina mukih i enskih gonada u razlinim razdobljima godine je razliit. Najmanje vrijednosti su utvrene u zimskom razdoblju (0.2 - 0.4), dok je za vrijeme intenzivnog mrijesta ovaj odnos dosta velik i kree se od 0.9 u lipnju do 0.94 u srpnju. Analiza korelativnog odnosa izmeu duine tijela i duina mukih i enskih gonada kod jedinki s razliitom starou pokazuje da je u prvim godinama ivota, kao i u kasnijim godinama, ovaj odnos mali (kod enskih jedinki i negativni u drugoj+ i osmoj+ godini, a kod mukih o estoj+ godini), te da se do odreene starosti poveava. Dimension analysis of the gonads of moranec Pachychilon pictum (Heck.& Kner) from lake Ohrid The moranec, Pachychilon pictum (Heck. & Kner), represents endemic and relict species from Lake Ohrid, the River Crni Drim and Lake Skadar. In the period September 1990 till December 1991 was collected and analyzed with standard ichtyological methods 754 individuals of this species. The body and gonads (separately left and right) weight and length were measured in the individuals from both sexes. The length of the right gonad is almost always bigger in relation to the left one, as at the male as well at the female individuals; for the males up to 7.98% and up to 16.5% for the females. The biggest differences in this values were registered in the intensive spawning period. The mean longest length of the gonads was registered also in the spawning period, particularly in June and July, when also the gonad-somatic relation is the highest. The correlation between the left and right gonad's length at the males was 0.983 and in the females 0.992. The gonad's weight differences are mostly small, but anyway, almost always, the weight of the right one in the individuals from both sexes, is larger in relation to the left gonad. The correlation between gonad-somatic relation and the length of the left gonad at the male individuals is 0.474, and in relation to the length of the right one is0.5. This values among the female individuals are 0.836 and 0.799 respectively. The correlation between the body length and the length of the male and female gonads varies with the period of the year. Lowest values were registered in winter period (0.2-0.4), while during intensive spawning this relation is relatively high in the ranges of 0.9 in June till 0.94 in July. The analysis of the correlation between body length and the length of male and female gonads among individuals of different age shows that in the first years of life as well as in late years, this relation is small (among the females even negative in the 2+ and 8+, and for the males in 6+ year), and till some age it is increasing. Maria poljar, Biserka Primc-Habdija, Ivan Habdija Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Ekoloka uvjetovanost razvoja populacije vrste Synchaeta tremula (Rotatoria) u jezeru Visovac Cilj ovih istraivanja bio je utvrditi sezonsku dinamiku populacije rotatorija Synchaeta tremula na vertikalnom profilu u jezeru Visovac, zavisno od kompeticijskih odnosa za hranu u zooplankotnskoj zajednici i vremenskoj fluktuaciji izvora raspoloive hrane. U zooplanktonu jezera Visovac rotatorij Synchaeta tremula je najzastupljeniji predstavnik faune rotatorija. Njezin udjel u ukupnoj brojnosti rotatorija sezonski varira od 1 % do 94%. Populacijski razvoj poinje poetkom ljeta, a maksimalnu brojnost postie u epilimnionu do dubine od 10 m u listopadu. Priguivanje populacijskog razvoja vrste Synchaeta tremula u ljetnom razdoblju uvjetovana je kompeticijskim pritiskom za hranu kompetivinijih vrsta kladocera, kopepoda i rotatorija Gastropus stilifer. S druge strane postizanje populacijskog maksimuma u jesenskom razdoblju poklapa se sa slabljenjem kompeticijskog pritiska i jesenskim poveanjem biomase fitoplankotna kao izvora raspoloive hrane. Limitirajui imbenik za razvoj populacije rotatorija Synchaeta tremula u dubljim slojevima je pojava hipoksije u metalimnionu i hipolimnonu jezera. Ecological conditions of population development of species Synchaeta tremula (rotifer) in the Visovac lake The aim of this study research was to establish the seasonal population dynamics of the rotifer species Synchaeta tremula on a vertical profile in the lake Visovac, depending on the food competition in the zooplankton community and on seasonal fluctuations of available food resources. In the zooplankton of the Visovac Lake rotifer Synchaeta tremula was the most dominant representative of the rotifer fauna. Its percentage share varied 1% to 94 % of the total rotifera abundance. The population development started at beginning of summer and the maximum population density was achieved in epilimnion up to a depth of 10 m in October. Silencing of the population development of S. tremula in the summer period was caused by the food competition pressure of more competitive species cladocerans, copepods and the rotifer Gastropus stilifer. On the other hand the population maximum achieved in autumn was in accordance with a drop in the competition pressure and an autumn increase in phytoplankton biomass as an available food resource. We presume that the occurrence of hypoxia in metalimnion and hypolimnion can be a limited factor for to population development of rotifer Syncheata tremula in deeper layers, too. Maria poljar, Biserka Primc-Habdija Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Rotatoria u zooplanktonskoj zajednici jezera Visovac Tijekom 1995/96. godine istraivane su sezonske promjene u vertikalnoj distribuciji faune rotatorija u jezeru Visovac. Na istraivanom vertikalnom profilu brojnost vrsta rotatorija i gustoa njihovih populacija varira sezonski i prostorno. Od ukupno naene 43 vrste, najvei broj vrsta javlja se u zimskom razdoblju (21), a najmanji broj u ljetnim mjesecima (12). Tijekom itave godine prisutne su bile vrste: Asplanchna priodonta, Gastropus stylifer, Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra vulgaris, Synchaeta tremula i Trichocerca birostris. Uzimajui u obzir brojnost po jedinici povrine na itavom vertikalnom profilu od povrine do dna fauna rotatorija dostie najveu gustou populacija u ljetnom razdoblju (12, 3 x 106 jedinki/m2). Minimum gustoe populacija javlja se zimskim mjesecima (0,017 x 106 jedinki/m2). Sezonske promjene na vertikalnom profilu obiljeavaju tri vrste rotatorija, Gastropus stylifer, Synchaeta tremula i Trichocerca birostris, koje se sukcesivno smjenjuju u dominaciji u jezeru Visovac. U proljetnom razdoblju u epilimniju dominira vrsta S. tremula i G.stylifer, a u hipolimniju T. birostris. Poetkom ljeta T. birostris dominira na itavom vertikalnom profilu od povrine do dna. Krajem ljeta u epilimniju vrstu T. birostris potiskuju u brojnosti S. tremula i G. stylifer. Poetkom jeseni dolazi do stagnacije populacije T. birostris, a S. tremula ima svoj maksimum u epilimnijskom sloju. Krajem jeseni i poetkom zime dolazi do sve vee stagnacije faune rotatorija, a u maloj brojnosti tijekom cijele zime prisutne su vrste: G. stylifer, S. tremula i T. birostris. Rotifers in the zooplankton community of Visovac lake During the 1995/96 years seasonal fluctuation and the vertical distribution of the rotifers fauna were investigated in the Visovac lake. The number of species and density of their populations varied on the investigated vertical profile, seasonally and spatially . From a total of 43 determined species, the largest number of species was found in the winter period (21), while the smallest number in the summer months (12). The whole year round the following species were present: Asplanchna priodonta, Gastropus stylifer, Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra vulgaris, Synchaeta tremula and Trichocerca birostris. Taking into consideration the rotifer abundance per area on the whole vertical profile from the surface to the bottom, the greatest population density rotifers (12.3 x106 individuals/m2) achieved in the summer period. The minimum populations density was observed in the winter months (0.017 x 106 individuals/m2). Seasonal fluctuations on the vertical profile are characterized by three rotifers: Gastropus stylifer, Synchaeta tremula and Trichocerca birostris, which were exchanged in their domination in the lake Visovac successively. S. tremula and G. stylifer were dominant in the spring period in epilimnion, while T. birostris dominated in hypolimnion. At the beginning of summer T. birostris was dominated on the whole vertical profile from the surface to the bottom. At the end of summer T. birostris is repressed in its dominance by S. tremula and G. stylifer. At the beginning of autumn the population abundance T. birostris stagnated, while S. tremula reached its peak in the epilimnion layer. At the end of autumn and beginning of winter the rotifer fauna has been stagnated more and more, and during the whole winter period it was presented by poor populations of G. stylifer, S. tremula and T. birostris. Maria poljar, Ivan Habdija, Biserka Primc-Habdija Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Trofika uloga rotatorija u planktonu jezera Visovac Razmatranje poloaja faune rotatorija u funkcionalnom ustroju zooplanktona temelji se na analizi sezonskih promjena u njegovoj trofikoj strukturi. U planktonu ovog jezera prevladavaju makrofiltratori (>64%), brojnou vrsta i gustoom svojih populacija. Fukcionalna hranidbena kategorija mikrofiltratorskih rotatorija zastupljena je s manjom brojnou. Iz tog proizlazi da fauna rotatorija u zooplanktonu jezera ima znaajniju ulogu u utilizaciji krupnijih frakcija fitoplanktona (mreni fitoplankoton >50 (m, nego u konzumaciji organskog detritusa, bakterija i nanofitoplanktona, koju obnaaju drugi lanovi zooplanktonske zajednice. Brojnou svojih populacija u skupini rotatorijskih makrofiltratora dominiraju vrste Gastropus stylifer, Synchaeta tremula i Trichocerca birostris. U vremenskom slijedu one se smjenjuju u dominaciji na vertikalnom profilu. Nakon kasnoproljetnog maksimuma razvoja fitoplanktona u epilimniju u ljetnim mjesecima dominiraju fitofagne vrste G. stylifer i S. tremula, a vrsta T. birostris prevladava u hipolimniju. Za razliku od ljetnog razdoblja, nakon jesenskog maksimuma razvoja fitoplanktona u epilimniju se masovno razvija konzument mrenog fitoplanktona S. tremula. Krajem jeseni i poetkom zime sa stagnacijom razvoja fitoplanktona, dolazi i do sve vee stagnacije razvoja makrofiltratorskih rotatorija. Poveanje koliine detritusa i broja aerobnih bakterija krajem jeseni uzrokuju razvoj populacija mikrofilitratora. U toj funkcionalnoj hranidbenoj skupini vrsta Keratella cochlearis dominira u epilimniju. Zakljuno se moe rei da trofika uloga faune rotatorija varira vremenski i prostorno u funkcionalnom ustroju zooplankotona jezera Visovac. Trofic role of rotifers in plankton community of the Visovac lake The study on the position of the rotifer fauna in the functional feeding organization of zooplankton in the Visovac Lake was based on the on the seasonal fluctuation of rotifer fauna and its trophic structure. In the zooplankton of this lake macrofiltrators were the most dominant rotifers (>64%), considering its species diversity and populations density. Microfiltrator rotifers was less present. It can be, therefore, concluded that the rotifer fauna in the lake zooplankton has a more significant role in the utilization of larger phytoplankton fractions (net phytoplankton >50 (m) than in the consummation of organic detritus, bacteria and nanophytoplanktons. Analysing the seasonal fluctuations of rotifer microfiltrators and macrofiltrators it can be concluded that the trophic role of rotifer fauna varied in the zooplankton of the Visovac Lake seasonaly and spatially. Species Gastropus stylifer, Synchaeta tremula and Tricocerea birostris were the most dominant macrofiltrator rotifers. After a late-spring development phytoplankton maximum in epilimnion, in the summer months phytophagous species G. stylifer and S. tremula dominated in epilimnion and species T. birostris in hypolimnion. Unlike the summer period, after the autumn phytoplankton maximum net phytoplankton consumer S. tremula developed a reach population in epilimion layer enormously. At the end of autumn and the beginning of winter phytoplankton stagnation caused the stagnation of macrofiltrator rotifer. In the same period we observed a development microfiltrator populations. The dominantat rotifer was Karatella cochlearis. We found that in epilimnion layer the considerable developed of microfiltrators was caused by increase on concentration of bacteria-detritus suspension. Radovan Erben1, Renata Peternel2, G(ran Klobuar1, Jasna Lajtner1, Ivana Maguire1 1Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Dom zdravlja INA, Kumiieva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Fauna Rotatoria u hidroakumulaciji Modrac U hidroakumulaciji Modrac pored Tuzle obavljena su opsena bioloko-ekoloka istraivanja od 1988. do 1991., vezana za pojavu koljkaa Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas, i probleme koja ova vrsta uzrokuje u sustavima za vodoopskrbu grada. U ovom radu su obuhvaeni predstavnici skupine Rotatoria (kolnjaka), kao najbrojnije skupine unutar zajednice zooplanktona u korelaciji s fizikalno-kemijskim osobinama hidroakumulacije. Uzorci su skupljani standardnim metodama na pet vertikalnih profila do najvee dubine od 14 metara, sezonski i mjeseno. Rezultati istraivanja pokazuju da je ukupni broj faune Rotatoria daleko manji od vrijednosti znaajnih za mezotrofna jezera polimiktikog tipa kakvo je i akumulacijsko jezero Modrac. Razloge za tako malu abundanciju treba traiti u poveanom broju predatorske skupine planktonskih raia Copepoda, zatim kompeticijom za hranu s liinkom koljkaa Dreissena polymorpha i predatorskom vrstom Asplanchna priodonta Gosse, takoer iz skupine kolnjaka. Uprkos tome, uzimajui u obzir zastupljenost indikatorskih vrsta, frekvenciju njihovih pojavljivanja, te odnose abundancije trofikih kategorija i ekolokih parametara, akumulacijsko jezero Modrac pripada mezotrofnom tipu jezera s tendencijom prema eutrofnom stupnju. Rotifers fauna of dam reservoir Modrac Bioecological research on the dam reservoir near Tuzla was done between 1988-1991, in connection with mollusc Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas and the problems that species cause in water supply of the town of Tuzla. This work was carried on Rotifers, the most abundant group of zooplankton, and their correlation with physico-chemical characteristic of the dam reservoir. Samples were collected by the standard methods: 5 vertical profiles till the maximal depth of 14 meters, in each season and monthly. Dam reservoir Modrac is the mesotrophic lake of polymictic type, but the results of our research show that the number of Rotifers is fare less than expected values, specific for mesotrophic lakes of polymictic type. The reason for the small Rotifers abundance should be search in the bigger number of predator species of plankton crabs Copepoda and Asplanchna priodonta from Rotifers, and the competition for the food with the larvae of mollusc Dreissena polymorpha. In spite of that, taking in account presence of indicator species, frequency of their appearance and the relations of abundance of trophic degree and ecological parameters, dam reservoir Modrac belongs to the mesotrophic type of lakes with the tendency toward eutrophic degree. Marina Talevska Hidrobioloki zavod, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Sadraj nekih tekih metala u pojasu trske (Phragmites communis Trin.) iz Ohridskog jezera Trska, kao emergentna vrsta ima sposobnost selektivne apsorpcije razliitih kemijskih elemenata iz okolia (tlo, voda, zrak). Cilj ovog rada je odreivanje sadraja nekih tekih metala (Zn, Cu i Pb) u dijelovima Phragmites communis Trin. (korijen, stabljika, listi i cvat). Materijali su sakupljani standardnim limnolokim metodama. Vrijednosti su oitavane na atomskom apsorpcijskom spektrofotometru. Dobivene vrijednosti su izraeni u kg.ha-1 pojasa trske, a za cijeli pojas su izraene u tonama. Rezultati istraivanja pokazuju da postoje razlike u sadraju tekih metala izmeu pojedinih dijelova trske, pri emu su najvee vrijednosti istraivanih tekih metala zabiljeene u korijenju, a najmanje u cvatovima. Sadraj Zn u pojedinim dijelovima trske varirao je od 0.05 kg.ha-1 u cvatovima, 0.36 kg.ha-1 u lia, 0.84 kg.ha-1 u stabljikama do 0.85 kg.ha-1 u korijenju. Sadraj Cu u pojedinim dijelovima trske varirao je od 0.005 kg.ha-1 u cvatovima, 0.03 kg.ha-1 u liu, 0.13 kg.ha-1 u stabljikama do 0.34 kg.ha-1 u korijenju. Sadraj Pb u pojedinim dijelovima trske varirao je od 0.01 kg.ha-1 u cvatovima, 0.04 kg.ha-1 u liu, 0.13 kg.ha-1 u stabljikama do 0.32 kg.ha-1 u korijenju. U pojasu trske du obale Ohridskog jezera u Republici Makedoniji (74.35 ha) nalazi se 0.16 tona Zn (0.06 t u korijenju, 0.06 t u stabljikama, 0.027 t u liu i 0.004 t u cvastovima), 0.038 tona Cu (0.023 t u korijenju, 0.0095 t u stabljikama, 0.0024 t u liu i 0.0004 t u cvastovima) i 0.037 tona Pb (0.024 t u korijenju, 0.0095 t u stabljikama, 0.003 t u liu i 0.0007 t u cvatovima). Istraivanja tekih metala koji se nalaze u pojedinim dijelovima trske pokazuju da trska ima znaajnu ulogu u kruenju ovih elemenata u Ohridskom jezeru. The content of some heavy metals in the reed belt (Phragmites communis Trin.) from the lake Ohrid The reed as en emergent species has a capability of selective absorption of different chemical elements from the surrounding (soil, water, air). The aim of this work is the determination of the content of some heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Pb) in the organs of the reed Phragmites communis Trin. (rhizomes, stems, leaves and inflorescence). The material were collected by standard lymnological methods. The values were red by atomic absorption spectrometry. The estimated values are expressed in kg.ha-1 of the reed belt area, and for the whole belt it is expressed in tons. The results from the investigations are showing differences in the content of some heavy metals among different reed organs, where the highest values are found in the rhizomes and lowest in the inflorescence. The content of Zn in particular organs varies from 0.05 kg.ha-1 in the inflorescence, 0.36 kg.ha-1 in the leaves, 0.84 kg.ha-1 in the steams and up to 0.85 kg.ha-1 in the rhizomes. The content of Cu in particular organs varies from 0.005 kg.ha-1 in the inflorescence, 0.03 kg.ha-1 in the leaves, 0.13 kg.ha-1 in the steams and up to 0.34 kg.ha-1 in the rhizomes. The content of Pb in particular organs varies from 0.01 kg.ha-1 in the inflorescence, 0.04 kg.ha-1 in the leaves, 0.13 kg.ha-1 in the steams and up to 0.32 kg.ha-1 in the rhizomes. The estimation for above mentioned parameters for the reed belt along the shore of R. of Macedonia (74.35 ha) showed a content of 0.16 tons of Zn (0.06 t in the rhizomes, 0.06 t in the steams, 0.027 t in the leaves and 0.004 t in the inflorescence), 0.038 tons of Cu (0.023 t in the rhizomes, 0.0095 t in the steams, 0.0024 t in the leaves and 0.0004 t in the inflorescence) and 0.037 t of Pb (0.024 t in the rhizomes, 0.0095 t in the steams, 0.003 t in the leaves and 0.00007 t in the inflorescence) The investigations of heavy metals contented in the reed organs, indicate that the reed had a significance role in the cycling of this elements in Lake Ohrid. Zdravko R. Krstanovski Hidrobioloki zavod, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Dendrocoelum sapkarevi, nova vrsta Tricladida Paludicola Ohridskogjezera Trikladna fauna u Ohridskom jezeru zastupljena je s 3 porodice (Dugesiidae, Planariidae i Dendrocoelidae), odnosno jednom potporodicom (Dendrocoelinae) i 6 rodova (Digesia, Planaria, Phagocata, Crenobia, Polycelis i Dendrocoelum). Rod Dendrocoelum u Ohridskom jezeru zastupljen je sa 20 vrsta od kojih je 19 endeminih, tj. stvaraju homogenu evolutivnu seriju mnogih srodnih vrsta koje su nastale u procesu intralakustrine specijacije koja je evidentana u jezeru. Meutim, sve do 1984., rod Dendrocoelum brojio je 16 endeninih vrsta. U spomenutoj godini spisak ohridskih dendrocelida obogaen je sa jo tri nove vrste: Dendrocoelum tockoi, D. sapkarevi i D. porfirevi. Vrsta D. sapkarevi u stvari je evidentirana u 1984., kao sp.no.2., i dalja istraivanja potvrdila su da se stvarno radi o novoj vrsti. Rije je o jednom nepigmentiranom organizmu s relativno malim dimenzijama koje su 10 mm u duini i 2 mm u irini. Specifino morfoloko obiljeje ove vrste je u obliku glave. Prednji rub glave ima pri kretanju zaobljen oblik. Adhezivni organ je prisutan u subterminalnom djelu glave i kod kretanja organizma jasno je uoljiv. Prema grai pharinxa ova vrsta je dendrocelid. Drugim rijeima, unutranji miini sloj cilindrinog pharinxa izgraen je od isprepletenih krunih i uzdunih vlakana. Osnovno taksonomsko obiljeje nove vrste je u krupnom miiavom bulbusu penisa i dugoj masivnoj papili. U penisovom bulbusu smjeten je sjemeni mjehur u koji se odvojeno i lateralno ulijevaju sjemenovodi. Adenodaktil je identian kao u vrste D. lacteum. Lei desno od penisa i smjeten je prema stranjem kraju tijela. Sjemenoprijemnik je relativno velik i obloen visokim epitelom. Njegov kanal otvara se s lene strane u spolno predvorje. Jajovodi se preko relativno dugakog kanala ulijevaju se u stranji dio mukog spolnog otvora. Dendrocoelum sapkarevi a new species of Tricladida Paludicola in Lake Ohrid The Tricladid fauna in Lake Ohrid is represented with three families (Dugesidae, Planariidae and Dendrocoelide), e.g. one subfamily (Dendrocoelinae), six genera (Dugesia, Planaria, Phagocata, Crenobia, Polycelis and Dendrocoelum). The genus Dendrocoelum in Lake Ohrid is represented with 20 species from which 19 are endemic and in fact, they form a homogenous evolutional series of very close relation species formed by the process of intralacustrine speciation which is evident in the lake itself. But, until the year of 1994 from the genera of Dendrocoelum 16 species were known. In the mentioned year, the list of Lake Ohrid dendrocoelides was enriched with three new species: Dendrocoelum tockoi, D. sapkarevi and D. porfirevi. The species D. sapkarevi, in fact, was evidenced even in 1984 as Sp.no.2, and the further investigations confirmed that is really representing a new species. It is a non pigmented organism with relatively small dimensions from 8 to 10 mm length and 2 mm width. A specific morphological characteristic of this species is the head shape. Namely, the frontal head edge, while organism is in motion, has almost ideal rounded shape. The adhesive organ is present at the subterminal part of the head and while in motion it can be clearly notified. According to the pharynx it is dendrocoelid. In other words, the interior muscle layer of the cylindrical pharynx is formed from mingled circle and longitudinal muscle papillas. The primarily taxonomic characteristic of this species is the evidently large muscle bulbus penis and the long massive papilla. In the bulbus penis is located the semen blade, in which separately and laterally are connected the seminal channels. The adenodactylus is from the type of D. lacteum. It lays right from the penis and it is displaced towards the back part of the body. The seminal receptor is relatively huge and covered with high epithelia. It's channel is opening on the dorsal side in the common atrium. The oviducts, through a relatively long joint channel are connected in the end part of the male atrium. Radovan Erben1, Renata Peternel2, G(ran Klobuar1, Jasna Lajtner1, Ivana Maguire1 1Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Dom zdravlja INA, Kumiieva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Fauna Cladocera i Copepoda u hidroakumulaciji Modrac Kompleksna istraivanja hidroakumulacije Modrac vezana za pojavu koljkaa Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, kao i potrebe za vodoopskrbom Tuzle, obuhvatila su analizu planktonskih zajednica, bentosa i fizikalno-kemijske parametre. Uzorci su skupljani standardnim metodama na pet vertikalnih profila do najvee dubine od 14 metara, sezonski i mjeseno. Zbog velikog opsega istraivanja i dobivenih rezultata ovdje prikazujemo zastupljenost planktonskih raia Cladocera (raljoticalaca) i Copepoda (veslonoaca). U sezonskoj fluktuaciji ukupnog broja faune Cladocera ustanovljene su velike oscilacije, a utvrene su i razlike u prostornom rasporedu. Stalno prisutna vrsta Daphnia hyalina Sars indikator je mezotrofnog stupnja trofije, a njezina najvea abundancija je u proljetnom razdoblju, dok je zastupljenost eutrofnih vrsta vrlo mala. Razloge za tako malu abundanciju faune Cladocera treba traiti u kompeticiji za hranu s liinkom koljkaa Dreissena polymorpha i njihovim predatorima meu zooplanktonofagnim vrstama riba. Oscilacije ukupnog broja Copepoda jo su vie izraene. Najbolji razvitak skupina ima u ljetnom razdoblju to moe biti u vezi s dostupnou odgovarajue hrane (najvjerojatnije faune Rotatoria), a mogue i liinkama koljkaa. Utvrena struktura zajednice zooplanktona, ukljuujui i planktonske raie, u kojoj ne dominira niti jedna trofika skupina, ukazuje da akumulacija Modrac pripada mezotrofnom tipu s postepenim poveanjem prema eutrofnom stupnju. Fauna of Cladocera and Copepoda in the dam reservoir Modrac Research of the dam reservoir Modrac connected with appearance of mollusk Dreissena polymorpha, Pallas, as well as need for water supply of Tuzla, included analyses of plankton community, benthos and physico-chemical parameters. Samples were collected by the standard methods on 5 vertical profiles till the depth of 14 meters, every season and month. In this study we will show presence of plankton crabs Cladocera and Copepoda. In season fluctuation total number of Cladocera we found great oscillations, and also differences in spatial distribution. Always present species Daphnia hyalina is indicator of mesotrophic degree of trophication, and it appears with the highest abundance is in springtime. The presence of eutrophic species is small. The reason for small abundance of Cladocera should be searched in the food competition with larva of mollusk Dreissena polymorpha and their predators -zooplanctonophage species of fishes. Oscillation of the total number of Copepoda are even more expressed. The best development of the group is in the summer period, that is, probably, connected with food supply (Rotifetrs and mollusk larvae). The found structure of zooplancton, without dominant trophic groups, shows that Modrac is the lake of mesotrophic type with tendency toward eutrophic degree. Traje Talevski Hidrobioloki zavod, Naum Ohridski 50, 96000 Ohrid, Makedonija Duinski rast nekih Ciprinida iz Ohridskog jezera U sastavu ihtiofaune Ohridskog jezera sudjeluje 17 autohtonih vrsta koje pripadaju porodicama Cyprinidae -12; Cobitidae - 2; Salmonidae 2 i Anguilidae 1 vrsta. I pored toga to je postotni udio Cyprinidae u ukupnoj ihtiofaune 70.58%, njihov udio u godinjim izlovima je znatno manji i kree se u granicama od 40-50%. Tijekom 1996. godine prikupljen je i analiziran standardnim ihtiolokim metodama materijal pri emu je utvren rast dva predstavnika porodice Ciprinidae iz Ohridskog jezera, i to Rutilus rubilio ohridanus (Kar.) i Barbus meridionalis petenyi (Heck). Srednja duina kod Rutilus rubilio ohridanus (Kar.) u jedinki na uzrastu 2+ iznosi 107.5 mm, u 3+ 139.6 mm, u 4+ 155.7 mm, a u 5+ 174.2 mm. Stvarni prirast u razdoblju izmeu druge i tree godine iznosi 32.1 mm, izmeu tree i etvrte godine 16.1 mm, a izmeu etvrte i pete godine 18.4 mm. Brzina rasta (Cl) razdoblju izmeu druge i tree godine iznosi 0.261, izmeu tree i etvrte godine 0.109, a izmeu etvrte i pete godine 0.112. Konstanta rasta (Clt) u razdoblju izmeu druge i tree godine iznosi 0.653, izmeu tree i etvrte godine 0.273, a izmeu etvrte i pete godine 0.28. Karakteristika rasta (K) u razdoblju izmeu druge i tree godine iznosi 28.079, izmeu tree i etvrte godine 15.242, a izmeu etvrte i pete godine 17.434. Srednja duina Barbus meridionalis petenyi (Heck) u jedinki na uzrastu 2+ iznosi 173.5 mm, u 3+ 207.4 mm i u 4+ 276.5 mm. Stvarni prirast u periodu izmeu druge i tree godine iznosi 33.9 mm, a izmeu tree i etvrte godine 69.1 mm. Brzina rasta (Cl) izmeu druge i tree godine iznosi 0.179, a izmeu tree i etvrte godine 0.287. Konstanta rasta (Clt) izmeu druge i tree godine iznosi 0.446, a izmeu tree i etvrte godine 1.006. Karakteristika rasta (K) izmeu druge i tree godine iznosi 30.978, a izmeu tree i etvrte godine 59.613. The length growth of some cyprinid fishes from lake Ohrid In the ichtyofauna of Lake Ohrid participates 17 autochtonous species belonging to four families: Cyprinidae - 12, Salmonidae - 2, Cobitidae - 2 and Anguillidae -1 species. Besides the qualitative participation of the cyprinids in the ichtyofauna is 70.58%, their participation in the annual catch is relatively lower and it varies in range of 40-50%. In 1996 was collected and analysed by standard ichtyological methods a material from which was estimated the growth of two cyprinid representatives from Lake Ohrid: Rutilus rubilio ochridanus (Kar.) and Barbus meridionalis petenyi (Heck.). The average length of Rutilus rubilio ochridanus (Kar.) at age of 2+ was 107.5 mm, at age 3+ it was 139.6 mm, at 4+ - 155.7 mm and at 5+ 174.2 mm. The absolute length growth in the period from the second and third year was 32.1 mm, between third and fourth was 16.1 mm, while between fourth and fifth year was 18.4 mm. The length growth rate (C1) in the period from the second and third year was 0.261, between third and fourth was 0.109, and between fourth and fifth year was 0.112. The growth constant (C1t) in the period from the second and third year was 0.653, between third and fourth was 0.273, and between fourth and fifth year was 0.280. Growth characteristic in the period from the second and third year was 28.079 between third and fourth was 15.242, and between fourth and fifth year was 17.434. The average length of Barbus meridionalis petenyi (Heck) at age of 2+ was 173.5 mm, at age 3+ it was 207.4 mm, at 4+ - 276.5 mm. The absolute length growth in the period from the second and third year was 33.9 mm, between third and fourth was 69.1 mm. The length growth rate (C1) in the period from the second and third year was 0.179, between third and fourth was 0.287 The growth constant (C1t) in the period from the second and third year was 0.446, between third and fourth was 1.006. Growth characteristic in the period from the second and third year was 30.978, between third and fourth was 59.613. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Ivo Kai Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite I. Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Akademik Prof. dr. Tonko oljan - pretea suvremene ribarstveno-biologijske znanosti na Jadranu (uz 90. obljetnicu roenja) Ove 1997. godine navrava se 90. obljetnica roenja akademika prof. dr. Tonka oljana, eminentnog hrvatskog i svjetskog ihtiologa, ribarstvenog biologa i ekologa, vrsnog organizatora znanstvenog rada, te primjernog pedagoga. Akademik oljan roen je 18. travnja 1907. u Hvaru, a tragino preminuo u Sarajevu 18. veljae 1980. Akademik oljan uvidio je veoma rano, kako se u svijetu, od ope biologije poinje odvajati biologija primijenjena na morsko ribarstvo i kao grana pod imenom ribarstvena biologija koja posebnim metodama i programima poinje istraivati problematiku, koju rjeava sa konanim ciljem, biti od koristi ribarstvu, njegovom unapreenju, racionalizaciji i zatiti od prelova. Viziju razvitka i unapreenja morskog ribarstva i ribarstvene biologije u nas prikazao je i saeo u radu, to ga je daleke 1935. godine iznio na Ribarskoj konferenciji na Zagrebakom zboru. Istu je desetak godina poslije (1948) pretvorio u velebno djelo, daleko poznatu ribarstveno-biologijsku ekspediciju Hvar, krupni znanstveno-istraivaki pothvat, jedini takve vrste i veliine u povijesti oceanolokih istraivanja Jadrana do danas. Dr. oljan objavio je oko 150 znanstvenih, znanstveno-strunih i strunih radova. Posebno se istie monografija RIBE JADRANA (etiri izdanja: hrvatsko, Split 1948; englesko, Washington 1963; talijansko, Milano 1975; te hrvatski pretisak, Zagreb 1995). Pripomenuo bih samo, da je akademik oljan ve kao student objavljivao znanstvene radove u stranim znanstvenim asopisima. Pisao je tako o kvantitativnom izuavanju faune morskog dna i meuovisnosti organizama; zatim o Hrvatima kao pionirima suvremenog ribarstva na Jadranskom i Sredozemnom moru; zalagao se, da riba nosi hrvatska imena. Posebno se zalagao za izuavanje dinamike ribljih populacija zbog praenja optimuma intenziteta ribolova. Akademik Dr. oljan bio je vrsni predava i pedagog (srednje kole u Splitu, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet u Sarajevu) i po tome ga jo pamte njegovi tadanji aci i studenti. Bio je lan mnogih meunarodnih organizacija. Znao je okupiti suradnike kroz znanstveno-istraivake programe, usmjeravao ih, pomagao njihovo izdizanje, prenosei pri tome na njih svoj bezgranini entuzijazam i ljubav prema znanstveno-istraivakom radu. Bio je veliki poznavalac mora, u svoj njegovoj kompleksnosti. Posebno je doprinio proirenju naeg znanja o Jadranskom moru i unapreenju iskoritavanja ivog bogatstva mora. Bio je jaka i neovisna osoba, irokih vidika, velikog ugleda koji nije ni do danas izgubio na sjaju. Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo dostojno e mu se oduiti slijedee, 1998. godine organiziranjem Znanstvenog Savjeta prigodom 50. obljetnice poetka ekspedicije Hvar idejno i stvarno voene akademikom Tonkom oljanom. Prof. Dr. Tonko oljan - the predecessor of modern fishery - biology science in the Adriatic (ontheoccasionofthe90thanniversaryofhisbirth) This year (1997) is the year of the 90th anniversary of the birth of Prof. Dr. Tonko oljan, highly esteemed Croatian and world ichthyologist, fishery biologist and ecologist, an excellent organizer of scientific work and devoted pedagogue. This man, the academician (member of the Academy of Science) was born in Hvar on April 18th 1907 and died tragically in Sarajevo on February 18th 1980. Dr. oljan became aware very early that, in the world, the biology applied to marine fisheries separated from the general biology. This new branch, under the name fisheries biology, used special methods and programs in studying the marine fisheries problems, solving them with defined aim to be useful to fisheries, its promotion, rationalization and protection from overfishing. This vision of the development and promotion of marine fisheries and fishery biology in our country, Dr. oljan gave summarized in the paper presented at Fisheries Conference in Zagreb in 1935. Later (1948) he realized his vision trough the magnificent venture, a world-known fishery biology Hvar expedition, single endeavor of that kind in the Adriatic so far. Dr. oljan published about 100 scientific - professional and some professional papers. His book of special importance Fishes of the Adriatic Sea was published in four editions: Croatian (Split, 1948), English (Washington, 1963), Italian (Milan, 1975) and Croatian reprint (Zagreb, 1995). Dr. oljan started his scientific work while he was an university student, publishing papers in home and foreign journals. He wrote about the studies of sea bottom fauna and interaction of organisms; about Croats as pioneers of modern fisheries in the Adriatic and Mediterranean; he pleaded for Croatian names of fish. His special endeavours included studies of fish population dynamics which would make possible a determination of optimum fishing intensity. Dr. oljan was an excellent teacher and pedagogue (Grammar School in Split; Natural Science College of the University of Sarajevo), a man his students will never forget. He was a member of large number of international organizations. He could choose the associates he worked with on scientific research, he helped them by explaining the aim, helped their and gave each of them at least a part of great enthusiasm and love for scientific research. He was a great connoisseur of the sea and its complexity. He added much to the broadening of the knowledge of the Adriatic Sea. He was a strong and independent personality, broad-minded for which he was highly esteemed. His bright personality still lives in the memories of those who knew this man. The Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split organizes a scientific convention in 1998. on the occasion of 50th anniversary of the Hvar expedition, the greatest deed of Dr. Tonko oljan and it will homage to this great man. Ante imunovi1, C. Piccinetti2, Ivana Grubeli1, M. Bartulovi1 1Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite I. Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska 2Laboratorij za marinu biologiju i ribarstvo, Fano, Italija Rasprostranjenje i abundancija vrste Aequipecten opercularis (L.) uJadranu Koristei bioloke podatke sakupljene tijekom 1981. - 1995. godine u okviru zajednikog ribarstveno - biolokog programa (PIPETA) istraivanja koarskih naselja kontinentalnog elfa Jadranskog mora izmeu Instituta za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u Splitu i Laboratorija za marinu biologiju i ribarstvo u Fanu, u ovom se radu iznose podaci o rasprostranjenju i godinje ulovljenim koliinama vrste Aequipecten opercularis (L.) u Jadranu. Bioloki materijal sakupljen je tijekom 1981. godine istraivakim brodom BIOS Instituta za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u Splitu na devet profila, odnosno 27 postaja u Jadranu, a tijekom 1982 - 1995. godine talijanskom komercijalnom koom PIPETA i to kako slijedi: od 1. - 6. putovanja na devet stalnih profila, odnosno 47 - 53 postaje, od 7. - 17. putovanja na deset profila, odnosno 50 postaja, 18. putovanje na 81 postaji, 19. putovanje na 104 postaje, te 20. - 21. putovanje na 83 postaje. Ne ulazei u problematiku dostupnosti vrste dubinskoj povlanoj mrei na profilima i postajama, ali poznavajui lovnu povrinu dubinske mree u jedinici vremena (jedan sat), u procjeni abundantnosti vrste Aequipecten opercularis koritena je standardna swept area metoda. Abundancija vrste po godinama dobivena je obradom 273 potega (22 putovanja) povlanom mreom u arealu njenog rasprostranjenja u sjevernom Jadranu od 8988 km2. U radu nije obuhvaeno otono i priobalno podruje istone obale sjevernog Jadrana gdje je vrsta dobro zastupljena. Iz dobivenih rezultata moe se kazati da u pojedinim godinama dolazi do eksplozije vrste, a nakon kojih slijede godine s znatno manjim koliinama vrste. Obradom podataka (1981. - 1995. godina) utvreno je da nema statistiki znaajne korelacije izmeu godina i ulova. Koeficijenti varijabilnosti i standardnih devijacija pokazuju da uestalost vrste na istraivanom podruju ima velika odstupanja, odnosno da vrsta ne pokazuje ravnomjernu (random) distribuciju ve tendenciju stvaranja veih ili manjih enklava (neravnomjerni, grupirani raspored) to je openita karakteristika distribucije koljkaa. Po naem miljenju, a prema dobivenim podacima, i pored intenzivnog koarenja kojim se uz ribu izlovljava i ovaj koljka u ovom dijelu sjevernog Jadrana, povremeno dolazi do intenzivnijeg obnavljanja naselja vrste Aequipecten opercularis. Za pretpostaviti je da se naselje ove vrste formirano uz istonu obalu sjevernog Jadrana, s veim ili manjim vremenskim razmacima, kree prema otvorenijem dijelu sjevernog Jadrana. Distribution and abundance of the species Aequipecten opercularis (L.) inthe Adriatic Sea The paper presents the data on distribution and annual catch quantities of the species Aequipecten opercularis (L.) in the Adriatic Sea on the basis of biological material collected in the 1981 - 1995 within the framework of the joint fishery - biological programme (PIPETA) of trawl settlement studies of the Adriatic continental shelf carried out by the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split and Laboratory for Marine Biology and Fisheries in Fano. Biological material was collected from nine transects or 27 stations by the research vessel BIOS of the Institute in Split in 1981. During 1982 - 1995 material was collected by the Italian commercial trawler PIPETA as follows: during 1 - 6th expeditions from nine fixed transects or 47 - 53 stations, during 7 - 17th expeditions from ten transects or 50 stations, during 18th expedition from 81 stations, during 19th expedition from 104 stations and during 20 - 21st expeditions from 83 stations. Taking no account of the accessibility of this species to bottom trawls at transects and stations, but knowing the catchability area of bottom trawl in unit time (an hour) the standard swept area method was used for the assessment of abundance of the species Aequipecten opercularis. The abundance per year was obtained by working out 273 trawl hauls (22 expeditions) in the area of its distribution in the northern Adriatic covering 8988 sq. kilometers. Sampling did not include island and coastal areas of the eastern coast of the northern Adriatic where the species is well represented. Obtained results show some years of explosion of the species quantities followed by the years of considerably smaller quantities. The interpretation of data (1981 - 1995) showed no statistically significant correlation between years and catch. The coefficient of variability and standard deviations show that frequency distribution of the species considerably deviation in the study area, that is that the species has random distribution and that it shows a tendency of forming bigger or smaller enclaves (random, grouped distribution) which is a general characteristic of shellfish species. As we see it on the basis of obtained data, in spite of intensive trawling of not only fish but also this shellfish in the northern Adriatic, this species renews its settlements more intensively from time to time. It may be assumed that the settlement of this species formed along the eastern coastal part of the northern Adriatic spreads towards the open part of the northern Adriatic at shorter or longer intervals. Jakov Duli, Miro Kraljevi, Ivan Jardas, Perica Cetini, Armin Pallaoro Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Pregled dosadanjih istraivanja starosti i rasta nekih riba u istonomJadranu Odreivanje starosti i rasta riba predstavlja jedan od glavnih analitikih modela u istraivanju dinamike ribljih populacija. U ovome radu se iznose dosada objavljeni podaci o starosti i parametrima rasta nekih riba u istonom Jadranu. Razliiti autori su starost odreivali oitavanjem ljuski, otolita i na osnovi analize duinskih uestalosti. Za procjenu rasta najee je koritena Von Bertalanffyeva jednadba. Starost i rast su dosada u istonom Jadranu odreeni za 17 ribljih vrsta to ini 14% od 120 gospodarski interesantnih, odnosno svega 0.04% od ukupnog broja (407) vrsta riba zastupljenih u Jadranu. Na osnovi prikazanih rezultata moe se zakljuiti da predstoji intenzivan rad na odreivanju starosti i rasta preostalih gospodarski interesantnih vrsta, a u svrhu boljeg poznavanja njihove biologije i racionalnog koritenja. Age and growth studies of some fish species in the eastern Adriatic (areview) Age and growth studies of fish species are one of the main analytical models to analyze the dynamics of exploited fish populations. In this study we present published data until now on age and growth parameters of some fish species in the eastern Adriatic. Different authors used scale, otolith, and length-frequency analysis for age determination. Von Bertalanffy growth equation was most commonly used for growth parameter estimations. Age and growth were determined for 17 species what is 14% of 120 commercial interesting species, and only 0.04% of the recorded total number (407) of fish species in the Adriatic Sea. According to presented results we can conclude that there is still much work to do in age and growth determination of commercial interesting fish species. Miro Kraljevi, Jakov Duli, Armin Pallaoro, Ivan Jardas, Perica Cetini Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Rast komare Sparus aurata L. u istonom Jadranu Komara je bila objektom intenzivnog istraivanja u akvakulturi dok se njena biologija i ekologija u prirodnoj sredini istraivala intenzivnije u zapadnom nego u istonom Sredozemnom moru. Ne postoje nikakvi podaci o njenom rastu u Jadranskom moru tako da je svrha ovog rada bila prikazati nove podatke o starosti i rastu komare. Komara se lovila poponicama, obalnim potegaama, ludrom, povrazima, samolovkama, odmetom i podvodnom pukom. Starost se odreivala oitavanjem ljusaka. Parametri rasta su izraunati Von Bertalanffyevom jednadbom pomou raunarskog programa STATGRAPH ver. 3.0. Totalna duina se kretala u rasponu od 15.0 do 70.0 cm, a masa od 40 do 5900 g. Utvreno je 16 godinjih klasa u rasponu od 1( do 22( godine. Modalna vrijednost starosti je 1(. Masa je rasla pozitivno alometrijski (b = 3.087). Srednja vrijednost kondicije komare iznosila je 1.36. Parametri Von Bertalanffyeve jednadbe su: L( = 85.0 cm, K = 0.073, t0 = -2.823; W( = 12879 g, K = 0.062 and t0 = -2.728. Komara je dugoivua vrsta koja raste vrlo sporo u istonom Jadranu. Pozitivno alometrijski rast mase ukazuje na to da su jedinke uglavnom lovljene tijekom mrijesne sezone (rujan-prosinac). Neophodno je nastaviti sa ovakvim istraivanjima u svrhu upoznavanja novih biolokih i ekolokih parametara kao i stope smrtnosti. Growth of the gilt-head sea bream Sparus aurata L. intheeasternAdriatic In spite of the fact that gilt-head sea bream was the subject of intensive investigations in aquaculture published reports on its biology and ecology in its natural environment were intensively in the western then in the eastern Mediterranean sea. There is no data for the Adriatic Sea so the purpose of this paper is to present some new data on age and growth parameters of the gilt-head sea bream. Gilt-head sea bream were caught by gill net, beach seine with bag, ludar, underwater gun, common fish line, self-standing fish line and other fish-line employing fishing techniques. Age was determined by scale reading. Growth parameters were obtained by using von Bertalanffy growth equation and program STATGRAPH ver. 3.0. The total length ranged from 15.0 to 70.0 cm and weight from 40 to 5900 g. Sixteen age classes, ranging from 1( to 22( years were defined by scale readings. Modal age was 1 year. Weight grew positively alometric with size (b = 3.087). The mean condition factor was estimated as 1.36. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters are: L( = 85.0 cm, K = 0.073, t0 = -2.823; W( = 12879 g, K = 0.062 and t0 = -2.728. The gilt-head sea bream is long lived species and its growth is very slow in the eastern Adriatic. Weight grow positively alometric since individuals were caught during spawning season (September-December). Such investigations is necessary to continue in order to establish some new biological and ecological parameters so as mortality rates. Gorenka Sinovi Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Raspodjela, struktura i rast populacije juvenilna brgljuna, Engraulisencrasicolus L.u estuarnim uvjetima Izuavana je raspodjela , struktura i rast populacije juvenilna brgljuna Engraulis encrasicous L. u estuarnim uvjetima srednjeg Jadrana (Novigradsko i Karinsko more) temeljem praenja raspodjele duinske zastupljenosti ove vrste tijekom ribolovne sezone 1989.-1991. Analizirana su ukupno 2564 primjerka duinskog raspona izmeu 4,4 i 12,5 cm a teinskog izmeu 0,4 i 13,0 g. Jednom mjeseno su uzorkovane reprezentativne lovine ostvarene plivaricom, temeljem kojih su dobivene spoznaje o sezonskoj i prostornoj raspodjeli mlai brgljuna u ovom podruju. Ono je pod snanim djelovanjem rijeke Zrmanje. Otoliti su koriteni pri oitavanju starosti. Rast je praen promatranjem promjena modalnih I prosjenih totalnih duina u sukcesivnim mjesecima od prve pojave juvenilna brgljuna u lovinama do prelaza u adultnu fazu prvim spolnim sazrijevanjem (kraj prve godine ivota). Produktivnou se izdvaja poumljena zapadna i juna obala podruja. U skladu s ovim obiljejem je promatrana raspodjela stoka ove vrste; tijekom proljea je distribuirana pri ulazu u Novigradsko more, tijekom ljeta irei svoju rasprostranjenost du june i zapadne obale, s jeseni se povlaei u dublje a zimi u najdublje slojeve areala. Rast se pratio temeljem kolebanja modalnih totalnih duina koje su kolebale izmeu 6,0 (kolovoz) i 9,5 (oujak slijedee godine) . Izraunati parametri rasta su : L(=13,2; K=0,82 i t0 = - 0,5. Distribution, population structure and growth of juvenile anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus L. in estuarine habitat The distribution, population structure and growth of the juvenile anchovy were investigated using monthly length-frequency data (August 1989 to March 1991) from the central part of the Adriatic Sea (Novigrad Sea and Karin Sea). A total of 2564 juvenile specimens ranging from 4.4 to 12.5 cm and from 0.4 to 13.0 g were obtained by random sampling from the interconnected bays of the Novigrad Sea and Karin Sea, which are under strong influence of the Zrmanja river. Anchovies were caught by purse seines. Data of realized juvenile anchovy catches during the year simultaneously infer the seasonable and space distribution of the species in the area. Otoliths (saggittae) were taken for age determination. Growth of the juvenile anchovy was followed by monthly-length frequency data from their first occurrence in the pelagic catches to the attainment of the first sexual maturity (end of the first age). South and west coasts are the richest parts of the area. This fact makes conditional upon the distribution of the anchovy schools during the year. In the spring the schools of this species are located close to the Novigrad Sea entrance, during summer spreading their presence to the south and the west, more productive coast of the area. In autumn they immigrate to the deeper waters, in winter to the deepest, central part of the bay. Growth of the juvenile anchovy was followed with respect to modal lengths that varied from 6.0 cm (August) to 9.5 cm (March next year). Growth parameters are: L(=13,2; K=0.82 and t0 = -0.5. Branko Glamuzina1, Boko Skaramuca2, Nika Glavi2, Valter Koul2 1Delta d.d.. 20343 Rogotin, Hrvatska 2IOR, Laboratorij za ekologiju uzgoja koljkaa i riba, Damjana Jude 12, 20000 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska Prvi rezultati umjetnog mrijeenja kirnje, Epinephelusmarginatus(Lowe, 1834) Kirnja golema, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), je vrlo zanimljiva riblja vrsta i sa znanstvenog i gospodarskog stanovita, te je zbog svoje visoke cijene i zadovoljavajueg rasta od velikog interesa u marikulturi na podruju Mediterana. Prvi rezultati umjetnog mrijeenja su ukazali na niz problema koje e trebati savladati, kako bi se ova vrsta mogla komercijalno mrijestiti i uzgajati. Matino jato je oformljeno izlovom u vodama oko Dubrovnika, te je drano u akvarijskim uvjetima od dvije do deset godina. Vrijeme mrijeenja kirnje goleme u uvjetima kaptiviteta traje od poetka kolovoza do sredine rujna, s najviim intenzitetom u drugoj polovici kolovoza. Sve ribe u postojeem su bile enke, unato tome to su u matinom jatu bile i dvije ribe od oko 12 kg teine, koje su po svim pokazateljima trebale biti mujaci, uslijed ega nisu dobivena oploena jaja. Sazrijevanje oocita nije sinkronizirano, te su enke zrela jaja izbacivale tijekom nekoliko dana. Prosjeni promjer zrelog neoploenog jaja je 837 um. Sve enke su pozitivno reagirale na tretman s humanim korionim gonadotropinom (HCG), davanim dva puta u razmaku od 24 sata, u koliini od 2000 I.U. po kilogramu ribe. Primijeen je pomak u brzini sazrijevanja jajnih stanica kod riba koje su bile izloene produenom fotoperiodu, i to suprotno oekivanjima, usporavanje sazrijevanja jajnih stanica, te izbacivanje jaja manjeg dijametra u odnosu na ribe drane u uobiajenim akvarijskim uvjetima. Izvedeni pokusi ukazuju na nekoliko problema kojima e se istraivanja na mrijeenju kirnje morati dublje pozabaviti. To je prije svega problem nedostatka mujaka, odnosno njihova veliina (iz prirode iznad 10 kg), te mala veliina zrelih jaja, to e znatno oteavati hranidbu. First results of artificial spawning of dusky grouper, Epinephelusmarginatus (Lowe, 1834) Dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), is fish species of high interest from scientific and commercial aspect in Mediterranean mariculture activities because of high price and good growth. First results in artificial spawning exhibit many problems, which would be overcame, should this species become candidate for the list of spawned and breaded species. The parental stock is established by catching of fingerlings in the waters near Dubrovnik, and kept in aquariums conditions from two to ten years. Spawning time of dusky grouper in captivity lasted from the beginning of August to middle of September, with peak activity in second part of August. All fish in brood stock were females, despite the presence of two fish of 12 kilos (normally males), thus no fertilized eggs were obtained. The maturation of oocytes were not synchronized, and eggs were released during few days. Average egg diameter were 837 um. All females responded positively to hormonal treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), which were applied twice, 24 hours apart, with 2000 I.U. per kg of body weight. No positive effects of longer daylength were obtained. We found slower growth of gonad cells and smaller diameter of released eggs, compared to fish at normal aquariums conditions. Those experiments establish few problems for the future activities on this fish. The main problems is lack of males and their weight (in nature above 10 kilos), and small egg size, what will present problems in first feeding of larvae. Ante imunovi, Ivana Grubeli Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Prilog poznavanju vrste Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin (Echinodermata) u obalnom dijelu srednjeg Jadrana Biologija i ekologija vrste Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin istraivala se u priobalnom dijelu srednjeg Jadrana (od Dubrovnika do Zadra), na razliitim dnima 40 lokaliteta, odnosno na 80 transekata od povrine do 20 (30) m dubine te 2 m irine, metodom direktnog promatranja i sakupljanja uzoraka autonomnim ronjenjem. Takoer se pratilo ponaanje trpova u akvarijskim uvjetima. Rezultati istraivanja pokazuju da je vrsta rasprostranjena na cijelom istraivanom podruju, a ovisno o podlozi, dubini i izloenosti stanita razliite je kvalitete i brojane zastupljenosti. Vrsta je najbrojnija u uvalnom dijelu, na pominom dnu, gdje je sediment bogatiji organskom tvari. S obzirom na kvalitetu i brojanu zastupljenost mogu se izdvojiti dva podruja: podruje od Splita do Dubrovnika karakterizirano je veim i teim primjercima te manjim brojem jedinki na jedinici povrine, dok je podruje od Splita do Zadra karakterizirano manjim i lakim primjercima te veim brojem jedinki na jedinici povrine. Zbog sposobnosti vrste da stezanjem i oputanjem miia mijenja dimenzije svoga tijela, podaci o duini i irini jedinke veoma su diskutabilni. Stoga je neophodno naglasiti u kakvim su uvjetima jedinke mjerene. Naime, jedinke mjerene u oputenom stanju u prirodnoj sredini na morskome dnu su u prosjeku za 1/3 due od istih jedinki mjerenih nakon dodira u vanjskoj sredini. Histolokom analizom gonadnog tkiva (uzorci sakupljani 12 mjeseci na splitskom podruju) ustanovljeno je da je vrsta spolno zrela u toplijem dijelu godine, dok je u hladnijem dijelu godine bez gonadnog tkiva, to je u odnosu na dostupne literaturne podatke za Jadran novo saznanje. Makroskopskom analizom gonadnog tkiva ustanovio se omjer enskog i mukog spola u vrijednosti 1,5 : 1. Budui je interes za komercijalnim iskoritavanjem vrste u Jadranu sve uestaliji, istraivao se biometrijski odnos izmeu ive tvari i trepanga, te su dobivene vrijednosti odnosa teine svjee ulovljenog trpa (s utrobom i vodom) i oienog trpa, teine oienog trpa i na zraku suenoga trpa, teine oienog trpa i suhe tvari, te svjee ulovljenog trpa i osuenog trpa na zraku - trepanga. Promatranjem trpa u akvarijskim uvjetima na sedimentnoj podlozi iz prirodnog ambijenta potvrdila se vanost i djelotvornost trpova u ivotnim zajednicama gdje ukopavanjem i hranjenjem (gutanjem sedimenta) prozrauju podlogu i istovremeno poveavaju koliinu pozitivno iskoritene organske tvari u morskom ekosistemu. A contribution to the knowledge of the species Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin (Echinodermata) in the coastal part of the middle Adriatic The biology and ecology of the species Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin were studied in the coastal area of the Adriatic Sea (from Dubrovnik to Zadar) at different bottoms of 40 localities, that is at 80 transects from surface to 20 (30) m depth from sites 20 m wide. The samplings were performed by the techniques of direct observations and SCUBA diving. The behaviour of sea cucumbers was also observed under aquarium conditions. The results show the species distribution throughout the study area, while quality and numbers of individuals are dependent on the bottom, depth and exposure of the habitants. The species occurs in greatest numbers on mobile bottoms in coves where sediment is richer in organic matter. Two areas may be distinguished as to the quality and numbers: the area from Split to Dubrovnik is characterized by bigger and heavier specimens and a smaller number of individuals per unit area, whereas the area from Split to Zadar is characterized by smaller and lighter individuals and their greater number per unit area. Due to the ability of the species to change its size by contracting and relaxing the muscles, the data on its length and width are not reliable. Therefore, it is important to point out at what conditions the specimens were measured. Namely, individuals measured in relaxed state in their natural environment at the sea bottom are, on the average, longer by 1/3 than the same individuals measured after been touched out of the sea. The histological analysis of gonadal tissue (samples collected from Split area for 12 months) showed the species to be sexually mature during the warmer part of the year, whereas no gonadal tissue was recorded during the colder part of the year. This is quite a novelty with respect to available literature for the Adriatic Sea. The macroscopic analysis of gonadal tissue showed female to male ratio to be 1,5:1. Since this species has recently got in significance as a commercial species in the Adriatic, the biometrical relationship between live matter and trepang was also examined. The values of the ratios of the weight of freshly caught sea cucumber (with guts and water) to the weight of ungutted sea cucumber, of the weight of ungutted sea cucumber to dry matter weight, and that of freshly caught sea cucumber - trepang were obtained. The observations of the sea cucumber under aquarium conditions on sediment substrate taken from the natural environment, confirmed the importance and efficiency of this species in the biocoenoses since through burrying and feeding (sediment swallowing) they aerate the substrate and at the same time increase the quantity of positively used organic matter in a marine ecosystem. Ivo Onofri Zavod za biologiju, Fakultet prirodoslovno - matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja Sveuilita u Splitu, N. Tesle 12/III, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Odreivanje starosti kavale - Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758 (Sciaenidae) iz Jadranskog mora Kavala (Sciaena umbra) spada u vrstu koja je pogodna za kavezni uzgoj kako zbog zadovoljavajueg rasta tako dobrog i brzog prilagoivanja zatoenitvu. Dugogodinjim, svestranim istraivanjima priobalnih podruja hrvatske obale Jadrana prikupljen je veliki broj primjeraka vrste svih veliina i starosne dobi. Mnogi primjerci prilagoeni su akvarijskim uvjetima gdje dobro napreduju (akvarij u Dubrovniku). Biologija i ekologija kavale dosta je dobro istraena. Rezultati istraivanja objavit e se u posebnoj monografiji. U ovom prilogu iznose se neki rezultati koji se odnose na jednostavno i brzo odreivanje starosne dobi primjeraka kao i njihov godinji prirast. Starost se brzo ustanovljuje preko cikloidnih ljusaka koje se uzimaju s bone, sredinje strane tijela iznad L. lateralis. Godinji prirataji vidljivi su ve kod manjeg poveanja u obliku koji odgovaraju botanikim godovima. Ljetni prirataj ljuske vei je od zimskog. Analizi godova na ljusci prethodi potapanje ljusaka u kipuoj vodi da bi se skinuli ostaci tkiva kojim je prekrita ljuska Osim odreivanja starosti preko ljusaka kod kavale, za tu svrhu mogu se koristiti i ravnoteni kamenii (otoliti) koji su kompaktni i vrlo dekorativni, pa ih je teta brusiti jer su upotrebljivi za izradu razliitih ukrasnih predmeta. Dugogodinja istraivanja veliine (visine, irine) i teine otolita neposredno su vezana za godinji prirataj primjerka. Uobiajenim statistikim metodama ustanovljena je znaajna veza izmeu veliine otolita i starosti primjerka. Bruenjem kompaktnih i poprilino vrstih otolita ne postie se zadovoljavajui rezultati. Mogue je starost primjeraka odrediti i analizom lepezastih proirenja zadnjeg kaudalnog kraljeka, kojeg treba preparirati uobiajenim metodama. Lepezasta proirenja imaju godinje prirataje, koji su potpuno isti kao i prirataji ljusaka. Ne mogu se primijeniti kod odreivanja priratajne, godinje veliine primjeraka. Determination of age of Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758 (Sciaenidae) fromthe Adriatic Sea Sciaena umbra, is fish species which can be bred in cages for commercial purposes. Sciaena umbra is bearing very good banishment in aquarium conditions. This study is discussing the aging of species by use of the fish scales. Used were the scales from lateral part of body above L. lateral. Annual rings are visible on scales. The summer annual ring is wide and winter annual ring is narrow. In one year one summer and one winter annual ring are built. The car stone (otolith) are located in the head. Car stones can not be used to determine the age. They, are very hard for grind. However, they are beautiful for jewelry. The age of Sciaena umbra is possible determine on the fan of terminal spondylus. The fan of terminal spondylus has anal semicircles which correspond of the annual rings of fish scales. Mate anti Zavod za biologiju, Fakultet prirodoslovno-matematikih znanosti i odgojnih podruja Sveuilita u Splitu, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Zubi i zubalo vrsta: Gobius niger Linneaus 1758 i Gobius cobitis, Pallas 1811 (Pisces, Gobiidae) iz Jadranskog mora Gobiidae su najbrojnija porodica kotunjaa u Jadranu. Istraivani su zubi i zubalo glavoa blatara (Gobius niger Linneaus 1758) i glavoa ploara (Gobius cobitis Pallas 1811). 50 primjeraka obje vrste ulovljeno je u katelanskog zaljevu i ibenskog akvatoriju od proljea do jeseni 1996. godine. Materijal je obraen standardnim metodama. Kod obje vrste zubi su smjeteni na gornjoj i donjoj eljusti. Po obliku svi zubi su kaniniformni (onjaci), ali razliite veliine i istog oblika, pa je zubalo homodontno. U prednjem dijelu gornje i donje eljusti glavo blatar ima vee zube, a iza njih su gusto rasporeeni mali zubi koji pripadaju igliastom tipu forme onjaka. Gornja eljust sadri 206 do 238 zuba s naglaenom nagnutou zubi prema unutranjosti usnog otvora. Na donjoj eljusti broj zubi varira od 121 do 140. U obje eljusti glavoa ploara, veliki i jako izraeni zubi rasporeeni su u jednom nizu, du cijele eljusti. Broj velikih zubi u gornjoj eljusti varira od 28 do 30. Iza njih se nalazi 60 do 70 nepravilno rasporeenih manjih zubi u vie nizova. Za razliku od gornje eljusti, u donjoj su manji zubi rasporeeni samo po sredini, iza prednjih, veih zubi. Sadraj probavnog sustava i odnos njegove duine prema duini tijela, upuuju da su obje vrste karnivornog tipa. Istraivanje i usporedba oblika i smjetaja zubi, vrsta porodice Gobiidae, znaajan je prilog boljem poznavanju njihove taksonomske i ekoloke pripadnosti. The teeth and denture of species : Gobius niger Linneaus, 1768 and Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1811 (Pisces, Gobiidae) from the Adriatic sea Gobiidae are the most numerous family of Teleostei in the Adriatic. The teeth and denture of Gobius niger and Gobius cobitis were researched. Fifty specimens of both species were caught in Katela and ibenik waters (aquatorium) from spring to autumn in 1996. The research material was elaborated by standard methods. Teeth are placed in the upper and lower jaw- bone for both species. According to the shape all the teeth are caniniphorm, but of different size and same shape, so the denture is homodont. At the front of the upper and lower jaw-bone Gobius niger has bigger teeth and behind them there are densely disposed small teeth, which belong to needle-like type of caniniphorm. In the upper jaw-bone there are 206 to 238 teeth noticeably leaning forward to the interior of mouth opening. In the lower jaw-bone the teeth number varies from 121 to 140. In the both jaw-bones of Gobius cobitis big and outstanding teeth are disposed in one line, along the whole jaw-bone. The big teeth number in the upper jaw-bone varies from 28 to 30. Behind them there are 60 to 70 smaller teeth in few lines, irregularly disposed. Differently from the upper jaw-bone, in the lower jaw-bone smaller teeth are disposed only in the middle, behind the front bigger ones. The contents of the digestion system and the relation of its length to the body length, show that both species are of carnivore type. The research and comparison of the teeth shape and position of the Gobiidae family species is an important contribution to the better knowledge of their systematic and ecological correlation. Perica Cetini, Armin Pallaoro, Ivan Jardas, Jakov Duli, Miro Kraljevi Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Djelovanje priobalnih ribolovnih alata na naselja riba, rakova i glavonoaca Poznato je da se ribolov u istonom dijelu Jadrana odlikuje velikim brojem najrazliitijih tipova ribolovnih alata od kojih se sve, osim pridnene i pelagike povlane mree te plivarice za lov male i krupne plave ribe, upotrebljavaju u priobalnom ribolovu. Cilj rada je da se na temelju analize lovina nekih alata priobalnog ribolova i to prvenstveno na temelju zastupljenosti vrsta u lovinama za koje je alat prvenstveno namijenjen te zastupljenosti nedoraslih i mrijesnih primjeraka ocijeni njihovo djelovanje na naselja riba, rakova i glavonoaca. Slijedei ribolovni alati su istraivani: (A) obalne povlane mree (kogol, strain i tartana), (B) obalna mrea potegaa migavica, (C) trostruka mrea stajaica poponica, (D) jednostruka mrea stajaica gavunara, (E) vra od mrenog tega za lov jastoga, (F) ribolov tramatom. Istraivanja su, ovisno o alatu i nainu ribolova, obavljana u priobalnom podruju od zapadne obale Istre do otoka Palagrua. Ocijenjeno je da najvei dio istraivanih alata ima negativan utjecaj na iskoritavanje ivotinjskih naselja. To se posebice odnosi kod ribolova svih vrsta obalnih povlanih mrea i obalne mree potegae migavice, kod kojih je udio gire oblice Spicara smaris u lovinama znatno manji od postotka dozvoljenog vaeim propisima, to ukazuje na to da se ti alati nenamjenski upotrebljavaju. Takoer je visoka zastupljenost nedoraslih primjeraka u lovinama i iznosila je uglavnom preko 20%. to se tie ostalih alata posebice treba istaknuti komiku sklopivu vru od mrenog tega kod koje je zastupljenost jastoga Palinurus elephas ispod 28.0 cm totalne duine u lovinama iznosila preko 30%. Effects of coastal fishing tools on populations of fish, crabs and cephalopods It has been long known that fishing in eastern Adriatic is characterized by many different types of fishing tools, all of which, with an exception of bottom and pelagic trawl and purse seine for small and big blue fish, are used in coastal fishing. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effects of fishing tools on bottom populations. Main criterion is the analysis of catch for each tool, taking into account the quantity of the catch the tool was projected for and the number of juveniles and spawning specimen. Below listed tools and styles of fishing were studied: (A) coastal bottom trawl kogol, strain and tartanas, (B) beach seine net migavica, (C) triple-folded trammel, (D) single folded gill net for fishing sand smelt, (E) pot for fishing lobsters, (F) fishing with nets using ropes (tramata fishing). The study was, depending on the gear and the fishing style, conducted in coastal area from the western coast of Istria to the island Palagrua. It has been concluded that the majority of fishing gear has a negative effect on the populations studied. This is specially true for fishing with all coastal trawl nets and with the beach seine migavica, where the amount of Spicara smaris in the catch was substantially less than the percentage legally allowed, which shows that the gear are being used non-purposively. We have also noted a high percentage of juveniles in the catches, which was above 20%. Of all other gear studied, we specially stress the foldable pot from Komia where the amount of lobster Palinurus elephas under 28.0 cm total length in the catches was above 30%. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Josip Baki Zavod za javno zdravstvo upanije splitsko-dalmatinske, Vukovarska 46, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Prapoetci urbano-ekoloke kulture u Hrvata Hrvatsko statutarno pravo meu ostalim uljudbenim vrijednostima posjeduje skup znakovitih ekolokih odrednica na koje autor eli ukazati. Proimanjem kulture Hrvata i starosjedilaca, raaju se urbano-ekoloke odrednice u Statutima komuna Jadranske Hrvatske od 13. - 17. stoljea. Sve odrednice sasvim jasno, donose pravni propis koji sadri pravilo ponaanja u danom sluaju i kaznene mjere za sluaj povrede pravila ponaanja. U radu se sustavno prikazuju statutarne ekoloko-urbane odrednice, sabrane u 25 grupa i to: skrb o lokvama i cisternama uz ienje rubnog obrataja, kanalizaciji i zahodskim jamama, mokrenju na javnom mjestu, odvozu smea i krute otpadne tvari, dranju prasadi u gradu, unitavanju korova, ienju ulica i odravanju putova, boravku koara i postolara u gradu, zlonamjernom rezanju konjske strune, broju pasa u kui, ribolovu mreicama, zabrani paljenja borove ume i smolarenja, zatrpavanju pomorskog javnog dobra, napasivanju stoke na plaama, gradnji obora uz morsku obalu, vaenju kamenja iz lukobrana, zabrani sjee brnistre, sjei stabala koja daju sjenu, zabrani sjee maslina, krenju uma, zabrani gradnje kua u zatienim podrujima, zabrani gradnje balkona ili stuba nad javnim putovima, uklanjanje brodskih podrtina s kopna te iskopu mrtvaca i preseljenju iz grobnica u podruje van grada iz 21 Statuta gradova Jadranske Hrvatske. Zakljuujui, istie se nazonost visoke razine higijensko-sanitarnih, komunalnih i ekolokih mjera, sadranih u statutima hrvatskih primorskih gradova. Posebno se istie ekoloki pristup u gospodarenju prirodom i obalnim morem te ozbiljno poznavanje naela urbane ekologije, to potvruje visoku ekoloku svijest naih predaka, ime neprijeporno veoma rano ulazimo u civilizacijski krug srednjeeuropskih zemalja. Earliest origins of urbano-ecological culture of Croats Croatian statutory law possesses, among other cultural values, the sum of important ecological determinants that author wants to show here. By permeation of Croatian and native cultures urban-ecological determinants were generated in the Statutes of Adriatic Croatian communities from 13th to 17th century. All determinants clearly gave the legal provisions which contained the rule for behaviour in concrete case and sanctions in case of violation of that rule. This paper systematically shows statutory urban-ecological determinants gathered in 25 groups including: puddle and cistern care along with cleaning of marginal growth, sewage and lavatory pits care, urination in public places, removal of garbage and solid waste, pig raising in town, weed extermination, street cleaning and maintenance of roads, fellmongers and shoemakers stay in town, malevolent cutting of horse-hair, number of dogs in the house, net fishing, prohibition of pine wood burning and pitching, burrying of naval public area, cattle grazing on the beaches, building of barns and pens along the coast, pulling of stones from the break-water, prohibition of Spanish broom cutting, prohibition of shadow trees cutting, prohibition of olive cutting, clearing of woods, prohibition of house building in protected areas, prohibition of balcony or stairs building in public roads, removal of ship wrecks from the land and finally exhumation of corpses and their moving from the tombs out of the town in 21 Statute of Adriatic Croatian towns. As a conclusion the presence of high level of sanitary-hygienical, communal and ecological measures from the statutes of Croatian coastal towns is emphasized. Ecological approach to management of nature and coastal sea as well as deep knowledge of urban ecology principles is specially emphasized confirming the high ecological consciousness of our ancestors what is undoubtedly very early entrance to civilization circle of Middle European countries. Milan Sijerkovi Dravni hidrometeoroloki zavod, Gri 3, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Bioloke osnove pukog prognoziranja vremena Uz znanstveno prognoziranje vremena, iji su zaeci bili tek u drugoj polovici 19. stoljea, u svima narodima jo postoji davnanje iskustveno prognoziranje vremena. Ono se oituje u obliku brojnih vremenskih pravila i izreka. Jedan od vrlo rairenih naina takva pretkazivanja vremena zasniva se na stanju biljaka i vladanju ivotinja. Zamjetljivo vei broj izreka povezan je sa ivotinjskim svijetom, vjerojatno zato to se njegovo vladanje moglo lake uoavati. Osnovni cilj ovoga rada bio je prosuivanje osnovanosti i valjanosti takva pretkazivanja vremena. Za potrebe takva istraivanja izdvojena su iz starih pukih kalendara i drugih dostupnih izvora najkarakteristinija vremenska pravila koja su u prolosti kolala u hrvatskom puku, a i sada su jo u uporabi, posebice na selu. Obavljena je njihova analiza s biolokog i meteorolokog gledita. Oitovalo se da je vladanje kukaca, ptica, riba, vodozemaca, domaih i divljih ivotinja i drugih pripadnika ivotinjskog svijeta uvelike ovisno o vlanosti, tlaku i temperaturi zraka, o vjetru i atmosferskom elektricitetu. U cilju zatite od nepovoljnog ili opasnog vremena u njih je razvijen bioloki sustav zamjeivanja promjena stanja atmosfere, koje se katkad ne mogu uoiti ni najosjetljivijim meteorolokim spravama. Reakcije su najee povezane s ukupnim vremenskim stanjem, a rjee s pojedinanim sastojcima vremena, a najzamjetnije su uoi jake promjene vremena. Praktina je valjanost takva pretkazivanja vremena utvrena samo u svezi s kratkoronim prognozama. Biological basics of the experiential weather forecasting All nations have long tradition with experiential weather forecasting. The scientific forecasting start in the second half of the 19th century. The popular forecasting are characterized by the number of weather rules and weather proverbs. It is interesting to note that most of them describe some particular state of the plant or animal behavior. The main goal of the paper is to consider methodology and usability of that kind of the popular forecasting. The most characteristic rules are extracted from the public calendars and other available sources. Some of them are still in use especially in the country. We analyzed these rules from the biological and meteorological point of view. It is evident that behavior of a insects, birds, fishes, pets and wild animals depends on the humidity, pressure and air temperature, wind and atmospheric electricity. In order to protect themselves from the bad or dangerous weather, animals have developed biological system which monitor change of the atmosphere, which sometimes can't be detected by the most sensitive meteorological equipment. Animal reaction is in the most cases connected with global weather condition, and rarely with some particular weather element. The most intense reactions are during the big change in weather condition. The practical use of the popular weather forecasting are considered only in the short term forecasting. Adam Benovi1, Jaka Bolotin1, Maurice Heral2, Davor Lui1, Vladimir Onofri1, JeanProu2 1OR-Laboratoriji Dubrovnik, Damjana Jude 12, 20000 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska 2Insdtut Franacais de Recherche pour 1'Exploitation de la Mer, Issy-les-Moulineaux 155JeanJacquesRousseau, Francuska Ekoloke osobitosti Malostonskog zaljeva U cijelom podruju Malostonskog zaljeva, specijalnog rezervata u moru, od 18.-23. srpnja 1994. obavljena su u kontinuirana i trenutna mjerenja hidrografskih znaajki. Kontinuirano mjerenje bilo je u Bistrini, izmeu uzgojnih parkova (Post. A-1), a trenutana opaanja u podruju Brijeste, du kanalskog dijela, u uvalama Bjejevici, Bistrini te Kutima. U vertikalnom stupcu mora ukupno je obuhvaeno sedam parametara: temperatura: (C; slanost: ppt; fluorometrija: unit; brzma strujanja: cm/sec; smjer strujanja: " DEG; svjetlost: micromol/m2/microamper; kisik: mg/l. Fluorometrija se prikazuje openitim izrazom "units" zbog nemogunosti standardiziranja i izrade kalibracijske krivulje. Mjerenja su obavljena multisondom IFREMER-94, Francuska. Ukupno uzevi, rezultati su pokazali neke znaajke koje imati vrlo vaan utjecaj na uzgoj, kako koljkaa tako i riba. 1) Potvrdena je osnovna znaajka raspodjele vertikalnog stupca mora na povrinski (iznad termokline) i dubinski (ispod termokline) dio. U povrinskom dijelu je neto nia slanost, ljetna poviena temperatura, vie svjetlosti, kisika i vrlo promjenljivi intenztet i smjer strujanja mora. 2) Iako postoje poneto razliite znaajke izmeu Brijeste, Bjejevice i Bistrine, ukupno se moe rei da ova podruja zajedno s kanalskim dijelom imaju karakteristike jedinstvenog ekosustava. 3) Znaajna razlika prema svim podrujima pokazuje se u unutranjem dijelu Malostonskog zaljeva kojeg od vanjskog odvaja pliina ispred Malog Stona. Ovdje su ustanovljene znaajno poviene vrijednosti temperature a sniene vrijednosti saliniteta. U odnosu na fluorescenciju, ovom podruju prikljuuje se i Bistriua, to se tumai veim koliinama koljaka u uzgoju. 4) Najvaniji rezultat eksperimenta odnosi se na vrlo brzu i jaku promjenu svih mjerenih parametara u razdoblju 19-22. lipnja. Kontinuiranim mjerenjem je ustanovljeno da je u roku od nekoliko sati cijeli vodeni stupac, u podruju do pliine ispred Malog Stona, bio naglo promijenjen te je svu povrinsku vodu zamijenila pridnena voda. Dolo je do naglog pada temperature (ak do 10(C!), poveanja slanosti (do 4(o), drastinog pada kisika (do 4,3 mg/1), te pada fluorometrijskih vrijednosti (do 3 jedinice). Svjetlost je naprotiv pokazivala normalne oscilacije. Razlog ovakvim drastinim promjenama bilo je naglo pogoranje vremena s jakim junim vjetrom koji je puhao 19. srpnja poslijepodne do 20. srpnja ujutro. Ponovno uspostavljanje normalne situacije uslijedilo je odmah po smirivanju vjetra i skretanju na zapadni smjer. Ecological peculiarities of the bay of Mali Ston During 18-23 July 1994 in entire area of the Special protected are of the Bay of Mali Ston, the continuos and instant measurements of hydrographic parameters were done. The continuos measurement was in Bistrina, between shellfish parks (Post. A-1), and instant measurements in the areas of Brijesta, along channel, and in the coves of Bjejevica, Bistrina and Kuta. In the vertical sea column measurements encompassed seven parameters: temperature: (C; salinity: ppt; fluorometry: unit; current speed: cm/sec; current direction: " DEG; light: micromol/m2/microamper; oxygen: mg/1. Fluorometry expressions are "units" because calibration was not performed. Measurements were performed by multiprobe IFREMER-94, France. In total, results of this experiment have shown some peculiarities that could influence the acquaculture in the Bay of Mali Ston: 1) The main characteristic of the vertical column that is divided into the surface (above thermocline) and deep part (below thermocline) has been reconfirmed. Surface layers have lower salinity, higher summer temperatures, more light and very changeable currents speed and directions. 2) Although exist slightly different characteristics among Brijesta, Bjejevica and Bistrina, we can consider these and the channel areas being unique ecosystem. 3) Important difference of ecological factors between inner and outer areas, divided by shallow strait near the Mali Ston, has been found. In the inner area we have found increased values of temperature and decreased values of salinity. Fluorescence data are similar in the inner area and Bistrina, and it is probably result of bigger number of cultivated shellfish. 4) The determination of strong and very quick change of all ecological factors in the entire water column was the most important result. Continuos measurement (July 19-22) has shown that within a few hours entire water column was agitated. In entire outer area of the Bay of Mali Ston the deeper water layers were spread out m middle and surface zones. This exchange of water bodies caused quick decrease of temperatures (up to 10"C!), increase of salinity (up to 4(o), drastic decrease of oxygen (up to 4,3 mg/l), and decrease of fuorometric values (up to 3 units). In contrary, light was in rather normal oscillations. The most probably, these drastic changes were caused by strong southern sirocco from afternoon July 19 till morning July 20. The re-establishment of normal ecological pattern was soon after decrease of wind blow and it's change to the western direction. Eugen Draganovi Ministarstvo kulture, Uprava za zatitu kulturne i prirodne batine, Ilica 44, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Sabiranje prstaca i zatita hridinastog dna u Hrvatskoj i u Sredozemlju Populacija prstaca koja nastava hridinasta dna na hrvatskoj obali i otocima po znanstvenim procjenama nije ugroena. No unato tomu Zakon o morskom ribarstvu (proieni tekst) (Narodne Novine 46/1997.) u svome lanku 47. zabranjuje lov i stavljanje u promet te izvoz prstaca na cijelom teritoriju Republike Hrvatske i to zbog zatite hridinaste obale. Slina zabrana lova ovih koljkaa postoji i u pojedinim drugim Sredozemnim zemljama. U arapskim Sredozemnim zemljama prstaci se ne love i ne jedu zbog vjerskih razloga a tako je i u Izraelu. Inicijativa kojom se predlae da se danas postojea odredba navedenog Zakona izmijeni tako da se dozvoli lov i stavljanje u promet prstaca sa stanovita zatite prirode nije prihvatljiva. Collecting of date mussels and protection of rocky bottom in Croatia and in Mediterranean countries According to the scientific opinion population of the date mussels is not endangered in Croatia. Nevertheless by the article 47. of the Law on marine fisheries it is forbidden to collect, to trade and to export them in the entire territory of Croatia in order to protect rocky shores and bottom from destruction. Similar legal provision exists in several Mediterranean countries. Date mussels are not collected in Arab Mediterranean countries also because of the religious reasons as well as in Israel. There is proposal for changing provision of the article 47. of the cited law in order to allow collecting of date mussels. This proposal is not acceptable for the nature protection reasons. Hrvoje Gomeri1, uro Huber2, Vera Gomeri3 1Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Istraivaki institut Pliva - Biomedicina, alata 2, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Uzgoj u poluzatoenitvu - vjerojatno jedini spas za sredozemnumedvjedicu Sredozemna medvjedica (Monachus monachus, Hermann 1779.) zbog svoje je malobrojnosti, jedna od najugroenijih ivotinjskih vrsta na svijetu. Pretpostavlja se da ih danas jo ivi svega oko 350 jedinki. Nakon izvrenih istraivanja gotovo sa sigurnou moemo smatrati da u Jadranu vie ne postoji samorodna populacija ove vrste, iako se vrlo rijetko mogu vidjeti pojedini primjerci ove vrste, koji vjerojatno dolutaju iz Jonskog mora. Uz svu zakonsku zatitu i napore meunarodne znanstvene zajednice, njezin broj se i dalje smanjuje i pribliava broju kada njezino konano izumiranje nee moi biti sprijeeno. Stoga nam se ini, da je moda jedini nain u pokuaju spreavanja njezinog skorog izumiranja, te obnove jadranske populacije, umjetni uzgoj ove vrste u uvjetima poluzatoenitva. Na hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana za to ima idealnih uvjeta, te smatramo da bi trebalo organizirati takav centar za njen uzgoj u poluzatoenitvu. Dobro bi posluio jedan zaljev, koji bi se mogao reetkama zatvoriti i u njemu izgraditi odgovarajue umjetne pilje. U blizini treba organizirati manji uzgoj komercijalnih vrsta morskih riba za hranjenje medvjedica ivom ribom. Neophodne bi bile i hladnjae za uvanje ribe kao osnove prehrane medvjedica u zatoenitvu. Provoenjem ovog uzgoja i razmnoavanja, medvjedice bi se mogle oslobaati u okolnu prirodu i tako obnoviti jadransku populaciju sredozemnih medvjedica. Semicaptive breeding of Mediterranean monk seal - probably the only chance for avoiding its extinction Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus, Hermann 1779), due to its low numbers, is one of the most endangered animal species in the world. There are probably only 350 individuals of the Mediterranean monk seal living in the world today. After performed studies, we are almost positive that in the Adriatic Sea, there is no resident population of this species. Sometimes, however, individual specimens of Mediterranean monk seal can be seen in the Adriatic Sea, but they most probably stray from Ionian Sea. In spite of legal protection of the Mediterranean monk seal and the efforts of international scientific community, the number of Mediterranean monk seals is decreasing and is approaching the state where its final extinction could not be prevented any more. So, according to our opinion, the only way to try to prevent the near extinction of the Mediterranean monk seal and restoring its Adriatic population would be artificial breeding in semicaptivity. The ideal conditions for that can be found in Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea and we think that the center for Mediterranean monk seal semicaptive breeding should be established there. It could be a bay closed with grates in which the artificial caves could be built. Nearby, there should be organized breeding of commercial fish species that would serve as a live food for the Mediterranean monk seals. Also, the freezers would be necessary for fish preserving. In this way the Mediterranean monk seals could breed and could be released in neighboring their natural environment, and so their Adriatic population could be re-established. Ivan Jardas, Armin Pallaoro, Perica Cetini, Jakov Duli, MiroKraljevi Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, Metrovievo etalite 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Dugogodinje promjene bioloke raznolikosti u priobalnom podruju istonog Jadrana: zajednice riba, rakova i glavonoaca Stanje i promjene u priobalnim zajednicama riba, rakova i glavonoaca istrauju se uz istonu obalu Jadrana od 1960. godine. Ta su istraivanja zapoeta, i bila su kasnije intenzivnija, u podruju srednjeg Jadrana (Dalmacija). Saznanja o stanju i promjenama priobalnih zajednica temelje se na analizama lovina trostrukih mrea stajaica - poponica od 1960. do 1997. Pritom se polazi sa stajalita da su promjene u lovinama samo odraz nastalih promjena u zajednicama. Ovom prilikom raspravlja se o promjenama (kvalitativnim i kvantitativnim) u priobalnim zajednicama na podruju Kornatskih otoka (1960. - 1992.), podruju Splita (1960. - 1997.), podruju srednjedalmatinskih otoka (1960. - 1994.) i podruju otoka Palagrue (1961. - 1995.). Istraivane su zajednice do 30 m dubine. Promjene u zajednicama su se ispoljavale u stalnom opadanju koliine ulova, osobito tijekom prve dekade istraivanja, zatim u alternaciji glede prisustva razliitih porodica riba (uglavnom Scorpaenidae, Labridae, Serranidae), odnosno vrsta riba Scorpaena porcus, Symphodus tinca i Mullus spp., te jestivih avertebrata Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris i Maja crispata u lovinama i konano u duinskoj strukturi nekih dominantnih vrsta riba u lovinama. Sve uoene promjene u zajednicama riba, rakova i glavonoaca pripisuju se prvenstveno intenzivnom i nerazumnom iskoritavanju ivih bogatstava priobalnog podruja. Long - term changes of biodiversity in the coastal area of the east - Adriatic sea: fish, crustacean and cephalopod communities State and changes in the coastal fish, crustacean and cephalopod communities are investigated from 1960. These investigations begun, and were particularly intensive, in the mid - Adriatic area (Dalmatia). Data of state and changes in the coastal communities are based on trammel bottom set catch analyses from 1960 to 1997. For all that we have supposed that the changes in trammel bottom set catches reflect the same changes in communities structure. In this opportunity, changes (qualitative and quantitative) in the coastal communities on the Kornati Islands (1960 - 1992), Split (1960 - 1997), mid - Dalmatian islands (1960 - 1994) and Palagrua Island (1961 - 1995) areas are discussed. Communities up to 30 m depth were investigated. The changes in the communities were manifested as continued decline in catch quantities, particularly during the first decade of investigations, than alternation in the presence of different fish families (mostly Scorpaenidae, Labridae, Serranidae) or fish species Scorpaena porcus, Symphodus tinca and Mullus spp., respectively, as well as edible crustaceans (Maja crispata) and cephalopod species (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris) in the catches, and finally, in changes of length frequency distribution of dominant fish species in the catches. All observed changes in the fish, crustacean and cephalopod communities are primarily results of intensive and unreasonable exploitations of the living resources in the coastal sea area. ivana Ninevi, Ivona Marasovi Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Biomasa razliitih veliinskih kategorija fitoplanktona i brojnost autotrofnog pikoplanktona u jadranskom moru Vertikalna i prostorna raspodjela razliitih veliinskih kategorija fitoplanktonske biomase istraivana je u otvorenim vodama Jadranskog mora i u Jonskom moru u oujku 1997. godine. Uzorkovanja su obavljena na tri transekta u Jadranskom moru ukljuujui Otranska vrata, te na jednoj postaji u Jonskom moru. Biomasa fitoplanktona odreena je fluorimetrijskom metodom mjerenja koncentracije klorofila a. Fitoplanktonska biomasa odijeljena je u tri veliinske kategorije (mikroplankton >10 (m; nanoplankton 2-10 (m; pikoplankton <2 (m). Autotrofni pikoplankton brojan je metodom fluorescentne mikroskopije, a nano- i mikroplankton su odreeni metodom po Uterm(hl-u. Cilj rada je utvrditi koja je veliinska kategorija najzastupljenija u "dubinskom maksimumu klorofila a" (DCM) koji se esto javlja u otvorenim vodama, a o ijem nastajanju se znanstvenici jo uvijek u potpunosti ne slau. Istodobno se odreivala i brojnost autotrofnog pikoplanktona, to je za podruje Jadrana jo uvijek nedovoljno poznato. Na pojedinim postajama na dubini izmeu 100 i 200 metara pojavljuje se voda visoke slanosti (38,7(), koja je vjerojatno rezultat ulaznog strujanja Mediteranske vode u intermedijarnom sloju. U tim podrujima izraena je haloklina, uz koju se redovito javlja nagli pad fitoplanktonske biomase. Size-fractionated biomass of phytoplankton and abundance of phototrophic picoplankton in Adriatic sea Vertical and spatial distribution of various size-fraction phytoplankton biomass were researched in the offshore water of the Adriatic sea and the Ionian Sea in March, 1997. Samples were taken on three transects in the Adriatic sea, including Strait of Otranto and one station in the Ionian sea. Phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) was determined spectrofluorometrically. Measurements of chlorophyll a were carried out on three size fractions (micro- >10 (m; nano- 2-10 (m; picoplankton <2 (m). Phototrophic picoplankton was estimated using epifluorescence microscopy, while nano- and microphytoplankton cells were counted by the Ulterm(hl method. The aim of this paper is to establish which size fraction of phytoplankton builds up the greatest part of deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) which is on often phenomenon in offshore waters, though scientists have not yet agreed upon the mechanisms of its formation. Simultaneously, the abundance of phototrophic picoplankton which is not known enough in Adriatic sea, was determined. On some stations, the highly saline water (38,7 () was recorded in a layer between 100 and 200 meters which is probably the result of entry current from the Mediterranean sea in the intermediary layer. In these area very distinctive halocline was accompanied with decrease of phytoplankton biomass. Boris Antoli, Ante pan Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Epifitska flora i vegetacija na liu morske cvjetnice Cymodocea nododosa (UCRIA) ascherson na podrujima Splita i otoka Braa (srednji Jadran) Istraivanja su obavljena s pomou samostalnih ronilaca u dvije livade morske cvjetnice Cymodocea nodosa tijekom svih sezona na dubinama 1 i 4 m (Split), te 4 i 6 m (otok Bra). Za floristika i fitosocioloka je istraivanja ukupno obraeno 16 uzoraka, svaki povrine 400 cm2. Flora - Ukupno je na oba podruja odreene 86 svojti epifitskih alga (Rhodophyta 56 svojti ili 65,1%, Phaeophyta 16 svojti ili 18,6% i Chlorophyta 14 svojti ili 16,3%). Vei je broj svojti odreen na podruju Splita (67) nego na podruju otoka Braa (50). Najvei je broj svojti zabiljeen tijekom zime (39) na podruju Splita, a tijekom proljea (30) na podruju otoka Braa. Vegetacija - Najvea je vrijednost srednje ukupne pokrovnosti uzorka ((RMGi) odreena tijekom zime (225,2%) na podruju Splita, odnosno tijekom proljea (116,3%) na podruju otoka Braa. Vrijednostima kvalitativne dominacije (DN%) prevladavaju svojte iz ekoloke skupine D na podruju Splita (29.9%), a svojte iz ekoloke nadskupine Phsl na podruju otoka Braa (42%). Kvantitativnom dominacijom (DRMG%) prevladavaju svojte iz ekoloke skupine HP na podruju Splita (38.9%), a svojte iz ekoloke skupine D na podruju otoka Braa (42,3%). U grai se epifitske vegetacije izdvajaju svojte epifitskih algi kod kojih je istovremeno zabiljeena srednja ukupna pokrovnost (RMGi) vea od 1,01% i stupanj nazonosti (P) 3, 4 ili 5. Te su: Pneophyllum fragile, Fosliella farinosa, Cladophora sp., Ectocarpus siliculosus, Myrionema orbiculare, Chondria tenuissima, Ceramium nodosum, Laurencia obtusa, Ceramium diaphanum var. strictum, Polysiphonia sp. i Ceramium flaccidum. Epiphytic flora and vegetation on Cymodocea nodosa (UCRIA) ascherson leaves in the Split and Bra island areas (middle Adriatic, Croatia) The investigations were performed by SCUBA diving in all seasons during 1988 in two cymodocea beds in the Split and Bra Island areas. For floristic and phytosociological investigations a total of 16 samples (each 400 cm2) were collected and observed. Flora - A total of 86 species and infraspecies taxa of epiphytic algae were determined (Rhodophyta 56 taxa or 65.1%, Phaeophyta 16 taxa or 18.6% and Chlorophyta 14 taxa or 16.3%). Larger number of epiphytic algae were determined in the Split area (67 taxa) than in the Bra Island area (50 taxa).The highest number of epiphytic algae were determined during winter in the Split area (39 taxa) and during spring in the Bra island area (30 taxa). Vegetation - The highest values of the mean total coverage of samples (RMG) were recorded during winter in the Split area (225.2%) and during spring in the Bra Island area (116.3%). By qualitative dominance (DN%) predominant the taxa of D ecological group in the Split area (29.9%) and the taxa of Phsl ecological supergroup in the Bra Island area (42%). By quantitative dominance (DRMG%), in this vegetation predominant the taxa of HP ecological group in the Split area (38.9%) and the taxa of D ecological group in the Bra Island area. The taxa of epiphytic algae for which high values of RMGi (exceeding 1.01%) were recorded along with high values of the level of presence (3, 4 or 5) are: Pneophyllum fragile, Fosliella farinosa, Cladophora sp., Ectocarpus siliculosus, Myrionema orbiculare, Chondria tenuissima, Ceramium nodosum, Laurencia obtusa, Ceramium diaphanum var. strictum, Polysiphonia sp. and Ceramium flaccidum. Ante uljevi Laboratorij za fitobentos, Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etaliteI.Metrovia63,21000Split,Hrvatska Regeneracija tropske alge Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh u prirodnim i eksperimentalnim uvjetima Tropska zelena alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh sluajno je unesena u Sredozemlje 1984. godine. Tu se, koliko je do sada poznato, razmnoava jedino vegetativno, fragmentacijom talusa. Rasprostranjenje na male udaljenosti odvija se uglavnom hidrodinamikim prijenosom otkinutih djelia alge. Sposobnost regeneracije iz djelia talusa praena je in situ u Starigradskom zaljevu (otok Hvar) ali i u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Najmanja duina djelia filoida pronaenog in situ iz kojeg je zapoela regeneracija cijele biljke iznosila je 0.5 cm. U akvarijskim uvjetima regeneracija iz djelia kauloida kraih od 2 cm ostvarena je samo jednom i to na ranoproljetnom, oteenom uzorku alge iz Malinske (otok Krk). In situ, djelii kauloida s naznakama regeneracije biljke nisu pronaeni. U laboratorijskim uvjetima regeneracija alge iz rizoida zakorijenjenih u supstrat primijeena je u malom postotku. Regeneracija iz rizoida promatrana je in situ na paljivo oienoj povrini. Regeneration of green alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh in natural and experimental conditions Tropical green alga Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh was accidentally introduced into Mediterranean in about 1984. So far it was noticed that it reproduces only vegetatively by tallus fragmentation. Short distance spreading is carried out mainly through fragments transported hydrodynamically. Its regeneration potential from tallus fragments was followed in situ in Starigrad Bay (island Hvar) as well as in the laboratory. A minimal length of frond fragments (found in situ) which regenerated the whole plant was 0.5 cm. Regeneration from stolon fragments (up to 2 cm long) was noticed only once in aquarium on damaged early spring specimen from Malinska (island Krk, northern Adriatic). Fragments of stolon which would show regeneration were not found in situ. In laboratory the regeneration of rhizoid fixed in substratum was noted only in low percentage. On the area carefully cleaned of C. taxifolia this kind of regeneration was followed in situ. Jelena Vidmar1, Elvis Zahtila2, Duan Zavodnik2 1Thais - drutvo za istraivanje i zatitu prirode, Podgaj 11, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Istraivanje makrobentosa u podmorju Nacionalnog parka "Mljet" - Opaanja uzdu june i zapadne obale Tijekom ljeta 1995. i 1996. godine na otoku Mljetu je provedeno istraivanje makrobentosa kojim su obuhvaene 21 postaja du obale Nacionalnog parka Mljet, te dvije postaje izvan granice parka. Istraivanja su provedena metodom autonomnog ronjenja do dubine od 40 metara. Istraeni su lokaliteti razliitog nagiba, s razliitim stanitima ovisno o podlozi i koliini svjetlosti. Utvreno je deset biocenoza morskog dna istovjetnih ivotnim zajednicama koje nalazimo u drugim dijelovima Jadrana uz neke lokalne posebnosti. U sakupljenom je materijalu odreeno oko 50 vrsta morskih alga, dvije morske cvjetnice, vie od 300 beskraljenjaka i 63 vrsta riba. Od toga 66 vrsta ranije nije bilo zabiljeeno za podruje otoka Mljeta. Takoer su zabiljeene i dvije zakonom zatiene vrste: pu bava (Tonna galea), te ouvana naselja plemenite periske (Pinna nobilis). Tragovi neposrednog djelovanja ovjeka na istraivanim podrujima nisu primijeeni, osim u uem podruju Pomene gdje su smjeteni hotel "Odisej" i jedino vee naselje. Investigation of macrobenthos in the Mljet national park - Observations along the southern and western coast During summers 1995 and 1996 on the Island of Mljet were performed investigations of macrobenthos that included 21 locations along the coast of National park and two locations outside the borders of park. Investigations were carried out to the depth of 40 meters using the scuba diving equipment. The localities of different inclination were investigated, with different habitats depending on substrata and light intensity. Ten biocoenosis were observed that are similar to those described in other parts of Adriatic Sea, with some variations in composition and local distribution. In the collected material were identified about 50 species of algae, two marine phanerogams, more than 300 species of invertebrates and 63 species of fish. Among them 66 species were not previously noted for the area of Mljet. Also were found two species that are protected by law: giant tun shell Tonna galea, and well preserved settlements of penn shell Pinna nobilis. Eutrophication and antropogenic influences were not noted, except in vicinity of Pomena where hotel 'Odisej' and the only human settlement are situated. Milvana Arko-Pijevac Prirodoslovni muzej Rijeka, Lorenzov prolaz 1, 51000 Rijeka, Hrvatska Bentoske biocenoze podmorja rta Otro (sjeveroistonaobalaRijekogzaljeva) Tijekom deset mjeseci, od srpnja 1996. do travnja 1997., izvrena su biocenoloka istraivanja podmorja rta Otro na sjeveroistonoj obali Rijekog zaljeva. Metodom direktnog opaanja uz uporabu autonomne ronilake opreme pregledana su etiri transekta od povrine mora do 25 m dubine. Profili su du obalne crte meusobno udaljeni priblino 50 m. Ukupno je zabiljeeno 27 taksona makroalga, 1 vrsta morske cvjetnice, te 166 vrsta makrofaune. Prema sakupljenim podacima ivotne zajednice morskog dna su raznovrsne. U podruju plime i oseke razvijena je biocenoza donjih stijena mediolitorala s pojasom alge Fucus virsoides. U infralitoralu su razvijena naselja vrste i pomine podloge: biocenoza fotofilnih alga, biocenoza livade morske cvjetnice Cymodocea nodosa, biocenoza sitnih ujednaenih pijesaka s prevladavajuom faunom koljkaa, biocenoza zamuljenih pijesaka zatienih obala i biocenoza krupnih pijesaka i sitnih ljunaka pod utjecajem pridnenih struja s kopljaom Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Zabiljeeno je pet primjeraka rijetke vrste obrubnjaka Corymorpha nutans na muljevito-pjeskovitom dnu na dubini od 6-8 m. Vrste koljkaa Acanthocardia aculeata, Acanthocardia spinosa, Ensis ensis, Tellina tenuis, Gastrana fragilis, Psammobia depressa, Abra tenuis, Venus casina, Clausinella brongniarti, Dosinia exoleta i Venerupis aurea zabiljeene su po prvi put u Rijekom zaljevu. Na dubini 10-15 m zabiljeena je stalna prisutnost crvenih alga roda Polysiphonia. Alge tvore sloj od 2-3 cm debljine koji prekriva 80-100% pominog dna. Benthic biocoenoses of the Otro Cape (NortheasterncoastoftheRijeka Bay) During a ten month period, from July 1996 to April 1997 benthic biocoenoses had been monitored at the Otro Cape, the north-eastern coastal area of the Rijeka Bay. In situ observations were performed by SCUBA divers along four transects from the sea surface to a depth of 25 m. Profiles are located at a distance of 50 m from each other. In total 27 macroflora and 166 macrofauna taxons were identified. According to collected data the biocoenoses of the investigated area are of different kinds. In the intertidal zone the biocoenosis of lower mediolittoral rocks with facies of the alga Fucus virsoides was determined. In the infralitoral zone there are settlements developed on hard-rocky and mobile gravely and sandy bottoms - the biocoenosis of photophylic seaweds, the biocoenosis of marine phanerogams with Cymodocea nodosa, the biocoenosis of a fine well calibrated sands with dominant Bivalvia (in) fauna, the biocoenosis of silty sediments of calm mode and the biocoenosis of rough sands and fine gravel under the influence of bottom currents with Branchiostoma lanceolatum. On silty sediments five specimens of rare hydroid Corymorpha nutans are noted a depth of 6-8 m. The bivalve species Acanthocardia aculeata, Acanthocardia spinosa, Ensis ensis, Tellina tenuis, Gastrana fragilis, Psammobia depressa, Abra tenuis, Venus casina, Clausinella brongniarti, Dosinia exoleta and Venerupis aurea are found in the Rijeka Bay for the first time. The permanent presence of red algae of the Polysiphonia genus was recorded at a depth of 10 -15 m, which covers 80-100% of mobile bottom forming a layer 2-3 cm thick. Nino Orepi1, Jelena Vidmar1, Elvis Zahtila2, Duan Zavodnik2, Bruno Kljajo1, IvanRadi1 1Thais - drutvo za istraivanje i zatitu prirode, Podgaj 11, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Bentoske ivotne zajednice Velikog i Malog Jezera (NacionalniPark"Mljet") Iako je jo 1960. godine dio otoka Mljeta s "jezerima" kao temeljnim fenomenom proglaen nacionalnim parkom, podmorje je do danas slabo istraeno. l996. godine provedeno je istraivanje podmorja otoka Mljeta, u sklopu kojeg je istraeno i 10 postaja u mljetskim jezerima. Autonomnim ronjenjem sakupljani su podaci uz fotodokumentaciju. U sakupljenom i, tek preliminarno, obradenom materijalu, naeno je 40-ak vrsta alga, dvije morske cvjetnice i 230 vrsta ivotinja od kojih je 155 prvi put zabiljeeno u mljetskim jezerima. Osim toga, zabiljeeno je i osam ivotnih zajednica morskog dna. Od zatienih morskih vrsta naena je samo plemenita periska (Pinna nobilis L.) u Velikom i Malom jezeru. Dobiveni podaci takoer upuuju na znatnu rasprostranjenost i gustou naselja jakopske kapice (Pecten jacobaeus L.) u Velikom jezeru. Za svaku postaju navedeni su podaci o tipu i nagibu dna, rasporedu ivotnih zajednica i karakteristinih vrsta. Benthic communities in Veliko and Malo Jezero (National Park Mljet) Although a part of the Mljet island together with its lakes (Veliko and Malo Jezero) as primary natural phenomena had been proclaimed National Park in 1960 not much of underwater scientific research of that area has been conducted so far. During 1996 underwater research of the Mljet National Park was undertaken and as a part of this research 10 stations in Mljets lakes were surveyed. Data were collected by SCUBA diving complemented with underwater photography. In collected material (preliminary determined) 40 species of algae, two species of sea grasses and 230 species of marine animals (155 of which are mentioned for the first time for that locality) were found. Beside that, eight benthic communities were noted. In the Veliko and the Malo Jezero one law protected species (Pinna nobilis L.) and dense populations of Pecten jacobaeus L. were found. Characteristics (type and slope) of the bottom as well as distribution of benthic communities and species are given. Ljubimka Igi Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Znaaj istraivanja obrataja za procjenu izgradnje marina U podrujima namijenjenim za izgradnju marina, kvaliteta, intenzitet i brzina obratajnog procesa omoguavaju laku procjenu kvalitete sredine, te kapacitiranje broja brodskih vezova. Ekolokim i statistikim metodama obraeni rezultati pokazuju, da je obrataj po kvaliteti u verudskoj uvali (Pula) bio tipinog lukog karaktera, s najveim intenzitetom u unutranjem dijelu (postaja 3-3375 g/m2, za 3.5 mjeseca), slabiji u srednjem dijelu "Marina" (postaja 1-1550 g/m2) i neznatan na ulazu u uvalu (postaja 2-926 g/m2). Biodiverzitet vrsta je bio nizak, posebno kod postaje 3. U svim postajama bile su znaajne samo tri eudominantne vrste Hydroides elegans, Janua pseudocorrugata i Balanus amphitrite. Kod postaje 3 zbog slabe cirkulacije vode i bogatog sadraja organskih tvari s poetkom anaerobnog procesa, obratajni proces je bio bri i poinjao ranije u odnosu na "Marinu" i posebno istiju postaju 2. U tako zagaenom podruju postaje 3, preporuljivo je manje usidravanje plovnih objekata, jer zatitni efekt antivegetativnih boja znatno bre slabi, i na taj nain se jo vie zagauje okolina otrovnim pigmentima. The significance of investigation on fouling to estimate the constructionof marinas The areas that are intended for the construction of marinas in, the quality, the intensity and the speed of fouling process, enable an easier estimate of quality of environment, than the capacity of a number of boat`s berths. By ecological and statistical methods subjected results show that the fouling according to the quality in Veruda`s cove (Pula) was some typical port`s character, with the heavy intensity in internal part (the station 3- 3375 g/m2 at the period of 3.5 months), weaker in the middle of part "Marina" (the station 1- 1550 g/m2) and insignificant at the entrance of a cove (the station 2- 926 g/m2). Biodiversity of species was low, particularly at the station 3. At all stations only three eudominant species were characteristic - Hydroides elegans, Janua pseudocorrugata and Balanus amphitrite. At the station three because of weak circulation of water and rich amount of organic matters with the beginning of anaerobic process, the fouling process was quicker and had started earlier related to "Marina" and specially cleaner the station 2. In a such polluted area of the station three, it is less advisable of anchoring navigable objects, because the protective effect of antifouling paints substantially faster becoming weak, and in that way it pollutes the environment still more by toxic pigments. Donat Petricioli1, Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli2 1DIIV, d.o.o., 23281 Sali, Hrvatska 2Zoologijski zavod Biolokog odsjeka Prirodoslovno-Matematikog fakulteta, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Nalaz ivih dagnji, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. na olupini broda na 82m dubine u Jadranu Od svog potonua u studenom 1984. godine motorni tanker Brigitta Montanari s teretom vinil klorid monomera (VCM) predstavljao je potencijalnu ekoloku opasnost za srednji Jadran. Zbog toga je organizirana akcija vaenja olupine i uklanjanja toksinog tereta. Akcija je uspjeno zavrena tek u proljee 1988. godine. U sklopu kompleksnih istraivanja u vezi utjecaja VCM-a na okoli, koja je obavio Centar za istraivanje mora Instituta R. Bokovi u Zagrebu, uoene su i dagnje, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam., na olupini. Zabiljeeno je nekoliko nakupina od desetak koljkaa razliite veliine (duine 2-4 cm) na lijevom boku nadgraa te nakupina neto veih podjednakih jedinki (duine ljutura 4-5 cm; generacije 2+ i 3+) na elinom uetu privrenom na pramcu olupine. U ovom radu raspravljamo o porijeklu tih dagnji jer one nisu karakteristini organizmi cirkalitoralne biocenoze. Prva grupa dagnji (na lijevom nadgrau olupine) najvjerojatnije potjee s plovne dizalice koja je tokom operacije vaenja olupine bila usidrena tono iznad olupine. Kako znamo da je olupina bila uspravljena na kobilicu u zimi 1987. godine moemo ustvrditi da su te dagnje ivjele na dubini od 82 m due od 6 mjeseci. Kako se druga grupa dagnji (na elinom uetu) sastojala od primjeraka iste veliine moemo pretpostaviti da one potjeu iz sezone mrijeenja 1985.-1986. kada je s tim elinim uetom bila privezana bova za olupinu (za potrebe oznaavanja pozicije olupine). Kako tono znamo kada je ue prekinuto i potonulo moemo ustvrditi da su te dagnje provele na dubini od 82 m gotovo dvije i pol godine. Oito je da dagnje mogu preivjeti na puno veim dubinama od onih na kojima su uobiajene. A finding of living mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lam.) on ship wreck at depth of 82 m in Adriatic In November 1984 liquid gas carrier (LGC) Brigitta Montanari with her cargo of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) sunk in the middle Adriatic at depth of 82 m. The salvage operation was successfully finished in spring 1988. As a part of the project of R. Bokovi Institute (from Zagreb): Exploring the ecological consequences of sinking of LGC B. Montanari a research of fouling of the wreck was undertaken. During this research unusual presence of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lam.) on the wreck was noticed. Several mussel aggregations were found settled on the port side of superstructure. Aggregations consisted of 10-30 individuals varying in size (2-4 cm in length). Also, a number of mussels were found settled on the steel rope and they all were nearly of equal size (4-5 cm in length; 2+ and 3+ generations). In this presentation we discuss origin of this mussels as they are not characteristic species for the circalittoral biocoenosis. First group of mussels (on port superstructure) probably originated from the crane moored above the wreck and they must have felt on the wreck before it was turned in upright position. That means that those mussels lived at 82 m depth more than 6 months. As the group on steel rope was consisted of individuals of same age they probably originated from spat that settled on the rope in spawning seasons 1985-1986 (when the rope was near surface). Because we know when the rope sank it is possible to determine that they have lived on 82 m of depth for almost 2.5 years. It is obvious that mussels can live for long period of time at much greater depths than those where they are usually found. Antonieta Poar-Domac1, Tatjana Bakran-Petricioli1, Petar Filipi2, Andrej Jaklin3, Nenad Leder4, Goran Oluji4, Armin Pallaoro5, Gorenka Sinovi5, Ante Smiri4, Ivo imunovi2, Vinja ojat6, Sonja Vidi6, Marko Vueti6, Vinja Vueti6, Elvis Zahtila3, Duan Zavodnik3 1Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Ekonomski fakultet Sveuilita u Splitu,21000Split,Hrvatska 3Institut Ruer Bokovi - Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska 4Dravni hidrografski institut Split,21000Split,Hrvatska 5Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo Split, etaliteI.Metrovia63,21000Split,Hrvatska 6Dravni hidrometeoroloki zavod Zagreb, Gri 3, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Morski park Silba Projektom Ouvanje bioraznolikosti u Jadranskom moru predvieno je osnivanje mree posebno zatienih podruja - morskih parkova du hrvatske obale Jadranskog mora prvenstveno radi ouvanja i zatite bioraznolikosti i osiguranja nesmetane prirodne obnove gospodarski znaajnih vrsta morskih organizama. Projekt je u suglasju s Nacionalnim programom razvitka otoka i nacionalnim prioritetima znanstveno-istraivake djelatnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj ija e realizacija osigurati trajnu dobit od ribarstva i turizma te utjecati na razvitak hrvatskog priobalja a osobito otoka. Prikazat emo rezultate dosadanjih istraivanja u jednom od podruja predvienih za posebnu zatitu - morski park uz otok Silbu. Podruje morskog parka Silba obuhvaa morski pojas oko junog dijela otoka i protee se jugozapadno obuhvaajui Grebene i okolno more prema otocima Premuda i karda. Na osnovi dosada obavljenih preliminarnih istraivanja utvrene su osnovne znaajke akvatorija: dimenzije i batimetrija; fizika svojstva mora: temperatura, slanost, gustoa, prozirnost i boja mora; kemijska svojstva mora: hranjive soli, pH i kisik; bentoska bionomija: rasprostranjenje i sastav pridnenih ivotnih zajednica te sastav obalnih naselja riba, glavonoaca i jestivih vrsta rakova. Obraen su i osnovne klimatske znaajke ireg podruja morskog parka Silba. Da bi se postigao glavni cilj projekta tj. da bi se osnovala mrea posebno zatienih podruja u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog mora nuno je potrebno izgraditi organizaciju upravljanja morskim parkom, definirati zadatke, ustrojstvo i nadletva te predvidjeti broj zaposlenih, opremu i sredstva neophodna za realizaciju cijele mree. U tom e smislu ovom prilikom biti prikazane osnovne naznake organizacijske strukture morskih parkova. The Silba marine park The project PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE ADRIATIC SEA is created to promote a special protection of selected areas - marine parks - along the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, primarily with an aim to preserve and protect the biodiversity and enable undisturbed natural reproduction of the marine animal species of economic importance. The project is in compliance with the National Program for Development of Islands and national priorities of scientific research activities in the Republic of Croatia. Its realization will ensure the permanent prosperity of fishery and tourism contributing to development of the Croatian coastal area, especially of islands. We shall present results of researches made so far in one of the areas proposed for special protection - the marine park in the aquatorium of the Silba Island. The area covers the southern part of the Silba Island and extends towards the southwest encompassing the Grebeni islets and the sea towards the islands of Premuda and Skarda. In present preliminary researches, the following main characteristics of the area were established: dimensions and bathymetry ; physical parameters: temperature, salinity, density, transparency and color; chemical parameters: concentration of nutrients, pH and oxygen concentration; benthic bionomy: distribution and composition of benthic communities, and composition of coastal populations of fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. Basic climatic characteristics of the wide area of the Silba Marine Park were also taken into consideration. To achieve the main goal of the project, i. e. to establish a network of specially protected areas along the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, it is necessary to set up the marine park(s) managing organization, define tasks, structure and competencies, estimate the number of employees, equipment and funds needed for the realization of this network. In this sense the basic organizational structure of the marine park will be presented. Danijela Miokovi, Darko Kovai, Sandra Pribani Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Analiza sadraja eluca jednog dobrog dupina (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821) iz Jadranskog mora Vrlo je mali broj znanstvenih radova koji se bave prouavanjem sadraja eluca i prehranom dobrih dupina (Tursiops truncatus) u Sredozemnom moru. Takvi podaci za Jadransko more nisu nam poznati. U ovom radu prikazan je sadraj eluca jednog dobrog dupina ulovljenog u ribarskoj mrei na podruju ibenskog akvatorija u prosincu 1995. godine. Pregledom je ustanovljeno da je ivotinja bila mukog spola, 278 cm duga, 237 kg teka, u dobrom zdravstvenom stanju. Sadraj eluca je sakupljen i obraen standardnim metodama. U ostacima plijena mogli smo razlikovati: a) djelomino probavljena tijela riba, dokaz nedavnog hranjenja; b) eljusti, kraljeke, ostale kosti i otolite riba i kljun lignje koji su bili neto due u elucu. Te ostatke smo odredili do najnieg mogueg taksonomskog stupnja. Najvei broj lijevih ili desnih, gornjih ili donjih eljusti riba, odnosno gornjih ili donjih kljunova glavonoaca je smatran ukupnim brojem individua svake vrste. Izraunate su duine i teine plijena pomou referentne zbirke i parametara koji odreuju odnos duine i teine tijela. Naene su 4 vrste riba i 1 vrsta glavonoaca. Ukupna procijenjena masa plijena iznosila je 3510 grama. Vrsta plijena sa najveim indeksom relativne znaajnosti je ugor (Conger conger). Ostale vrste bile su osli (Merluccius merluccius), arbun (Pagellus erythrinus), lignja (Loligo vulgaris) i jedna riblja vrsta koju nismo uspjeli odrediti. Ovi podaci se podudaraju u vrstama koje ine glavni plijen sa ostalim podacima o prehrani dobrih dupina u Sredozemnom moru. Stomach content analysis of one bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821) from the Adriatic sea In the Mediterranean, studies on feeding habits of bottlenose dolphins based on examinations of stomach contents are very limited in number, and for the Adriatic we found no published data. Examined was the stomach content of one bottlenose dolphin caught in a fishing net in the middle part of the Adriatic sea near ibenik in December 1995 (male, 278 cm, 237 kg, healthy and in a good nutritional state). Stomach content was collected and stored according to standard procedures. The following prey remains were distinguished: a) partly digested fish bodies, evidence of recent feeding; b) mandibles, vertebrae, other bones and otoliths from fish and a cephalopod beak that have stayed longer in the stomach. These remains were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. The maximum number of left or right, upper or lower fish mandibles and upper or lower cephalopod beaks was used as an indication of total number of prey. Lengths and weights of prey were estimated from the reference collection and length to weight parameters. Prey consisted of four fish and one cephalopod species, with total estimated mass of 3510 grams. Prey species with the highest index of relative importance (IRI) was conger eel (Conger conger). Other species found were hake (Merluccius merluccius), pandora (Pagellus erythrinus), squid (Loligo vulgaris) and one undetermined species of fish. When this data is compared with other findings from the Mediterranean it shows that the major prey species are the same. Boris Antoli Institu za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, et. I. Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Epifitska flora i vegetacija na liu morske cvjetnice Posidoniaoceanica(L.) Delile na podruju otoka Hvara (Srednji Jadran) Istraivanja su provedena u jednoj livadi morske cvjetnice Posidonia oceanica na otoku Hvaru (43(11' N, 16(26' E) tijekom svih sezona 1984. godine i dubinama 5, 15 i 25 m. Za floristika i fitosocioloka je istraivanja ukupno obraeno 80 snopia posidonije. Flora - Ukupno je odreene 104 svojti epifitskih alga (Rhodophyta 72 svojti ili 69,2%, Phaeophyta 17 svojti ili 16,4% i Chlorophyta 15 svojti ili 14,4%). Najvei je broj svojti odreen tijekom zime (75 svojti) a najmanji tijekom jeseni (63 svojti). Dubinskim rasprostranjenjem je najvei broj svojti zabiljeen na dubini 5m (78 svojti), a najmanji na dubini 15m (73 svojti). Vegetacija - Najvea je vrijednost srednje ukupne pokrovnosti uzorka ((RMGi) odreena tijekom proljea na 5 i 15 m dubine (27,97% i 35,39%). Vrijednostima kvalitativne dominacije (DN%) prevladavaju svojte iz ekoloke skupine D na svim dubinama (34,2% na 5 m, 40,5% na 15 m, 34,6% na 25 m). Kvantitativnom dominacijom (DRMG%) prevladavaju svojte iz ekoloke nadskupine Phsl na 5 m (27,9%) i ekoloke nadskupine Ssl na dubinama 15 i 25 m (37,2% i 44,3%). U grai se epifitske vegetacije mogu izdvojiti svojte epifitskih algi kod kojih je istovremeno zabiljeena srednja ukupna pokrovnost (RMGi) vea od 1,01% i stupanj nazonosti (P) 3, 4 ili 5. Te su: Ceramium nodosum, Spyridia filamentosa, Polysiphonia fruticulosa, Chondria tenuissima, Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella, Laurencia obtusa, Antithamnion cruciatum var. profundum, Dictyota linearis, Pneophyllum lejolisii, Myrionema orbiculare, Fosliella farinosa var. farinosa i Polysiphonia sp. Epiphytic flora and vegetation on Posidonia oceanica (l.) Delile leaves in the Hvar island area (Middle Adriatic, Croatia) The investigations were performed by SCUBA diving in all seasons during 1984 at 5, 15 and 25m depths in one posidonia bed on the west coast of Hvar island (43(11'N, 16(26'E). For floristic and phytosociological investigations a total of 80 bundles of posidonia were collected and observed. Flora - A total of 104 species and infraspecies taxa of epiphytic algae were determined (Rhodophyta 72 or 69.2%, Phaeophyta 17 or 16.4% and Chlorophyta 15 or 14.4%). The highest number of epiphytic algae were determined during winter (75 taxa; Rhodophyta 54, Phaeophyta 12 and Chlorophyta 9) and the lowest during autumn (63 taxa; Rhodophyta 47, Chlorophyta 10 and Phaeophyta 9). The highest number of epiphytic algae were determined at 5m (78 taxa; Rhodophyta 53, Chlorophyta 13 an Phaeophyta 12) and the lowest at 15m depth (73 taxa; Rhodophyta 50, Phaeophyta 13 and Chlorophyta 10). Vegetation - The highest values of the mean total coverage of samples ((RMG) were recorded during spring (27.97% and 35.39%) at 5m 15m depth, and during summer (16.26%) at 25m depth. By qualitative dominance (DN%) predominant the taxa of D ecological group at all depths (34.2% at 5mm, 40.5% at 15m, 34.6% at 25m). By quantitative dominance (DRMG%), in this vegetation predominant the taxa of Phsl ecological supergroup (27.9%) at 5mm depth and Ssl ecological supergroup (37.2% and 44.3%) at 15m and 25m depth. The taxa of epiphytic algae for which high values of RMGi (exceeding 1.01%) were recorded along with high values of the level of presence (3, 4 or 5) are: Ceramium nodosum, Spyridia filamentosa, Polysiphonia fruticulosa, Chondria tenuissima, Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella, Laurencia obtusa, Antithamnion cruciatum var. profundum, Dictyota linearis, Pneophyllum lejolisii, Myrionema orbiculare, Fosliella farinosa var. farinosa i Polysiphonia sp. Vjekoslav Tiina, Olja Vidjak Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo-Split-Dubrovnik, etalite I. Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Preliminarni podaci o prehrani papaline (Sprattus sprattus L.) u Jadranskome moru Svrha ovog rada bio je upoznavanje kvalitativno-kvantitativnog sastava hrane i dnevnog ritma hranjenja papaline, Sprattus sprattus L., u Jadranskome moru. Uzorkovanje odraslih primjeraka papaline obavljeno je za vrijeme komercijalnog ribolova male plave ribe uporabom lebdeih koa (danju) i plivarica (nou). Za vrijeme lova uzimani su podaci o karakteristikama ribolovnih alata, te o vremenu i mjestu lova. Uzorci prikupljeni na ribarskim brodovima bili su odmah pohranjeni u 4%-tnoj otopini formaldehida, sve do konane laboratorijske analize. Indeks punoe probavila kao i procjena punoe eluca odreeni su kod ukupno 438 riba, ulovljenih u razliito doba dana. Kvalitativno-kvantitativnom analizom sadraja eludaca odreeni su vrsta i broj pojedinih ostataka hrane. Odrasli primjerci, kao i svi razvojni stadiji kopepoda, liinki dekapoda i ribljih jaja, bili su najee pronaeni ostaci hrane u elucima. U elucima nisu bili pronaeni nikakvi ostaci fitoplanktona kao ni drugih algi. Istraivanjem dnevnog ritma hranjenja, baziranog na podacima o indeksu punoe probavila i procjenama punoe eludaca u razliito doba dana, ustanovljena je najvea punoa probavila u poslijepodnevnim satima, pa se namee zakljuak da dnevno svijetlo ima odluujui utjecaj na intenzitet prehrane papaline. Preliminary data on food and feeding of sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) inthe Adriatic Sea The aim of this study was to analyze the qualitative and quantitative food composition and daily rhythm of feeding of sprats, Sprattus sprattus L., in the Adriatic Sea. Samples of adult sprats were taken during commercial fishing on small pelagic fishes with mid-water trawls (at day) and purse-seines (at night). Data of gear characteristics, time and place of catch were taken during the catch itself. The samples were immediately conserved with 4% formaldehyde solution and stored until analysis in laboratory. Index of alimentary tract fullness as well as estimates of the stomach fullness were determined for 438 fishes, caught in various day time. After qualitative and quantitative analyses of stomach contents, type and number of food particles were determined. The most common food found in the stomachs were adult and developmental forms of copepods, decapod larvae and fish eggs. No phytoplankton or other algal remains were found in the stomachs. Investigations of the feeding rhythm, based on index of alimentary tract fullness and estimates of the stomachs fullness data, showed the maximum fullness of alimentary tract in the afternoon hours, therefore could be concluded that the daylight have major influence on the feeding intensity of sprats. Armin Pallaoro, Perica Cetini, Ivan Jardas, Jakov Duli, Miro Kraljevi Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Ishrana juvenilnih i odraslih stadija uate, Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces, Sparidae) u srednjem Jadranu Analizirani su probavni sadraji 1070 primjeraka uate (Oblada melanura) prikupljenim na lovnim postajama Nacionalnog parka "Kornati" te podruju otoka Murtera, Zlarina, olte, Velog i Malog Drvenika, Korule i Lastova u tijeku svih godinjih razdoblja 1992. i 1993. godine. Ukupna tjelesna duina (Lt) istraivanih riba kretala se u rasponu od 2,1 do 29,3 cm, a starost od 0+ do 10+ godina. Relativna vanost razliitih komponenata hrane procijenjena je uporabom dvaju hranidbenih indeksa (MFI i Q) koji ukljuuju, na razliite naine, postotak uestalosti pojavljivanja (%F), postotak brojnosti (%N) i postotak mase (%W) zastupljenih kategorija plijena. Uzmu li se u obzir sve duinske skupine istraivanih primjeraka glavna i primarna komponenta hrane bili su Crustacea Copepoda, a slijedili su ih jaja i liinaki razvojni stadiji riba te druge planktonske (Cladocera, Cirripedia, liinaki razvojni stadiji Crustacea Decapoda, Gastropoda, Bivalvia) i bentoske ivotinjske skupine (odrasli Crustacea Decapoda, Polychaeta i Amphipoda). Primjerci uate manji od 11,0 cm duine hrane se prvenstveno liinakim i odraslim stadijima Copepoda koji su njihov glavni i primarni plijen (MFI = 70,97; Q = 4598,16). Ribe izmeu 11,0 i 18,0 cm duine uzimaju takoer kopepode kao glavni i primarni plijen (Q = 4015,33; MFI = 68,59), ali i Cladocera, Cirripedia, liinke Gastropoda i riblja jaja kao sekundarnu, odnosno dodatnu hranu. Ribe manje od 24,0 cm hrane se i dalje uglavnom planktonskim ivotinjskim skupinama (Copepoda, Euphausiacea, Tunicata, Thaliacea, liinkama riba i dekapoda), ali i nekim bentoskim ivotinjskim skupinama kao to su Amphipoda, Isopoda, Cumacea, Anisopoda i sitnijim vrstama Decapoda. Kod riba iznad 24,0 cm duine planktonski Copepoda, liinke riba i bentoski odrasli oblici Crustacea Decapoda su pokazali priblino jednaki postotak zastupljenosti u ishrani. Nourishment of juvenile and adult stages of saddled bream, Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) in the middle Adriatic Stomach contents of 1070 saddled bream, Oblada melanura from the catching stations of National Park "Kornati", Murter, Zlarin, olta, Veli Drvenik, Mali Drvenik, Korula and Lastovo island areas, sampled in all year seasons 1992 and 1993, were examined. Fish ranged in total body length from 2.1 to 29.3 cm, and in age from O+ to 10+. The relative importance of different components of the diet was assessed using two feeding indices (MFI and Q) which combined in different ways, percentage frequency of occurrence (%F), percentage number (%N) and percentage weight (%W) of prey categories. If all size classes are taken into account, Crustacean Copepoda were predominant diet component, followed by eggs and larval stages of fishes and other planktonic (Cladocera, Cirripedia, larval stages of Crustacea Decapoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda) and benthic animal groups (adult Crustacea Decapoda, Polychaeta and Amphipoda). Fish smaller then 11.0 cm feed exclusively on larval stages and adults of Copepoda, which were predominant and main food for they (Q = 4598.16; MFI = 70.97). Fish between 11.0 and 18.0 cm took Crustacea Copepoda as dominant (Q = 4015.33) and main prey (MFI = 68.59), and Cladocera, Cirripedia, larval stages of Gastropoda and fish eggs as secondary food. Fish smaller then 24.0 cm feed, otherwise, mainly on planktonic animal groups (Copepoda, Euphausiacea, larval stages of fishes and Decapoda, Tunicata, Thaliacea), but also with some benthic animal groups such as Amphipoda, Isopoda, Cumacea, Anisopoda and tiny species of Decapoda. In fish over then 24.0 cm planktonic Copepoda, larvae of fishes and benthic adult decapods were shown approximately the same percentage of occurrence. Valter Koul1, Boko Skaramuca1, Nika Glavi1, Branko Glamuzina2 1IOR, Laboratorij za ekologiju uzgoja koljkaa i riba, Damjana Jude 12, 20000 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska 2Delta d.d., 20343 Rogotin, Hrvatska Preliminarni rezultati reprodukcije i razvoja ranih stadija vrane Labrusmerula (Linnaeus 1758) Rad prikazuje preliminarne rezultate laboratorijskog mrijesta vrane Labrus merula, embrionalnog razvoja i uzgoja liinki. Ova vrsta naseljava priobalno kamenito dno i livade posidonie Posidonia oceanica od 1 do 50 m dubine. Sezona mrijesta vrane je kraj zime i poetak proljea. U naem laboratoriju ribe su se mrijestile tri puta svakih 10 dana u oujku. Prosjeni promjer jaja bio je 947 (m. Inkubacija jaja trajala je 96 sati pri 14C i slanosti 38. Ukupna duina liinki nakon izvaljivanja bila je 3804 (m. umanjana vreica potroena je nakon 96 sati poslije ega su liinke prele na aktivnu ishranu kolnjakom Brachionus plicatilis. Funkcionalna veliina usta pri prelasku na aktivnu ishranu kretala se od 98 - 120 (m. Ukupna duina liinki pri prelasku na aktivnu ishranu se poveala i iznosila je 4677 (m. Liinke vrane su uspjeno prole kritino razdoblje prelaska na aktivnu ishranu s kolnjacima to omoguava laki uzgoj ove vrste do kasnijih stadija. Preliminary studies of reproduction and early life history of brown wrasse Labrus merula (Linnaeus, 1758) The paper describes preliminary results under laboratory conditions spawning, embryonic development and larval rearing of brown wrasse Labrus merula. This species inhabits rocky bottom and meadows of Posidonia oceanica in coastal waters at a depth range from 1 to 50 m. The brown wrasse spawns in lateis winter and early spring. This species spawned three times every 10 days during March in our laboratory. Average diameter of eggs was 947 (m. The incubation period was 96 hours at 14C and 38 salinity. Total length of newly hatched larvae was 3804 (m. The yolk-sac was consumed through 96 hours and after that period larvae started to active by feed on rotifers Brachionus plicatilis. The functional mouth opening of larvae varied between 98 -120 (m. Total length of larvae at the begining of active feeding increased to 4677 (m. Brown wrasse larvae were able to survive the critical period of adjustment to active feeding on rotifers. Therefore, these results encourage further culturing of this species. Nika Glavi, Boko Skaramuca, Valter Koul IOR, Laboratorij za ekologiju uzgoja koljkaa i riba, Damjana Jude 12, 20000 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska Utjecaj temperature i slanosti na volumen kolnjaka Brachionus plicatilis O. F. Mller u laboratorijskim uvjetima Kombinacijom razliitih temperatura i slanosti u laboratorijskim uvjetima pokuali smo dobiti kolnjake razliitih veliinskih frakcija. Koritenjem kolnjaka razliitih veliina bismo mogli zadovoljiti potrebe ishrane liinki riba razliitih veliina otvora usta u prvim danima egzogene prehrane. Kolnjake smo uzgajali u plastinim spremnicima zapremine 30 l, u 15 l morske vode odreenog saliniteta, uz prehranu s jednostaninom algom Nannochloropsis sp. (Chlorophyceae). Primijenili smo tri temperature i tri slanosti, u 9 kombinacija, i pratili razvoj i volumen kolnjaka kroz 10 dana. Kolnjaci uzgajani na 22 C i 20 S bili su prosjenog volumena od 758 692 (m3 (SD(199 504 (m3), a oni uzgajani na 34 C i 35 S bili su prosjenog volumena od 425 358 (m3 (SD(152 530 (m3). Prosjek je uzet iz mjerenja koje je izvreno od 5. do 10. dana pokusa. ANOVA analiza je pokazala (P( 0.05) razliku izmeu rezultata u pojedinim grupama, pa moemo zakljuiti da vie temperature i saliniteti utjeu na smanjenje volumena kolnjaka Brachionus plicatilis u kontroliranim, laboratorijskim uvjetima. The impact of temperature and salinity on volume of rotifer Brachionusplicatilis O. F. Mller in laboratory conditions By combining different temperatures and salinities in laboratory conditions we tried to rear rotifers of different size fractions. These size fractions of rotifers possibly could satisfy the needs in feeding fish larvae with different dimensions of mouth, in their first days of exogene nutrition. We reared rotifers in plastic tanks with volume of 30 l, filled with 15 l sea water of controlled temperature and salinity, and fed them unicellular alga Nannochloropsis sp. (Chlorophyceae). Three temperatures and three salinities were applied, in nine combinations, and growth and volume of rotifers were observed through ten days. Rotifers reared at 22 C and 20 S were of average volume of 758 692 (m3 (SD(199 504 (m3), and those reared at 34 C and 35 S were of average volume of 425 358 (m3 (SD(152 530 (m3). The average value was taken from measurements conducted from day 5 to day 10 of experiment. One way ANOVA analyze of variance showed (P(0.05) the difference between groups of results, thus we can conclude that in laboratory, controlled conditions higher temperatures and salinities influence rotifers in way that their volume decreases. Nenad Jasprica1, Marina Cari1, Jaka Bolotin1, Martin Lazar2,MarinaRudenjak-Lukenda1 1Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, pp. 39, 20001 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska 2PMF Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Rast dagnje (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.) u Malostonskom zaljevu U razdoblju od travnja 1984. do svibnja 1985. jednom mjeseno je praen apsolutni i alometrijski rast jednogodinje (duina 38.9 ( 4.8 mm) dagnje (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.) u uvali Bistrina na 1, 3 i 6 metara dubine. Od ukupno est analiziranih modela rasta, eksponencijalna jednadba (log(Y)=B*X+A( se pokazala najprikladnijom za prikazivanje odnosa duina/irina te duina/debljina ljuture na svim istraivanim dubinama. U odnosu duina ljuture/suha teina mesa najprikladniji model na 1 i 3 metra dubine prikazan je logaritamskom jednadbom (Y=B*log(X)+A(, a na 6 metara linearnom (Y=B*X+A). Brzina rasta dagnje usporeena je s gustoom populacija i kvalitativnim sastavom fitoplanktona i mikrozooplanktona. Najvea brzina rasta ljuture i porast suhe teine mesa bili su u razdoblju lipanj-srpanj, kada je utvren intenzivni razvoj mikrofitoplanktona i nanofitoplanktona. Growth rate of Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk.) inthe Mali Ston Bay The one year old mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk., length 38.9 ( 4.8 mm) absolute and allometric growth rate were investigated monthly at Bistrina Station from April 1984 to May 1985. Growth rate was evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 meters depth. Among six analyzed growth rate models, exponential equation (log(Y)=B*X+A( was observed with the best fit for shell length/width and shell length/height relationship at the all investigated depths. The logarithmic equation (Y=B*log(X)+A( was the best fit model for shell length/flesh dry weight at 1 and 3 meters depth, and the linear equation (Y=B*X+A) at 6 m depth. The mussels growth rate was compared with phytoplankton and microzooplankton population densities and species composition. The best mussels shell growth rate and flesh dry weight were recorded in June-July, when an intensive development of microphytoplankton and nanophytoplankton population densities occurred. Marina Cari, Nenad Jasprica Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, pp. 39, 20001 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska Raspodjela hranjivih soli i fitoplanktona u uvali Bistina (Malostonskizaljev) U uvali Bistrina (8 m najvee dubine) u unutarnjem dijelu Malostonskog zaljeva sakupljani su uzorci jednom mjeseno, od veljae 1988. do sijenja 1989. Zaljev je pod utjecajem slatke vode rijeke Neretve u vanjskom dijelu i podzemnih izvora (vrulja) u unutarnjem dijelu. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi raspodjelu hranjivih soli i fitoplanktona unutar vodenog stupca. S obzirom na hidrodinamike znaajke vodenog stupca razdoblje mijeanja utvreno je u veem dijelu godine. Prevladavala je vertikalna izotermija. Dotoci slatke vode uzrokovali su raslojavanje vodenog stupca u veljai, oujku, lipnju, rujnu i sijenju. Piknoklina se nalazila na dubini od 0 do 4 m kao posljedica razlika u slanosti. Prozranost vodenog stupca bila je dobra (0.92-1.35). Najvee koncentracije hranjivih soli (osim amonijevih soli) unutar cijelog vodenog stupca ustanovljene su u veljai. U preostalom dijelu godine visoke koncentracije hranjivih soli uzrokovane su dotokom slatke vode i bile su najvee u sloju piknokline. Ustanovljena su dva maksimuma fitoplanktona (proljee-ljeto). Maksimum mikrofitoplanktona i nanofitoplanktona bio je u pridnenom sloju u oujku, odnosno u travnju. U lipnju, kada je dotok slatkih voda bio najvei, maksimum mikrofitoplanktona bio je u gornjem sloju (0-4 m), a nanofitoplanktona u pridnenom (4-8 m). Smanjenje koncentracija veine hranjivih soli javlja se nakon pojaanog razvoja fitoplanktona. Tada su utvrene visoke koncentracije amonijevih soli i to uglavnom neposredno ispod piknokline, najvjerojatnije kao posljedica pojaane heterotrofne aktivnosti. Nutrient and phytoplankton distribution at the Bistrina Station (MaliSton Bay) Sampling was performed once a month at Bistrina Station (8 m max. depth) in the inner part of the Mali Ston Bay, from February 1988 to January 1989. This area is influenced by the fresh water income from the Neretva river at the outer part and submarine springs (vruljas) in the inner part. The aim of this work has been to describe the distribution of nutrients and phytoplankton in relation to water column structure. According to the hydrodynamic characteristics of the water column the mixing period exist through greater part of the year. The water column was almost vertically isothermal. The freshwater input leads to saline stratification (February, March, June, September, January). The pycnocline was present at 0-4 m depth, generated by salinity differences. The water column was well oxygenated. Maximum nutrient concentrations (except ammonia) throughout the water column were registered in February. The high nutrient concentrations, in the other part of the year, were associated with the fresh water inflow and were highest in the pycnocline layer. The two (spring-summer) maxims of phytoplankton were noted throughout the year. The maxima of microphytoplankton and nanophytoplankton were registered at the bottom layer in March and April, respectively. In June, when the fresh water income was the strongest, the microphytoplankton maxima was in the upper layer (0-4 m), and nanophytoplankton maxima in the bottom layer (4-8 m). After intensive development of phytoplankton the decrease in concentration of most nutrients occurred. In the ammonia cycle the presence of pockets of high ammonia concentration were almost noted immediately below pycnocline, and almost appeared after intense phytoplankton bloom and are indicative for heterotrophic activity. Marcelo Kovai Prirodoslovni muzej Rijeka, Lorenzov prolaz 1, 51000 Rijeka, Hrvatska Kriptobentoska ihtiofauna u Kvarnerskom podruju, Jadransko more Sastav ribljih zajednica priobalnog bentosa u podruju Kvarnera istraivan je u periodu 1993.-1997. tijekom oko 90 ronjenja autonomnim ronilakim aparatima. Na ovim istraivanjima sakupljeni su podaci i o kriptobentoskoj ihtiofauni. Uz pojedinane nalaze stranih autora, ovo su prvi takvi podaci o ovom podruju. U Sredozemnom moru je u posljednja tri desetljea, zahvaljujui koritenju ronilake tehnike, otkriveno nekoliko kriptobentoskih vrsta riba, a sakupljeni su primjerci i podaci o ekologiji i biologiji vie vrsta poznatih do tada samo na osnovu opisanih tipova. Skrivena stanita na morskom dnu ukljuuju pilje, duboke duplje i pukotine u stjenovitoj osnovi te prostore ispod kamenih gromada, kamenja i valutica na morskom dnu. U kriptobentoska stanita ne bi trebalo ukljuivati poluzatvorene (zasjenjene) prostore morskog dna. Tijekom ronjenja zabiljeeni su, a od svake vrste i sakupljeni primjerci, slijedeih kriptobentoskih vrsta obitelji Gobiidae: Chromogobius quadrivittatus, Chromogobius zebratus, Corcyrogobius liechtensteini, Thorogobius ephippiatus, Zebrus zebrus i obitelji Gobiesocidae: Gounia wildenowi, Lepadogaster candollei, Lepadogaster lepadogaster. U piljama je jedina uoena vrsta bila Thorogobius ephippiatus. On je pronaen i u dubokim udubljenjima i pukotinama na dubinama od 12-32 metra. Jedini primjerak vrste Corcyrogobius liechtensteini sakupljen je na dubini od 1 metra, na stijeni slabo obrasloj algama, u rupi prstaca. Isto samo jedan primjerak vrste Gounia wildenowi pronaen je na plai meu valuticama, neposredno ispod donje granice oseke. Rjee su nalaene i vrste Lepadogaster lepadogaster i Chromogobius quadrivittatus, na ravnim dnima, ravnomjerno pokrivenim valuticama, uz mediolitoralne stijene do 2 metra dubine. ee su zabiljeene, na razliitim tipovima dna, vrste Lepadogaster candollei (dubine 1-18 metara), Chromogobius zebratus (dubine 1-10 metara) i Zebrus zebrus (dubine 1-6 metara). Zabiljeena stanita pronaenih kriptobentoskih vrsta porodice Gobiidae veinom odgovaraju podacima u literaturi. Objavljeni podaci o stanitu vrsta porodice Gobiesocidae uope ne postoje. Vidljiva je razlika u sastavu vrsta i njihovoj uestalosti izmeu nalaza u Kvarneru i nalaza drugih autora u drugim dijelovima Sredozemnog mora. Cryptobenthic ichthyofauna in the Kvarner area, Adriatic Sea The fish assemblage of inshore benthos in the area of Kvarner was investigated in period from 1993-1997, during nearly ninety SCUBA diving. Among the other data, the research also collected information on cryptobenthic ichthyofauna. These are the first data on the subject in the Kvarner area, except a few individual findings of specimens reported by other authors. In the last three decades in the Mediterranean several cryptobenthic fish species have been described thanks to SCUBA techniques. Knowledge on other cryptobenthic species has been enlarged. Some of them had been known only from original types until then. Hidden habitats in benthos include caves, deep holes and crevices in bedrock and area under boulders, rocks and small stones at sea bottom. Semiclosed (shaded) spaces at the bottom should not be included in the cryptobenthic habitats. During SCUBA diving the following cryptobenthic species have been registrated. Identification has been confirmed by collecting at least one specimen. Family Gobiidae: Chromogobius quadrivittatus, Chromogobius zebratus, Corcyrogobius liechtensteini, Thorogobius ephippiatus, Zebrus zebrus. Family Gobisesocidae: Gounia wildenowi, Lepadogaster candollei, Lepadogaster lepadogaster. The only observed species in caves was Thorogobius ephippiatus. It was found also in deep crevices and holes at a depth of 12-32 m. Only specimen of Corcyrogobius liechtensteini was collected at a depth of 1 m, on rock poorly covered with algae. It was found in a small hole made by bivalve Lithophaga lithophaga. Gounia wildenowi was also registrated with only one specimen. It was collected on the beach covered with round small stones. It was found under stones, immediately below the tidal zone. Lepadogaster lepadogaster and Chromogobius quadrivittatus were rarely found. They were present at the horizontal bottom, covered with small stones, close to mediolittoral rock at a depth not below 2 m. Lepadogaster candollei, Chromogobius zebratus and Zebrus zebrus were often observed, on different types of bottom at a depth of 1-18 m (L. candollei), 1-10 m (Ch. Zebratus) and 1-6 m (Z. zebrus). Registrated habitats of recently found cryptobenthic gobiid species in the Kvarner area mostly correspond to literature data. There are no data on habitats of found clingfish species in literature. Differences in species composition and their abundance between the findings in the Kvarner area and data of other authors in other parts of Mediterranean are evident. Mirjana Legac1, Mirjana Hrs-Brenko2 1Prirodoslovni muzej, Lorenzov prolaz 1, 51000 Rijeka, Hrvatska 2Centar za istraivanje mora, Institut "Ruer Bokovi", GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj, Hrvatska to znamo o koljkaima istone obale Jadrana ? Odgovor na postavljeno pitanje je kratak: i mnogo i malo. Zato je pregled dosadanjeg znanja poeljan. Ve vie od dva stoljea spominju se koljkai u autekolokim i u popisima biocenolokih radova. Pregled dosadanjih istraivanja ukazuje na bolje poznavanje sjevernih dijelova istone obale Jadrana od junih. Popisi koljkaa u nekim radovima su relativno veliki s preko 150 i ak 200 vrsta. Meutim, vrste navedene u popisnima jo nisu usklaene i stoga je teko procijeniti istinski broj vrsta koljkaa do sada zabiljeenih za istoni dio Jadrana. Potrebno je prema obimnoj i nepotpunoj sinonimiji koljkaa, poglavito nazonoj u starijim radovima, navesti validan naziv za svaku vrstu. Posebno e biti naznaene imigracijske vrste i vrste s problematinom rasprostranjenosti u istonom Jadranu. U priopenju uz privremeni popis koljkaa raspravit e se i neki problemi taksonomske i ekoloke prirode, zatim problemi uzorkovanja i obrade koljkaa, kao i problemi uzgoja i pohrane primjeraka u zbirkama. What we know about bivalves on the eastern Adriatic sea ? The answer to this question is short: much and little. Consequently, a review of the existing knowledge would be appreciated. The history of bivalve findings could be traced as far as two centuries back. Bivalves were mentioned in autecological and in check lists of biocoenological publications. The review of these data signifces that the northern Adriatic Sea is a better investigated area, than its southern parts. Bivalve check lists in some publications are relatively large in number, with more than 150 or 200 species. Still the total bivalve species number in the eastern Adriatic Sea is not known. Consequently, an exstaction of the valid name of each species from the numerous synonyms cited, especially in old publications, will be done. Recently immigrated species and those with a doubtful Adriatic distribution will be particularly noted. This presentation will perform a provisional bivalve check list and will discuss some problems relating to taxonomy and ecology, sample collection, their handling, cultivation problems, and finally, problems of bivalve shell preservation in the collections. Zdravko tevi Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Poredak porodica rakova kratkorepaca Utvrivanje sistematskog poloaja neke svojte u klasifikacijskoj shemi je vrlo vana zadaa sistematike i esto je pretmetom rasprava i nesporazuma. Podsvojte (subtaxa) trebaju biti svrstane unutar klasifikacijske sheme tako da najprimitivnije dou naprijed, a najizvedenije odostraga. Uvjet za takav uzlazni poredak je utvrivanje polarnosti sistematskih karakteristika (predako - izvedeno). Zbog napretku u poznavanju svojti stupnjevi polarnosti se vremenom mijenjaju i stoga je neophodna revizija poretka. Filogenetski odnosi mogu se prikazati u obliku rodoslovnih stabala, ali u tekstu lanka ili knjige poredak nuno mora biti linearan, to je uzrokom potekoa redoslijeda izlaganja. Kod rakova kratkorepaca (Crustacea Decapoda Brachyura) u zadnje dvije dekade dolo je do znatnog napretka u poznavanju podsvojti, ali veina autora je zadralo staromodnu klasifikacijsku shemu, koje je vaila gotovo zadnjih sto godina. Tako je za skupine Oxystomata i Oxyrhyncha utvreno da su umjetne, ali unato tome veina autora ih i dalje zadrava. Oni autori koji su ih napustili uglavnom nisu ih razvrstali na odgovarajua mjesta u klasifikacijskoj shemi. Primjerice porodice Dorippidae i Leucosiidae stavljene su na poetak klasifikacijske sheme kratkorepaca premda su one najizvedeniji predstavnici skupine Heterotremata. S druge strane porodica Majidae svrstana je na kraj sheme iza Thoracotremata iako su Thoracotremata po ustrojstvu najizvedeniji kratkorepci. Dosljedno reenome, sve porodice kratkorepaca svrstati e se u linearnoj shemi na odgovarajua mjesta. Arrangement of the brachyuran families The establishment of the systematic position of a taxon inside the classificatory scheme is a very important task of systematics. It is often subject of discussions and controversies. The subtaxa should be arranged inside a scheme in the manner that the most primitive are ahead and the most derived behind. The prerequisite for such an ascending arrangement is the establishment of character polarity (ancestral - derived). Because of the advance in research the knowledge on the character states changes over the time and rearrangements are often necessary. The phylogenetic relationships could be presented in the form of genealogical trees, but in the text of an article or a book the arrangement should be linear, what often causes some difficulties. In the brachyuran crabs (Crustacea Decapoda Brachyura) in the last two decades the considerable advance in the knowledge of subtaxa happened. Still the majority of authors retained the old-fashioned classificatory scheme, being in use from nearly a hundred years ago. For example, for the Oxystomata and Oxyrhyncha it was established that they are artificial groups, but the majority of authors continue to use them. Authors who abandoned these groups did not rearrange their families in their appropriate positions. So, the families Dorippidae and Leucosiidae are placed in the first section of the brachyuran classificatory scheme although they are the most derived higher Heterotremata. On the other hand, the Majidae were often arranged at the end of the classificatory scheme behind the Thoracotremata although the Thoracotremata are the most advanced in their organization. Consequently, this paper is an attempt will be made to arrange all brachyuran families in a linear scheme at their appropriate position. C.Piccinetti1, B. Mareta2, S. Jukic-Peladi3, Nedo Vrgo3, V. Dadi3 1Laboratorio di biologia marina e Pesca , Fano, Italija 2Intitut za biologijo, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija 3Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Ribarstveno-bioloka ekspedicija EU-MEDITS 96 Nakon ekspedicije HVAR (1948. -1949.), kojom je opisano kvalitativno i kvantitativno stanje pridnenih (koarskih) naselja u Jadranskom moru u uvjetima dok jo nije postojala eksploatacija, pa sve do danas, nije bilo organiziranih ribarstveno-biolokih ekspedicija koje bi obuhvatile cijelo Jadransko more. Ribarstveno-bioloka ekspedicija PIPETA (od 1982. do 1985. godine), organizirana i provedena od strane Instituta u Fanu (Italija) i Instituta za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u Splitu, bila je oblik subregionalne znanstvene suradnje uspostavljene radi zatite obnovljivih biozaliha, a potpomognuta je od Generalnog savjeta za ribarstvo Sredozemnog mora (FAO GFCM). Podruje istraivanja ove ekspedicije bilo je uglavnom nacionalno more Italije i meunarodni dio Jadrana, dok nae teritorijalne vode nisu bile obuhvaene istraivanjima. Ekspedicija EU-MEDITS (International Bottom Trawl Survey) uspostavljena je 1984. godine s zadatkom ocjene stanja i izlovljenosti koarskih naselja sjevernog i sjeverozapadnog Mediterana u kojem sudjeluju iskljuivo lanice EU, a tijekom 1996 proiruju se na nove sudionike u Jadranskom moru (Hrvatska, Slovenija i Albanija). Ovo je danas najvei ribarstveno-bioloki projekt u Mediteranu u koji je ukljueno preko 20 najuglednijih instituta s preko 130 znanstvenika u kojem ravnopravno participira i Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u Splitu istraujui sjeverni i srednji Jadran zajedno s institutima u Fanu (Italija) i Ljubljani. Navedena ribarstveno-bioloka istraivanja obavljaju se standardiziranim alatom (koom) i metodologijom na cijelom podruju Mediterana na ukupno 1.095 nasumino izabranih postaja, a u podruju sjevernog i srednjeg Jadrana nalazi se 137 postaja. Osnovni ciljevi ovog ribarstveno-biolokog programa, koji su proizili iz temeljnih naela EU deklaracija (Kreta, 198; Venecija, 1986) o zatiti i gospodarenju resursima Sredozemnog mora, sastoje se u opisu distribucije i kvalitativno-kvantitativne strukture pridnenih populacija u podruju Mediterana, nainiti modele dinamike populacija i procijeniti ukupne smrtnosti populacija i konano, pored priloga izuavanju biologije demersalnih populacija, izvriti objektivnu procjenu ukupne koliine (biomase) gospodarskih naselja u istraivanom podruju u cilju njihovog odrivog iskoritavanja i zatite. Uspjeno organizirano i ostvareno istraivanje Jadranskog mora tijekom svibnja i lipnja prole godine to su ga obavili znanstvenici Laboratorija za ihtiologiju i ribarstvo IOR-a u Splitu zajedno s institutima u Fanu, Ljubljani, Bariju i Drau, djelomino je prezentirano u ovom radu. Ground fish stocks expedition EU MEDITS96 In Adriatic Sea since the bottom trawl fisheries expedition HVAR carried out during 1948-1949 by Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries-Split, extensive trawl-surveys actions that could supply ichthyologists and managers with reliable information about the state of commercial demersal stocks of the Adriatic Sea till EU MEDITS96 programme has not been realized. Trawl-survey actions, called PIPETA undertaken in Adriatic Sea on the cooperative base between Laboratorio di Biologia Marina e Pesca - Fano (Italy) and Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries - Split (Croatia) during 1982-1996 as sub-regional cooperative research programme among Italian and Croatian fishery biologists over trawable fishing grounds of the northern and central Adriatic covered Italian national and international Adriatic sea waters while the fishing grounds among national waters of the Republic Croatia and Slovenia were outside of this programme. EU MEDITS96 (EU Mediterranean Trawl Survey) programme designed on an EC-DG XIVs initiative to create common knowledge on the demersal (benthic) resources in the north-western Mediterranean in 1984, among the Mediterranean European countries (Spain, France, Italy and Greece) in 1996 year the programme has been extended in the Adriatic Sea with collaboration of scientists from (Slovenia, Croatia and Albania), so that since 1996 about 20 Mediterranean institutes contributed in the programme with almost 130 scientists. As a first step of the programme was to produce standardized data from bottom trawl surveys along the shelves and slopes, from Gibraltar Straight to Aegean Sea and Adriatic, involving in 1996 totally 1.095 fixed stations from which 137 fixed stations belong to northern and central Adriatic. The main goal of the programme that has been derived from principles of EU Declarations (Crete, 1994; Venice, 1996) for Mediterranean Resources Management has been to assess indices of abundances and length frequencies distribution of the main commercial species in the surveyed areas (30 commercial species of the common interests) by achieving four main topics as priorities: methodology, population knowledge, spatial and temporal variability and stock assessment and fishery management. Data of this successfully organized and achieved surveyed programme in 1996 that was carried out in northern and central Adriatic by: Italian (Fano), Croatian (Split) and Slovenian (Ljubljana) fishery biologists are subjects of this Report. Marija Crnevi1, Damir Vilii2, Ivona Marasovi3, Grozdan Kupili3 1Ulica Ive Vojnovia 10, 20000 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska 2Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Bioloki odsjek, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 3Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Vertikalna raspodjela fitoplanktona u Rogoznikom jezeru Rogozniko jezero je malo slano jezero, koje je povezano s oblinjim morem kroz pukotine u kru, a nalazi se kod Rogoznice u srednjoj Dalmaciji. Veim dijelom godine to je stratificirani ekosustav s dobro izraenom termoklinom, haloklinom i kemoklinom, u kojem je esta pridnena anoksija uz stvaranje sumporovodika. U takvim uvjetima utvrena je zanimljiva vertikalna raspodjela fitoplanktona. Uzorci vode uzimani su Niskinovim crpcem u oujku, travnju, lipnju, studenom 1994., te veljai 1995. godine. Uzorci fitoplanktona konzervirani su formaldehidom, konane koncentracije 2%. Temperatura i slanost mjereni su sondom, a koncentracija kemijskih parametara standardnim metodama. Brojnost stanica odreena je pomou inverznog mikroskopa. Utvren je siromaan taksonomski sastav fitoplanktona, vjerojatno zbog specifinih fizikalno-kemijskih uvjeta u jezeru. Od dominantnih vrsta isticale su se alge kremenjaice (Chaetoceros curvisetus) i rijetki dinoflagelati (Prorocentrum arcuatum i Hermesinum adriaticum). Najee je utvreno potpovrinsko nakupljanje fitoplanktona; uz haloklinu, termoklinu i povremeno uz granicu izmeu povrinskog aerobnog i dubljeg anaerobnog sloja. Nakupljanje na granici faza je vjerojatno rezultat 1) zadravanja u gradijentu gustoe, 2) izostanka utjecaja herbivora i 3) aktivnog rasta, to je sluaj kod heterotrofne vrste Hermesinum adriaticum, koja u graninom sloju nalazi obilje otopljene organske tvari i suspendiranog detritusa. Zatvoreni vodeni ekosustavi zanimljivi su zbog specifinih biogeokemijskih procesa, pa ih valja nastaviti istraivati. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton in Lake Rogoznica (eastern,middle Adriatic coast) Lake Rogoznica is 12 m deep, small coastal lake near the settlement of Rogoznica, central eastern Adriatic coast. It is connected with the sea through the surrounding porous karstic rocks. It is an stratified ecosystem most of the year, with relatively strong thermocline, halocline and chemocline, as well as anoxic bottom layer enriched with sulphide. In such conditions, we found interesting vertical distribution of phytoplankton. Water samples were taken by Niskin samplers in March, April, June and November 1994, as well as February 1995. Phytoplankton samples were preserved in a 2% (final concentration) neutralised formaldehyde solution. Salinity and temperature were measured in situ (by sond), and nutrients by standard methods. Cell counts were obtained by the inverted microscope method. The poor taxonomic composition of phytoplankton was found, probably because of specific physical-chemical conditions. Phytoplankton was dominated by diatoms (Chaetoceros curvisetus) and rare dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum arcuatum, Hermesinum adriaticum). Subsurface accumulation of phytoplankton was mostly found along the brackish/seawater interface (halocline, thermocline) and oxic/anoxic interface. Accumulation of cells along the interface layer is probably result of 1) retention in the density gradient, 2) refuge of predation, and 3) active growth (as in the case of heterotrophic dinoflagellate Hermesinum adriaticum, which phagotrophically consume suspended organic matter). Closed aquatic ecosystems provide places where specific biogeochemical processes occur, and should be matter of further investigations. Sandra Brki1, Damir Vilii2 1Ulica Augusta enoe 6, 20000 Dubrovnik, Hrvatska 2Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Bioloki odsjek, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Proljetni razvoj fitoplanktona u obalnom moru kod Dubrovnika Istona obala junog Jadrana pod snanim je utjecajem ulazne struje iz istonog Mediterana. Istraivanja fitoplanktona obavljena su na postaji postavljenoj iznad izobate 100 m, juno od otoka Lokruma u blizini Dubrovnika. To je najjunija postaja na kojoj se prati hidrografija i plankton u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog mora, a udaljena je 42 km od dravne granice s Jugoslavijom (Crnom Gorom). Budui da se ulazna struja kree uz istonu obalu prema sjeverozapadu, moe se analizom fitoplanktona procijeniti eventualno oneienje mora u zemljama s kojima Hrvatska granii, jer je koliina i taksonomski sastav fitoplanktona dobar pokazatelj intenziteta eutrofikacije. Uzorci mora s vie dubina uzimani su crpcem, u razdoblju od travnja do lipnja 1996. godine. Gustoa populacija pojedinih taksonomskih kategorija fitoplanktona odreena je pomou inverznog mikroskopa, a temperatura pomou inverznog termometra. U ovom radu analiziran je razvoj fitoplanktona u odnosu na termiku vodenog stupca u proljee 1996. godine. Termika stratifikacija vodenog stupca zavrila je u lipnju, kada je zabiljeen maksimalni temperaturni gradijent od 0.32(C m-1, koji je bio jednolik od povrine do dubine od 20 m. Tijekom jaanja termokline zabiljeeno je sukcesivno nakupljanje nanoplanktona i mikrofitoplanktona u sloju od 0 do 10 m dubine. Razvoj nanoplanktona (stanice <20 (m) dostie maksimum 9. svibnja kada je zabiljeeno 2.5 x 106 stanica l-1. Nakon toga se populacija nanoplanktona reducira, a raste gustoa mikrofitoplanktona (stanice >20 (m) koja dostie maksimum desetak dana kasnije, s vrijednou od 1.4 x 105 stanica l-1. Dominiraju alge kremenjaice, pogotovo vrste roda Chaetoceros. Razvoj nanoplanktona prethodi mikroplanktonu, jer manje stanice bre absorbiraju nutrijente kojih ima u moru u dovoljnoj koliini nakon zimskog mijeanja vodenog stupca. Poveana gustoa mikrofitoplanktona javila se oko 15. svibnja, kad se povrinski sloj (0-20 m) zagrijao na 20(C. Ukoliko uzmemo u obzir da je zabiljeena maksimalna gustoa mikrofitoplanktona, ujedno i godinji maksimum, to je vjerojatno, jer se redovito javlja u proljee, moe se istraivana vodena masa klasificirati kao ekstremno oligotrofna i slina puinskom moru junog Jadrana. Trebalo bi naknadno odgovoriti na pitanje u kojoj je mjeri oligotrofni karakter obalnog mora kod otoka Lokruma rezultat a) male eutrofikacije s kopna ili b) velike dubine prihvatnog bazena u kojem dolazi do brzog razrjeivanja hranjivih soli. The spring development of phytoplankton in the southern coastal Adriatic Sea near Dubrovnik Eastern Adriatic coast is strongly influenced by the northerly inflowing current from the eastern Mediterranean. Investigations of phytoplankton were performed at station located above the isobath of 100 m, to the south from Lokrum, near Dubrovnik. This is the southernmost coastal Adriatic research station in Croatia, 42 km far from the state border with Yugoslavia (Montenegro). The taxonomic and quantitative research of phytoplankton may indicate eventual excessive eutrophication coming from the neighbour countries. Water samples were taken from several depths, in the period from April to June 1996. Population density of particular phytoplankton groups were determined using inverted microscope, and temperature using inverted thermometer. In this paper we analyze development of phytoplankton in relation to thermal structure of water column in spring 1996. Stabile thermal stratification was established in June, when maximum thermal gradient of 0.32(C m-1 in the 0-20 m layer was determined. The thermocline formation was followed by successive accumulation of nanoplankton and microphytoplankton in the 0-10 m layer. The maximum nanoplankton (cells <20 (m) cell density of 2.5 x 106 cells l-1 was found on the 9th of May. Approximately 10 days later, the nanoplankton was replaced by the maximum microphytoplankton population density of 1.4 x 105 cells l-1. Diatoms, with many Chaetoceros species dominated in phytoplankton community. Nanoplankton appeared before microphytoplankton, because smaller cells absorb nutrients more quickly than larger ones. Increasing microphytoplankton population appeared approximately on May 15, when water temperature reached value of 20(C. According to population density of microphytoplankton The trophic state of the investigated ecosystem may be roughly classified according to microphytoplankton population density. If we consider maximum recorded microphytoplankton population density as an annual maximum, the investigated ecosystem may be classified as extremely oligotrophic and similar to offshore southern Adriatic waters. The future research would give answer to the question how much is oligotrophy dependant upon a) small land-based eutrophication, and b) dilution processes in the relatively deep coastal sea. Davor Lui Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo-Split, Laboratorij za ekologiju planktona-Dubrovnik, DamjanaJude 12, 20001Dubrovnik, Hrvatska Vremenske i prostorne promjene gustoe liinki dekapoda uobalnimvodama junog Jadrana Liinke dekapoda su vana, ali slabo poznata zooplanktonska skupina. Stoga su tijekom 1989-1990. obavljena istraivanja u obalnom podruju Dubrovnika (Lokrumski kanal i Gruki zaljev, 22 m dubine), te u Malostonskom zaljevu (Usko i Bistrina, 14 i 10 m dubine). Uzorci su sakupljeni tijekom dana ureajem tipa "Adriatic" s mreom finoe tkanja 125 (m, kod Lokruma i u Grukom zaljevu u slojevima od 5 metara, te u Malostonskom zaljevu u slojevima od 2 metra. Glavnina liinki dekapoda prisutna je u planktonu od travnja do rujna, to je u skladu sa sezonskim promjenama vrijednosti temperatura i koncentracije fitoplanktona. U ologotrofnom Lokrumskom kanalu ukupne vrijednosti su vrlo niske. Maksimum od 72 jed.m-3 je u svibnju na 15 m dubine. Dominatne vrste bile su Processa spp. i Liocarcinus spp. s udjelima od 33% i 19% u ukupnoj gustoi liinki dekapoda. Na ostalim postajama naene su vie vrijednosti. U umjereno antropogeno eutroficiranom Grukom zaljevu u lipnju i srpnju utvreno je 666 jed.m-3 i 637 jed.m-3 na 10 m. U prirodno eutroficiranom Malostonskom zaljevu zabiljeeni su maksimumi od 531 jed.m-3 (Usko) i 639 jed.m-3 (Bistrina) u srpnju i travnju uz dno. Izrazito dominatna vrsta je Pisidia longimana s udjelima u ukupnoj gustoi od 33% (Gruki zaljev), 47% (Usko) i 61% (Bistrina). Po brojnosti slijede vrste iz porodice Inachinae i Paguridae, zatim Alpheidae i Hippolytidae. Kruskal-Wallis testom (H) utvrene su znaajne razlike vertikalnog rasporeda gustoe vrste P. longimana. U Grukom zaljevu glavnina jedinki je u sredinjem sloju od 10-15 m (H=10.669, p=0.04) zbog poveana koncentracije detritusa koja smanjuje prodor svjetlosti u vodenom stupcu. Na ostalim postajama vee agregacije su u pridnenom sloju (Usko, H=16.263, p=0.01 i Bistrina, H=29.769, p<0.001). Temporal and spatial variations in decapod larvae densities inthecoastal waters of the South Adriatic Decapod larvae are an important though not well known zooplankton group. In order to collect data on decapod larvae, investigations were carried in the coastal waters of Dubrovnik (Lokrum Channel and Gru Bay, 22 m-depth) and in Mali Ston Bay (Usko and Bistrina, 14 and 10 m-depth) during 1989 through 1990. Daytime samples were spaced at 5-m intervals (Lokrum Channel and Gru Bay) and 2-m intervals (Usko and Bistrina), using the Adriatic sampler with a 125 (m mesh netting. The most abundance of decapod larvae was present in the plankton from April to September, which is in accordance with seasonal variations in temperature and phytoplankton concentration values. At the oligotrophic Lokrum Channel total abundance was rather low. Maximum of 72 ind.m-3 was found at 15 m depth in May. Processa spp. and Liocarcinus spp. were the dominant species contributing 33% and 19%, respectively, to total decapod larvae density. At other stations, values were higher. At the slight antropogenic eutrophicated Gru Bay, 666 ind.m-3 and 637 ind.m-3 were found at 10 meters depth in June and July. In a naturally eutrophicated Mali Ston Bay maximum of 531 ind.m-3 (Usko) and 639 ind.m-3 (Bistrina) were found at the bottom layer in July and April. A markedly dominant species was Pisidia longimana that contributed from 33% (Gru Bay), 47% (Usko) and 61% (Bistrina) to total decapod density. Ranking second in numerical importance were individuals of Inachinae and Paguridae, followed by Alpheidae and Hippolytidae. Kruskal-Wallis test (H) revealed significant differences in density vertical distribution of the P. longimana species. The majority of the individuals in Gru Bay were found in the intermediate layer from 10 to 15 meters depth (H=10.669, p=0.04) due to an increased concentration of detritus that inhibited the penetration of the light through the water column. At other stations, aggregations were higher in the near the bottom layer (Usko, H=16.263, p=0.01 and Bistrina, H=29.769, p<0.001). Frano Krini Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo, Laboratorij za ekologiju planktona, Dubrovnik, KnezaDamjanaJude 12, 20001Dubrovnik, Hrvatska Vertikalna raspodjela protozoa i malih kopepoda ujunojadranskojkotlini Istraivanja vertikalne raspodjele radiolarija, tintinina i malih kopepoda obavljena su u sredinjem dijelu junojadranske kotline na tri postaje od listopada 1985. do svibnja 1990. Uzorci su sakupljeni planktonskom mreom sa sistemom za zatvaranje, finoe tkanja 53 (m u osam slojeva od dna do povrine. U radu donosimo podatke za 54 vrste radiolarija, 60 tintinina i 22 poecilostomatoida. Prema numerikoj obilnosti i uestalosti glavnine populacije pojedine vrste u vodenom stupcu moemo definirati etiri zajednice; povrinska (0 - 50 m), pod-povrinska (50 - 100 m), mezopelagina (100 - 600 m) i duboko-morska (ispod 600 m). Eufotiki sloj karakteriziraju tintinini, naupliji, ciklopoidi i kalanoidni kopepoditi, a radiolariji i poecilostomatoidi dublje slojeve. Izmeu istraivanih postaja najvee varijabilnosti brojnosti zabiljeene zu na povrini. Prema dnu razlike su znatno manje, a ispod 400 m dubine utvrena je uniformnost za sve skupine. Na temelju utvrenih vrijednosti gustoe protozoa i mikrometazoa u sredinjem dijelu junojadranske kotline moemo zakljuiti da je ovo podruje znatno bogatije od navoda ranijih autora. On vertical distribution of protozoan and microcopepod assemblages inthe South Adriatic Pit The vertical distribution of radiolarians, tintinnines, nauplii and small copepod assemblages was studied in the central area of the Southern Adriatic Pit at three stations during ten cruises from October 1985 to May 1990. The samples were collected with a plankton net of 53 (m mesh size equipped with a closing system in eight vertical layers. In the paper data are presented for 54 radiolarians, 60 tintinnines and 22 poecilostomatoid species. According to the numerical abundance of assemblages and frequency of the occurrence of the bulk of the individual species population in the water column four communities could be defined; the surface (0-50 m), the subsurface (50-100 m), the midwater (100-600 m) and the deep-sea community (below 600 m). The euphotic layer was characterized by tintinnines, nauplii, cyclopoids and juvenile calanoid copopods, while radiolarians and poecilostomatoid copepods were found in the deeper layers. The highest numerical differences between stations and seasons were noted on the surface. Towards the deepen layers the differences were constantly smaller, and under 400 m these was a uniform distribution of all assemblages. This research, on the basis of the numerical abundance of protozoans and micrometazoans, shows that the central part of the South Adriatic Pit is considerably richer then mentioned by earlier authors. Alen Slavica1, Damir Miheli1, Vesna Gjurevi-Kantura1, Goran Bai2 1Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za porodnitvo, sterilitet i umjetno osjemenjivanje, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Reproduktivni ciklus kampa (Nephrops norvegicus L.) usjevernomJadranu U akvatoriju Velebitskog kanala tijekom perioda od tri godine (1994.-1997.) istraivan je spolni ciklus kampa (Nephrops norvegicus L.). Po prvi je put opisan nain kopulacije i fertilizacije kod spolno zrelih jedinki kampa u Velbitskom kanalu. Tono je precizirana sezona mrijesta populacije kampa u sjevernom dijelu Jadranskog mora (od srpnja do rujna) te je utvren postotak spolno zrelih enki kampa kod kojih su u telikumu (receptaculum seminalis) pronaene spermatofore (90 %). Odreeno je trajanje embrionalne faze razvoja, a takoer je prouena i zooplanktonska faza rasta te biologija juvenilnih razvojnih oblika kampa. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da su spolni organi kod mujaka kampa aktivni tijekom itave godine, dok je kod enki kampa utvrena ritmina ciklina aktivnost jajnika. Provedena istraivanja pokazala su da reproduktivni ciklus kod spolno zrelih enki kampa traje u prosjeku est mjeseci - od kraja oujka do kraja rujna. Reproductive cycle of the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus L.) inthe northern Adriatic In aquatory of the Velebit channel during the period of three years (1994 - 1997) reproductive cycle of the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus L.) was studied. The mechanism of copulation and fertilization in the mature Nephrops specimens from the northern Adriatic was described for the first time. The spawning season of Nephrops population was preciously determined (every year from July to September) and percentage of females carrying spermathopores in thelycum (90 %) was also showed. Duration of the embrionic phases of development was defined and zooplantonic phases of Nephros growth with biology of juvenile forms was studied too. According to our results reproducitve organs of Norway lobster males are active permanently throughout year, while females have annual reproductive cycle (ovaries are active from march to September). Anamarija Pisarovi, Vesna erjav Laboratorij za ekologiju i sistematiku, Centar za istraivanje mora - Zavod Rovinj, Institut "Ruer Bokovi", G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Hrvatska Ponaanje koljkaa Corbula gibba (Olivi, 1792) u akvarijskim uvjetima Uestalost nalaza primjeraka vrste Corbula gibba (Corbulidae, Bivalvia) u razliitim pridnenim zajednicama Jadranskog mora, na raznim tipovima dna, pa ak i u zagaenim sredinama, svjedoi o vrsti irokog ekolokog rasprostranjenja. Ponaanje ove vrste vezano uz kretanje i ukopavanje jedinki relativno je malo istraeno. Poznato je da se ivotinje kreu po muljevitom sedimentu u potrazi za hranom, povoljnim substratom za koji e se prihvatiti bisusnim nitima i u bijegu od predatora. U svrhu praenja kretanja i ukopavanja adultne jedinke postavljene su na povrinu muljevitog sedimenta u pokusne posude ispunjene morskom vodom i promatrane u periodu od tri dana. Mjerena je duina brazdi nastalih prilikom kretanja, poravnata povrina sedimenta i pokus ponovljen, a da ivotinje nisu uznemirivane. Odreena je minimalna, maksimalna i srednja vrijednost preenog puta u periodu od 12 sati, visina i irina brazdi, stupanj ukopavanja i usporeen put preen prije prvog i drugog ukopavanja. Reakcija na svjetlost / tamu praena je u istim pokusnim posudama pokrivenim tamnim pokrovom. ivotinje su bile vrlo aktivne obzirom na duinu preenog puta. Redovito su se kretale po sedimentu prije ukopavanja, a jednom ukopana ivotinja esto je izlazila na povrinu sedimenta i mijenjala poloaj. Stupanj ukopavanja je varirao od neukopanih jedinki do potpuno ukopanih primjeraka sa sifonima poloenim na povrinu sedimenta. Kretanje nije ovisilo o poetnom pozicioniranju ivotinje na lijevu ili desnu ljuturu, a smjer je bilo teko odrediti jer su ivotinje esto koristile ve napravljene brazde. koljkai su reagirali na svjetlost odnosno tamu jer su se kretali i ukopavali nou, ali i danju ukoliko su ivotinje drane u tami. Behaviour of the seashell Corbula gibba (Olivi,1792) under aquariumconditions The species Corbula gibba (Corbulidae, Bivalvia) has been found on various types of bottom and in various benthic communities, also in some polluted areas, and is therefore regarded as a species of wide ecological distribution. The behaviour of this species concerning the motion and burrowing is not enough examined. It is known that the animal moves on the muddy sediment searching for food and for suitable substrate to attach with byssus or to escape from predators. In order to follow the motion and burrowing adult specimens were put on the surface of muddy substrate in an experimental vessel containing sea water. The length of the track was measured during three days with intermitted leveling of the surface without disturbing the animals. The minimum, maximum and average length of the path after twelve hours was determined, as well as the height and the width of the track and the degree of burrowing. The lengths of the paths before the first and second burrowing were compared. Light dependency of motion was studied by artificial darkening. The animals were very active regarding to length of tracks. They moved on the sediment surface, burrowing once, after a while coming out of the sediment again and continued to move. Specimens were found with one third to whole body burrowed or not at all. The movements didn't depend whether the animal was primarily positioned on the left or right shell. It was hard to ascertain the direction of movements, because animal uses already made tracks. It has been shown that the animals react on light and dark, because the movements and the burrowing occur during night time and also during day time if darkened artificially. Aleksandar Vukovi, Vesna Flander, Borut Vrier Intitut za biologijo, Morska bioloka postaja Piran Fornae 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenija Rekolonizacija makrofaune na defauniziranom sedimentu u Transkom zaljevu (Sjeverni Jadran) Sredinji dio Transkog zaljeva esto je, u veem ili manjem dijelu, izloen hipoksijama i stradanju bentoskih zajednica. Kakva je dinamika i putovi njihovog ponovnog naseljavanja bio je cilj istraivanja ovoga rada. U tu svrhu koritene su posude s defauniziranim sedimentom, koje smo istovremeno potopili na vie mjesta na dubinu od 20 m i postupno vadili u razmaku: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 i 12 mjeseci. Sediment smo prosijavali kroz mreicu s oknima promjera 0,5 mm. Istraivanje je trajalo od rujna 1993. do rujna 1994. godine. U jednogodinjoj seriji ustanovili smo 70 razliitih skupina, od kojih su najbrojniji Polychaeta (3810 jedinki) sa 70,6% organizama. Slijede Crustacea s 15,5%, Bivalvia s 10,3%, Ophiuroidea sa 2,1% i Gastropoda s 1,2%. Od rodova najbrojniji je bio rod Ampelisca s 264 jedinke. Odreene vrste se naseljavaju preko itave godine, npr. Corbula rosea, Iphinoe sp., Ampelisca sp., Leucothoe sp., te predstavnici skupine Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Macrura, Anisopoda, Ophiuroidea, Tellinidae, Gammaridae i Oedicerosidae. U dinamici naseljavanja izrazito odstupa period svibanj-rujan, kad je naseljavanje izrazitije. Recolonization of macrofauna on fauna depleted sediment in the Trieste bay (North Adriatic) The central part of the Trieste bay is frequently, to different extents, exposed to hypoxia and damage to benthic communities. The aim of this paper was to investigate the dynamics and ways of their recolonization. To that goal, containers with fauna depleted sediment were immersed at the depth of 20 m at several places simultaneously. They were consecutively pulled out at time intervals of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12 months. The sediment was sieved through a net with holes of 0.5 mm in diameter. The investigation lasted from September 1993 to September 1994. During a one-year series 70 different groups were determined. The most numerous were Polychaeta (3,810 individuals) with 70.6% of organisms, followed by Crustacea with 15.5%, Bivalvia with 10.3%, Ophiuroidea with 2.1% and Gastropoda with 1.2%. The most numerous genus was Ampelisca with 264 individuals. Some species settle throughout the year, e.g. Corbula rosea, Iphinoe sp., Ampelisca sp., Leucothoe sp., and the representatives of the groups Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Macrura, Anisopoda, Ophiouroidea, Tellinidae, Gammaridae and Oedicerosidae. The period from May to September stands out as being characteristic of a more expressed colonization. Borut Vrier Intitut za biologijo, Morska bioloka postaja Piran Fornae 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenija Repopulacija meiofaune u okoliu oteenom povremenim hipoksijama U razdoblju 1993.-95. istraivali smo naseljavanje meiofaune u Transkom zaljevu (Sjeverni Jadran), 20 m duboko u okoliu koji je ee oteivan hipoksijama. S tom namjerom smo svaki mjesec na morsko dno postavljali po jednu od ukupno 12 serija morskog sedimenta koji je prethodno bio defauniziran pomou dubokog zamrzavanja. Nakon toga smo svaku seriju postupno vadili nakon 1, 2, 4, ,6 i 12 mjeseci ekspozicije. Cilj istraivanja je bio razjasniti inicijalnu fazu nastajanja meiobentoske asocijacije prvenstveno glede godinjeg doba kada se naseljavanje zapoinje. Abundanca meiofaune je bila u jednogodinjoj seriji, nakon mjesec dana ekspozicije nia nego u prirodnom okoliu. Njena sezonska dinamika je slina dinamici prirodnog okolia, ali je vremenski ispred nje, vjerojatno zbog slabije kompeticije. Najbre su se naseljavali vagilni Harpacticoida, neto sporije rovai Nematoda i Polychaeta. Znaaj godinjeg doba ekspozicije uzorka, ve nakon dva mjeseca potpuno je nestao, ali za razliku od prirodnog okolia znaajnije su bile velike sezonske oscilacije relativnih odnosa skupina mlade novonastajue asocijacije. Naseljavanje dominantnih vrsta je bilo kontinuirano i u skladu s njihovim specifinim sezonskim tokom. Manje brojne vrste su se pojavljivale u uzorcima samo kao jedinke osobito za vrijeme reprodukcije u ljetno doba. U ostalim razdobljima nisu se naseljavale. Repopulation of meiofauna in an environment affected by periodichypoxias From 1993 to 1995 the meiofaunal settlement on the experimentally surfaces was studied in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic), 20 m deep, where frequent hypoxic events affected benthic communities. One of the common 12 series of defaunated, deep freezed, sediment samples was disposed on the bottom monthly. Samples were removed after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 months and analyzed to establish repopulation process in relation to different seasonal start and exposition time. Meiofaunal abundances of one month old samples were very low, but with similar annual pattern as meiofauna in natural environment which followed seasonal dynamic of the one month community series with some delay, probably because of stronger competition. Initial colonists were motile swimmers like Harpacticoida, followed by burrowing species as Nematoda and Polychaeta. Through the influence of starting season on the new community almost disappeared in the first two months, a strong internal seasonal instability among meiofaunal groups was evident even after a year of exposition. Larval recruitment of the dominant groups was continuos and in accordance with their seasonal pattern. Many of the less abundant species were found in samples only during their reproduction, mostly in summer. Lovrenc Lipej, Alenka Malej Intitut za biologijo, Morska bioloka postaja Piran Fornae 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenija Utjecaj hranjenja planktonskih herbivora u Transkom zaljevu zavrijeme stratifikacije Stratifikacija u ljetnom periodu karakteristina je za Transki zaljev kao i za veinu obalnih voda. Dok u povrinskom sloju prevladavaju niske koncentracije nutrienata i klorofila a, u vodenom stupcu prevladavaju pico i nanoplanktonski autotrofi. Karakteristika ovih uvjeta je tzv. mikrobioloki luk, u kojem glavnu ulogu imaju heterotrofni mikroplanktonski i rijetki mezozooplanktonski organizmi (Cladocera, Appendicularia). Za odreivanje utjecaja hranjenja koritena je metoda fluorometrijske analize po kojoj je mjera hranjenja selekcioniranih herbivora praena za vrijeme stratifikacije, od 1993. do 1994. Cilj ovoga rada je procjena uloge dominantnih ezozooplanktonskih herbivora u Transkom zaljevu. Za vrijeme stratifikacije stupanj konzumiranja hrane dominantnih morskih kladocera Penilia avirostris je visok. Ipak, utjecaj hranjenja P. avirostris openito je nizak, osim u periodu od 5. do 12. rujna 1994., kada je dostupnost klorofila bila od 7.4 do 100%. Istovremeno je istraivan niski udio koncentracije klorofila i relativno visoki omjer fitoplanktona u povrinskom sloju. Utjecaj hranjenja dominantnih kopepoda Acartia clausi i Temora spp. za vrijeme stratifikacije ekstremno je nizak. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da kopepoda imaju openito, manje vanu trofiku ulogu to se tie prehrane fitoplanktonom. Grazing impact of planctonic herbivores in the gulf of Trieste in the period of water column stratification Stratified water column in the summer period is characteristic of the Gulf of Trieste, just as in many other coastal waters of the temperate zone. The concentration of nutrients and chlorophyll a in the surface layer are at that time low, while in the water column there prevail pico- and nanoplanctonic autotrophs. Characteristic for such condition is the so-called microbial loop, in which the major role is played by the heterotrophic microplanctonic and rare mesozooplanktonic organisms (Cladocera, Appendicularia). To assess the grazing impact, the method of fluorometric analysis was applied, by which the ingestion rates of the selected herbivores were calculated for the period of water column stratification in 1993 and 1994. The aim of this work is to evaluate the role of dominant mesozooplanctonic herbivores in the Gulf of Trieste. During period of water column stratification the ingestion rates of the dominant marine cladoceran Penialia avirostris were high. Nevertheless, the grazing impact of P. avirostrs was general low, except during some periods (from September 5th to 12th 1994), when they grazed from 7.4 to 100% of chlorophyll available. Due to low chlorophyll a concentration in the surface layer, a relatively high proportion of phytoplankton was ingested at that time. The grazing impacts of the dominant copepod Acartia clausi and Temora spp. in periods of stratified water column were extremely low. The results obtained showed that copepods in general played a less important trophic role as far as of phytoplankton is concerned. Sandra Pribani, Darko Kovai, Danijela Miokovi Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Odreivanje starosti dobrih dupina (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821) iz Jadranskog mora Odreena je starost 14 dobrih dupina (Tursiops truncatus) metodom analize dekalcificiranih presjeka zuba skening elektronskim mikroskopom. Dupini su pronaeni u razdoblju od 1990. do 1997. godine na podruju Jadrana. Uzorak se sastojao od 7 enki, 5 mujaka i 2 dupina kojima nije mogao biti odreen spol. Svaka ivotinja je izmjerena i uzeta su po dva zuba. Pokuali smo koristiti razliite metode za odreivanje starosti kao to su analiza dekalcificiranih histolokih presjeka i polovica zuba osjenanih grafitnom olovkom, ali najbolji rezultati dobiveni su skeniranjem longitudinalnih i transverzalnih presjeka elektronskim mikroskopom. Zone prirasta u sloju dentina prebrojavane su na skening mikrografijama. U uzorku su bile prisutne i spolno nezrele i spolno zrele jedinke i primijeena je podudarnost krivulje rasta (odnos broja zona prirasta u dentinu i duljine tijela) ove populacije i drugih populacija dobrih dupina u Mediteranu. Age determination of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821) from the north Adriatic sea The age of fourteen bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Adriatic sea was determined from etched tooth sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Stranded animals were found from 1990 until 1997 and made total of seven females, five males and two of unknown sex. From each animal two teeth were taken and mid-longitudinal and transversal thin sections were prepared. We tried using different methods for age determination, including acid etching with light microscopy or pencil rubbing, but analyses done with SEM were shown as the most reliable. Growth layer groups (GLGs) were counted from SEM micrographs. Both sexually mature and immature animals were present in the sample and the same correlation between number of GLG's and body length as in the other Mediterranean populations was noticed. Jasna Antolovi1, Neda Skakelja2, uro Huber3 1Zavod za tipizaciju tkiva, KBC Zagreb, Kipatieva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut za Oceanografiju i ribarstvo, etalite Ivana Metrovia 63, 21000 Split, Hrvatska 3Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Stanje sredozemne medvjedice Monachus monachus HERMANN) u Hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana s posebnim osvrtom na populaciju u podruju Vikog otoja (analiza ankete) Sredozemna medvjedica (Monachus monachus) je jedna od desetak najugroenijih vrsta sisavaca danas. Njena biologija je vrlo slabo poznata i neka pitanja su jo uvijek bez odgovora. Zbog slabog poznavanja i nepostojanja populacije u hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana, pristupili smo provoenju ankete putem istraivanja iskustava ribara koji su susreli sredozemnu medvjedicu jednom ili vie puta. Raena je ciljana anketa s ribarima vikog otonog podruja. U uzorku od 44 ispitanika za razdoblje od 1961. do 1996. godine, 33 ispitanika su sredozemnu medvjedicu vidjeli jednom ili vie puta. est ispitanika je sredozemnu medvjedicu vidjelo 10 puta, 2 ispitanika 15 puta, 1 ispitanik 20 puta, 1 ispitanik 30 puta, te 1 ispitanik 100 puta. Na podruju vikog otoja zadnjih 16 godina sredozemna medvjedica je 1980. godine viena 6 puta, 1984. godine 5 puta. Od 1985. godine do 1992. godine nije zabiljeeno niti jedno vienje. Promatrano po 6 petogodinjih razdoblja od 1966. do 1996. godine, uoava se sve manja prisutnost broja vienja sredozemne medvjedice. Najznaajniji je pad na 16 jedinki u razdoblju od 1971. do 1975. godine, na 9 jedinki od 1976. do 1980. godine i na 5 jedinki od 1980. do 1985. godine. Najee je viena u proljetnim i ljetnim mjesecima, dok u jesenskim i zimskim rjee. Sredozemna medvjedica od 1986. godine vie ne obitava u podruju vikog otoja. Sva vienja nakon 1990. godine odnose se samo na po jedan primjerak vrste; Palagrua 1993. godine i Zakamice - Komia, otok Vis 1996. godine. Zakonska zatita nije bila dovoljna mjera za ouvanje vrste, te danas ne moemo govoriti o vlastitoj populaciji, ve samo o povremenim dolascima pojedinih jedinki vrste. Status of the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus HERMANN) in the Croatian part of the Adriatic sea with special attention to population in the Vis archipelago (The survey analyses) The Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) is one of the ten most endangered mammal species today. Its biology is very poorly known, and some questions are still without answers. Due to the poor knowledge and the non existence of local population in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea, we have begun our survey through the experience of fishermen who have encountered the Mediterranean monk seal one or more times. An aimed survey has been conducted on the fishermen of the Vis Archipelago. In the sample of 44 examinees for the period since 1961 to 1996, 33 examinees saw the Mediterranean monk seal one or more times. Six examinees saw the Mediterranean monk seal 10 times, 2 examinees 15 times, 1 examinee 20 times, 1 examinee 30 times and 1 examinee 100 times. In the area of the Vis Archipelago in the last 16 years Mediterranean monk seal has been seen 6 times in 1980, 5 times 1984. Since 1985 till 1992 not one encounter has been recorded. Viewing the period since 1966-1996, separated into 6 five-years periods, a smaller number of encounters has been noticed. The most significant decrease has been noticed in the period 1971-1975 (to 16 specimens), 1976-1980 (to 9 specimens) and 1980-1985 (to 5 specimens). The most frequent encounters have been in spring and summer months, and rarely in autumn and winter. Since 1986 the Mediterranean monk seal is no more continuous inhabitant of the Vis Archipelago. All encounters after 1990 are connected to only one specimen of the species; Palagrua island 1993 and Zakamice - Komia, Vis island 1996. Legislative protection has not been efficient enough to preserve that species, so today we can not talk about our own population, we can only periodically encounter one specimen of the species. Jasna Antolovi1, uro Huber2 1Zavod za tipizaciju tkiva, KBC Zagreb, Kipatieva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za biologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova55,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Stanita sredozemne medvjedice (Monachus monachus) upodrujuVikog otoja Sredozemna medvjedica (Monachus monachus Hermann 1779) je jedan od najugroenijih sisavaca na Zemlji. Nekada vrlo uobiajena u Jadranskom moru, a danas je njeno prisustvo u ovom podruju vrlo rijetko. Posljednjih dvadeset godina primijeeno je tek 16 primjeraka u podruju Vikog otoja. U naem istraivanju mjerili smo i opisali nekadanja stanita sredozemne medvjedice (8 pilja i 2 ljunana ala). Rezultati su pokazali da su kao stanita za odmor i razmnoavanje koritena stjenovita obalna podruja, pilje sa ljunanim alima i plosnatim (niskim) stijenama, kao i pjeana ala okruena strmim stijenama. Nisu pronaeni nikakvi znakovi nedavnog boravka sredozemne medvjedice u tom podruju. Opisana stanita nisu promijenila svoja obiljeja i jo su pogodna za odmor i razmnoavanje sredozemne medvjedice. Njen povratak u podruje Vikog otoja bio bi mogu kroz osnivanje posebno zatienih podruja, kao npr. morskih parkova. Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) habitats inVisarchipelago Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus Hermann 1779) is one of the most endanger mammals on the Earth. Once it was quite common in Adriatic sea but today, mostly because of human influence, its presence in this area is rare. In the last twenty years only 16 specimens were noted passing by in Vis archipelago. In our survey we measured and described former habitats of monk seals (8 caves and 2 pebble beaches). Results have shown that for resting and reproduction it had used rocky coastal areas, caves with pebble beaches and flat rocks as well as sandy beaches surrounded by step rocks. No signs of its recent presence on these localities were found. Described habitats have not changed its properties and they still have been suitable for resting and reproduction of Mediterranean monk seal. Its returning to this area might be possible through establishment of specially protected areas - marine parks at certain localities. Tatjana Radia1, Nevenka Zavodnik2 1Thais - drutvo za istraivanje i zatitu prirode, Podgaj 11, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Laboratorij za ekologiju i sistematiku Centar za istraivanje mora - Zavod Rovinj Institut "Ruer Bokovi", G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Hrvatska Prilog poznavanju bentoske flore i faune u Nacionalnom parku Mljet - makrofitobentos U podmorju Nacionalnog parka Mljet je tijekom ljeta 1995. i 1996. godine provedeno istraivanje makrobentoskih biocenoza, u sklopu kojeg su se prikupljali podaci o sastavu i rasprostranjenosti bentoske flore. Istraene su 22 vanjske postaje na potezu od rta Tojsti do rta Goli i 10 postaja u mljetskim jezerima metodom dubinskih transekata. Slobodno i autonomno ronjenje koriteno je za kvalitativno uzorkovanje biolokog materijala i prikupljanje podataka o rasprostranjenosti vrsta po bionomskim stepenicama do dubine od 40 m. Taksonomskom obradom do sada je determinirano stotinjak vrsta alga meu kojima prevladavaju pripadnici odjela Rhodophyta, a pronaene su i dvije vrste morskih cvjetnica: Posidonia oceanica i Cymodocea nodosa. Najznaajnija i najrasprostranjenija biljna zajednica mljetskog podmorja je livada voge (Posidonia oceanica), koja je naroito razvijena na sjeverozapadnoj obali gdje je dno blae poloeno. Za podruje mljetskih jezera i zaljev Soline najznaajnije zajednice morske makroflore su livade sviline Cymodocea nodosa. Na jugozapadnom dijelu gdje prevladavaju strme podmorske litice posebno je dobro razvijena koraligena biocenoza u kojoj se istiu naselja crvene vapnene alge Pseudolithophyllum expansum. Biocenoza fotofilnih alga na vrstim dnima u infralitoralu ini se openito slabo razvijenom i prisutna je u obliku niskog pokrova naselja brojnih vrsta zelenih, smeih i crvenih alga. Supplement to previous knowledge of benthic flora and fauna in National park Mljet- macrophytobenthos During two summer seasons in 1995 and 1996 in the area of National Park Mljet the research of macrobenthic biocoenosis was performed. The data about structure and distribution of benthic flora were collected. 22 stations from cape Tojsti to cape Goli and 10 sites in Mljets lakes were observed by transect method. Skin and scuba diving were used for qualitative sampling of biological material and collecting data about the distribution of species on benthic zones down to depth of 40 m. Up to now, about hundred species of algae were determined by taxonomic treatment and the Rhodophyta division predominated. Two species of marine phanerogams were also found: Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa. The most significant and the most extended marine floral community on investigated area is the meadow of Posidonia oceanica which is particularly developed along the north-western coast where the bottom is less inclined. Phanerogame meadows of Cymodocea nodosa are the most significant communities of marine macroflora in the Mljets lakes and Soline bay. On southwestern coast, where the steep cliffs prevail, coralline biocoenosis is specially well developed with outstanding settlements of red calcareous alga Pseudolithophyllum expansum. Biocoenosis of photophylic algae on hard bottom in the infralitoral zone seems to be generally poorely developed and it is present in form of a low cover of numerous green, brown and red algae. Jelena Vidmar1, Elvis Zahtila2 1Thais - drutvo za istraivanje i zatitu prirode, Podgaj 11, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Prilog poznavanju faune pueva (Gastropoda) u podmorju Nacionalnogparka "Mljet" Fauna morskih pueva je, kao i makrobentoska fauna openito, u mljetskom podruju slabo istraena. Jedine podatke o njoj zabiljeili su Draganovi (1980) na est postaja unutar mljetskih jezera i jednu uz junu obalu, te imunovi (1995) na etiri postaje u jezerima i jednoj uz junu obalu otoka. Tijekom ljeta 1995. i 1996. fauna pueva je istraivana u sklopu projekta "Istraivanje makrobentosa u podmorju otoka Mljeta" na deset postaja unutar jezera, deset postaja du june obale, te dvanaest postaja du zapadne obale unutar granica Nacionalnog parka. Obraeni su lokaliteti razliitog nagiba, osvjetljenja i podloge do dubine od 40 metara. Materijal je skupljan runo du transekata metodom autonomnog ronjenja, a na nekim su postajama ive jedinke pueva izdvojene i iz sedimenta uzorkovanog runim grabilom. U ovom radu iznosi se horizontalna i vertikalna distribucija pojedinih vrsta zabiljeenih u istraenom podruju. Supplement to previous knowledge of fauna of gastropods inMljetnational park Fauna of marine gastropods was, as well as the macrobenthic fauna in general, scarcely investigated in the area of Island of Mljet. The only data about it was collected by Draganovi (1980) on 6 locations within the Mljet lakes and one location on the southern coast, and imunovi (1995) on 4 locations in lakes and one on the southern coast of the island. During summer 1995 and 1996 the fauna of marine gastropods was investigated within the project "The macrobenthos survey along the coast of National park Mljet" on ten locations in lakes, 9 locations along the southern coast and 12 locations along the western coast of island within the borders of National park. Investigations were carried out on localities of different inclination, light intensity and substrata. The material was collected along the transects using the method of scuba diving. On some stations, alive specimens of gastropods were separated from sediment sampled by hand grab. In this paper is given horizontal and vertical distribution of individual species found in investigated area. Aleksandar Popija1, Barbara Mikac1, Tea Gluhak1, Duan Zavodnik2 1Thais - drutvo za istraivanje i zatitu prirode, Podgaj 11, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Istraivanje makrobentosa u podmorju Nacionalnog parka Mljet - naselja voge (Posidonia oceanica (L.) Del.) Tijekom ljeta 1995. i 1996. godine provedena su istraivanja makrobentosa u podmorju Nacionalnog parka Mljet. Metodama autonomnog ronjenja, do dubine od 40 m, istraene su 22 postaje du jugozapadne i sjeverozapadne obale otoka Mljeta (izmeu rta Tojsti i rta Glavat), 10 postaja u Malom i Velikom jezeru, i 1 postaja 2 Nm jugoistono od rta Goli (koaricom do dubine od 150 m). Biocenoza livada voge (Posidonia oceanica (L.) Del.) je najznaajnija i najrasprostranjenija biljna zajednica mljetskog podmorja. Naena je na svim postajama sjeverozapadne i na veini postaja jugozapadne obale N.P. Mljet, a nije prisutna u mljetskim jezerima. Voga uspijeva na ljunkovitom, pjeskovitom i detritinom dnu, obino na dubinama od 3 do 25 m. U unutarnjem dijelu uvale Pomena voga dopire ak i do povrine mora. U pravilu su njena naselja vrlo gusta, veinom nalik prostranim livadama, a rjee, ogranienim mozaino rasprostranjenim povrinama, kao npr. du strmih junih obala. U pliem podruju uvale Gonoturska (ukljuujui postaje MLJ-11, MLJ-12, MLJ-19 i MLJ-20), prisutne su guste livade voge, nalik onima uz sjeverozapadnu obalu. Velika naselja voge primijeena su i du sjeverne obale Nacionalnog parka Mljet te e biti istraena tijekom ljeta 1997. godine, ime e se sigurno upotpuniti preliminarni rezultati o brojnosti biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta u naseljima voge u podmorju Nacionalnog parka Mljet. A macrobenthos survey along the coast of the National park Mljet - beds of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Del. During summer of 1995 and 1996 the macrobenthos was surveyed at 22 sites along the south-western and north-western coast of the National park Mljet, 10 sites in Mljet Lakes (sea lakes Veliko jezero and Malo jezero), and one situated 2 Nm south-east from the Cape Goli (MLJ-K1). Transects were mostly investigated to the depth of 40 meters using the method of SCUBA-diving, except the MLJ-K1 station where samples were collected by trawl from the depth of 150 meters. Biocoenosis of Posidonia oceanica meadows was the most dominant and most distributed plant community in the area, especially along the western coast, where Posidonia beds were settled on gravely, sandy and detritic bottoms in the depth between 3 and 25 meters. In Pomena bay Posidonia reached to the very surface of the sea. On steep sloped bottoms along the southern coast Posidonia beds were often found in form of small patches. In shallow area of Gonoturska bay (including stations MLJ-11, MLJ-12, MLJ-19 and MLJ-20), abundant meadows were noted. Wide meadows were also observed along the north coast of National Park Mljet that will be investigated in the summer 1997, when the list of animal and plant species in biocoenosis of Posidonia meadows is expected to extend. Bruno Kljajo1, Ivan Radi1, Zdravko tevi2 1Thais - drutvo za istraivanje i zatitu prirode, Podgaj 11, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Istraivanje dekapodnih rakova u podruju NP Mljet Projekt "Istraivanje makrobentosa u podmorju otoka Mljeta" proveden tijekom ljeta 1995. i 1996. godine obuhvaao je i dekapodne rakove. Istraene su 43 postaje, od toga 10 u Velikom i Malom jezeru, 10 uz junu vanjsku obalu otoka, te 12 postaja uz zapadnu obalu u podruju NP Mljet. Uzorci su skupljani ronjenjem u apnei ("na dah") te ronjenjem autonomnom ronilakom opremom. Neke poznate vrste odreene su in situ. Zabiljeene su dubine i stanita za svaku uzorkovanu vrstu. Dio uzoraka obraen je na terenu, dok su ostali obraeni u Centru za istraivanje mora Instituta R. Bokovi u Rovinju. Izmeu ostalog, zabiljeeno je 12 vrsta dekapodnih rakova iji nalaz za podruje NP Mljet nije bio ranije objavljen. Neke od obraenih vrsta rijetko se spominju u strunoj literaturi o jadranskim dekapodima. Pregledom ulova lokalnih ribara zabiljeena je nova vrsta za podruje Jadrana - Paramola cuvieri. Za ljeto 1997. godine predvia se nastavak istraivanja na 10 postaja du sjeverne obale otoka, ime e se podaci o dekapodnim rakovima tog podruja sigurno upotpuniti. The research of decapoda crabs in the National park Mljet The project "The macrobenthos survey along the coast of National Park Mljet" that was carried out in summers 1995 and 1996 also involved research of the decapoda crabs. We explored as many as 43 sites, i.e. 10 in Veliko and Malo jezero, 10 sites along the southern and 12 along the western coastline of the National Park Mljet. Samples were gathered by skin diving and by scuba diving. Certain known species were determined in situ. Depths and habitats relative to each sampled species were noted. We studied one part of the samples during field work, and the rest at the Center for Marine Research R. Bokovi Institute in Rovinj. Apart from other rarities we noted 12 species of decapoda crabs whose presence in the area of the NP Mljet has not been reported so far. Some of the determined species are rarely mentioned in the scientific literature dealing with the Adriatic decapoda. After close examination of the local fishermen's catch, we discovered a new species for the Adriatic region - Paramola cuvieri. In the summer 1997 the project will be continued on the 10 sites along the northern coast of the island, when the knowledge about the decapoda crabs of that area will be expanded. Tihana erli1, Mirjana Hrs-Brenko2 1Thais - drutvo za istraivanje i zatitu prirode, Podgaj 11, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Institut Ruer Bokovi, Centar za istraivanje mora Rovinj, GiordanoPaliaga5,52210Rovinj,Hrvatska Prilog poznavanju bentoske flore i faune u Nacionalnom parku Mljet - koljkai (Bivalvia) Utvrivanje prisutnosti i vertikalne distribucije koljkaa u podruju Nacionalnog parka Mljet vreno je tijekom ljeta 1995. i 1996. godine u sklopu studentskog projekta "Istraivanje makrobentosa u podmorju otoka Mljeta". Istraivanje je obuhvatilo 21 postaju u uzobalnom dijelu Nacionalnog parka (od rta Tojsti do rta Glavat) i 10 postaja u jezerima. Istraene su i dvije postaje izvan granica nacionalnog parka. Kao osnovna metoda rada za direktno opaanje i uzorkovanje koritena je metoda slobodnog i autonomnog ronjenja, osim na jednoj postaji gdje se uzorkovalo koom. koljkai i drugi makrobentoski organizmi sakupljani su do 40 m dubine. U preliminarno obraenom materijalu utvreno je vie od 58 vrsta koljkaa iz 27 porodica, od kojih 44 vrste u jezerima i 51 vrsta na vanjskim postajama. (Od toga se 20 vrsta koljkaa prvi puta spominje za podruje jezera). Za determinaciju su koriteni ivi primjerci koljkaa i ljuture. Opisuje se vertikalna distribucija vrsta na karakteristinim postajama. Zatiena vrsta koljkaa Pinna nobilis naena je u znaajnom broju u jezerima, te na mnogim postajama u uzobalnom dijelu Nacionalnog parka. Istraivanjem sjevernog dijela NP i detaljnijim obilaskom nekih istraenih postaja oekuje se proirenje popisa vrsta i njihove vertikalne distribucije, koji moe posluiti kao temelj za budua istraivanja koljkaa ovog podruja. A contribution to the knowledge of benthic flora and fauna in Mljet National Park - bivalve species The presence and vertical distribution of bivalve species was observed during summer 1995 and 1996 in Mljet National Park within the student project "Research of Macrobenthos in Sea of Mljet Island". 21 stations along the coast of National Park (in the area between cape Tojsti and cape Glavat) and 10 in Mljet's "lakes" were surveyed as well as two stations outside the borders of National Park. The main methods used in direct observation and sampling were SCUBA and skin diving, except on o ne location where trawl was used. The bivalve species, as well as other macrobenthic organisms, were collected down to depth of 40 m. More than 58 bivalve species from 27 families were identified in preliminary determined material (at least 44 bivalve species in lakes and 51 along the coast). (20 bivalve species are mentioned for the first time for the area of Mljet's "lakes".) Alive specimens and shells were used in determination. The vertical distribution of species on characteristic profiles is described. On many stations along the coast of National Park, and especially in "lakes", dense populations of protected penn shell (Pinna nobilis) were found. The list of bivalve species, together with information on their vertical distribution is expected to expand after the research of the north part of National Park and more detailed observations on some investigated stations. Such list could be considered as a base for the future investigations of bivalve species in this area. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Branko Kurelec1, Tvrtko Smital1, Smiljana Britvi1, Branka Pivevi1, Sanja Kra1, Dalibor Jelaska1, Sofija Balen2, Roberta Sauerborn2, Suada Mustajbegovi2 1Zavod za istraivanje mora i okolia, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika54,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 2Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Zvonimirova8,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Osjetljivost mehanizma multiksenobiotike otpornosti vodenih organizama potvruje nunost strategije nulte emisije Nedavno smo opisali novu skupinu okolino rizinih tvari, tzv. kemosenzitizatora mehanizma multiksenobiotike otpornosti (eng. multixenobiotic resistance, MXR). Posljedica je to kapitalizacije otkria MXR mehanizma u vodenih organizama, mehanizma koji, slino fenomenu "multidrug resistance" (MDR) u otpornih tumorskih stanica, izbacuje izvan stanice ksenobiotike, upotrebljavajui pri tome ATP-ovisnu P-glikoproteinsku (Pgp) "pumpu". Prisutnost Pgp-a i funkcija MXR-a dokazani su u svim do sada istraivanim vodenim organizmima (spuve, koljkai, puevi, zvjezdani), i to biokemijskim ("binding"), molekularno-biolokim (imunohistokemijski, Western, Northern), fiziolokim (osjetljivost na verapamil), i toksikolokim (modulacija toksinosti) metodama. U svim ovim organizmima MXR-aktivnost bila je uroena i inducibilna u prisustvu ksenobiotika, a spektar MXR-supstrata bio je vrlo irok. Funkcija MXR-a jest smanjivanje akumulacije ksenobiotika, odnosno zatita organizma od njihova toksinog uinka. MXR nije selektivan - on izbacuje iz stanice/organizma mnoge lipofilne molekule, prirodne ili antropogene, toksine i netoksine. Meutim, MXR mehanizam je osjetljiv - mnogi spojevi, kemosenzitizatori (MXR-inhibitori), inhibiraju njegovu aktivnost i tako povraaju osjetljivost na druge ksenobiotike. Okolini uzorci, kao to su prirodne rijene ili morske vode, ekstrakti sedimenata, ekstrakt morske alge Caulerpa taxifolia, ili ekstrakti komunalnog otpada, sadravaju kemosenzitizatore u koncentracijama koje, inhibirajui MXR, mogu poveati toksinost postojeih okolinih ksenobiotika. U svjetlu postojee nesigurnosti pri procjeni toksinosti kompleksnih mjeavina kemikalija neizbjenih u okolinom mediju, uvoenje takve nove skupine okolino rizinih tvari dalje poveava ogranienja u primjeni ekotoksikolokih tehnika u podruju zakonske regulative. S druge strane, ovi rezultati jasno naglaavaju zato je vano ne optereivati nepotrebno okoli s naim otpadom, pruajui istovremeno znanstvenu potvrdu za nunost primjene strategije tzv. nulte emisije. Fragility of multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in aquatic organisms proofs the necessity of the zero-emission strategy Recently we described a new type of environmentally hazardous chemicals - the chemosensitizers of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism. This was the result of capitalisation on the discovery of MXR in aquatic organisms, a mechanism that, similarly to the mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) in resistant tumor cells, pumps out of the cell xenobiotics using an ATP-dependent P-glycoprotein 170 (Pgp)-pump. The presence of Pgp and function of MXR have been demonstrated in all aquatic organisms tested so far (sponges, mussels, clams, oyster, snail and worm) by biochemical ("binding"), molecular (immunohistochemical, Western, Northern), physiological (verapamil-sensitivity) and toxicological (modulation of toxicity) methods. In all these organisms MXR activity was present inherently, it was inducible in the presence of xenobiotics, and the spectrum of its substrates was broad. The function of MXR was to decrease accumulation of xenobiotics, protecting thereby the organism from their toxic effects. MXR is not selective - it pumps out many lipophilic molecules, natural or artificial, toxic or untoxic. However, MXR mechanism is fragile - many compounds, the chemosensitizers, inhibit its activity and reverse resistance. Environmental samples, like native river- and sea-waters, or extracts from sediments, from algae Caulerpa taxifolia, or from a communal waste, contain chemosensitizers at concentrations that may cause the enhanced toxicity of existing environmental toxins. In view of the present uncertainties in assessing the toxicity of complex mixtures of chemicals inevitable in environmental media, the introduction of such a new type of hazardous chemicals enhances further limitations upon the application of ecotoxicological techniques in the regulatory arena. On the other side, these results stress why it is important not to burden the environment unnecessary with our waste and offer a scientific proof for the necessity of the zero-emission strategy. Ivo Petri Odjel za epidemiologiju, Zavod za javno zdravstvo, upanije splitsko-dalmatinske, Vukovarska46, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Utjecaj industrijskoj zagaivanja na sadraj ive u morskoj fauni injenunos u organizam Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati sadraj ive u prehrani stanovnitva koje nije izloeno direktnom industrijskom zagaenju ivom te utvrditi da li je zagaivanje Jadranskog mora doseglo granice kada bi koliina ive koja se unosi u organizam putem hrane iz mora mogla predstavljati potencijalnu opasnost za ljudsko zdravlje. Istraivanjem odnosa izmeu sadraja ive u kosi i sadraja ive u hrani htjelo se utvrditi veliinu unosa ive sa hranom koja je povezana sa toksinim uinkom u organizmu. Provizorna, tjedna granica tolerancije koja se hranom iz mora unosi u organizam iznosi za ukupnu ivu 300 mcg te za metil ivu 200 mcg (JECFA). Kao parametar za ocjenu potencijalne toksinosti ive koriten je sadraj ive u kosi prema kojem sadraju ive iznad 25 ppm kod odraslih osoba, iznad 10 ppm kod djece te iznad 6 ppm kod trudnica predstavlja kritine granice iznad kojih bi moglo doi do toksinog djelovanja ive u organizmu (WHO). Na istraivanom podruju 25% ispitanika i 18% ispitanica je unosilo potronjom hrane iz mora vee koliine ukupne ive od provizorne, tjedne granice tolerancije od 300 mcg dok je 24% ispitanika i 20% ispitanica na isti nain unosilo u organizam vee koliine metil ive od provizorne, tjedne granice tolerancije od 200 mcg. Unato injenici da je preko 20% ispitanika unosilo hranom iz mora koliine ive iznad preporuene, tjedne granice tolerancije, sadraj ive u kosi nije dosegao kritine granice u istraivanim dobnim skupinama osim kod dvije ene u dobi od 16-45 godina iji je sadraj u kosi iznosio izmeu 6,1 - 6,9 ppm to je iznad granice od 6 ppm koja se smatra kritinom u sluaju trudnoe. Meu istraivanom populacijom do sada nisu uoene nikakve neuroloke promjene koje bi se mogle povezati sa toksinim djelovanjem ive. Effect of industrial pollution on sea food content and dietary intake ofmercury The objective of this investigation was to examine the mercury content in the nutrition of the pollution who was not directly exposed to industrial mercury pollution and to find out whether Adriatic Sea pollution reached the limits when the amount of mercury intake by sea food might present the potential risk for human health. The purpose of investigation of the relation between sea food mercury content and hair mercury content was to consider the amount of mercury intake which was related to toxical effects. Provisional Weekly Tolerance Intake for total mercury is 300 mcg and for methyl mercury is 200 mcg. The potential toxic effects could be expected when the amount of mercury in hair is above 25 ppm in adult person, 10 ppm in the children and above 6 ppm in pregnant women (WHO). In the examined population 25% of the male and 18% of the female examinees consumed higher amounts of total mercury than allowed by provisional weekly tolerance limit of 300 mcg, while 24% of the male and 20% of the female examinees consumed methyl mercury in higher amounts than allowed by provisional weekly tolerance limit of 200 mcg recommended by World Health Organization. Despite the facts that over 20 percents of examinees were consuming mercury from sea food above the recommended weekly tolerance limit, the mercury content in hair has not reached critical limits in the examined groups except in two females in the age of 16-45 years whose mercury content in hair ranged between 6,1-6,9 ppm which is above the limit of 6 ppm considered to be critical in the case of the pregnancy. So far no neurological damages were observed in the population which could be brought into connection with mercury toxicity. Lea Ulm1, Branimir K. Hackenberger2, Jasmina Vrina1, Vesna Schiesl1 1Zavod za javno zdravstvo grada Zagreba, , Mirogojska cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb Hrvatska 2Sveuilite Josipa Jurja Strossmayera, PF, Zavod za biologiju, L. Jgera 9, 31000 Osijek, Hrvatska Promjene toksinosti vodene faze tijekom bioloke razgradnje maziva Zadnjih godina na proizvoae i potroae maziva postavljaju se sve vei zahtjevi u pogledu ekoloke prihvatljivosti proizvoda. Znaajan zahtjev je biorazgradljivost. Cilj istraivanja bio je odrediti promjenu toksinosti vodene faze tijekom biorazgradnje maziva. Istraivanje je provedeno na etiri vrste maziva s trita u Hrvatskoj. Dva maziva proizvedena su na bazi sintetskih ulja, jedno na bazi repiinog i jedno na bazi ricinusovog ulja. Dva su maziva kao aditiv imala aluminijev silikat, a dva litijeve i kalcijeve sapune. Izvrena su testiranja akutne toksinosti vodene faze tijekom 28 dnevnog odreivanja biorazgradljivosti u razmacima od 48 sati. Provedeni su standardizirani testovi akutne toksinosti, Daphnia test (OECD 202), test na bakterije (NORM B5104) i Salmonela test (OECD 471). Rezultati testova pokazali su znaajne razlike u promjeni toksinosti vodene faze tijekom biorazgradljivosti u ovisnosti od sastava maziva. The changes in toxicity of the water phase during biodegradation of lubricants In the last years a pressure on lubricants producers and consumers is grown up to look for a solution in less environmentally harmful lubricants. One of significant point is biodegradability of lubricants. The purpose of the research was to determine the changes of acute toxicity of water phase during biodegradation. Four different lubricants from Croatian market were tested. Two of them were lubricants based on synthetic and two on natural oils (rape and ricinus seed oil). Two lubricants have considered aluminium-silicat and two other Ca/Li soaps. The acute toxicity tests were made in compliance with OECD and -NORM guidelines every 48 h during 28 days of biodegradation test: Daphnia test (OECD 202), Salmonella test (OECD 471) and bacterial test (-NORM B5104). The results showed significant differences of changes of water phase toxicity of lubricants in depend of lubricant composition. Bojan Sedmak1,2, Gorazd Kosi1, Ciril Krunik1 1Institut za biologiju Ljubljana, Vena pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija 2Zavod za biologiju, Biotehnikog fakulteta, Vena pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija Razliita vodena tijela i njihove fitoplanktonske zajednice za vrijeme cijanobakterijske cvatnje Cvjetanje cijanobakterija sve je ei pojava u eutrofnim vodenim tijelima diljem svijeta. Sve bra i intenzivnija eutrofikacija, prouzrokovana raznovrsnim ljudskim djelatnostima, odraava se u sve masovnijem cvjetanju cijanobakterija. Na cvjetanje moramo gledati kao na vrlo ozbiljno upozorenje degradacije vodenog medija. Cvjetanja, a pogotovo ona toksina, utjeu na sve organizme u vodi, kao i na one koji s njom dolaze u dodir. eljeli bismo naglasiti negativni utjecaj na diverzitet fitoplanktona. Prilikom cvjetanja broj vrsta drastino se smanjuje, to ovisi kako o intenzitetu cvjetanja, tako i o tipu vodenog tijela. Pojedine fitoplanktonske vrste, kao na primjer neki predstavnici Chlorophyta, iskazali su se kao relativno tolerantni, dok pojedine taksonomske kategorije mogu za vrijeme cvatnje ak potpuno ieznuti. U naem radu usporedili smo razliite fitoplanktonske populacije pojedinih vodenih tijela za vrijeme toksinih i netoksinih cijanobakterijskih cvatnji. Phytoplankton communities in different water bodies during cyanobacterial blooms Cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing phenomenon in eutrophic water bodies all over the world. A fast and intensive eutrophication provoked by different human activities is reflected in intensive cyanobacterial blooms. They must be considered as a serious warning of environmental degradation. Blooms, particularly toxic ones, have a great impact on all organisms exposed to them. We would like to focus their negative impact on phytoplankton diversity. The species variability during cyanobacterial bloom could be drastically reduced depending on its intensity and water body type. Some species, for example Chlorophyta representatives, exhibit a relative tolerance toward these inappropriate conditions, while several higher taxonomic categories could completely disappear. In our work we compared the phytoplankton populations from different water body types during toxic and nontoxic cyanobacterial blooms. Smiljana Britvi, Tvrtko Smital, Branko Kurelec Zavod za istraivanje mora i okolia, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika 54, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Uinak inhibitora mehanizma multiksenobiotike otpornosti (MXR) na bioaktivaciju 2-aminofluorena u slatkovodnom koljkau Dreissenapolymorpha Mehanizam multiksenobiotike otpornosti (eng. multixenobiotic resistance, MXR), pronaen u vodenih bezkraljenjaka, analogan je fenomenu istovremene otpornost na razliite lijekove (engl. multidrug resistance, MDR) tumorskih stanica. Djelujui kao osnovni bioloki obrambeni mehanizam MXR izbacuje potencijalno toksine ksenobiotike u izvanstanini prostor. Inducibilnost MXR-a u prisustvu ksenobiotika i njegova iroka taksonomska distribucija pokazuju da je MXR opi bioloki obrambeni mehanizam. Neki ksenobiotici, tzv. MXR-inhibitori, mogu blokirati djelovanje P-glikoproteinske pumpe i tako poveati akumulaciju drugih ksenobiotika. Na temelju ovih saznanja istraili smo posljedice uinka inhibitora MXR-pumpe na nastanak mutagenih metabolita u mediju u kojem su koljke Dreissena polymorpha izlagane premutagenim ksenobioticima benzo(a)pirenu (BaP) i 2-aminofluorenu (AF). Izlaganje koljaka AF (5 (g/ml) tijekom dva i etiri sata rezultiralo je pojavom mutagenih produkata u heksanskom ekstraktu vodenog medija. Izlaganjem koljaka benzo(a)pirenu, poveanje mutagenosti se nije moglo demonstrirati. To dokazuje da ni Dreissena polymorpha nema aktivnost monooksigenaza ovisnih o citokromu P-450, ali da ima o FAD-monooksigenazi ovisan potencijal za aktivaciju AF u Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 mutagene. Meutim, kada su koljke izlagane istoj koncentraciji AF u prisustvu modelnih MXR-inhibitora verapamila (20 (M), odnosno ciklosporina A (10 (M) koliina ultimativnih mutagena poveala se za 60 odnosno 460 %. Izmjereno poveanje AF-mutagena u mediju vjerojatno je posljedica poznate pojave uveane akumulacije AF u prisustvu inhibitora MXR-pumpe. Spoznaja o postojanju ovog do sada nepoznatog biolokog obrambenog mehanizma otvara nove vidike u procjeni izloenosti ksenobioticima, posebno onim premutagenim, kakav je i AF. Naa su istraivanja pokazala kako inhibitori tog novog obrambenog mehanizma mogu znaajno uveati genotoksini uinak premutagenih ksenobiotika ne samo u izloenom organizmu, ve i u njegovoj okolini. Effect of the inhibitors of the multixenobiotic resistance mechanism on the bioactivation of 2-aminofluorene in the freshwater clam Dreissenapolymorpha Mechanism of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR), identical to multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumor cells, has been found in aquatic invertebrates. The inducibility of MXR in the presence of xenobiotics and its wide taxonomic distribution suggests its role as a general biological defense mechanism that rescues organisms by pumping potentially toxic xenobiotics out of the cells. A specific class of xenobiotics, the chemosensitisers, can inhibit the function of Pgp-pump and consequently enhance the accumulation of others xenobiotics in the cells. Based on these facts, we investigated the consequences of the effect of the MXR-inhibitors on the formation of mutagenic metabolites by the freshwater clam Dreissena polymorpha exposed to medium spiked with premutagenic xenobiotics benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 2-aminofluorene (AF). The exposure of clam to AF (5 (g/ml) for two and four hours resulted with the formation of mutagenic metabolites in the hexane extracts of the water medium. This demonstrated that gills of the freshwater clam Dreissena polymorpha possesses the potential to bioactivate AF to Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 mutagens by FAD-dependent monooxygenase. Such increase in mutagenic activity could not be demonstrated by exposure of the freshwater clam Dreissena polymorpha, to BaP due to the low level of their cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity. However, when the clams exposed to water spiked with the same concentrations of AF in the presence of the model MXR-inhibitors verapamil (20 (M) or cyclosporin A (10 (M) the production of ultimate mutagens in the exposure medium was increased by 60 and 460 %, respectively. The increase of AF-mutagens measured in medium is probably the consequence of the known enhancement in the accumulation of AF in the presence of the inhibitors MXR-pump. The presence of this, yet unknown, biological defense mechanism opens new insights into understanding the effect of exposure to xenobiotics, especially those premutagenic, like AF. Our investigations demonstrated how the inhibitors of this new defense mechanism can significantly increase the genotoxic effect of existing premutagens, not only in exposure organism, but also in their environment. Tvrtko Smital, Branko Kurelec Zavod za istraivanje mora i okolia, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika54,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Aktivnost mehanizma multiksenobiotike otpornosti u vodenih organizama kao biomarker izloenosti Multiksenobiotika otpornost (eng. multixenobiotic resistance, MXR) u vodenih organizama predstavlja opi bioloki obrambeni mehanizam protiv endogenih i okolinih ksenobiotika. MXR titi vodene organizme putem ATP-ovisnog, P-glikoproteinom (Pgp) posredovanog izbacivanja potencijalno toksinih ksenobiotika iz stanice. Vana karakteristika MXR-a je njegova inducibilnost u prisustvu ksenobiotika. Razina MXR-aktivnosti u prirodnim populacijama vodenih organizama direktno je proporcionalna razini zagaenja. Ove znaajke pobudile su ideju o upotrebi MXR-aktivnosti kao biomarkera izloenosti. Meutim, prije primjene MXR-aktivnosti kao biomarkera izloenosti, direktna demonstracija dinamike odgovora MXR mehanizma na izloenost ksenobioticima, kao i dinamike njegova odgovora na nestanak zagaenja, neophodna je kao potvrda vjerodostojnosti ove ideje. Upravo iz tih razloga analizirali smo dinamiku indukcije MXR-aktivnosti u slatkovodnog koljkaa Dreissena polymorpha ili morskog koljkaa Mytilus galloprovincialis, tijekom eksperimentalnog izlaganja vodi uz dodatak ili 1 (M rodamina 123, ili Diesel-2 ulja, odnosno tijekom izlaganja prirodnom zagaenju. Analizirali smo i prirodu dinamike deindukcije MXR-aktivnosti tijekom oporavka poslije prenoenja koljki sa zagaenog na nezagaeno stanite. Razina ekspresije MXR mehanizma u ovim eksperimentima bila je analizirana mjerenjem brzine akumulacije ili brzine izbacivanja rodamina B u/iz krga koljki. Obje metode nedavno su razvijene u naem Laboratoriju. Indukcija MXR-aktivnosti dosegla je maksimalnu razinu unutar 4 dana, a isto je vrijeme bilo potrebno za njenu potpunu deindukciju. Meutim, unato brzog odgovora na zagaenje, odnosno na nestanak zagaenja, to su temeljni uvjeti za uspjenu primjenu biomarkera, ostaje za istraiti omoguuje li visoka prirodna razina MXR-aktivnosti u kombinaciji s relativno niskom razinom indukcije vjerodostojnu upotrebu MXR-aktivnosti kao biomarkera izloenosti ksenobioticima. The activity of multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in aquatic organisms as a biomarker of exposure Multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) in aquatic organisms represents a general biological defense mechanism against both endogenous and environmental xenobiotics. MXR rescues aquatic organisms by ATP-dependent, P-glycoprotein mediated pumping of potentially toxic xenobiotics out of the cell. An important characteristic of MXR is its inducibility by exposure to xenobiotics. The level of MXR-expression in field populations of aquatic organisms is directly proportional to the level of pollution. This characteristic offered the possibility to use the MXR-activity as a biomarker of exposure. However, before application of MXR-activity as a biomarker of exposure, a direct demonstration of the dynamic of MXR-activity response to exposure to xenobiotics, as well as its response to cessation of exposure, is required to make plausible that idea. For these reasons we examined the dynamics either of the rate of induction of MXR-activity in freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha, or in marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, during either experimental exposure to water spiked either with 1 (M rhodamine 123 or with Diesel-2 oil, or during in-the-field exposure to pollution, or the rate of deinduction during the recovery after the transfer of specimens from the polluted to the unpolluted site. The level of expression of MXR-transporter in these experiments was assessed by measurement of the rate of accumulation, or the rate of release of rhodamine B in/from gills of mussels. Both methods were recently developed in our Laboratory. The induction of MXR-activity was completed within 4 days, and within the same time was completed its deinduction. However, despite this promptness in response, it remains to explore whether the high natural level of the MXR-activity in combination with a relatively weak rate of induction allows its plausible use as a biomarker of exposure to xenobiotics. Jadranka Paravi1, Neda Mauran2, Mihovil Tomi2, Draena Pape3 1Zavod za biologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Rijeci, BraeRanchetta22, 51000 Rijeka,Hrvatska 2Sluba laboratorijskih istraivanja, Naftaplin, INA-industrija nafte. Lovinievabb,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 3Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Prirodoslovno- matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Uinak kalcij-klorida i kalcij-bromida na razmnoavanje, smrtnost i rast vodenog pua Planorbarius corneus L. U istraivanju su koritene koncentrirane vodene otopine MERCK-ovih kemikalija, kalcij-klorida i kalcij-bromida, koje su istije od tehniki pripremljenih otopina. Koncentrirane otopine ovih soli i njihove smjese koriste se za regulaciju hidrostatskog tlaka u naftnoj buotini. U radu je istraena toksinost nekoliko subletalnih koncentracija ovih kemikalija na razmnoavanje, smrtnost i rast vodenog pua Planorbarius corneus L. Tijekom kroninog izlaganja (est tjedana) svim koncentracijama toksikanata uoena je smanjena kvantiteta mrijeenja koja je opadala porastom koncentacije (P = 0,000). Prirast puevih kuica manji je u testovima nego u kontrolama sa standardnom vodom. Otopina smjese (0,75%-tna) imala je najizraeniji toksini uinak jer je prouzroila veliku smrtnost pueva zbog ega je test prekinut nakon pet tjedana. U ostalim testovima smrtnost je vea nego u kontrolama. Sve promjene su reverzibilne ukoliko se puevi prestanu izlagati djelovanju toksikanata. Effects of calcium chloride and calcium bromide solutions on fecundity, mortality and growth to the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus L. Concentrated solutions of MERCK chemicals, calcium chloride and calcium bromide, being cleaner than technically prepared solutions were used in this study. Concentrated solutions of these chemicals and their mixture are regularly used to control the hydrostatic pressure in oil wells. The toxicity of some sublethal concentrations of these chemicals and their mixture to the fecundity, mortality and growth of the Planorbarius corneus L. has been rescarched. During the chronic exposure (six week) in all different concentrations of these toxicants, a reduced fecundity was revealed, declining with the increase of their concentration (P = 0,000). The snails shells grow up at a slover speed in the test solutions then in the controls with standard water. The mixture solutions (0,75%) showed a greatest toxic effects resulting with a high mortality rate, for which reason the test was interrupted after five weeks. A higher mortality was ascertained in other tests then in the controls. All changes were formed to be reversible when the snails were no longer exposed to the action of the toxicants. Zvonimir Kozari1, Emil Sreboan2 1Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za farmakologiju i toksikologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Utjecaj metoksietilivinog acetata i avermektina na aktivnost acetilkolinesteraze u tectum opticum i malom mozgu arana(Cyprinuscarpio L.) Za istraivanje je koriteno 30 arana (Cyprinus carpio L.) teine oko 100 gr, podijeljenih u tri skupine. Prva skupina riba hranjena je hranom koja je sadravala 27 ppm ive (kao metoksietilivin acetat). Druga skupina riba izloena je avermektinu otopljenom u vodi u koncentraciji od 42 ppb. Trea skupina sluila je kao kontrola. Pokus je trajao 21 dan, nakon ega su ribe rtvovane i na isjecima tectum opticuma (dio mezencefalona) i malog mozga odreena je histokemijskom metodom aktivnost acetilkolinesteraze. U tectum opticum ivom tretiranih arana dolo je do smanjenja aktivnosti, a u riba tretiranih avermektinom dolo je do pojaanja aktivnosti enzima. U kori malog mozga opaa se poveanje aktivnosti enzima u svim slojevima kore riba tretiranih ivom i avermektinom. Meutim, u riba tretiranih s avermetinom poveanje aktivnosti enzima izraenije je u ganglijskim stanicama i stanicama zrnatog sloja kore malog mozga. Iz istraivanja je vidljivo da iva i avermektin znaajno utjeu na aktivnost acetilkolinesteraze u istraenim dijelovima mozga arana i uglavnom ispoljavaju suprotan uinak. Effect of food-added methoxyethylmercuric acetate and avermectine on acetylcholinesterase activity in optic tectum and cerebellum of carp(Cyprinus carpio L.) The investigation was carried out on 30 carps (Cyprinus carpio L) weighing around 100 g, which were divided into three groups. First group was given food containing 27 ppm of mercury as methoxyethylmercuric acetate. Second group was exposed to 42 ppb of avermectine in water. Third group served as a control. On the 21st day of the experiment all the fishes were sacrificed. Acetycholinesterase activity was determined in sections of optic tectum (part of mesencephalone) and cerebellum, by the histochemical method. In optic tectum of mercury treated fish the activity of investigated enzyme was decreased, while in avermectine treated fish the activity of investigated enzyme was increased. Increased activity of investigated enzyme was observed in all layers of cerebellum cortex in both, mercury and avermectine treated fish. It was obvious that mercury and avermectine significantly change the activity of acetylcholinesterase in tectum opticum and cerebellum. This change in enzyme activity was converse. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Maja Tomii1, Jasna Franeki1, Bernd Kaina2 1Laboratorij za biologiju i mikrobnu genetiku, Prehrambeno-biotehnoloki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Odjel za primijenjenu toksikologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Mainzu, ObereZahlbacher Str. 67, 55131Mainz,Njemaka Transgenine stanice ovarija kineskog hrka (CHO) koje eksprimiraju gen za apurinsku/apirimidinsku endonukleazu kvasca (APN1) otpornijesu na spojeve koji oteuju DNA Enzimi ukljueni u isijecanje mjesta s gubitkom baze (AP mjesta), nastalih spontano ili alkilacijom/oksidacijom u DNA, su apurinske/apirimidinske (AP) endonukleaze. U popravku sudjeluju usklaeno s jo najmanje etiri druga enzima. Da bi uvidjeli bioloki znaaj AP endonukleaza u zatiti stanica sisavaca na genotoksine spojeve, konstruirali smo nekoliko stabilnih transfektanata stanica kineskog hrka (CHO-9) koji eksprimiraju ili gen za AP endonukleazu kvasca (APN1) ili cDNA za humanu AP endonukleazu (APE) te usporedili uinke njihove ekspresije obzirom na citotoksinost i stvaranje kromosomskih aberacija. Provedene transfekcije bile su kotransfekcije s plazmidima pCMVT7-APE + pSV2neo i/ili pCMVT7-APN1 + pSV2neo. Iako je APE cDNA bila znaajno eksprimirana na razini RNA i proteina, enzimska aktivnost nuklearnih ekstrakta CHO-9-APE transfektanata bila je jednaka aktivnosti kontrolne stanine linije, transficirane samo s pSV2neo. Poput kontrole, ti su transfektanti bili osjetljivi na citotoksini i klastogeni uinak metil-metansulfonata i vodikovog peroksida. Suprotno tome, CHO-9-APN1 transfektanti eksprimirali su viu AP endonukleaznu aktivnost in vitro i reagirali znatno otpornije na koritene mutagene. Iz dobivenih rezultata mogue je izvui nekoliko zakljuaka: (i) kapacitet ekscizijskog popravka i otpornost na mutagene mogu se pojaati ekspresijom APN1 gena kvasca, (ii) pojaani popravak AP mjesta titi CHO stanice od razliitih skupina mutagena i (iii) AP mjesta nisu samo citotoksina, ve i klastogena oteenja. Transgenic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the yeast apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease gene (APN1) are more resistant toDNA damaging agents Ezymes involved in excision of spontaneously generated and alkylation/oxidation - induced abasic sites from DNA are apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases. In the repair process they act in concert with at least four other enzymes. To analyze the biological significance of AP endonucleases in protection of mammalian cells against genotoxic agents, we have constructed several stable transfectants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-9) cells overexpressing either the yeast AP endonuclease gene (APN1) or the human AP endonuclease cDNA (APE), and compared their effects regarding cell toxicity and formation of chromosomal aberrations. Performed transfections were cotransfections with the plasmids pCMVT7-APE + pSV2neo and/or pCMVT7-APN1 + pSV2neo. Although APE cDNA was markedly expressed on RNA and protein level, the protein activity in nuclear extracts of CHO-9-APE transfectants was equal to that of the control cell line, transfected only with pSV2neo. The transfectants were as sensitive as the control to the cell killing and clastogenic effect of methyl methanesulfonate and hydrogen peroxide. On the contrary, CHO-9-APN1 transfectants expressed higher AP endonuclease activity in vitro and reacted clearly more resistant to the cytotoxic and clastogenic effect of the used mutagens. From the results several conclusions can be drawn: (i) excision repair capacity and mutagen resistance in mammalian cells can be enhanced by introducing APN1, (ii) increased repair of AP sites protects CHO cells against the different classes of mutagens and (iii) AP sites are not only cytotoxic but also clastogenic lesions. Nada Kralj-Klobuar Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet, Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Promjene aktivnosti enzima u jetri arana uzrokovane intoksikacijom bakrom arani (Cyprinus carpio L.) su drani u vodi s konstantnom koncentracijom od 0.1 mg Cu/L. Uzorci tkiva jetre uzimani su u intervalima od 5 dana tijekom perioda od 50 dana. AAS analiza pokazuje porast koncentracije bakra u jetri sa 3.38 (g/g na poetku, na 18.2 (g/g nakon 40 dana tretiranja. Pomou histokemijske sulfid-srebro metode mogu se nakon 40 dana tretiranja prikazati granula koja sadre Cu u perinuklearnoj zoni. Histokemijska metoda za dokazivanje aktivnosti kisele fosfataze pokazuje da se lizosomi mijenjaju tijekom tretmana. Oni postaju neznatno brojniji ali mnogo vei. Nalaze potkrepljuju i mjerenja pomou image-analysera, koja pokazuju porast broja lizosoma od 311 na 445 (43%) u polju, a podruje koje lizosomi pokrivaju bilo je 669 (m2 na poetku a 1731 (m2 (259%) nakon 45 dana tretiranja. Histokemijski dokazivana ATP-aza bila je locirana u stijenkama unih kanalia. Broj kanalia bio je tijekom tretiranja konstantan (236 u polju), ali ATP pozitivno podruje je poveano od 18.301 (m2 na 30.766 (m2 nakon 50 dana tretiranja. Rezultati ukazuju na proirenje lumena unih kanalia i aktivnu ekskreciju kroz stijenke. Carp liver enzymes alterations influenced by copper intoxication Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were kept in the water with the constant concentration of 0.1 mg Cu/L. The liver samples were taken out in the five days intervals in the period of 50 days. After the 40 days treatment AAS analysis indicated the increase of copper concentration in the liver starting with 3.38 (g/g up to 18.2 (g/g. After the 40 days treatment in the perinuclear area by histochemical sulphide-silver method Cu containing granules are available for demonstration. Histochemical method for establishing the acid phosphatase activity shows the changes of lysosomes during the treatment. They become slightly numerous but the enlargement in the size is great. The examinations are approved by image analyzer measurements which show the increase of lysosome number from 311 up to 445 (43%) per field. Also, at the beginning of the treatment the lysosomes covered area was 669 (m2 and within 45 days treatment it shows the increase up to 1731 (m2 (259%). Histochemicaly demonstrated ATP-ase was located in the bile canaliculi walls. During the treatment the number of canaliculi was constant (236 per field), but there was the increase of ATP-positive area from 18.301 (m2 up to 30.766 (m2 within 50 days of treatment. The results indicate the bile canaliculi lumen enlargement and active excretion through the walls. Andrea Tomljenovi1, Davor Jeek2, Radan Spaventi3, Zlatko Kniewald1 1Zavod za biokemijsko inenjerstvo, Prehrambeno-biotehnoloki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za histologiju i embriologiju, Medicinski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, alata3, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska 3Istraivaki institut, Pliva d.d., Baruna Filipovia 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Unutarstanine promjene u testisima takora nakon produenog tretmana atrazinom Atrazin je herbicid topljiv u mastima i esto upotrebljavan u poljoprivredi. Unos atrazina u organizam uzrokuje ozbiljne promjene u reproduktivnom sustavu. Nai objavljeni rezultati (imi i sur., J. Appl. Tox. 1994.) pokazuju da dodatak atrazina enkama takora (120 mg/kg/7 dana) uzrokuje izostanak ovulacije karakteriziran produenom diestrus fazom ciklusa, dok spermato-geneza i ponaanje mujaka ostaje nepromijenjeno. Cilj ove studije je utvrditi morfoloke promjene u testisima takora nakon tretmana atrazinom. Mujaci takora soja Fischer tretirani su intraperitonealno otopinom atrazina u parafinskom ulju (120 mg/kg tjelesne teine) dva puta tjedno tijekom 60 dana. Tkivo testisa i hipofize je uzeto za strukturalnu analizu. Uinjena je elektronsko mikroskopska, histoloka i imunohistokemijska analiza stanica koje sadre LH i FSH. Testisi kao bifunkcionalni organi odgovorni su za proizvodnju rasplodnih stanica i spolnih hormona, a gonadotropini imaju utjecaj na obje te funkcije. U hipofizi tretiranih takora dolazi do porasta sadraja FSH (p<0,01), a smanjenja sadraja LH (p<0,05) u odnosu na kontrolne ivotinje. U lumenu sjemenih kanalia tretiranih ivotinja pronaene su rane i kasne spermatide kojih u kontrolnih ivotinja nema. U nekoliko tubula broj kasnih spermatida je smanjen. Ultrastrukturnom studijom u lumenu sjemenih kanalia i meu ranim spermatidama naeni su brojni makrofazi. Zakljuujemo da produeni tretman atrazinom uzrokuje promjene u spermatogenezi takora izazvane promije-njenom sekrecijom gonadotropina iz hipofize, a prisustvo makrofaga u lumenu sjemenih kanalia ukazuje na mogue strukturalne promjene spermatida. Potpora Ministarstva znanosti i tehnologije RH (projekt 058104) i PLIVE d.d. Zagreb. Subcellular changes in the rat testis after prolonged treatment withatrazine Atrazine (A) is a liposoluble herbicide widely used in agriculture. Exogenous treatment with A is responsible for serious failures involved in the reproductive processes. Our published results (imi et al., J. Appl. Tox. 1994.) showed that supplementation of A to female rats (120 mg/kg/7 days) inhibits ovulation and induces a permanent diestrous phase, but spermatogenesis and mating behaviour of male rats remained unchanged. The objective of this study was to investigate the morphological changes in the rat testis after prolonged treatment. Treatment of male Fischer rat was with A in oil at the dose of 120 mg per kg body weight given intraperitoneously twice a week during 60 days. Testes and anterior pituitary were taken for structural analysis. Electron microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for LH and FSH were performed. The testes are bifunctional organs that produce germ cells and the sex hormones, therefore the influence of gonadotropic hormones is of specific interest for maintaining of both functions. Pituitary of A treated rats has significantly increased amount of FSH (p<0,01) and reduced LH (p<0,05) vs. control value from intact rats. A treated rats in the lumen of seminiferous tubules have late and early spermatids which are disorganized and often desquamated. The number of late spermatids is reduced in several tubules. Ultrastructural examinations reveal a number of macrophages within the tubular lumen and between the early spermatids. We can conclude that the prolonged A treatment induces focal damage of spermatogenesis due to the modified secretion of pituitary gonadotropic hormones. Probably the spermatids undergo structural changes and this is the impulse for migration of macrophages in the seminiferous tubules. Supported by Ministry of S&T RC (grant 058104) and PLIVA d.d. Zagreb Mihael Bricelj1, Ester epi2, Hermina Leskovek2 1Institut za biologiju Ljubljana, Vena pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija 2Intitut Joef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija Toksinost fluorantena i produkata njegove bakterijske razgradnje Bioremedijacija je postala popularna metoda za odstranjivanje opasnih kemikalija u okoliu, kao na primjer aromatskih ugljikovodika. Dosada je uinjeno vrlo malo testova za odreivanje toksinosti produkata razgradnje. Kao model smo upotrijebili sojeve bakterija Mycobacterium sp. PYR-1 i Pasteurella sp., koji su nam sluili za razgradnju poliaromatskih ugljikovodika u vodenom mediju. Izolirali i identificirali smo sedam razliitih metabolita. Izmjerili smo toksinost ishodinog spoja i njegovih metabolita za algu Scenedesmus subspicatus. Zakljuili smo da je toksinost fluorantena mnogo vea od toksinosti njegovih metabolita. Toxicity of fluoranthene and its bacterial degradation products Bioremediation is becoming a popular method for dealing with hazardous chemicals in the environment, e.g. aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene). However very little has been done to ascertain the toxicity of the breakdown products. Mycobacterium and Pasteurella spp. were used to degrade a model polyaromatic hydrocarbon in aqueous media. Seven metabolites were isolated and identified. The toxicity of parent compound and the metabolites forward the alga Scenedesmus subspicatus were determined. Fluoranthene was found to be much more toxic to its metabolites. Johanna Ortel, Claudia Bischof Institute of Zoology, Dept. Ecotoxicology University of Vienna, Austria Usporedba prijenosa kadmija i olova u dva razliita odnosa nosioca i parazitoida U oneienim podrujima dinamika populacija biljodernih kukaca moe biti promijenjena pa se i zastupljenost parazitizma moe smanjiti. Parazitoidni kukci predstavljaju vane regulatore i mogu biti osjetljivi na oneienje metalima njihovih nosilaca. Istraen je prijenos dva metala (Cd, Pb) u dva sustava nosilac - parazitoid. Liinke nosioca Galleria mellonellae L. (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) bile su izloene subletalnim koncentracijama Pb (4 g/g i 43g/g) i Cd (4g/g i 20 g/ suhe mase), liinke Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera) hranjene su slino kontaminiranom hranom (2 i 10g Cd/g, 4 i 20 g Pb/g suhe mase). U prvom od ova dva sluaja prijenos metala je praen u kukuljicu parazitoida Pimpla turionellae L. (Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera), a u drugom u liinku parazitoida Glyptapanteles liparidis Bouch (Braconidae, Hymenoptera). Koncentracije metala (MC) su odreivane metodom AAS. Faktori koncentracije (CFs) za G. mellonella (liinka/hrana) bili su najvii u kontrola (Cd: 5.25, Pb: 3.07), a smanjivali se s porastom razine kontaminacije (Cd: 0.92; 0.6; Pb: 0.83; 0.31). U svih grupa su koncentracije metala bile znaajno nie u G. m. - kukuljica nego u odgovarajuim liinkama (p<0.05). MC kukuljica je bila u rasponu od 2.39 do 2.44g Cd/g suhe mase i od 5.38 do 6.85g Pbg suhe mase (kontrole: 0.24 g Cd/g, 0.47 g Pb/g dw). CFs za P. turionellae (adult/G. m. - kukuljica) bio je utvren: Cd: 4.8 (kontola) 14.05 (Cd4-grupa), 8.08 (Cd20-grupa); Pb: 2.47 (kontrola), 2.47 (Pb4-grupa), 1.46 (Pb43-grupa). L. dispar jedva da je asimilirala Pb (liinka/hrana CF <<0.04), dok je CFs za Cd bio u rasponu od 3.47 (Cd10-grupa) do 4.16 (kontrola). G. liparidis se hrani iskljuivo hemolimfom nosioca pa je CFs izraunat iz odnosa adult/hemolimfa: Pb20- grupa: 33, Cd20-grupa: 5.7. Meutim, MCs u adultnih kukaca je bila <<0.5 g metal/g suhe mase, zbog ekstremno niske MCs u hemolimfi (Cd10-grupa: 0.0263g Cd/g; Pb20-grupu: 0.0102g/g). Zakljuujemo da je bioakumulacijsko ponaanje nosilaca razliito ali se oba parazitoida mogu klasificirati kao makrokoncentratori (CF>2) za oba istraivana metala. Comparison of cadmium and lead transfer in two different host-parasitoid relationships In polluted areas population dynamics of herbivorous insects can be affected and parasitization rates may decrease. Insect parasitoids represent important regulators and may be more susceptible to metal contamination than their hosts. Hence, the metal transfer of two non-essential metals (Cd, Pb) was investigated in two different host/parasitoid relationships. Larvae of the host Galleria mellonellae L. (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Pb (4 g/g and 43g/g) and Cd (4g/g and 20 g/ dry weight), those of Lymantria dispar L. (Lymantriidae, Lepidoptera) fed on similarly contaminated diet (2 and 10g Cd/g, 4 and 20 g Pb/g dw). In the former case metal transfer was followed to the pupal parasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Ichneumonidae, Hymenoptera) and in the latter to the larval parasitoid Glyptapanteles liparidis Bouch (Braconidae, Hymenoptera). Metal concentrations (MC) were determined by AAS. Concentration factors (CFs) for G. mellonella (larvae/food) were highest in controls (Cd: 5.25, Pb: 3.07) and decreased with increasing contamination level (Cd: 0.92; 0.6; Pb: 0.83; 0.31). In all groups metal concentrations were significantly lower in G. m. - pupae than in the corresponding larvae (p<0.05). MC of the pupal ranged between 2.39 and 2.44g Cd/g dw and 5.38 and 6.85g Pbg dw (control: 0.24 g Cd/g, 0.47 g Pb/g dw). CFs for P. turionellae (wasp/G. m.-pupae) were also determined: Cd: 4.8 (control) 14.05 (Cd4-group), 8.08 (Cd20-group); Pb: 2.47(control), 2.47 (Pb4-group), 1.46 (Pb43-group). L. dispar hardly assimilated Pb (larvae/food CF <<0.04), whereas CFs for Cd ranged between 3.47 (Cd10-group) and 4.16 (control). G. liparidis feeds exclusively on host haemolyph, hence CFs were calculated from the wasp/hemolymph ratio: Pb20- group: 33, Cd20-group: 5.7. But MCs in adult wasps were <<0.5 g metal/g dw, because of extremely low MCs in the hemolymph (Cd10-group: 0.0263g Cd/g; Pb20-group: 0.0102g/g). In conclusion, the bioaccumulative behaviour of the host species is different, whereas both parasitoids can be classified as macroconcentrators (CF>2) for the metals in question. Velimir Stojkovski1, Jordanka Dimovska1, Violeta Filipche2, Jasmina Dimitrova1 1Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, St. Cyril and Methodius University, P.O.Box162,91001 Skopje, Macedonia 2Surgery Clinic, Medical Faculty, St. Cyril and Methodius University, Vodnjanska17, 91000Skopje, Macedonia Utjecaj kronine izloenosti olovu na krvne koncentracije magnezija i kalcija u takora Dobro je poznato da je olovo vrlo toksian element za organizme. Njegov negativan uinak se odraava na fuhciju mnogih vitalnih organa i sustava. Vrlo je znaajno znati utjecaj tog elementa i na metabolizam drugih metala. Uinak oralnog davanja olova na krvne koncentracije magnezija i kalcija istraen je u enskih takora (Wistar soj). Rabljene su tri skupina ivotinja: I - normalni (kontrolni takori), II - takori izloeni olovu u dozi od 3.000 ppm olovnog acetata tijekom etiri tjedna i III - takori izloeni olovu u dozi od 3.000 ppm olovnog nitrata tijekom etiri tjedna. Nakon izlaganja, koncentracije magnezija i kalcija odreivane su u krvnom serumu spektrofotometrijski automatskim analizatorom Ectachem 250. Rezultati su statistiki analizirani Studentovim t-testom. Rezultati su pokazali da nema razlike u stupnju promjena magnezija i kalcija od dva oblika olova. I olovni acetat i olovni nitrat znaajno su snizili koncentracije magnezija i kalcija u serumu u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom ivotinja. Dobiveni rezultati naznauju da kronino izlaganje olovu u oba oblika (olovni acetat i olovni nitrat) moe izazvati pad koncentracija magnezija i kalcija u krvi. To moe izazvati porementnje metabolizma tih elementa. Effect of chronic exposure to lead on the blood concentration of magnesium and calcium in rat It is well known that lead is a very toxic element for organisms. Its negative effect occurs in the function of many vital organs and systems. It is very important to know the influence of this element on the metabolism of other metals, also. The effect of oral administration of lead on the blood concentration of magnesium and calcium was investigated in female rats (Wistar strain). Three groups of animals were prepared: I - normal (control rats) and II - rats exposed to lead at a dose 3.000 parts per million (ppm) lead acetate during four weeks and III - rats exposed to lead at a dose 3.000 parts per million (ppm) lead nitrate during four weeks. After exposure, magnesium and calcium concentration were determined in the blood serum spectrophotometrically with the automatic analyzer Ectachem 250. The results were statistically analyzed by the Students t-test. The results showed that there is not difference in the degree of the magnesium and calcium changes by the two forms of lead. Both lead acetate and lead nitrate significantly decreased the concentration of magnesium and calcium in the blood serum, compared to serum of the control group of animals. The results obtained indicate that a chronic lead exposure in both forms (lead acetate and lead nitrate) could provoke a decrease in magnesium and calcium blood concentration. This could cause a disturbance in the metabolism of these elements. Branimir Mayer, Dunja Novosel, Goran Bui umarski institut, Cvjetno naselje 41, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Hrvatska Optereenost umskih aluvijalnih tala i sedimenata vodnih akumulacija tekim kovinama u varadinskoj Podravini Usporedo s istraivanjima utjecaja promjena vodnog reima na poplavne nizinske ume i umske kulture mekih listaa u varadinskoj Podravini nakon izgradnje sustava vodnih akumulacija i hidrocentrala provedena su takoer istraivanja optereenosti umskih aluvijalnih tala i sedimenata u akumulacijama Varadin i Dubrava tekim kovinama olovom, bakrom, cinkom i kadmijem. Ova su istraivanja provedena s namjerom utvrivanja dopunskih pokazatelja koji pridonose naruavanju stabilnosti poplavnih umskih ekosustava s obzirom na mogue fitotoksino i ekotoksino djelovanje. Uzorkovanje tla i rijenih sedimenata provedeno je u podravskim nizinskim umama u razdoblju od 1989. do 1996. godine. Na 40 lokacija sabrana su 74 povrinska i dubinska uzorka tla u glavnom iz poplavnog pojasa rijeke, te 17 uzoraka sedimenata iz akumulacije Varadin i Dubrava. U svim su uzorcima odreeni olovo, bakar i cink ekstrakcijom dijelom s 2N HCl i dijelom sa zlatotopkom uz odreivanje na atomskom apsorberu Perkin - Elmer. Sadraj kadmija odreen je u 22 uzorka. Uz ove specijalistike analize provedene su na uzorcima takoer i rutinske pedoloke analize. Rezultati su istraivanja pokazali da su oneiene poplavne vode rijeke Drave (II i III kategorije) opteretile umska tla i sedimente akumulacija visokom koncentracijom olova, cinka i kadmija koje viestruko premauju maksimalno dozvoljene koliine za poljoprivredna tla tako da slie teko kontaminiranim muljevima u ureajima za proiavanje otpadnih voda. Maksimalna utvrena koncentracija za olovo je 1445 mg/kg, za bakar 42mg/kg, za cink 1860mg/kg te za kadmij 8,95 mg/kg. Analizom svjeeg poplavnog sedimenta sabranog sa lia vegetacije utvreno je 1600 mg/kg olova, 59 mg/kg bakra i 726 mg/kg cinka. Prva vodna akumulacija Varadin (u pogonu od 1975. godine) velikim je dijelom zapunjena sedimentima visokog sadraja tekih kovina, a u treoj Dubrava (u pogonu od 1989. godine) sedimentacija jo nije znaajno napredovala ali koncentracije olova doseu 428 mg/kg, bakra 35 mg/kg, cinka 748 mg/kg i kadmija 5,02 mg/kg. Visoka optereenost poplavnih umskih tala varadinske Podravine remeti bioloke, kemijske i fizikalne osobine tala, naruava njihovu umsku proizvodnost, usko ograniava namjenu prostora i ugroava istou pitke vode u ljunanom vodonosniku ovog dijela Podravine. Loading of forest alluvial soils and sediments of water accumulations by heavy metals, in Varadin Podravina After the construction of water-accumulation systems and hydro-power plants, research was carried out on the loading of forest alluvial soils and sediments by heavy metals in the Varadin and Dubrava water accumulations: lead, copper, zinc and cadmium. At the same time research continued on the influence of water regime changes on the inundation lowland forests and the forest cultures of the softwood broad-leaved species in Varadin Posavina. The object of this research is to determine additional indicators which contribute to the disruption of stability in inundated forest ecosystems with regard to possible phyto-toxic and eco-toxic effects. Sampling of soil and river sediments was carried out in the lowland forests of Podravina in the period from l989 to l996. At 40 locations, 74 surface and deep soil samples were collected mainly from the inundatory river belt and also l7 samples of sediments from the Varadin and Dubrava accumulations. In all samples lead, copper and zinc were determined by extraction, partly with 2N HCl and partly with Aqua-regia, and analyzed on a Perkin-Elmer atomic absorber. Cadmium content was determined in 22 samples. Apart from the foregoing analyses routine pedologic analyses were also carried out on the samples. The results of the research showed that the polluted flood waters of the river Drava (II and III categories) load the forest soil and sediments of accumulations with a high concentration of lead, zinc and cadmium, which exceeds several times the maximal allowed amounts for agricultural soils, and which resembles heavily contaminated mud in the apparatus for purification of waste waters. The maximal determined concentration for lead was l445 mg/kg, for copper 42 mg/kg, for zinc 1860 mg/kg and for cadmium 8.95 mg/kg. Analysis of freshly flooded sediments, collected from the vegetation leaves, determined 1600 mg/kg lead, 59 mg/kg copper and 726 mg/kg zinc. The first water accumulation of Varadin (in operation since l975) is largely filled with sediments containing a high content of heavy metals, and in the third water accumulation Dubrava, (in operation since l989) sedimentation has not significantly advanced, although concentrations of lead are as high as 428 mg/kg, copper 35 mg/kg, zinc 748 mg/kg and cadmium 5.02 mg/kg. High loading of the inundatory forest soils of Varadin Podravina disrupts the biological, chemical and physical soil properties, disturbs their forest productivity, narrowly limits space assignment and threatens the purity of drinking water in the gravel water resources of this part of Podravina. G(ran Igor Vinko Klobuar, Radovan Erben, Jasna Lajtner Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Porast broja ekskretornih granula u nefridiju slatkovodnog pua Planorbarius corneus L. uslijed izlaganja pentaklorofenolu (PCP) Uloga ekskretornog sustava mekuaca u bioakumulaciji i ekskreciji jo uvijek je nedovoljno istraena. Zabiljeeni su sluajevi porasta broja ekskretornih granula (EG) u nekih mekuaca izazvani oneienjem i okolinim ili reproduktivnim stresom. Istraivanje je provedeno kako bi otkrili histopatoloke promjene u nefridiju pua Planorbarius corneus (Pulmonata) izloenom djelovanju pentaklorofenola (PCP). ivotinje su bile 13 dana izloene djelovanju PCPa u subkroninim koncentracijama od 450 i 600 (g/L. Za histopatoloku analizu puevi su fiksirani u Bouinovoj otopini kroz 24 sata, uklopljeni u parafin i rezani na mikrotomu (rezovi 6-8 (m). Primijeena je poveana produkcija ekskretornih granula u obje koncentracije PCPa. Kod 600 (g/L PCP porast broja EG uoen je etvrtog dana pokusa dok je nakon 11-og dana cijeli nefridij bio ispunjen granulama. Kod koncentracije od 450 (g/L PCP poetak poveane produkcije EG zamijeen je sedmog dana. Hiperprodukcija EG i njome uzrokovana destrukcija nefrocita uoena je 13-og dana. Poveani broj EG u nefridiju P. corneus izloenom djelovanju PCPa ukazuje da ivotinja reagira na ksenobiotik pojaanom ekskrecijom. U budunosti bi trebalo istraiti mogunosti upotrebe ekskretornih organa i ekskretornih granula mekuaca u biomonitoringu voda. Increase in the kidney concretions as a result of PCP exposure in freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus L. The role of the excretory system of mollusks in bioaccumulation and depuration is still insufficiently investigated. There have been some studies trying to evaluate possible use of mollusk kidney and kidney concretions as biological monitors of pollution. It is thought that these concretions appear to be a normal formation of the excretory process of mollusks under pollutant, environmental or reproductive induced stress. The purpose of the present study was to examine the histopathological effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the kidney of freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus. Animals were exposed to subchronical concentrations of 450 and 600 (g/L PCP for 13 days. For histological analyses animals were fixed in Bouin's fixative, embedded in paraffin and cut with a microtome into 6 to 8 (m thick slices. Kidneys of P .corneus showed increased number of concretions in 600 (g/L PCP at the fourth day of experiment. After eleven days kidneys choked with concretions. Lower concentration (450 (g/L) of PCP exerted enhanced concretion formation on the seventh day of exposure. Massive production of concretions and consequent disruption of nephrocytes in this concentration became apparent at 13th day of experiment. Increase in production of kidney concretions in the freshwater snail P. corneus indicates that stressed animal enhanced its excretion. Mollusk kidneys and kidney concretions might be able to serve as possible biological monitors but more research in this area is required. Jasminka Buljan1, Martina Piasek1, Maja Blanua1, Krista Kostial1, Vinja Latin2 1Laboratorij za fiziologiju mineralnog metabolizma, Institut za medicinska istraivanja i medicinu rada, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Klinika za ginekologiju, Opa bolnica "Sveti Duh", Sveti Duh 64, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Posteljica kao pokazatelj izloenosti kadmiju Kadmij je toksini teki metal koji se nakuplja u unutranjim organima ukljuujui i posteljicu. Posteljica je spona izmeu majke i ploda i ne predstavlja potpunu prepreku za fetalnu izloenost kadmiju. Pokazano je da puai imaju dvostruko vee koncentracije kadmija u organima od nepuaa. Nisu dostupni podaci o koncentracijama kadmija u ljudskim posteljicama u puanstvu Hrvatske. Svrha ovog preliminarnog istraivanja bila je procijeniti koncentracije kadmija u posteljicama zdravih ena obzirom na naviku puenja. Posteljice nepuaica (n=27) i puaica (n=25) sakupljane su nakon poroda u terminu i pohranjivane u polietilenske vreice na temperaturi od -20(C do analiziranja. U obje podskupine prosjena dob rodilja bila je 28 godina, u rasponu od 21-41 godine. Od svake posteljice uzeta su tri uzorka, jedan iz sredinjeg dijela i dva iz vanjskih dijelova unutar ~3 cm od ruba. Koncentracija kadmija u posteljicama mjerena je elektrotermalnom atomskom apsorcijskom spektrometrijom. Nije bilo razlika u koncentracijama kadmija na razliitim mjestima uzorkovanja. U nepuaica prosjena koncentracija kadmija iznosila je 16,2 (SD 7,80), a u puaica 28,9 (SD 12,0) ng/g mokre teine, to je bilo statistiki znaajno razliito (P<0,01). Ovo su prvi rezultati o koncentracijama kadmija u naem puanstvu. Podaci uvjerljivo pokazuju da ena-trudnica koja pui izlae sebe i svoju posteljicu visokoj dozi kadmija u usporedbi s nepuaicom. Nadalje, ovi rezultati dokazuju da je posteljica dobar pokazatelj izloenosti kadmiju. U daljnjem istraivanju potrebno je ustanoviti razmjer rizika nakupljanja kadmija u posteljici za razvoj fetusa. Placenta as an indicator of cadmium exposure Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal accumulated in internal organs including placenta. The placenta is an interface between maternal environment and foetus, and it is not a complete barrier for the foetal exposure to cadmium. It has been reported that smokers have on the average about twice the organ cadmium concentration of non-smokers. There is a lack of data available on human placental cadmium concentrations. No such data are available for the population of Croatia. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate cadmium concentrations in placentas of healthy women in relation to smoking habit. Placentas of non-smokers (n=27) and smokers (n=25) have been collected at the term in maternity hospital and stored in polyethylene bags at -20C until analyzed. Mothers age in both subgroups ranged between 21 to 41 years, mean 28 years. From each placenta three samples were taken, one from central and two from peripheral parts within ~3 cm of the margin. Placental cadmium concentration was measured by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. No difference in the cadmium concentration in different regions of sampling was found. In non-smokers, average cadmium concentration was 16.2 (SD 7.80), and in smokers 28.9 (SD 12.0) ng/g wet weight, which was significantly different (P<0.01). These are first results on placental cadmium concentrations in our population. The results show that pregnant woman who smoke exposes herself and her placenta to higher dose of cadmium then does the non-smoker. Furthermore, the results show that placenta is a good indicator of cadmium exposure. The extent of a risk of the placental cadmium accumulation for the developing foetus remains to be established. Jasna Franeki1, Miljenko Dumi2, Jasminka Pehadi1 1Prehrambeno-biotehnoloki fakultet Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Pliva-Istraivaki institut, PrilazbarunaFilipovia25, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Istraivanje mutagenog, rekombinogenog i aneuploidogenog uinka novog antihiperglikemika PL 611 1-(4-Acetil-aminobenzensulfonil)-1a,2,6,6a-tetrahidro-1H,4H-[1,3]dioksepino[5,6- b] azirin (PL 611) je novi antihiperglikemik izvorno pronaen u tvornici Pliva. Genotoksina svojstva PL 611 ispitana su pomou bakterije Salmonella typhimurium i kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Za detekciju tokastih mutacija tipa pomaka okvira itanja genetikog koda i supstitucije parova baza koriteni su sojevi bakterije S. typhimurium (TA98, TA1538, TA100 i TA1535) sa i bez metabolike aktivacije. Kvasac S. cerevisiae (soj D7) odabran je kao eukariotski test-sustav za istraivanje indukcije konverzije gena, a soj D6.1M za praenje aneuploidije. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da PL 611 nema genotoksina svojstva. Examination of mutations, recombinations and aneuploidy of newantihyperglycemic pl 611 1-(4-Acetylaminobenzenesulfonyl)-1a,2,6,6a-tetrahydro-1H,4H-[1,3] dioxepino[5,6-b] azirine (PL611), is antihyperglycemic originated in PLIVA. Genotoxic properties of PL 611 were investigated using bacteria Salmonella typhimurium and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For detecting frameshift and base substitution mutations we used S. typhimurium (strains TA98, TA1538, TA100 and TA1535) with and without metabolic activation. On the other hand, the yeast S. cerevisiae (strain D7) was chosen as the eukaryotic test system for detection of mitotic gene conversion and strain D6.1M for detection of aneuploidy. The results obtained demonstrate that PL 611 did not cause genotoxic effects. Ruica Rozgaj, Vilena Kauba Institut za medicinska istraivanja i medicinu rada, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Kromosomske aberacije u limfocitima osoblja u operacionoj sali Dugotrajno izlaganje niskim koncentracijama anestetika uzrokuje razliite uinke na ljudsko zdravlje. U ovom radu analizirane su kromosomske aberacije u limfocitima periferne krvi osoba profesionalno izloenih anesteticima. Rezultati analize usporeeni su s rezultatima dobivenim u kontrolnoj skupini. Studija je obuhvatila ukupno 141 ispitanika podijeljenih u pet skupina: 41 lijenik anesteziolog, 11 anesteziolokih tehniara, 22 lijenika kirurga, 27 medicinskih sestara instrumentarki te 40 osoba u kontrolnoj skupini koje u svojoj radnoj okolini nisu bile izloene kemijskim niti fizikalnim mutagenim agensima. Rezultati pokazuju porast broja nestabilnih kromosomskih aberacija u sve etiri skupine izloenih osoba. U skupinama anesteziologa i anesteziolokih tehniara uoen je znaajan porast broja acentrinih fragmenata. Porast broja dicentrinih fragmenata naen je kod svih izloenih osoba, ukazujui na mogue sinergistiko djelovanje anestetika i rendgenskog zraenja kojem su one izloene tijekom pojedinih kirurkih zahvata. Chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes in operating room personnel Chronic exposure to low concentrations of anesthetic waste gases has been associated with various health effects. In the present study chromosome damages in peripheral lymphocytes in persons professionally exposed to anesthetics were analyzed and compared to those of control subjects. A total of 141 persons was investigated. Examinees represented 41 anesthesiologists, 11 nurse anesthetists, 22 surgeons, 27 operating theater nurses and 40 control subjects not exposed to chemical or physical mutagens in their usual working environment. The results showed an increase in the number of unstable chromosome aberrations in all exposed groups. Significant increase in acentric fragments was found in anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists. Dicentrics increased in all exposed subjects suggesting a synergistic effect of exposure both to anesthetics and x-rays during certain surgical procedures. Blaenka Banjad Institut graevinarstva Hrvatske, Janka Rakue 1, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Toksinost natrij-pentaklorofenolata i njegovo djelovanje na krge vrste Amphimelania holandri F(r. (Gastropoda, Prosobranchiata) Toksinost natrij-pentaklorofenolata (Na-PCP - biocid irokog spektra sveprisutan u okoliu) na pua Amphimelania holandri F(r. istraivana je u laboratorijskim uvjetima. ivotinje su tijekom 16 dana bile izloene slijedeim koncentracijama tNa-PCP-a: 0,56 mg/l, 1 mg/l, 1,8 mg/l, 3,2 mg/l, 5,6 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 18 mg/l, 32 mg/l i 56 mg/l. Pokusi su ponavljani 5 puta. Koriten je polustatini test. Vrijednost LC 50 (96 h) iznosi 0,74 mg/l. Osim ugibanja praene su i promjene u ponaanju, te histopatoloke promjene na krgama pua. Promatranjem ivotinja uoeno je da visoke koncentracije u poetku pokusa izazivaju smanjenje aktivnosti, paralizu i smrt ivotinja, dok je kod niih koncentracija zabiljeena pojaana aktivnost. Histopatoloke promjene na krgama pokazale su da u akutnim uvjetima trovanja tNa-PCP-om kod viih koncentracija (3,2 mg/l, 5,6 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 18 mg/l, 32 mg/l, 56 mg/l) ugibanje ivotinja prati istovremeno i odgovarajua destrukcija tkiva to vrijedi i za nie koncentracije (0,56 mg/l, 1 mg/l, 1,8 mg/l) u subkroninim uvjetima trovanja. Histopatoloke promjene na krgama oituju se u destrukciji frontalnih i lateralnih trepetljika, vakuolizaciji i bubrenju epitelnih i mukoznih stanica, te pojaanoj migraciji i akumulaciji amebocita u hemolimfne sinuse. Takoer dolazi do nekroze i ljutenja stanica s bazalne membrane krnih listia, erozije i stvaranja eksudata i na kraju odvajanja krnog kompleksa od zida plata. Ove promjene vjerojatno uzrokuju uginue ivotinja, jer dovode do potpune destrukcije krnih struktura i prestanka rada ovog izuzetno vanog organa. Rezultati dobiveni praenjem histopatolokih promjena opravdavaju upotrebu histopatologije kao pouzdanog pokazatelja zagaenja vodenih ekosistema klorofenolima. The toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate and its effects on the gills of Amphimelania holandri F(r. (Gastropoda, Prosobranchiata) The toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP - environmentally omnipresent and with broad biocidal efficiency spectrum) to the snail Amphimelania holandri F(r. was studied under the laboratory conditions. During the period of 16 days, the animals were exposed to the following concentrations of tNa-PCP: 0.56 mg/l, 1 mg/l, 1.8 mg/l, 3.2 mg/l, 5.6 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 18 mg/l, 32 mg/l and 56 mg/l. The experiments were repeated five times. A semistatic test was used. The value of LC 50 (96 h) was 0.74 mg/l. Apart from dying, behavioural changes, as well as histopatological changes of the snail gills were observed. It was noted while observing the animals that high concentrations at the beginning of the experiment caused a decrease in the animals activity, paralysis and death, while lower concentrations resulted in increased activity. The histopatological changes on the gills showed that under the conditions of acute poisoning with the higher concentrations of tNa-PCP (3.2 mg/l, 5.6 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 18 mg/l, 32 mg/l, 56 mg/l) dying of the animals was accompanied by the corresponding tissue destruction which could also be applied to the lower concentrations (0.56 mg/l, 1 mg/l, 1.8 mg/l) under the conditions of subcronic poisoning. The histopatological changes on the gills were observed in the frontal and lateral cilia, the swelling and vacuolization of the epithelial cells and mucocytes, and in the migration and accumulation of amoebocytes in the hemolymph sinuses. The necrosis and sloughing of the cells from the base membrane of the gill leaflets was also present as well as the erosis and creation of exudates. At the end the gill was detached from the mantle wall. These changes most likely cause of death in animals, for they lead to the complete destruction of the gill structures and to the failure of this extremely important organ. The results of this work verify histopatology as being an useful monitoring tool for estimating chlorophenol pollution of water ecosystems. Branimir K. Hackenberger1, Tomislava Lovakovi1, Sandra Stepi1, Lea Ulm2 1Sveuilite Josipa Jurja Strossmayera, PF, Zavod za biologiju, LorentzaJgera9,31000Osijek,Hrvatska 2Zavod za javno zdravstvo grada Zagreba, Mirogojska cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Promjene toksinosti i nekih fizikalno kemijskih osobina crnog aja pod djelovanjem kombue (Fungus japonicus) Napitak od zaslaenog crnog aja u kojem ivi simbioza bakterija i kvaevih gljivica pod imenom kombua jedno je od sredstava alternativne medicine. Vrlo je omiljen meu stanovnitvom dalekog istoka, Australije i SAD. Unazad nekoliko godina navika spravljanja napitka od kombue iri se i po Hrvatskoj. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi promjene toksinosti i nekih fizikalno kemijskih osobina crnog aja podvrgnutog djelovanju kombue. Tijekom 14 dana svakodnevno se pratila promjena pH, apsorbancije i gustoe aja. Svaki drugi dan uzimali su se uzorci aja te se testirala njihova akutna toksinost dafnia-testom te genotoksinost salmonela-testom. Rezultati su pokazali promjenu toksinosti tijekom sazrijevanja kombua-napitka. The changes of toxicity and some physical chemistry aracteristic of black tea under activity of kombucha (Fungus japonicus) The sweetened black tea beverage in which the symbiosis of bacteria and yeast cells named kombucha exist is one of the means in alternative medicine. This type of beverage is very popular in the Far East, Australia and the USA. In the last several years the making of kombucha beverage spread into Croatia. The objective of our work was to determine the toxicological changes and some physical and chemical properties of black tea exposed to the influence of kombucha. During the period of 14 days the changes in pH value, absorbation and density of tea were measured on daily basis. Every second day we took samples and tested their acute toxicity with daphnia-test and genotoxicity with salmonela-test. The results have shown changes of toxicity during the ripening period of kombucha beverage. Slobodanka Radovi, Mirta Tkalec, eljka Vidakovi-Cifrek, Marijana Krsnik-Rasol, Ivan Regula Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Aktivnost peroksidaza i stresni proteini u vodenoj lei Lemna minor L. nakon djelovanja CaCl2 I CaBr2 Zbog male veliine, brzog rasta i lakog uzgoja, vodena lea Lemna minor L. je pogodna biljka za procjenu toksinosti mnogih tvari. Kao pokazatelj toksinosti u Lemna-testu najee se koristi rast biljke. Nakon izlaganja fizikalnim, kemijskim i biolokim stresnim uincima, utvrene su promjene u peroksidaznoj aktivnosti i pojava stresnih proteina u mnogih biljnih vrsta. Mi smo primijenili iste parametare u Lemna-testu. Zasiene vodene otopine kalcij-klorida i kalcij-bromida (gustoe 1.30 kg dm-3 odnosno 1.61 kg dm-3) i njihova smjesa u omjeru 1:1 (v/v) koriste se kao "oteane vode" za kontrolu tlaka u naftnim buotinama. One su dodane u Hoaglandovu hranidbenu otopinu u takvim koliinama da se dobiju sljedee koncentracije: 0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5% i 2.0% (v/v). Nakon dvotjedne kultivacije odredili smo aktivnost ukupnih peroksidaza u sirovim ekstraktima te analizirali izoenzime peroksidaza elektroforezom u poliakrilamidnom gelu u nativnim uvjetima i izoelektrinim fokusiranjem. Stresne proteine smo odreivali SDS-diskontinuiranom poliakrilamidnom gel elektroforezom. Nakon kultivacije biljaka na hranidbenoj podlozi koja je sadravala 2% (v/v) testiranih otopina, aktivnost peroksidaza je porasla. Nakon elektroforeze i izoelektrinog fokusiranja uoena su tri dominantna anodna i tri dominantna katodna izoenzima peroksidaza kod tretiranih biljka, od kojih neki nisu bili vidljivi u kontroli. U biljaka tretiranih viim koncentracijama istraivanih otopina (1.5% i 2.0% v/v) pojavljuju se etiri stresna proteina molekularnih masa 34-36 kDa, 24-25 kDa, 19-20 kDa i 41-42 kDa. Peroxidase activity and stress-related proteins in Lemna minor L. afterexposure to CaCl2 AND CaBr2 solutions Duckweed Lemna minor L. is a suitable plant model for toxicity evaluation of many substances due to its small size, rapid growth and ease of culture. In Lemna-test the growth rate of plants has been the most commonly used physiological endpoint. After the exposure to physical, chemical and biological stresses, changes in peroxidase activity and stress-related proteins were detected in many plant species. We used the same parameters in Lemna-test. The saturated water solutions of calcium chloride and calcium bromide (densities 1.30 kg dm-3 and 1.61 kg dm-3, respectively) and their mixture (1:1, v/v), commonly used as "high density brines" for pressure control in oil wells, were added in Hoagland's nutrient medium in amounts appropriate to achieve 0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5% and 2.0% (v/v) dilutions. After two weeks of exposure, total peroxidase activity was determined in crude extracts of plants. Peroxidase isoenzyme pattern was analyzed by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis in native conditions and by isoelectric focusing. Stress-related proteins were determined by performing SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. After the cultivation of plants on the medium containing tested solutions in concentration 2.0% (v/v) an increase in peroxidase activity was detected. The three major anodic and three major cathodic peroxidase isoenzymes were noticed after electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of treated plant extracts, while in the control plants some of them were not visible. The four stress-related proteins of molecular weights 34-36 kDa, 24-25 kDa, 19-20 kDa and 41-42 kDa were mostly observed in plants treated with higher concentrations of tested solutions (1.5% and 2.0% v/v). Mirjana Pavlica1, Jadranka Roa2, Draena Pape1 1Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Hrvatske ume p.o. Zagreb, Vukotinovieva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Istraivanje citotoksinosti otpadne vode Kutinskog bazena primjenomAllium testa Istraivana je toksinost i genotoksinost vode iz odlagalita fosfogipsa Tvornice umjetnih gnojiva Kutina primjenom Allium testa. U svrhu analize toksinosti mjerena je duina korjenia luka Allium ascalonicum auct. tretiranih 5 dana razliitim koncentracijama otpadne vode (100%, 20%, 10%, 5% i 1%). Za analizu genotoksinosti korjenii su tretirani 24 sata otpadnom vodom koncentracije 10%, 5% i 1%. Korjenii koji su rasli u vodovodnoj vodi posluili su kao negativna kontrola, dok su korjenii tretirani hidrazidom maleinske kiseline (MH) uzeti kao pozitivna kontrola. Analizirana je mitotska aktivnost te kromosomske aberacije u metafazi, anafazi i telofazi. Uoena je znaajna inhibicija u rastu korjenia (EC50 vrijednost kod koncentracija >10%, a EC30 vrijednost kod koncentracije 10% i 5%). Citogenetika analiza pokazala je inhibiciju mitotske aktivnosti u meristemskim stanicama korjenia nakon 24 sata tretmana. Od kromosomskih aberacija uoeni su mostovi u anafazi i telofazi, te fragmenti. Takoer su u manjem broju u metafazi i anafazi uoeni lutajui kromosomi te c-mitoza. Rezultati ukazuju da je otpadna voda Kutinskog bazena genotoksina i pri niskim koncentracijama. Budui da se odlagalite nalazi na samom rubu Parka prirode Lonjsko polje ono predstavlja neposrednu opasnost za biljni i ivotinjski svijet, a time i za ovjeka. Cytotoxicity of wastewater from "Kutinski bazen" revealed by Alliumtest Toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewater from the depository of the Factory for fertilisers Kutina were investigated by Allium test. Toxicity was determined after measuring the length of the shallot (Allium ascalonicum auct.) root bundles treated for 5 days with different concentrations of wastewater (100%, 20%, 10%, 5% and 1%). Genotoxicity was determined after the roots were treated for 24 hours with the concentrations 10%, 5% and 1%. Roots grown in tap water were used as negative control, while roots grown in maleic hydrazide (MH) were positive control. Mitotic activity and chromosome aberrations in metaphase, anaphase and telophase were analyzed. Wastewater was found to be toxic causing inhibition in the root growth (EC50 value at concentrations >10%, EC30 value at concentrations 10% and 5%). Cytogenetic analysis showed inhibition of mitotic activity in the root-tip cells. Bridges in anaphase and telophase and chromosome fragments were observed. Also, vagrant chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase were found and c-mitosis, but to a lesser extent. Results showed that the wastewater from "Kutinski bazen" is genotoxic to shallot root-tip cells even at low concentrations. Since the depository is near the Park of nature Lonjsko polje it is a potential threat for plants and animals as well as for humans. Jadranka Roa1, Vinja Besendorfer2, Draena Pape2 1"Hrvatske ume" PO Zagreb, Vukotinovieva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za molekularnu biologiju, Bioloki odsjek Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Citotoksini uinak otpadne vode iz odlagalita fosfogipsa na klijance hrasta lunjaka (Quercus robur L.) Suenje i propadanje uma hrasta lunjaka (Quercus robur L.) sve je naglaeniji problem umarstva Hrvatske. Propadanje uma izrazito je u podruju industrijskih postrojenja i raznih odlagalita. U ovom radu istraen je utjecaj odlagalita fosfogipsa i procesne vode tvornice umjetnih gnojiva u Kutini na umu hrasta lunjaka koja se nalazi u neposrednoj blizini. Kemijska analiza vode pokazala je prisutnost tekih metala (Al, Cd i dr.), te izrazito nisku vrijednost pH=1,2-2,6. Hrast lunjak u blizini odlagalita, sa 60-70% oteenog dijela kronje, pripada kategoriji jako oteenih stabala. Citogenetske analize provedene su u stanicama meristema vrka korijena klijanaca ireva sabiranih sa stabala uz odlagalite, a kao kontrolni materijal posluili su klijanci ireva iz sjemenskih sastojina hrasta lunjaka. Kao pokazatelj oteenja praen je mitotski indeks, te broj i tipovi kromosomskih aberacija. Utvreno je da na razini mitotskog ciklusa nema razlike izmeu klijanaca uz odlagalite (M.I.=2,7%) i sjemenske sastojine (M.I.=2,4%). Meutim, broj kromosomskih aberacija dvostruko je vei u klijanaca uz odlagalite i iznosi 2,53%. Uoena su dva tipa kromosomskih aberacija; sljepljenost kromosoma i anafazni mostovi, te tri tipa mitotskih aberacija; viepolarno diobeno vreteno, lutajui kromosomi i c-mitoza. Istraen je takoer uinak otpadne vode otpadne vode u razrjeenjima od 0,5-10% na mitotski ciklus. U testiranim otopinama pH vrijednost bila je 4 - 6. irevi sjemenske sastojine isklijavani su u vodovodnoj vodi, a zatim tretirani razrijeenim vodenim otopinama 24 sata. U tim istraivanjima uoen je pad mitotske aktivnosti s porastom koncentracije. Kromosomske aberacije, c- mitoza, sljepljenost kromsoma i anafazni mostovi, uoeni su u tretmanu otopina najniih koncentracija (0,5% i 1,0%), dok kod ostalih koncentracija kromosomskih aberacija nije bilo obzirom da je broj stanica u diobi bio malen. Cytotoxic effect of phosphorus clay depository waste water on commonoak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings Common oak (Quercus robur L.) forest decline and decay is the most emphasized problem in Croatian forestry. Increasing forest decline was noticed especially in industrial area and around the industrial depositories. In this work, the effect of phosphorus clay depository and industrial water from the artificial fertilizer factory in Kutina on surrounding common oak forest was investigated. Chemical analysis of water showed the presence of heavy metals (Al, Cd, etc.) and low pH value (1.2-2.6). Common oak near the depository showed 60-70% of damaged crown and belongs to the category of the highest degree damaged trees. The cytogenetical analysis were carried out on meristematic root-tip cells of seedlings germinated from acorns which were collected on the trees near the depository. Seedlings germinated from acorns collected on healthy trees were used as a control. The cytotoxicity of waste water was expressed through mitotic index, number and type of chromosomal aberrations. The differences in mitotic index between seedlings collected from trees near depository (M.I.=2.7%) and those collected from healthy tree (M.I.=2.4%) were not found. However, the number of chromosomal aberrations in seedlings from depository increased (2.53%). Two types of chromosomal aberrations were noticed; chromosome stickiness and anaphase bridges, and three types of mitotic aberrations; multipolar spindle, laggard chromosomes and c- mitosis. Investigations also included testing of diluted waste water in the range from 0.5% - 10% (v/v) on mitotic cycle. The pH value of diluted waste water varied from 4-6. The acorns from a healthy trees were germinated in tap water and than treated with diluted water 24 hr. In diluted water tested the mitotic index decreased with increasing concentrations. Chromosomal aberrations, c-mitosis, chromosome stickiness and anaphase bridges were noticed in treatments with lower concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%), while in other concentrations tested chromosomal aberrations were not found regarding to the low number of dividing cells. Mirjana Mataui-Pil1, Ivanica Troi1, Vlatka Brumen1, Andrija Suec2 1Institut za medicinska istraivanja i medicinu rada, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Klinika bolnica za plune bolesti "Jordanovac", Jordanovac 104, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Rasprenost estica i stanini odgovor nakon odlaganja u plua Svrha ovog rada bila je odrediti rasprenost estica unutar slobodne stanine populacije plua takora kao jedne od glavnih faza u etiopatogenezi prainama uzrokovanih bolesti. Uporabom metoda instilacije i bronhoalveolarne lavae sakupljene su slobodne stanice plua u planiranim danima rtvovanja ivotinja. Stanice su svrstane po broju i tipu, te prema vijabilnosti, fagocitnoj aktivnosti ii kapacitetu. Rasprenost instiliranih agenasa (polistirenskih mikrokuglica i mjeavine azbesta i kuglica) unutar plunih fagocita odreena je prema definiranim kategorijama broja estica po fagocitnoj stanici u funkciji vremena. U grupi takora instiliranih mikrokuglicama (G2-grupa) fagocitni kapacitet polimorfonuklearnih leukocita (PMN) za sve definirane kategorije estica bio je najvei 1-og i 150-og postinstilacijskog dana. Razliito od toga, u grupi takora instiliranoj mjeavinom (G3-grupa), PMN su bili aktivniji, ali je instilirani materijal bio nejednoliko raspren. Za trajanja pokusa kapacitet alveolarnih makrofaga (AM) bio je znaajno vii u G2 nego u G3 grupi takora. Udio AM u prvoj definiranoj kategoriji je rastao od 1-og do 80-og postinstilacijskog dana, dok je u G3-grupi postigao maksimum ve 1-og dana nakon instilacije. Ostale definirane kategorije kapacitetne sposobnosti pokazuju slinu ako ne i istu tendenciju, ali sa manjim udjelom AM. Rezultati pokazuju da je funkcionalni kapacitet stanica inhibiran djelovanjem toksinih vlakana. Zakljuujemo da je pod primijenjenim uvjetima pokusa, retencija vlakana u pluima znatno produljena to dovodi do prvih znakova oteenja plua. Distribution of particulates and cellular response after lungdeposition This work has been focused on the importance of defining the particulate distribution among the rat lung free cells and by that means clarifying one of the main phases in the ethiopathogenesis of dust-related lung diseases. Using the instillation animal model followed by bronchoalveolar lavage on the previously planned animal sucrification days, the free lung cells were obtained. The cells were classified by number and type, as well as by their viability and phagocytic activity and capacity. The distribution of instilled agents (polystyrene microspheres and comixture of asbestos and polystyrene) among the lung phagocyes was determined according to the defined categories of particle number per phagocytic cell. In the group of rats in which only particles were instilled (G2 group),the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) phagocytic capacity for all defined particle categories was the highest on the 1st and the 150th postinstillation day. On the other hand, in the group of rats instilled by asbestos comixture (G3 group), the PMNs were more active but the material was non-uniformly distributed. During the whole experimental course, alveolar macrophage (AM) capacity was significantly higher in G2 than in G3 rat group. The AM share in the first defined particle category raised in the G2 rat group from the 1st up to the 80th postinstillation day, while in the G3 rat group the AM share reached the top as soon as on the 1st postinstillation day. The rest of defined capacity categories showed similar if not equal yield tendency, but the lower AM share. The results revealed functional cell capacity to be inhibited by toxic fibers. It is to be supposed that under the aforementioned circumstances lung retention of fibers is considerably prolonged, which leads to the expression of lung injury. Tvrtko Smital, Branka Pivevi, Branko Kurelec Zavod za istraivanje mora i okolia, Institut Ruer Bokovi, Bijenika54,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Kvantifikacija kemosenzitizatora mehanizma multiksenobiotike otpornosti u vodenom okoliu Mnogi vodeni organizmi posjeduju temeljni bioloki obrambeni mehanizam multiksenobiotike otpornosti (eng. multixenobiotic resistance, MXR), slian mehanizmu viestruke otpornosti na lijekove (eng. multidrug resistance, MDR) pronaenom u tumorskim stanicama sisavaca, i posredovanom ekspresijom transmembranskog P-glikoproteina (Pgp) molekularne teine 170 kDa. MXR titi vodene organizme izbacivanjem potencijalno toksinih ksenobiotika iz stanice/organizma. Meutim, MXR-povraajue tvari (MXR-inhibitori ili kemosenzitizatori), prisutni u vodenom okoliu, mogu anulirati zatitni uinak MXR-a, potencirajui tako toksinost drugih ksenobiotika. Stoga smo razvili metode za kvantifikaciju MXR-kemosenzitizatora u okolinim uzorcima iz zagaenih i nezagaenih rijeka/morskih lokacija (XAD-7 koncentrati voda), mjerenjem njihova uinka na akumulaciju dva modelna MXR-supstrata, kalceina AM (CaAM) ili rodamina 123 (R123), u kulturi NIH 3T3 mijih fibroblasta trajno transfeciranih humanim MDR1 genom, upotrebljavajui tehniku stanine kulture na mikroploi. Za demonstraciju ekotoksikolokog znaaja tako izmjerenih MXR-kemosenzitizatora u okolinim uzorcima, mjerili smo in vivo uinak tih koncentrata vode, ili ak prirodnih (nekoncentriranih) voda, na akumulaciju ili izbacivanje rodamina B u/iz krga slatkovodnog koljkaa Dreissena polymorpha ili morskog koljkaa Mytilus galloprovincialis. Rezultati su pokazali znaajno viu koncentraciju MXR-inhibitora u okolinim uzorcima iz zagaenih, u usporedbi sa uzorcima iz nezagaenih rijeka/morskih lokacija, demonstrirajui okolini znaaj ove nove skupine okolino rizinih tvari - inhibitora MXR mehanizma. Quantification of chemosenzitizers of multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in aquatic environment Many aquatic organisms posses a first-line biological defense multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism, similar to the multidrug resistance mechanism found in mammalian tumor cell lines and mediated by expression of a 170-kDa plasma membrane glycoprotein, the P-glycoprotein. MXR rescues aquatic organisms by pumping potentially toxic xenobiotics out of the cell. MXR-reversing substances (MXR-inhibitors, or chemosensitizers) that may be found in aquatic environment, may annulate the protective activity of MXR, potentiating thereby the toxicity of other xenobiotics. Therefore, we have developed the methods for quantification of MXR-chemosensitizers in environmental samples from polluted and unpolluted rivers/marine sites (XAD-7 water concentrates) by measurement their effect on accumulation of two model MXR-substrates, calcein AM (CaAM) and rhodamine 123 (R123), in NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts stable transfected with human MDR1 gene, using a microwell cell culture technique. For demonstration of ecotoxic significance of MXR-chemosensitizers detected in environmental samples, we measured the in vivo effect of water concentrates, or even of native waters, either on accumulation- or on retention (efflux)-rate of rhodamine B in/from the gills of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha, or the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Our results showed significantly higher level of MXR-inhibitors in environmental samples from polluted, in comparison to unpolluted, rivers/marine sites, demonstrating the environmental importance of a new class of hazardous chemicals - the inhibitors of MXR. Maria poljar Bioloki odsjek, Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Djelovanje natrij - pentaklorfenolata na histopatoloke promjene u probavnoj lijezdi pua Amphimelania holandri Fr. U radu je istraeno djelovanje biocida natrij-pentaklorfenolata (Na-PCP) na slatkovodnog pua Amphimelania holandri Fr. Analizom histolokih preparata utvrdile su se histopatoloke promjene probavne lijezde nastale djelovanjem ovog spoja na tu vrstu. Poznato je da probavna lijezda predstavlja glavni detoksifikacijski organ u kojem se zbog veeg sadraja lipida akumuliraju lipofilni ksenobiotici. Stoga se u njoj javljaju prve histopatoloke promjene pod utjecajem djelovanja Na-PCP-a. Pokusi su bili provedeni kao polustatini testovi toksinosti u uvjetima akutne i subkronine toksinosti, u rasponu koncentracija od 0,56 - 56 mg Na-PCP-a /l. Kao kriterij toksinosti spoja uzimana je smrtnost jedinki, promjene ponaanja ivotinja, te morfopatoloke i histopatoloke promjene probavne lijezde. Vrijednost srednje letalne koncentracije (LC 50) nakon 96 sati iznosila je 0,74 mg Na-PCP-a/l. Promatranjem promjena ponaanja ivotinja uoeno je da koncentracije >3,2 mg/l u periodu akutne toksinosti izazivaju smanjenje aktivnosti, paralizu i smrt ivotinja. Kod niih koncentracija te promjene nastupaju kasnije. Histopatoloke promjene probavne lijezde pokazale su da izlaganje ivotinja tNa-PCP-u uzrokuje destrukciju ovog organa, kako u akutnim uvjetima trovanja kod visokih koncentracija >3,2 mg/l, tako i u subkroninim uvjetima trovanja kod niih koncentracija < 1,8 mg/l. Temeljem analize histolokih preparata zakljueno je da se patoloke promjene javljaju u slijedu od vakuolizacije stanica, poveanja lumena tubula, erozije i ljutenja epitela tubula, k stvaranju nakupina stanica tubula i nekrozi vezivnog tkiva. The effect of sodium pentachlorophenate on histopatological changes in the digestive gland of the snail Amphimelania holandry Fr. In this study the effect of the biocid sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP) on the freshwater snail Amphimelania holandri Fr. was investigated. Histopatological changes on the digestive gland, created by the effect of this compound on this species were determined by the analysis of histological preparations. It is well-known that the gland is the main detoxification organ where, because of greater lipid consistency lipofil ksenobiotics are accumulated. For this reason the gland was the starting point for the histapatological changes occurring under the influence of Na-PCP. The experiments were made as semistatic tests under conditions of acute and subcronic toxicity, in the concentration span of 0.56 - 56 mg Na-PCP /l. A death rate of animals, behavioural changes as well as morphopatological and histopatological changes of the digestive gland were taken as a criterium of NA-PCP toxicity. The medium lethal concentration (LC 50) value after 96 hours amounted to 0.76 mg Na-PCP /l. While observing the changes in animals' behaviour it was seen that concentrations >3.2 mg/l in the period of acute toxicity caused a decrease in animals' activity, paralysis and death. With higher concentrations these changes appeared later. The histopatological changes on the digestive gland showed destruction of this organ was cause by the exposure of the animals to Na-PCP in acute toxicity conditions with high concentrations >3.2 mg/l, as well as in subcronic toxicity conditions < 1.8 mg/l. On the basis of the analysis of the histological preparations it was concluded that pathological changes appear in the course of vacuolization of cells, enlargement of tubules diametre, erosis and sloughing of epithelial tubule, towards the creation of clusters of tubules cells and necrosis of connective tissue. Jasminka Pehadi, Jasna Vorkapi-Fura, Jasna Franeki Prehrambeno-biotehnoloki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Istraivanja genotoksinog uinka derivata piridoksal-oksima u prokariotskim i eukariotskim test-sustavima U suvremenom svijetu izloeni smo djelovanju velikog broja razliitih, novosintetiziranih spojeva (lijekovi, pesticidi, aditivi hrani, kometiki preparati i dr.) koji u neposrednom dodiru sa stanicom mogu izazvati oteenja genetikog materijala. Oteenja mogu biti letalne naravi, mogu inducirati rast tumora (kancerogeni uinak) i/ili dovesti do nastajanja nasljednih bolesti (mutageni uinak). Ove spoznaje poticaj su kreiranju to uinkovitijih i brih metoda za otkrivanje spojeva koji izazivaju spomenuta oteenja. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati toksini i/ili mutageni uinak u novije vrijeme sintetiziranih antidota PPDO-2 i PPDO-4. Ovi bispiridinij-aldoksimi primjenjivani su na goveim i humanim eritrocitima u reaktivaciji acetilkolinesteraze inhibirane toksinim organofosfatima. Ukoliko spomenuti spojevi zadovolje sve kriterije standardnog testiranja, koristili bi se kao lijek protiv trovanja organofosfatnim spojevima (pesticidi, bojni otrovi), te konkurirali uvoznim, konvencionalnim antidotima 2-PAM-u i toksogoninu koji se nalaze u farmaceutskoj upotrebi od 1965-te godine. Testiranje je provedeno na prokariotskom test-sustavu, bakteriji Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535, TA1538, TA98, TA100, TA104 i TA102) sa i bez metabolike aktivacije, u svrhu praenja povratnih mutacija tipa supstitucije baza i pomaka okvira itanja genetikog koda. Od eukariotskih test-sustava odabran je kvasac Saccharomyces cerevisiae na kojem se pratila mitotika aneuploidija (soj D61.M), te povratne mutacije i rekombinacija tijekom mitoze (soj D7). Dobiveni negativni rezultati ohrabruju i upuuju na daljnje testiranje, kako bi PPDO-2 i PPDO-4, ukoliko zadovolje predklinika i klinika istraivanja, nali svoje mjesto u hrvatskoj farmaceutskoj zbirci. Examination of genotoxic effect of pyridoxal-oximes derivatives in prokaryotic and eukaryotic test-systems In our environment we are exposed to a large number of newly synthesized products like drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetic products etc., all of which can cause damages in the genetic material if they come in a direct contact with a cell. The aim of this investigation was to examine potential toxic and/or mutagenic effect of relatively new synthesized antidotes PPDO-2 and PPDO-4. These bis-pyridinium aldoximes have been applied to bovine and human erythrocytes in reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus inhibitors. If mentioned agents satisfy the standard test criteria, they could be used as drugs against the poisoning via organophosphates (e.g. pesticides, nerve poisons). In that way PPDO-2 and PPDO-4 could seriously compete with the conventional antidotes toxogonin and 2-PAM, used in pharmaceutic purposes since 1965. In order to investigate the eventual genotoxic effects of these compounds, we tested PPDO-2 and PPDO-4 on bacteria Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535, TA1538, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA104 strains) with and without metabolic activation, to detect frameshift and base substitution mutations. The results showed that these antidotes have neither toxic, nor mutagenic effects on the bacterial cells. PPDO-2 and PPDO-4 were examined on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D61.M to detect of mitotic aneuploidy by using standard and cold treatments. The results showed that the compounds had no influence on the frequency of mitotic aneuploidy. We obtained negative results of these antidotes on the strain D7 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for point mutation and mitotic recombination (crossing-over and gene conversion). Considering the negative results, PPDO-2 and PPDO-4 have very good chances to become after some preclinical and clinical examinations a valuable component of the Croatian pharmaceutic collection. Mirela Dogan1, Zvonimir Kozari1, Emil Sreboan2 1Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Zavod za farmakologiju i toksikologiju, Veterinarski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Utjecaj metoksietilivinog acetata i kadmij klorida na histokemijsku aktivnost nekih hidrolaza u bubregu arana (Cyprinus carpio L.) Za pokus su koriteni 30 arani (Cyprinus carpio L.) teine oko 100 gr, podijeljenih u tri skupine. Prva skupina hranjena je hranom koja je sadravala 27 ppm ive (kao metiksietilivin acetat). Druga skupina je izloena djelovanju 240 ppb kadmija (kao kadmijev klorid) u vodi, a trea skupina je sluila kao kontrola. Nakon 21 dan sve ribe su rtvovane, a na izrescima bubrega odreena je aktivnost nespecifinih esteraza, alkalne i kisele fosfataze. Istraivana koliina ive i kadmija uzrokovala je smanjenje aktivnosti nespecifinih esteraza i alkalne fosfataze u kanaliima bubrega i hematopoetskom tkivu. Kod kisele fosfataze dolo je do poveanja aktivnosti enzima koje je izraenije u hematopoetskom dijelu bubrega. Effects of food-added methoxyethylmercuric acetate and cadmium chloride in water on some hydrolase activities in the kidney ofcarp(Cyprinus carpio L.) In this study breeding carps (Cyprinus carpio L.), weighing approximately 100 g, were used. A total of 30 carps were divided into three groups. First group was given food containing 27 ppm of mercury as methoxyethylmercuric acetate. Second group was exposed to 240 ppb of cadmium (as cadmium chloride) in water. Third group served as a control. On the 21st day of the experiment all the fishes were sacrificed. The activity of non-specific esterases, alkaline and acid phosphatase were determined in kidney sections. Mercury and cadmium in investigated concentrations caused decrease of non-specific esterases and alkaline phosphatase activity in kidney tubules and haemopoetic tissue. The activity of acid phosphatase increased, especially in haemopoetic part of kidney. Branimir K. Hackenberger1, Dinko Puntari2, Jasna Bonir2, Antun Jankovi3 1Sveuilite Josipa Jurja Strossmayera, PF, Zavod za biologiju, LorentzaJgera9,31000 Osijek, Hrvatska 2Zavod za javno zdravstvo grada Zagreba, Mirogojska cesta 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Veterinarska ambulanta Vetosan, Bartula Kaia 18 ,31000 Osijek, Hrvatska Pokazatelji akutne i kronine intoksikacije vrana gaaca (Corvusfrugilegus, L.) nekim toksinim metalima Vrana gaac jedan je od karakteristinih vrsta ptica urbanih ekosistema. Njene ekoloke karakteristike ukazuju na mogunost primjene ove vrste kao biomarkera za praenje i utvrivanje razliitih intoksikacija unutar ekosistema. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi koliine pojedinih vrsta tekih metala i metaloida u organizmu ovih vrsta ptica. Odreeni su sadraji metala i metaloida u sadraju eluca, jetri i perju 40 prmjeraka ptica s podruja kolonije "Makamama" u Osijeku. Rezultati su pokazali za neke metale i metaloide znaajnu ovisnost koliine metala prisutne u sadraju eluca i jetre, a za druge u jetri i perju. U pojedinim sadrajima eluca pronaena je vea koliina metala kao pokazatelj akutne intoksikacije i prisutnost tih metala na istraivanom podruju. Indicators of acute and chronic intoxication with some toxic metals inrook (Corvus frugilegus, L.) Rook is one of characteristic species of urban ecosystem. On the basis of ecological characteristics of rook there are possibilities of using this species as biomarker for different intoxication inside of ecosystem. The purpose of the research was to determine the amount of different metals and metalloids in organisms of these birds. The determination of amount of metals and metalloids was made in contents of gizzard, in liver and in plumage of 40 birds from "Makamama" colony in Osijek. Results have shown significant correlation between amount of metal in contents of gizzard and liver whereas other metals between amount of metal in liver and plumage. In some contents of gizzard it was significant larger amount of metals as indicator of acute intoxication and presence of this metals in researched environment was found. Biserka Homen, Darko Grbea, Maja Sikiri Zavod za hranidbu domaih ivotinja, Agronomski fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Svetoimunska25, 10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Plantago lanceolata L. kao indikator vrsta bioakumulacije sumporaiive Naglim industrijskim razvojem posljednjih desetljea poveana je koliina otpadnih nusprodukata. Neki od estih zagaivaa su sumpor, iva i njihovi spojevi. U radu je praena bioakumulacija sumpora i ive u vrsti Plantago lanceolata L. i u livadnim travama s istih lokaliteta izloenih industrijskom zagaivanju. Istraivanja su vrena u proljetnom, ljetnom i jesenskom periodu. iva je odreena atomskom apsorpcijskom spektroskopijom, a sumpor gravimetrijski. Rezultati su statistiki obraeni analizom varijance. Ustanovljeno je da koliina sumpora znaajno ne varira tijekom istraivanog perioda, za razliku od koliine ive koja je znaajno via u jesenskom periodu. Podaci za istraivano razdoblje pokazuju da Plantago lanceolata L. sadri statistiki veu koliinu sumpora i ive od livadnih trava s istih lokaliteta. Rezultati ukazuju da bi vrsta Plantago lanceolata L. mogla biti indikator vrsta za praenje razine zagaenja okolia sumporom i ivom. Plantago lanceolata L. as indicator species for sulphur and mercurybioaccumulation Rapid industrial progress in last decades caused an increase in quantity of waste by-products. Some of common pollutants are sulphur, mercury and their compounds. In this research, bioaccumulation of sulphur and mercury in Plantago lanceolata L. and meadow grasses from the same landscape units exposed to industrial pollution has been studied. Investigations were carried out in spring, summer and autumn. Mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy while sulphur was determined gravimetricaly. Results were analyzed by using one way ANOVA. It was established that sulphur concentration does not significantly change during studied period. On the other hand, mercury concentration was significantly higher in autumn period. Experimental data for studied period showed that Plantago lanceolata L. contains statistically higher sulphur and mercury concentration than meadow grasses from the same landscape units. Obtained results indicate that Plantago lanceolata L. could be an indicator species for monitoring the level of environmental pollution by sulphur and mercury. Andreja Stunja Zoologijski zavod Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Aktivnost kisele i alkalne fosfataze u bubregu arana (Cyprinus carpioL.) nakon tretiranja magnezijem, selenom i olovom U naim smo istraivanjima pomou histokemijskih metoda pratili uinak subtoksinih koncentracija elemenata na enzimatski status lizosoma, te na transmemebranski transport u bubregu. arani (Cyprinus carpio L) su tretirani tijekom 80 dana niskim koncentracijama elemenata: 0.1 mg Mg/L, 0.1 mg Se/L i 0.3 mg Pb/L, a tkivo je uzorkovano u intervalima od 7 dana. Obzirom na aktivnost kisele i alkalne fosfataze razlikuju se tri tipa kanalia. Prvi tip odgovara vratnom segmentu nefrona, drugi tip proksimalnim kanaliima, a trei tip distalnim kanaliima. Nakon tretiranja navedenim elementima kisela fosfataza vezana je uz lizosome koji su u vratnom segmentu krupni, ovalna oblika i malobrojni, u proksimalnim kanaliima su sitni i zastupljeni u velikom broju, dok su u distalnim kanaliima sitni i srednje veliki i umjereno brojni. Opisana aktivnost ne razlikuje se od netretirane skupine, te se ne mijenja bitno s produljenjem tretiranja. U tretiranih arana, slino kao i u netretiranih, najjaa aktivnost alkalne fosfataze vezana je uz luminalne membrane vratnog segmenta nefrona koji je prekriven trepetljikama. Neto slabija aktivnost prisutna je u etkastoj prevlaci proksimalnih kanalia, dok su distalni kanalii negativni. Tijekom tretiranja ne dolazi do promjena u intenzitetu i lokaciji enzima. Pozitivna aktivnost alkalne fosfataze prisutna je i u endotelu peritubularnih kapilara, a intenzitet aktivnosti poveava se proporcionalno duljini tretiranja to ukazuje na sudjelovanje kapilara u eliminaciji metala iz krvi. Activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the kidney of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after magnesium, selenium and lead treatment In our investigations we have monitored, by using histochemical methods, effects of subtoxic concentrations of elements on enzymatic status of lysosomes, and on transmembranal transport in the kidney. Carps (Cyprinus carpio L.) were treated during 80 days with low concentrations of elements: 0.1 mg Mg/l, 0.1 mg Se/L and 0.3 mg Pb/L, and tissue was collected in 7 days intervals. In considerationn of activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases we could distinguish three types of kidney tubules. First type respond to the neck segment of the nephron, second type to the proximal tubules and third type to the distal segment. After treatments acid phosphatase was located in lysosomes which were oval, large and not numerous in the neck segment, small and numerous in proximal segment and medium and moderatly numerous in distal segment. Described activity wasn't different from the activity in the untreated group, and didn't change significantly with prolonged treatment. In carps treated with elements, similar to the untreated one, the strongest alkaline phosphatase activity was bound to the luminal membranes of the neck segment which is well ciliated. Slightly weaker activity was located at the brush border of proximal tubules, while distal tubules were negative. Treatment with elements didn't induce changes in intensity and location of the enzyme. Positive alkaline phosphatase activity was also located in endothel of peritubular capillares. Intensity of the enzyme activity was emplified proportionaly to the duration of treatment and indicated that capillares participate in elimination of metals from blood. Lujo Dvoraek1, Boidar Stilinovi2 1Istraivaki institut, PLIVA d.d., Prilaz baruna Filipovia 25, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2Bioloki odsjek Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Novi test odreivanja toksinosti otpadnih voda Originalni test odreivanja toksinosti otpadnih voda pomou kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YTT) prikazan je u usporedbi s testom inhibicije bakterijskog rasta (IC50). Kvasac je eukariotski organizam i kao ista kultura lako je dostupan. Osim toga, moe rasti i kod sobne temperature tako da je ovaj test prikladan za rad kako u laboratoriju, tako i na terenu. Test ne zahtijeva sloenu opremu i pogodan je za brzo orijentacijsko odreivanje toksinosti industrijskih otpadnih voda. Princip metode je u usporedbi koliine nastalog plina (CO2) tijekom anaerobne fermentacije otpadne vode, s volumenom nastalog plina u slijepoj probi. Nastali plin istisne sadraj boice kroz iglu u trcaljku u kojoj se direktno oita volumen nastalog plina. Usporeujui YTT metodu s IC50 testom, odreujui toksinost u uzorcima razliitih industrijskih otpadnih voda, polueni rezultati su bili gotovo jednaki u oba testa. Kratkom aktivacijom (4 do 5 sati, to ovisi o fiziolokom stanju kvasca) stanice kvasca dolaze u log fazu rasta i spremne su za mjerenje toksinosti. Na taj nain moe se rabiti kako svjei tako i suhi aktivni kvasac. A novel test for waste water toxicity determination An original test for waste water toxicity determination by means of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (YTT) compared with bacterial growth inhibition test (IC50) is shown. Yeast is an eukaryotic organism and as a pure culture it is available almost everywhere. Because it can grow at room temperature, too, this test is advantageous in that it can be applied on the laboratory and field scale. It does not require sophisticated equipment and is suitable for rapid approximated toxicity determination of industrial waste water. The method is based on the comparison of gas volume (CO2) produced during anaerobic fermentation of waste water with the volume of gas generated in a blank probe. The content of vial is pressed through the needle into the syringe, from which the gas volume is read out. Comparison of the YTT methods with IC50 test during determination of toxicity of different waste water samples from industrial effluents, shows almost equal results of both tests. During a short period of activation (over 4 to 5 hours , relevant to physiological condition of yeast), yeast reaches logarithmic phase of growth and is suitable for toxicity measurement. In this way, it can be used either as fresh or dry active yeast. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Vicko Pavii Bioloki odsjek Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltovtrg6,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Bioloko obrazovanje u naim kolama Epohalna otkria u podruju biolokih znanosti snano obiljeavaju sveukupnu znanost na pragu 21.stoljea. Sve to ima golemog odraza i na sustav biolokoga odgoja i obrazovanja u naim kolama. Iako uz znatne tekoe, u nastavi biologije mnogih kola sve veu afirmaciju doivljava prirodoznanstvena metoda spoznavanja koja osmiljava i obogauje nastavnu izvedbu u kojoj dominira uenikova osobnost i istraivaki pristup uenju. U takvu ozraju suvremenijih pristupa u nastavi uz kvalitetno stjecanje znanja i razvijanje sposobnosti formiraju se stavovi i uvjerenja u skladu s aktualnim ciljevima i zadaama drutva. Ali dok s jedne strane spomenuta obiljeja govore u prilog pozitivnih pomaka u nastavi u suglasju s europskim kretanjima dotle poloaj biologije i prirodoslovlja uope u naem kolskom sustavu doivljavan postupno sve veu redukciju nastavnoga plana a time i bitno smanjenje sadrajnoga fonda znanja to e zasigurno djelovati i na osiromaenje relevantnih metodikih promiljanja koji e nas vratiti natrag u okvire tradicionalne kole i nastave. Taj se problem osobito negativno odraava u osnovnoj koli koja je obvezna i opeobrazovna jer e uenici koji se dalje nee kolovati biti zakinuti za neka saznanja koja ine osnovu opeg obrazovanja. To se posebice odnosi na neke aktualne sadraje iz biologije kao to je ekoloki odgoj, zdravstveno prosvjeivanje, poljodjelsko obrazovanje, proizvodnja zdrave hrane, zatita i unapreivanje okolia i dr. Stoga bi se valjalo usprotiviti neutemeljenoj degradaciji prirodoslovnih predmeta, a osobito, biologije jer se dogaa stihijski bez znanstvenih pokazatelja i egzaktne argumentacije iza koje bi stajali timovi praktiara i znanstvenika. Biological education in our schools Today, great discoveries in the field of Bio science will have a strong influence not only on general science, but also on Bio education in our schools, even with many difficulties facing our teaching staff. There is still an attempt being made to perform teaching methods in which the lessons are organized in a way that the pupils use their own creativity and research. We believe that, through methods of teaching like this, students will reach a higher level of work, but will also develop their own personality and opinions and in turns, serve better the aspirations of society. But unfortunately, even though on the one side we have these positive movements, the continued reduction of teaching hours of bio science in our schools, will eventually cause, we would fear, a large drop in the standard of students work and tend eventually to the poor education level of the old system. These consequences will be most visible in Primary schools where students who choose not to continue into further education, will leave school without tutoring in many basic subjects, example ecology, medicine, agriculture, environment protection, etc. So we believe that something must be done immediately to stop this degradation of natural science, specially in the field of biology. Jasna Matekalo Draganovi kolska knjiga d.d. Zagreb, Masarykova 28, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Povijesni pregled udbenika i prirunika za prirodopis u Hrvatskoj Pregledano je nekoliko desetaka udbenika za prirodopis u Hrvatskom kolskom muzeju iz razdoblja od 1800. do 1945. god. Udbenici prije toga razdoblja pisani su njemakim jezikom. Iz 1804. god potjee prvi udbenik pisan hrvatskim jezikom. Sve knjige dalje su na hrvatskom jeziku, uglavnom, u prvo vrijeme prijevodi s njemakog, manje ekog jezika. Rani prijevodi tiskani su u Beu i imali su vie izdanja. Te najstarije knjige uglavnom su prirunici za praktinu primjenu (primjerice za uzgajanje dudovog svilca). Osim gimnazijama i realnim kolama mnoge knjige namijenjene su strukovnim kolama, obrtnikim kolama, ili tzv. pukim i seoskim kolama. Knjige koje obrauju biljni i ivotinjski svijet ilustrirane su vrlo lijepim i preciznim crteima te tablicama i crno bijelim fotografijama. Autori su veinom srednjokolski profesori. Krajem 19. st. udbenici sadravaju i druge didaktike komponente primjerice kazalo. Prvi prirunik za nastavnike s detaljnim uputama potjee iz 1894. god. Poetkom 20. st. udbenici su ve prilino razraeni. Tako udbenici iz botanike sadravaju klju za odreivanje biljaka. U udbenicima se poinje tiskati odobrenje nadlenog Ministarstva prosvjete za uporabu u kolama. Od 1945. god na naem podruju mogu se nai prijevodi ruskih udbenika. Zakljuak: U prolom stoljeu prirodoslovlje u Hrvatskoj uilo se u gotovo svim kolama. Udbenika literatura bila je vrlo raznovrsna i bogata. Udbenici su bili zanimljivi, dobro ilustrirani, namijenjeni razliitim usmjerenjima uenika od onih s opom naobrazbom do vrlo usmjerenih za odreena zanimanja. Prema pregledanom materijalu udbenici vode podrijetlo veinom od njemakih izvornika koji se prevodi na hrvatski jezik i u poetku tiskaju u inozemstvu. Mnogi su doivjeli vie izdanja. A historical survey of natural science textbooks and handbooks in Croatia Several dozen natural science textbooks published between 1800 and 1945 have been perused in the Croatian School Museum. Before 1800, the textbooks were written in German. The first textbook in Croatian appeared in 1804; thereafter, all books are in Croatian. At the beginning, the textbooks were translations from German, and less often from Czech. The early translations were printed in Vienna and usually appeared in several editions. The oldest books are mainly handbooks for the practical purposes (e.g. for the silk moth breeding). In addition to the textbooks written for the gymnasiums and the public-type secondary schools, many books were intended for the professional schools, craft schools or so-called village schools. Books describing the plant and animal kingdoms were illustrated with beautiful and precise drawings, black-and-white photographs and provided with tables. The authors were usually the school teachers. By the end of the 19th century, the textbooks were usually provided with additional didactic components, e.g. indexes. The first handbook for the teachers appeared in 1894. At the beginning of the 20th century the textbooks were quite elaborate. For example, botany textbooks contained the plant classification key. The textbooks were provided with approvals (endorsements) for the school usage issued by the Ministry of Education. After 1945 translations from the Russian can be found. Conclusion: In the past century the natural sciences were taught practically in all types of schools. The education literature was rich and diverse. The textbooks were interesting, well illustrated, and appropriate for different education scopes - from general education to specific professional directions. Most textbooks have been translated to Croatian from the German originals, and at the beginning were printed abroad. Many appeared in several editions. Maja Antoli, Mirko Rui IV. gimnazija Marko Maruli, Zagrebaka 2, 21000 Split, Hrvatska Osvrt na gimnazijske programe i udbenike iz biologije Glavna zamjerka programima je preopirnost i neusklaenost meu programima pojedinih razreda (kemijska evolucija bi vie odgovarala programu etvrtog , nego prvog razreda; biljna tkiva bi trebalo obraditi u prvom, a ne u drugom razredu; virusi i bakterije su obraeni u prvom i drugom razredu, to je nepotrebno; biljna fiziologija je obraena preopirno pa je teko u potpunosti obraditi fiziologiju ovjeka, koja je uenicima blia i zanimljivija).U programima bi trebalo dati vie slobode nastavnicima, koji su duni obraditi odreene pojmove, ali ne uz ovako krute programe. Udbenici su tehniki dobro opremljeni, ali sadrajno nisu u potpunosti prilagoeni potrebama uenika. The review on the grammar school curricula and the biology textbooks The main objection considering the Grammar school curricula is that they are fairly detailed and with the lot of unnecessary repetitions. The biology textbooks are technically well equipped, but considering their contests they are not fully adapted to the pupils needs. Stanislav Leniek, Marijana Poljak XV gimnazija, Jordanovac 8, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Primjena video kamere u nastavi biologije Razvojem televizijske tehnike i nastava biologije dobila je nova nastavna sredstva. Omoguen je novi pristup demonstraciji slike, praktinog rada, vjebi u makro i mikro svijetu. Izravnim prijenosom ili reprodukcijom video zapisa omoguava se demonstracija statinih slika. Izdvajaju se i poveavaju detalji slike, teksta, procesa, praktinog rada ili strukture organizma. Jednostavnim montiranjem video kamere (npr. Philips, M622, camcorder, zoom 10x) na mikroskop i binokularnu lupu, uenici mogu pratiti i snimiti npr. mitozu, plazmolizu, umjetno opraivanje, mutacije, ivotni ciklus drosophile, itd. Dolazimo do montae vlastitih nastavnih filmova. Pokazat emo primjere snimljenih promatranja, istraivanja, radova u prirodi i laboratoriju. Pred nastavnicima je novi kreativni izazov za metodiko oblikovanje nastavnih sadraja i tijeka nastavnog sata. Realizira se via razina upoznavanja i doivljavanja stvarnosti. Postie se vea motiviranost i realizacija odgojnih zadaa. The use of the video camera in teaching of biology The development of television technology has given biology teaching a new educational medium. It has given a new approach to presenting pictures and practical work in the macro and micro worlds. Direct transmission or video recordings can be used to present static pictures and to select details of pictures, texts, processes, practical work or the structure of an organism. Using a video camera (e.g. Philips, M622, camcorder, zoom 10x) mounted on a microscope or binocular lens, students can film mitosis, plasmolysis, artificial pollination, mutation, the life cycle of Drosophilidae, and so on. The students can even make their own films. We will show examples of films of observation, research and practical work in the field and the laboratory. The video camera provides teachers with a new creative challenge in their teaching approach and lesson planning. It provides a higher level of experiencing reality and contributes to motivation and more efficient learning. Ivan De Zan Filozofski fakultet - Pedagogijske znanosti, Sveuilite u Zagrebu, Savskacesta77,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska kola u prirodi Sustavno ustrojenu kolu u prirodi ima grad Zagreb. Za uenike prvog i drugog razreda osnovne kole mogue je organizirati jednodnevnu izvanuioniku nastavu - projektni istraivaki dan u jesen, zimu i proljee, na pounoj stazi u tzv. umskoj koli na Medvednici. Uenici treeg razreda provode tjedan dana sa svojim uiteljem na Medvednici, a uenici etvrtog razreda u Crikvenici. Za to vrijeme isprepleu se odgojno-izobrazbene, portsko-rekreacijske i kulturno-zabavne aktivnosti u suglasju s obavljanjem raznovrsnih zaduenja koja proizlaze iz zajednikog ivota mladih. Open air school There is systematically organized open air school in Zagreb. It is possible to organize one day excursions for the first and second grade students in autumn, winter and spring. The students are doing some research in the so called wood school on the hill of Medvednica. The third grade students usually spend a week with their teachers on Medvednica and the fourth grade students in Crikvenica. They participate in many activities like: educational, cultural, sport and recreation. They live by their own there and also have many other duties. But, Science is the most important, and it is possible to study it in the nature. Vesna Vukeli VII gimnazija, Krianieva 4a, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Karnivorne biljke uzgojene u hortikulturi kao objekt uenikih istraivanja za radove na Susretima i natjecanjima mladih biologa Hrvatske 1997. Ueniki rad za Natjecanje i susrete mladih biologa Hrvatske obuhvaa sloene pripreme uenika u kojima je, ak i u gimnazijskom obrazovanju, uloga nastavnika znaajna. Kroz razgovor, nastavnik treba otkriti interes uenika za odreenu problemsku tematiku i prilagoditi je postojeim uvjetima rada u koli ili kod kue. Ovaj rad prikazuje mogunost odabira problema za ueniko istraivanje, kao i nain voenja uenika od strane nastavnika, tijekom njihova samostalnog istraivanja. Na kraju kolske godine 1995./96. dva su uenika, za objekt istraivanja, izabrala karnivorne biljke koje sam ja, iz osobnog interesa, godinama uzgajala, te sam ih, u vie navrata, pokazivala na satovima redovne ili izborne nastave biologije. Zajedniki smo postavili dva problema (jedan iz podruja botanike, a drugi iz zoologije), od kojih je svaki uenik odabrao jedan. Problem je trebalo rijeiti tijekom ljeta i jeseni 1996. te zime 1997. Botaniki je problem bio: 1) utvrditi postoje li razlike u morfometriji vegetativnih i generativnih organa triju, od pet, vrsta uzgajanih karnivornih biljaka, u usporedbi sa pribavljenim literaturnim podacima; 2) usporediti dimenzije izmjerene u ljetnom i zimskom vegetacijskom periodu, te 3) uoiti pojave u rastu i razvitku ovih biljaka, koje u dostupnoj literaturi nisu bile zabiljeene. Problem zoologijskog sadraja bio je utvrditi sastav plijena pet vrsta karnivornih biljaka tijekom devetomjesenog perioda, tj.: 1) sabrati ostatke probavljenih organizama iz suhih listova biljaka, te 2) odrediti taksonomsku pripadnost sabranih organizama. Istraivanja su dala znaajne rezultate, koji su se uvelike podudarali sa literaturnima, no dobiveni su i neki novi rezultati. Napisana su dva rada, sa po 30-tak fotografija. Uz svaki je priloen poster, dijapozitivi, zatim mokri i suhi preparati biljaka, herbarij sa vegetativnim i generativnim organima, te zbirka sabranih kukaca. Na upanijskom natjecanju uenici su postigli zapaene rezultate i upueni su na Dravne susrete. Cultivated carnivorous plants as an object of high school student research works for The Meeting and Competition of Young Biologists of Croatia 1997 High school student research work preparations for The Meeting and Competition of Young Biologists of Croatia, take a lot of their time and investment, and includes also a significant role of teacher. During the conversation with pupils, teacher has to discover their interest for a certain problem. The problem must be simple, i.e. possible to be solved inside the school conditions or at home. The aim of this paper is to present a sort of problem, that is possible to be chosen as a topic of student`s research and to present a possible way of teacher`s leading through the research study work. During the June of 1996, two of my students chose the carnivorous plants as an object of their researches. These were my personal plants that I have been cultivating at home for about 5 years, and they were demonstrated to students during the biology lessons. We chose two main problems (a botanical and a zoological one) that had to be solved during the summer and autumn of 1996 and winter 1997. Every student chose one of these problems. The botanical problems were: 1) to discover if there are any differences between morphometry of vegetative and generative organs of three (from five) cultivated carnivorous plants, in comparison with literature values; 2) to compare dimensions of organs produced during the summer and winter season, and 3) to see some new appearance in growth and develop, that were not found in literature. The zoological problem was to analyze the prey of 5 species of cultivated carnivorous plants during 9 months of feeding, i.e., 1) to collect the digested organisms from the dried leaves, and 2) to determine the taxonomy. This research gave the results which were in analogy with the literature facts, but some results were different, that means, were new explored. About this research two papers were written, each including about 30 photos. Also the posters, diapositives, slides, herbarium and insect collection were added. The success of these two researches on The Meeting and Competition of Young Biologists of Zagreb, was significant, and both students were refereed to the Republic Competition. Ljubica Vrek Rudarska i kemijska kola, Hallerova Aleja 3, 42000 Varadin, Hrvatska Izvannastavna djelatnost izvorite uinkovite izobrazbe nastavnika i uenika Izvannastavni rad podrazumijeva brojne djelatnosti koje imaju za cilj nalaenje, otkrivanje, odreivanje i rjeavanje problema. U ovom radu iznijeta su saznanja o djelatnostima izvan nastave tijekom esnaest godina (1981.-1997.). Prouavanje je obavljeno sa svrhom prikupljanja podataka o razini povezanosti uspjeha uenika u nastavi, izvan nastavnom radu, kao i njihovom ukljuivanju u studij na fakultetima. Rjeavanje problema izvan nastave je u slubi odgoja i izobrazbe. Zbog toga rad izvan nastave omoguuje izraavanja kreativnosti nastavnika i uenika. Nastavnik i uenik postaju dio procesa traganja slinog otkrivanju u znanosti. Zbog toga takav rad od nastavnika trai dobro poznavanje znanstvenog podruja, ali i metodologiju istraivakog rada. Vjetina nastavnika kojom upuuje uenika uvelike pridonosi uspjenosti u radu. U iskustvenom dijelu istraivanja provjerena je uinkovitost uporabe modela izvannastavnog rada u kombinaciji s radom u nastavi biologije u prvom i drugom razredu Rudarske i kemijske kole, a na temelju prouavanja brojnih problema vezanih za nastavne sadraje biologije, kao i probleme zatite okolia. Postignua istraivanja pokazuju da uporaba modela izvannastavnog rada u kombinaciji s radom u nastavi, pridonosi poboljanju opeg uspjeha, uinkovitije uenje biologije, dobre odgojne rezultate, kao i veoma uinkovito ukljuivanje u fakultetski sustav izobrazbe. Extra-curriculum activity: the source of effective education of both teachers and students Extra-curriculum work includes many activities aiming to find out, discover, determinate and solve the problems. The project presents the experience of extra- education activities during sixteen years of teaching (1981-1997). The research aims data collecting about the level of students success in teaching, extra-curriculum activities as well as including them into further education at the university. Problem solving through extra-classes is in function of education, it helps creativity expressing of both the teacher and the student. The teacher and the student become the part of the process of the search similar to scientific discovery. Therefore such a work demands from the teacher a good insight into scientific field as well as the methodology of the research. Teachers skill is a big contribution to the efficiency of work. In the experimental part of the research the effect of the use of extra-curriculum model has been checked up, combined with biology teaching in the first and the second class at Rudarska i kemijska kola in Varadin. That has been based on the research of many problems concerning biology teaching materials as well as ecology problems. The research results prove that the use of extra-curriculum model, combined with teaching, contribute better general results, more effective biology studying, good educational results and very effective taking part in university education. Ignac Munjko Centar za dopisno obrazovanje, Birotehnika, Gundulieva 24/III, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Biologija u dopisno-konzultativnoj nastavi Predmet biologija uvodi se u sustav obrazovanja na daljinu 1976. godine. Dopisno-konzultativna nastava u CDO Birotehnika iz tog predmeta izvodi se putem nastavnog materijala: udbenici, prirunici, nastavna pisma, kontrolne zadae, zadaci objektivnog tipa, testovi, "Upute", te skupnim i organiziranim individualnim konzultacijama, pedagokim savjetima, uz obvezatan posjet Botanikom vrtu i Prirodoslovnom muzeju u Zagrebu. Ispit je zavrni dio obrazovnog rada. Dopisno-konzultativna nastava iz biologije provodi se prema Zajednikim programskim osnovama srednjeg obrazovanja, kao i okvirnim obrazovnim programima sadraja struke uz suradnju sa N. Sveuilitima: Duga Resa, Krapina, Vrbovsko, Vrbovec, Zabok, Daruvar, Nova Gradika, Novska, Kutina, Donja Stupica, Dugo Selo, Ogulin i dr. U DO - Birotehnika, biologija se uPi u opoj gimnaziji, od I. do IV. razreda, u ekonomskoj struci u I. i III. razredu (tehnologija s ekologijom). Za zanimanje administrativni tajnik, biologiju se ui u I. i II. razredu, kao i upravni referent u upravno-pravnoj struci u predmetu "ovjek, zdravlje i okoli". Za zanimanje frizer biologija je samo u I. razredu, dok polaznici za zanimanje prodava, bioloke teme ue u predmetu higijena i poznavanje robe u I. i III. razredu. Polaznici za zanimanje pomoni kuhar - konobar, bioloke teme (osobna higijena, epidemiologija i dr.), ue u predmetu "Ugostiteljska roba i oprema" kroz dvije godine. U CDO od 1991. god., ukljueni su brojni polaznici - prognanici iz RH. Uz obrazovanje Birotehnika je i zapaeni izdava udbenika i prirunika za srednje kole i fakultete, te jedina dopisna ustanova u Hrvatskoj uvrtena u svjetski katalog dopisnih ustanova - European distance education network, od 1989. god. Biology teaching at the correspondence-consultative teaching The school "Birotehnika" has started with its work in 1954, while the subject of biology has been introduced in the system of long distance education in 1976. Through books, manuals, instruction letters, objective tasks, tests, etc., and through individual and group conferences (consultations), pedagogical advises, along with obligatory visit to the Botanical garden and Croatian museum of natural sciences in Zagreb. The final part of educational method is an exam. Since 1990 biology is thought at the gymnasium (1st - 4th grade), at the economy profession (1st grade, while in the 3rd grade and 4th grade there is the subject "technology with ecology"), for the profession of the administrative secretary (1st and 2nd grade). For the profession of the administrative officer in the administrative law education students have the subject "man, health and environment" in the 1st and 2nd grade. And the profession of the salesman, biology items are studies through the subject "hygiene" in the 1st grade and through "technology, development and protection of the environment". Students of the correspondence - consultative method of teaching can enroll throughout the whole year. The correspondence - consultative teaching is carried out according to the common program bases of the secondary education, and also according to general educational programs concerning the profession (Heralds of the Ministry of education and sports No 11/95 and No 5/1996)."Birotehnika" is well-known publisher of textbooks, manuals for specialized schools and universities (1976 - 1997), and the only correspondence institution in Croatia included in the world catalogue of correspondence institutions "European distance education network, since 1989. Zolt(n (cs University of Sciences of E(tv(s Lor(nd, Izabella u. 39/b, 1064 Budapest, Hungary Profesionalna metodologija biologije u Maarskoj Bit e prikazan kratki povijesni pregled promjena u metodologiji i konceptu nastave biologije od 1950-tih do danas. Osnovni cilj biolokih istraivanja kao i prirodnih znanosti uope je da ukae kako znanost nije sustav znanja koji je sam sebi svrha, ve sustav koji rjeava globalne probleme ljudske rase. Ovakav cilj pojavljuje se u profesionalnim ambicijama modernizacije obrazovanja i odraava se, vie ili manje uspjeno, u nacionalnom nastavnom programu. Ne moemo pouavati biologiju kao apstraktnu znanost ve uenici zaista moraju vidjeti na koji nain je znanje koje oni ue, povezano sa svakodenevnim pojavama. Govorit e se o pojavi i odrazu STS trenda (prema engl. Science, Technology, Society trend - Znanost, tehnologija, drutvo) u maarskom nastavnom programu. Bit e prikazan opi pregled pouavanja prema profesinonalnoj metodologiji maarskih sveuilita znanosti, posebice Sveuilita znanosti, E(tv(s Lor(nd. Demonstrirat e se trosemestralni obrazovni program kroz koji je potrebno obrazovati budue uitelje. Izloit e se osnovni dokumenti za nastavu te obrazloiti situacija sa udbenicima. Upoznat e se slubeni i alternativni udbenici, te raspodjela i upotreba kolskog pribora i materijala koji poveavaju efikasnost nastave. I na kraju, bit e rijei o budunosti, odnosno istraivanjima koja tek slijede u metodici biologije. The professional methodology of biology in Hungary Short historical review of changes in methodology and concept of biology from 1950s to nowadays. The main taste of biological research - as well as other natural sciences is to show that science is not a system of knowledge with an end to itself but a means of solving global problems of the human race. This aim appears in the professional ambitions of the modernization of education and is manifested more and less successfully in the national syllabus. We cannot teach biology like an abstract science as the students really have to see how the knowledge they learn is connected to everyday phenomena. The appearance and reflection of STS (Science, Technology, Society) trend in Hungarian syllabuses. General view of teaching of professional methodology in the Hungarian universities of science especially of University of E(tv(s Lor(nd. The demonstration of the three semester education based on topics the training of future teachers. The basic document(s) of education: the coursebook situation. The introduction of official and alternative coursbooks. The distribution and the use of school equipment and illustrative material which makes teaching more effective. And finally, the future, what research in biological methodology is pursued now. Zolt(n (cs University of Sciences of E(tv(s Lor(nd, Izabella u. 39/b, 1064 Budapest, Hungary Neke mogunosti pouavanja etologije u zoolokom vrtu Biologija je znanost o ivom svijetu. Tijekom pouavanje neizostavna je upotreba ilustracija, a ako je ikako mogue, valja pokazati ive ivotinje i biljke. Upravo nam takvu nastavu omoguuju zooloki i botaniki vrtovi. Osnovni cilj nastave u zoolokim vrtovima danas, je efikasan napredak u stjecanju znanja razliitih dobnih skupina uenika. Iz tog razloga, sve vie uitelja odrava nastavu u zoolokim vrtovima. Naalost, kolege iz vrtova zapravo ne poznaju nae uenike i stoga teko mogu prilagoditi pouavanje onako kako mi, uitelji, smatramo potrebnim. To je, po mojem miljenju, razlog to, promatrajui sa stanovita obrazovanja, smatram da je najefikasnije da nastavu u zoolokom vrtu odrava uitelj. No takva nastava zahtijeva posebne metode koje treba nauiti. U obrazovanju uitelja u Maarskoj, a koliko mi je poznato, situacija je ista i drugdje u svijetu, nitko ne brine o zoopedagogiji, iako bi ona trebala biti dio metodikih predmeta. U osnovnom i srednjokolskom obrazovanju, zooloki vrtovi osiguravaju materijal za demonstraciju primjenjiv u gotovo cjelokupnom nastavnom programu. Uitelji ga, meutim, koriste, u pouavanju samo taksonomije i ekologije. To je razlog zbog kojeg sam izabrao primjer pouavanja etologije. Tijekom izlaganja dat u odgovore na sljedea pitanja: 1. to sve treba organizirati prije posjeta zoolokom vrtu? 2. Koje pripreme uenika i uitelja treba prethodno obaviti? 3. Kako voditi nastavu u zoo-vrtu? 4. Koje vrste obrazovnih mogunosti postoje u zoo-vrtovima? I na kraju, slijedi prezentacija konkretnih praktinih vjebi kao i prikaz nastavnih sati kojima se moe pouavati etologija u zoo-vrtovima. Some possibilities of teaching ethology in Zoo Biology is the living word(s science. In the course of teaching, illustration is very necessary and if possible it(s worth always showing living animals and plants. The zoos and botanical gardens provide special possibilities for that. The main aim of zoos nowadays in the efficient development of the knowledge of different age-groups. That is why more and more teachers work in zoo. Unfortunately, the colleagues in the zoo don(t really know our students and they can(t really adapt to the train thought we think important. Thats why - in my opinion - from the point of view of education, the most effective is if the lessons in the zoo are thought by a schoolteacher. But, the education in the zoo has special methods necessary to learn. In teacher education in Hungary - and as I know anywhere in the world - they don(t care about zoopedagogy although it should belong to methodological education. In elementary and secondary education, zoos provide material for the demonstration of almost all the syllabus but teachers use these possibilities in the teaching of taxonomy and ecology. Thats why I choose for example the interpretation of possibilities in the teaching of ethology. The following questions going to be answered too in the essay: What kind of organizing works are necessary before visiting of zoo? What are the previous works of teachers and students? How do we lead the works in the zoo? What kind of educational possibilities lies in the lessons in the zoo? And finally follow the presentation of concrete exercises and lesson-plans to teaching of ethology in the zoo. Rainer Heimerich, Martina Weyh University of Bayreuth, Didaktik of Biology, Universit(tsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany Stavovi uenika prema ouvanju prirode (prvi rezultati ankete) Mjerenje stavova uenika vano je polje empirijskih (iskustvenih) drutvenih istraivanja ovoga stoljea. Istraivanje stavova obavlja se u gotovo svim relevantnim poljima drutva. Stavovi prema ivotinjama, biljkama, prirodi i okoliu, teme su mnogih istraivanja. Meutim, stavovi uenika prema ouvanju prirode nikada nisu bili mjereni, iako je to jedno od glavnih podruja u obrazovanju o okoliu. Za obrazovanje o okoliu unutar i izvan kole potrebno je poznavati stavove svojih ispitanika, to zahtijeva odgovarajue instrumente (kao to je npr. skala stavova). Prikazani rad dio je istraivakog projekta koji potie osjetljivost uenika za probleme ouvanja prirode. Ovdje nam je cilj da konstruiramo skalu stavova o ouvanju prirode koritenjem "metode intervala jednakog pojavljivanja" (Thurstone metoda) koju smo testirali pod odreenim uvjetima. Odgovori su uzeti od 450 kolske djece u dobi 10-12 godina. Ova skupina odgovora smanjena je na 179 izjava, koje su analizirane kao miljenja o ouvanju prirode. Skupina strunjaka rangirala je odgovore ove skupine. Rang lista (skala) je obuhvaala 7 razina (1 = ekstremno pozitivni, 4 = neutralni, 7 = ekstremno negativni stav) u koje su strunjaci trebali rasporedit svaki ueniki stav. Nakon izraunavanja frekvencije raspodjele, medijana i interkvartilne razlike rangiranih stavova, u skali je preostalo 26 stavova. Vjerojatnost je izraunata koritenjem tehnike polovinih vrijednosti (rs=0.96). Tonost je izraunata upotrebom samoprocjenjujuih vrijednosti od 1-7 unutar 167 osoba (rs=0.65). Ovim radom bit e prikazani prvi rezultati o stavovima uenika prema ouvanju prirode. Children's attitudes towards nature conservation: on the construction of the attitude scale and first results The measurement of attitudes is an important field of empirical social research in this century. Attitude measurements are carried out in almost every relevant fields of society. Attitudes towards animals, plants, nature and environment have been subjects of investigation. Nevertheless schoolchildren's attitudes towards nature conservation haven't been measured yet although this is an essential field in environmental education. It is essential for environmental education in schools and out to know about the attitudes of its clients which necessitates respective instruments (i.e. attitude scales). The presented work is part of a research project on children's sensitization for nature conservation. Here our aims were to construct an attitude scale on nature conservation by using the "method of equal-appearing intervals" (Thurstone method) and to test it under field conditions. By means of an answering card statements about nature conservation were raised from about 450 school children aged 10 to 12. This pool of answers was reduced to 179 statements that were looked at as being opinions on nature conservation. These remaining statements were ranked by a group of experts. The ranking scale consisted of 7 ranks (1 = extreme positive, 4 = neutral, 7 = extreme negative) and the experts were told to judge into which ranks each statement would fit best. After computing frequency distribution, median and interquartile differences of the ranked statements, 26 statements remained to build up our scale. Reliability was computed by using the split-half technique (rs = 0.96) Validity was computed by using the self-assessment values of our 1 to 7-ranking of 167 persons (rs = 0.65). First results about children's attitudes towards nature conservation will be presented. Uvodno tematsko priopenje / Introductory thematic presentation Diana Garai1, Vinko Vui2, Hrvojka unji3 1Ministarstvo prosvjete i porta, Trg burze 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 2ZGOd.o.o.-Gospodarenje otpadom i zatita okolia, Zeleni trg 3, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska 3Dravna uprava za zatitu okolia, Ulica grada Vukovara 78, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Znaajke provoenja odgoja i obrazovanja za okoli u kolama Republike Hrvatske Koristei uzor dobro razraenog i provjerenog europskog modela EKO kole, sastavljen je upitnik za ravnatelje kola, kojim se eljelo ispitati nain provoenja odgoja i obrazovanja za okoli u nas. Upitnike su popunili ispitanici iz 239 osnovnih i srednjih kola. Anketa je pokazala da se, osim kroz sadraje redovne nastave, odgoj i obrazovanje za okoli u naim kolama najee oituju kroz ureenje neposrednog okolia, kao to je sadnja i odravanje kolskog vrta, nasada te ienje i prikupljanje sekundarnih sirovina. U najveem su broju sluajeva kontinuiranim aktivnostima obuhvaene male skupine uenika (15 do 20) koje vode uglavnom, nastavnici biologije. Najvei dio ostalih uenika sudjeluje samo povremeno, najee prigodno, u akcijama vezanim za ekodatume, i to na prvom mjestu fizikim radom, a manje proirivanjem znanja. Nastava izvan uionice je uobiajena u veem broju osnovnih kola i tek u treini srednjih, ali nastavne ekskurzije gotovo svi ispitanici procjenjuju vrijednim i uhodanim oblikom nastavne prakse. Probleme vezane uz svoj neposredni okoli osjeaju vie osnovne nego srednje kole, a proporcionalno tome je i njihovo sudjelovanje u aktivnostima zatite okolia u lokalnoj zajednici. U ekoloke aktivnosti ukljuiti roditelje i suraivati s gospodarstvom uspio je tek manji broj kola. Kao glavna zapreka provoenju djelotvornog odgoja i obrazovanja za okoli najee se navodi nedovoljna stimulacija nastavnika, a veina misli da na tom podruju ima dovoljno znanja. Rezultati potvruju kako odgoj i obrazovanje za okoli treba dalje, neprekidno unaprijeivati, primjenjujui pri tom takve metode, pristupe i koncepte koji e najdjelotvornije promaknuti brigu o okoliu u nain ivota. Characteristics of implemented environmental education in schools of Republic Croatia Using well developed and tested European model of ECO SCHOOL as good example, the questionnaires for school principals was created due to identify the characteristics of implemented environmental education in our country. Representatives of 239 elementary and secondary schools were tested. Analysis revealed that besides curricular contents, environmental education is mainly manifested as tiding up school environment, planting or caring for the garden, sometimes collecting waste for recycling. Continuing environmental activities include mostly small student groups (15 - 20) guided, in most cases by biology teachers. The rest of the students act mostly by physical work, less by learning, just occasionally, in actions connected with ECO dates. Outdoor activities are regular in most of elementary schools, and in just a few secondary schools, but everybody agree that excursions are valuable and well proved practice. Environmental issues are more present in elementary then in secondary schools, and their contribution in local environmental activities corresponds that proportion. Not many schools succeeded including parents or cooperate with business firms on environmental issues. Inadequate stimulation of the teachers was identified as a main obstacle for improving of environmental education, and there is the opinion that knowledge and skills are adequate. Those results confirm that environmental education should be improved continuously by implementation of most effective methods, approaches and concepts that will promote environmental care in the way of living. Marija Panda1, Zvjezdana Stani2 1Osnovna kola (Murterski koji(, 22243 Murter, Hrvatska 2Botaniki zavod Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Marulievtrg 20/II,10000Zagreb,Hrvatska Rezultati ankete o poznavanju NP Kornati Krajem kolske godine 1995./96. u osnovnoj koli u Murteru i Tisnom provedena je anketa o poznavanju NP Kornati. Cilj ankete je bio ispitati znanje uenika o njima najbliem nacionalnom parku i prema dobivenim rezultatima uvesti u okviru nastave dodatne sadraje. Ukupno je anketiran 101 ispitanik, a na pitanja o poznavanju nacionalnog parka odgovorili su s 23,20% tonih odgovora. Nitko od ispitanika nije tono odgovorio na sva pitanja, a troje njih nije znalo odgovor ni na jedno pitanje. Anketirano je 50 uenika sedmih razreda koji imaju 22,27% tonih odgovora i 51 uenik osmih razreda s 24,12% tonih odgovora. Uenici osnovne kole iz Murtera, njih 49, pokazali su vie znanja s 31,9% tonih odgovora nego uenici osnovne kole iz Tisnog, njih 52, s 18,92% tonih odgovora. Anketa je analizirana po pojedinim pitanjima i grupama pitanja koja se odnose na odreenu temu. Na pitanje da li ispitanici smatraju da imaju na raspolaganju dovoljno informacija o Kornatima, samo 12,87% je odgovorilo potvrdno, dok ostali smatraju da nemaju na raspolaganju dovoljno informacija ili da su djelomino informirani. Results of a survey on the knowledge of the Kornati National Park A survey on the knowledge about the Kornati National Park was conducted in the primary schools at Murter and Tisno at the end of the school year 1995/96. The aim of the survey was to test the knowledge of the school - children about the National Park closest to them, and introduce - on the basis of the results obtained - additional school programs. The survey involved 101 subjects; correct answers to the questions testing the school - children(s knowledge about the National Park totaled 23.30%. None of the subjects answered all the questions correctly, while three of them were unable to answer any of the questions. Fifty 7-form students (13-14 year olds) involved in the survey gave 22.27% correct answers, while fifty-one 8-form students (14-15 year olds) gave 24.12% correct answers. The children of the primary school at Murter, 49 of them, showed better knowledge with 31.9% correct answers than the students of the primary school at Tisno, 52 of them, with 18.92% correct answers. The survey was analyzed by individual questions and groups of questions relating to a given topic. The question as to whether the subjects believed they had sufficient information available on the Kornati was answered in the affirmative by only 12.87% of the subjects, while the others considered they had not sufficient information available or that they were only partly informed. Merica Pletikosi O Bijai- Katel Novi, Polinovac 8, 21216 K. Stari, Hrvatska Mogunosti osmiljavanja izvannastavnih aktivnosti u suradnji s nevladinim organizacijama u razvoju ekolokog odgoja i obrazovanja, tezatite okolia Svrha je ovog razmatranja prikazati postojee stanje, ulogu i znaaj uspjene suradnje Ministarstva prosvjete i porta i Pokreta prijatelja prirode Lijepa naa, kao najmasovnije nevladine organizacije u Republici Hrvatskoj. Zajedniki projekt - Ekoloki kviz Lijepa naaustrojen je na razini kolskog, upanijskog i dravnog natjecanja uenika, a realizira se kroz izvannastavne aktivnosti u osnovnim kolama. Za samo est godina Kviz je svojom popularnou postao prepoznatljiv svim uenicima i mentorima, ali i drutvenim, gospodarstvenim i drugim imbenicima, koji djeluju na podruju zatite okolia. Svojom koncepcijom je objedinio razliite nastavne sadraje, te predstavlja lijep primjer interdisciplinarnog pristupa u odgoju i obrazovanju kroz izvannastavne aktivnosti. Possibilities in development of out educational activities in cooperation with ngo organisations in development of ecological education and protection of environment The purpose of this reconsideration is to show present status, role and meaning of successful cooperation between Ministry of education and sport and Lijepa naa movement of natures friends as the biggest non-government organization in Republic of Croatia. Joint project-ecological test Lijepa naa is made on a level of scholar, regional and state pupils competition and it is realized through non-educational activities in elementary schools. During past six years competition has become, thanks to its popularity, well-recognized among social and economical factors that are known as environmental activists. With its conception, the competition has joined different educational issues so that it represents good example of interdisciplinary approach in education through non-educational activities. Vinja Bukvi O "D. M. Pavlinovia", A. Stepinca 2, 20350 Metkovi, Hrvatska Uenika istraivanja flore i faune delte Neretve U cilju popularizacije i prikupljanja podataka o ivotnom okoliu jedine delte Hrvatske, od 1989. godine uenici O "D. M. Pavlinovia" sustavno i grupno sudjeluju u terenskim i laboratorijskim istraivanjima flore i faune ua Neretve. Rezultati posljednjih 10-tak godina ukazuju na izuzetnu vanost ukljuivanja mladih uenika u ovakva istraivanja. Grupni rad na terenu prethodno pripremljen i organiziran od nastavnika, ukljuuje uenike u prvu i osnovnu fazu istraivakog rada u prirodoslovlju - prikupljanje terenskih podataka. Upravo zahvaljujui tako organiziranom radu s uenicima po prvi puta dobivamo jedinstveni uvid u floru i faunu ovog podruja. Do sada su obraene i javno, prezentirane sljedee teme: 1. Ptice movarice rijeke Neretve, 2. Ptice biotopa trske, 3. Ptice stijena okolice Metkovia, 4. Gnjedenje lastavice pokuarke na podruju Metkovia, 5. Ribe ua Neretve, 6. Fauna vretenaca delte Neretve, 7. Fauna jezera Modro oko, 8. imii okolice Metkovia, 9. Pokusni uzgoj aktinidija u delti Neretve, 10. Utjecaj blizine prometnica na nasadima limuna, 11. Zatita veprine na irem podruju Metkovia, 12. Zatita abnjaka ljutia na podruju Metkovia. Apprentice research of flora and fauna in the Neretva river delta Since 1989, elementary school pupils from "D. M. Pavlinovi school" from Metkovi permanently participate in field and laboratory research of flora and fauna of the Neretva River delta. Accomplished results show importance of such activities of school children. A group field work prepared by biology professor and an active work in nature include children into the first stage of research - collecting field material and data. Valuable data have been collected and some information and collected material for the first times show unique flora and fauna. Following research topics were publicly presented so far: 1. Waterfowls of the Neretva River, 2. Birds of reed habitats, 3. Birds of rocky habitats nearby Metkovi, 4. Nesting of swallows in Metkovi area, 5. Fishes of the Neretva River delta, 6. Dragonflies of the Neretva River delta, 7. Fauna of the Modro oko lake, 8. Baths of Metkovi area, 9. Influence of traffic to lemon plantations, 10. Protection of Ruscus aculeatus in Metkovi area, 11. Protection of Ranunculus sp. in Metkovi area. Ljiljana Vglein, Marko Suac XV gimnazija, Jordanovac 8, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Zdravstvena tribina u funkciji odgoja i obrazovanja Sadraji zdravstvenog odgoja i obrazovanja neophodno su sastavni dio svih nastavnih programa biologije. Drutveni znaaj zdravstvene kulture obvezuje nas da njezinu razinu podiemo i to ne samo tijekom izvoenja redovite nastave nego i koritenjem svih dostupnih izvora informacija i razliitih oblika rada. Na osnovi viegodinjeg rada uenike zdravstvene tribine u XV gimnaziji, doli smo do spoznaje da se via razina zdravstvene kulture moe postii i ovim oblikom rada. Izloit e se kako uenici pristupaju organizaciji zdravstvene tribine, od njihovih sugestija za pojedine teme, do realizacije u obliku radionica. Na zdravstvenoj tribini interdisciplinarnim pristupom predavaa razliitih profesija i struka, tragalo sa za zauzimanjem drutveno prihvatljivih stavova i zdravstvenih i etikih pitanja. The role of health panel in education Health education is an essential and inseparable component of biology curricula. Social importance of health education forces us to enhance its quality not only through regular biology classes but also by using all available information related to the topic as well as employing, diverse methods and activities. Since students health panel has existed for years in XV. GIMNAZIJA (High school), we have realized that the upgrading of health culture can successfully be achieved by applying such an activity. It is explained how the students themselves organize the panel - from their own suggested topics, to the realization of workshops. An interdisciplinary approach, combining lecturers from various fields and professions has helped in finding socially acceptable health and ethical issues. Branka Petravi Osnovna kola "Bogumil Toni", Perkoveva 90, 10430 Samobor, Hrvatska Uvoenje uenika na istraivanje - otkrivanjemuprirodiiuvivariju Otkrivanje u nastavi biologije putem istraivanja provodimo u prirodi i u vivariju s ciljem upuivanja uenika u znanstveni pristup u prouavanju prirode. Samostalnim radom razvija se poticaj za samoedukaciju, edukaciju, stvaralatvo, te mogunost kreativnog izraavanja. Za TV obrazovni program snimili smo 1982. godine emisiju "Napravimo terarij"-prilog video kazeta. U Eko-edukativnom vivariju nae kole omogueno je svakom ueniku da samostalno uoava odreene prirodne zakonitosti i usvaja prirodnoznanstvene metode ovisno o dobi uz potrebno pedagoko, ekoloko i etiko usmjeravanje. Rad uenika u vivariju omoguava spoznavanje neposrednim promatranjem, opisivanjem, crtanjem, ispunjavanjem tabela, mjerenjem, eksperimentiranjem. Na temelju toga uenici samostalno donose zakljuke. U akvariju koji imitira minijaturni eko sustav, prouavamo bezupku, razliite pueve, rijenog raka, potonu paklaru, akvarijske ribice, vodozemce i njihov razvitak vezano uz temperaturu, nain prehrane, utjecaj hormona tiroksina na preobrazbu, reakcije na vanjske podraaje. Izuzetno zanimanje pokazuju uenici za mikroskopiranje brazdanja jajeta aba i vodenjaka, mjerenje brzine optoka krvi u repu punoglavca , hranjenje hidre, vjebe s planktonskim organizmima, razliitim slatkovodnim algama i drugim mikroorganizmima. Za potrebe prehrane oglednih ivotinja uzgajamo branare, palinjake, gujavice, vodene organizme, ovisno o njihovoj prehrani u prirodi, kojoj ih uredno vraamo nakon odreenog vremena. Prigodnim predavanjem uenika voditelja bioloke grupe, uz fotografije, dijapozitive te grafofolije, upoznali smo uenike estih do osmih razreda sa razliitim praktinim radovima koje smo provodili. Ukazali smo na potrebe ouvanja ivog svijeta u prirodi, zatitu stanita koja se sve vie unitavaju i zatrpavaju raznim opasnim otpadom. Zatraili smo i pomo od komunalnih slubi za veu kontrolu i redovito ienje tih biotopa. Promatranje i prouavanje biljnih i ivotinjskih organizama u odreenoj ivotnoj zajednici i u vivariju proiruje osjetilnu i perceptivnu aktivnost uenika, te utjee na obzirnije ponaanje prema okoliu. Tako ustrojen nastavni pristup omoguuje aktivnost veeg broja uenika, suradnju, meusobnu pomo i njihovo aktivno djelovanje u svojoj okolini na sveobuhvatnoj zatiti okolia. Leading student in to research by discovering in nature and the vivarium Discovering in teaching biology by research is carried out in nature and in the vivarium in order to make the students familiar with the scientific approach in studying the nature. The students work independently and in this way we encourage them to education and selfeducation and expressing this creativity . In 1982 we made a program " Make a vivarium" for the TV education program - we include the cassette. In our school's Eko educational vivarium every student independently observes certain patterns of nature and acquires natural and scientific methods depending on his age accompanied by the necessary, ecological and ethic directions. The students' work in the vivarium enables comprehension by direct observation, describing, drawing, filling out tables, measuring, experimenting and family - deduction. In the aquarium which imitates the miniature eco system we study Anodonta cygnaea, various kinds of snails, Actacus astacus, Lampetra planeri, aquarium fishes, amphibians and their growth in connection with temperature, food, the influence of the hormone thyroxin on their transformation, reactions to outer stimuli (sound, light, water circulation etc.). The students show exceptional interest for microscopy, egg furrowing of amphibians and triton measuring the speed of blood circulation in the tadpole's tail, feeding the hydra, tests with plankton, various sweet - water and other microorganisms. For feeding the experiment animals we grow Tenebrio, Bacillus rossii, rainworms and various water organisms according to their diet in nature to which we return them after studying them for a period of time. Using occasional exhibitions and lectures made by students, heading the biological group, using photos, slides and transparencies we have made the students aged 12-14 with different practical action's we have done. Activating the students we have discovered location for studying the amphibians in our domicile and we have collected one sample of each species living in that area. Observing and studying of plants and animals in a particular living community and in the vivarium develop the sensibility and perceptive activity and results in more consideration for the environment. Such educational approach enables the activity of a greater number of students, team - work, mutual assistance and their active influence on total protection of their environment. Maja Joki Nacionalna i sveuilina knjinica, Av. Hrvatske bratske zajednice bb, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Scientometrijska evaluacija znanstvenih projekata iz podruja biologije za razdoblje 1991.-1996. U istraivanje je bilo ukljueno 92 projekta, od 1991.-1996. iz podruja biologije, koje je financiralo Ministarstvo znanosti i tehnologije RH. Nositelji su bili 21 znanstvena jedinica: PMF, Veterinarski fakultet, Agronomski fakultet, umarski, Prehrambeno-biotehnoloki (PBF), Medicinski (Zagreb), Medicinski (Rijeka), Pedagoki (Osijek), Fakultet prirodoslovno-matematikih znanosti iz Splita. Od instituta ukljueni su bili: Institut R. Bokovi (IRB), Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo Split, umarski institut Jastrebarsko, BC - Institut za oplemenjivanje i proizvodnju bilja, Institut za medicinska istraivanja i medicinu rada i PLIVA-istraivaki institut te Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej i HAZU, zavodi u Zagrebu i Osijeku. Analizom je bilo obuhvaeno 494 istraivaa, to je po projektu bilo od 1 istraivaa (10 projekata) do 20 (1 projekt). Cilj rada je bio utvrditi znanstvenu produktivnost i potencijalni znanstveni utjecaj radova vezanih uz ove projekte, s namjerom da bi rezultati mogli posluiti i Ministarstvu znanosti kao indikator vrijednosti. Znanstvena produktivnost je mjerena zastupljenou u najrelavantnijim sekundarnim svjetskim izvorima znanja, Science Citation Indexu (SCI) i Biological Abstractsu (BA). Kao mjera znanstvenog odjeka objavljenih radova koritena je analiza citata. Utvreni su naini komunikacije autora na projektu. Pokuali smo obrazloiti razlike u broju radova i citata za pojedine discipline. Najproduktivnija institucija je IRB s prosjekom od 17.6 radova po projektu i s najveom citiranosti. Dvadesetijedan (22.8%) projekt nema radova u SCI. Radovi autora sa 16 (17.5%) projekata nisu niti jednom citirani. Od 90 nositelja projekata, 31 (34.4%) je bez rada u SCI, a s najveim brojem radova, od 10 - 43, je 15 autora. Radove u BA nema registrirano 6 (5.4%) projekata to praktino znai da su bez znanstvenog proizvoda. Scientometric Evaluation of Scientific Projects in Biology in Croatia in the Period 1991-1996 The research comprised 92 projects in biology funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia being carried out in the period 1991-1996. The projects were carried out by 21 scientific units: Faculty of Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Farming College, School of Forestry, Nutritional and Technological Faculty, Medical School in Zagreb, Medical School in Rijeka, Teacher-Training College in Osijek and the Faculty of Science in Split. Institutes were included as follows: Ruer Bokovi Institute (IRB), Institute for Oceanography and Fishery Split, Institute of Forestry Jastrebarsko, BC - Institute of Grafting and Growing of Plants, Institute for Medical Research and Medicine of Work and PLIVA Research Institute. The Croatian Museum of Natural Sciences and the Croatian Academy of Science with their departments in Zagreb and Osijek were also included. The study comprised 494 researchers, what means 1 (10 projects) to 20 researchers (1 project) per project. The aim of the research was to find out the scientific efficiency and possible scientific impact of works connected with these projects. The results obtained will help the Ministry of Science in the evaluation of the projects. Scientific efficiency is measured by indexing in the most relevant secondary sources Science Citation Index (SCI) and Biological Abstract (BA). The scientific impact is measured by the analysis of citations. The ways of authors' communication within the project were stated. Also we tried to explain differences in the number of works and citations stated for various disciplines. IRB is the most productive institution with the average of 17.6 works per project and with the highest citation rate. As many as 21(22.8%) projects do not have any works cited in SCI. Works by authors from as many as 16 projects are not cited at all. Out of 90 project managers, 31(34.4%) have not any work cited in SCI, whereas 15 authors have the greatest number of 10-43 works. Six projects (5.4%) are not cited in BA i.e. they failed in scientific productivity. Vicko Pavii Bioloki odsjek Prirodoslovno-matematiki fakultet Sveuilita u Zagrebu, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska Stanje i perspektive nastave biologije u Republici Hrvatskoj - teze Sustav kolstva u Hrvatskoj, s obzirom na sveukupne drutvene promjene, valja ustrojiti u skladu s europskim kretanjima uzimajui u obzir nau bogatu pedagoku tradiciju, prirodne specifinosti i perspektive koje obiljeavaju modernu kolu kao instituciju svestrane izobrazbe nae mladei. U tu je svrhu potrebno uloiti velike napore u ostvarivanju bitnih odrednica uinkovite kole koje e se temeljiti na znanstvenim, i strunim analizama i promiljanjima da bi se postupno dostigla razina visoko razvijenog kolstva u naprednim zemljama. Pri tome bi u pogledu nastave biologije posebnu pozornost valjalo pokloniti sljedeim pitanjima i problemima koje treba sustavno i kompetentno rjeavati. (1) Biologiji kao nastavnom predmetu treba dati dolino mjesto u sklopu nastavnoga plana kako osnovne kole i gimnazije tako i strukovnih kola jer elementi ekolokog i zdravstvenog odgoja te odgoja za zatitu i unapreivanje ovjekova okolia, koje promie bioloka nastava, sastavni su dio ope kulture suvremenog ovjeka. (2) Osuvremeniti i rasteretiti nastavne programe u suradnji s eminentnim znanstvenicima, strunjacima i praktiarima. (3) Prirediti suvremene udbenike, prirunike i razliite tekstualne radne materijale kako bi uenici usvajali znanje razliitim misaonim i praktinim aktivnostima. (4) Izraditi nastavna sredstva, pribore i opremu za razliite demonstracije nastavnika i za praktian rad uenika u raznolikim oblicima nastavnog rada u skladu s modernom obrazovnom tehnologijom. (5) Prirediti suvremenije metodike prirunike za nastavu kojima e se promicati noviji modeli kvalitetnije nastave. (6) U veoj mjeri razvijati znanstveno-istraivaki rad u podruju biolokog odgoja i obrazovanja i na tome temeljiti unapreivanje metodike teorije i prakse. (7) Uinkovitije poraditi na realnijem optereenju nastavnika (smanjenje broja uenika u odjelu, smanjenje nastavne norme, pravednije nagraivanje za uloeni trud i sl.) jer samo zadovoljan nastavnik moe s uspjehom ostvarivati brojne zadae u redovnoj nastavi i u izvannastavnim aktivnostima. (8) Osigurati u svim kolama pedagoki standard kao preduvjet za primjenu metoda i pristupa u nastavi u kojoj e svaki uenik biti aktivni sudionik u procesu stjecanja znanja, vjetina i navika. (9) Poboljati uvjete i oblike studiranja biologije na nastavnikim usmjerenjima, poglavito u odnosu na metodiku praksu u kolama - vjebaonicama i na djelotvorniju suradnju s nastavnicima- mentorima. (10) Ustrojiti poslijediplomski studij iz podruja nastave biologije i time omoguiti daljnje usavravanje nastavnicima praktiarima to e imati odraza na njihov osobni napredak i na kvalitetnije i suvremenije oblike nastavne izvedbe. (11) Pokrenuti didaktiko-metodiki asopis iz podruja nastave biologije u kojemu bi se tiskala najbolja iskustva i dostignua iz bogate prakse naih i stranih teoretiara i praktiara koji se bave inovacijama u nastavi biologije. Situation and perspectives of biological education in Croatia In analogy with all recent social changes in Croatia, in accordance to European principles, the Croatian system of education should also be organized contemporary. It should be based on our pedagogic tradition, the specificity of nature and development of teaching, which all together should lead young people to acquire entire comprehensive education. To realize this goal, i.e. to achieve the standards equal to that of the developed European countries, the schooling in Croatia needs to be organized on the bases of the scientific and professional analysis and views. The following problems and questions need to be solved in our schooling system:(1) Biology must be appropriately included into the curriculum of primary and high schools because the ecological and health education, together with the education of environmental protection are the main topics of teaching biology. The mentioned knowledge is an irreplaceable part of every intellectual. (2) The school curriculum should be disburdened and the modern facts included in it, but in cooperation with scientists, professionals and teachers having practical experience. (3) Modern textbooks, reference books and workbooks should be prepared in such a way to enable students to learn using logical theoretical and practical activities. (4) Modern practical equipment for teachers demonstrations and students practical works must be included. (5) Students research works based on scientific methods should be developed. 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I J U V [ \ h i k l t u z {    ! + , 3 5 9 : < B G H K L T U \ ] i j t u { | } ~     $ , - 4 5 > ? G U ] _ ` a i j u v }          ! " ( ) / 0 1 2 : ; A C F ^ b c i o p y          ' ( / 0 5 7 ; < A B D M R V W X ] ^ f g s t        ! ( * 3 4 5 6 > ? F G O Q T U Y Z _ h n o z { wi ~i   $^j$P'P(P6PPPPP !"#.1<=GHPQ[\hio. (7) The pedagogical standard should be reached to enable the students to be active participants in process of learning. (8) The conditions for practical work and the cooperation with mentors for students who study teaching of biology should be better. (9) Postgraduate study of teaching biology should be established in Croatia, with an aim to educate young and perspective teachers to do their job as best as possible. (10) It should initiate the establishment of journal of didactic and methodological reviews which should serve teachers to get to know all new, modern and widespread experiences from the teaching practice. PLENARNA PRIOPENJA PLENARY LECTURES PAGE 9 PAGE 1 MOLEKULARNA BIOLOGIJA MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GENETIKA I EVOLUCIJA GENETICS AND EVOLUTION PAGE 44 PAGE 44 MIKROBIOLOGIJA MICROBIOLOGY PAGE 59 PAGE 59 RAZVOJNA BIOLOGIJA I ONKOLOGIJA DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY PAGE 72 PAGE 72 MORFOLOGIJA I FIZIOLOGIJA IVOTINJA I OVJEKA ANIMAL AND HUMAN MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY PAGE 106 PAGE 106 BILJNA CITOLOGIJA I FIZIOLOGIJA PLANT CYTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY PAGE 132 PAGE 132 IMUNOLOGIJA IMMUNOLOGY PAGE 144 FAUNA, SISTEMATIKA I EKOLOGIJA KOPNENIH BIOTOPA FAUNA, SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF TERRESTRIAL BIOTOPS PAGE 183 PAGE 183 FLORA, SISTEMATIKA, FITOEKOLOGIJA I FITOCENOLOGIJA FLORA, SYSTEMATICS, PHYTOECOLOGY AND PHYTOCENOLOGY PAGE 216 PAGE 216 BIOLOGIJA KOPNENIH VODA FRESHWATER BIOLOGY PAGE 242 PAGE 242 FLORA I FAUNA, SISTEMATIKA I EKOLOGIJA MORA MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA, SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY PAGE 302 PAGE 302 TOKSIKOLOGIJA TOXICOLOGY PAGE 338 PAGE 338 NASTAVA BIOLOGIJE BIOLOGY EDUCATION PAGE 355 PAGE 345 OKRUGLI STOL ROUND TABLE PAGE 358 PAGE 358 PAGE \# "'Page: '#' '"  "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ % 7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ "7 .AknJ (  4ltu}Yaem !!""v$~$h&p&((())*+|/&0>0^0w03333!`.`ggggNoOodoeotouooooooooo ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q t u v w x y y|  X uro HuberD:\DATA\HBD6\sve\HBD6.doc uro HuberD:\DATA\HBD6\sve\HBD6.doc uro HuberD:\DATA\HBD6\sve\HBD6.doc uro HuberD:\DATA\HBD6\sve\HBD6.doc uro HuberD:\DATA\HBD6\sve\HBD6.doc uro HuberD:\DATA\HBD6\sve\HBD6.doc uro HuberD:\DATA\HBD6\sve\HBD6.doc uro HuberD:\DATA\HBD6\sve\HBD6.doc uro Huber A:\HBD6.doc uro Huber A:\HBD6.doc@HP LaserJet 4LLPT1:HPPCL5MSHP LaserJet 4LHP LaserJet 4L@g ,,@MSUDHP LaserJet 4L>[`d HP LaserJet 4L@g ,,@MSUDHP LaserJet 4L>[`d Times New Roman Symbol &Arial&Arial CESymbolProp BTTimes New Roman CETimes New Roman Cyr5MS LineDrawAPalatino Avinion Tms Rmn"h̼fIi f YMmo f!d.C:\program files\Word6.0\Templates\Zbornik.dot Milan Metrov Lidija ver uro HuberܥhW ehe{  s,XswwwOx,{zs5|K|5~5~E~E~E~E~-XdE~]\GE~E~E~E~E~)|  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~E~R`E~E~c fsE~X Milan Metrov Zoologijski zavod Prirodoslovno-matematikog fakulteta Sveuilita u Zagrebu,Rooseveltovtrg6, 10000Zagreb, Hrvatska Od biologije podzemnih stanita do antropogenog utjecaja, bioloke raznolikosti i trofije voda na kopnu Naoko ekoloki jednolino podzemlje u sebi krije izrazitu raznolikost stanita s ekolokim, biocenolokim i faunistikim posebnostima. Podzemne vode razliitog tipa u sebi nose brojne endemine i reliktne troglobionte i troglofile, razliitog podrijetla, ekoloke evolucije i dinamike naseljavanja. Opaanjima u prirodi i eksperimentalno mogu se pruiti objanjenja utjecaja nekih ekolokih imbenika na mehanizme reprodukcije, regeneracije i drugih fenomena ivota u podzemlju. Bioloka raznolikost i raznolikost stanita u podzemnim i povrinskim vodama ugroena je utjecajem ovjeka, prvenstveno oneiavanjem. Izraen je sloeni sinergistiki utjecaj stanita na strukturu populacija, biocenoza i na metabolike procese u tim ekosustavima. Oneienjem voda i formiranjem umjetnih jezera bitno se mijenjaju uvjeti trofije ekosustava. Valorizacija prostora, adekvatno, odgovorno i dogovorno gospodarenje biosferom i pojedinim ekosustavima, uvaavajui ekoloke zakonitosti strukture i metabolizma ekosustava, jedan je od naina zatite, ali uz pretpostavku striktnog pridravanja dogovora i odluka. Mi u Hrvatskoj, koja je jo uvijek u globalu ekoloki visokih vrijednosti okolia, ne smijemo, poto-poto, rtvovati te vrijednosti. Na odabranim primjerima, prvenstveno s podruja Hrvatske, izloit u spomenutu problematiku. From the subterranean habitat biology to anthropogenic influence, biodiversity and inland water trophy Ecologically, subterranean habitats are seemingly uniform. However those habitats are highly diverse habitats in view of ecology, biocoenology and faunistics. Subterranean waters of different type are inhabited with numerous endemic taxa and relict troglobionts and troglophils with different origin, ecological evolution and settling dynamism. The patterns and nature of the influence of some ecological factors on reproductive and regenerative mechanisms and some other phenomenon of the subterranean life can be explained by observations in nature and laboratory. Anthropogenic influence, especially pollution have imperiled biodiversity and habitats diversity of subterranean and epigean waters. Complex synergistic influence of habitats have expressed on population structure, the structure of biocoenosis and metabolic processes in those ecosystems. Water contamination and construction of artificial lakes have essentially changed conditions of ecosystem trophy. Some of the possible ways of the nature conservation can be conducted by spatial valorization, responsible management in biosphere and certain ecosystems with appreciation to ecological patterns of structure and metabolism of the ecosystems. More or less Croatia fall under several European countries with highly preserved nature, therefore we cannot sacrifice off hand, these environmental values. Above, mentioned problematic will be discussed on the selected examples, especially from Croatia. Juraj Krajovi Institute of Molecular and Subcellular Biology, Comenius University, 81107Bratislava,Odborrskenm. 5, Slovakia Dananji pogled na podrijetlo eukariotske stanice        ! ( * 3 4 5 6 > ? F G O Q T U Y Z _ h n o z { wi ~i   $^j$P'P(P6PPPPP !"#.1<=GHPQ[\hio