ࡱ> q`g5bjbjqPqP?::,WWWWWWWWqqq8rr4Wz2ss(ttt*w*w*w$hbW%{vv@%{%{WWtt4yyy%{ WtWty%{yyNiWWts ~Έq_0J0zvӌv`"vW<*wxyx|y *w*w*w*w*w*wz%{%{%{%{WWW$qWWWqWWWWWWWWW INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON GRAIN YIELD AND APPEARANCE OF WHITE ROT (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS Branimir SIMIC1-Jasenka COSIC2-Ruza POPOVIC1-Karolina VRANDECIC2 1 Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, 31000 Osijek, e-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:branimir.simic@poljinos.hr" branimir.simic@poljinos.hr 2 University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek Abstract: The three year research results of tests with sunflower hybrids in micro, macro and production experiments enabled the proper choice of the most suitable cultivar and in the way high and stabile yield of grain and oil. In unfavorable production years and due to its genetic constitution and morphological characteristics sunflower is susceptible to attack of different pathogens, who significantly decrease the grain yield as well as the content and yield of oil. Field experiments (2005 - 2007) were conducted on two locations (Vinkovci and Osijek) with seven sunflower hybrids: Apolon, Favorit, PR63A90, PR63A42, Heliasol, Opera, NS-H-111. It was determined that grain yield and disease appearance significantly vary depending on the quantity of rainfall, temperatures over the vegetation and selection of sunflower hybrid. The minimal grain yield (1.14 tha-1) and the highest disease appearance (24 67 % of diseased plants) was in wet 2005 and the highest yield (3.87 tha-1) and the lowest disease appearance (3.2 5.8 % of diseased plants) was in dry 2007. The highest average yield had the hybrid PR63A90 (3.12 tha-1) and the lowest yield had the hybrid NS-H-111 (2.05 tha-1). The differences in the yield quantity and disease appearance between the two locations were not signifficant. Keywords: macro experiments, sunflower hybrids, disease, grain yield, oil content Introduction Sunflower (Helanthus annuus L.) is the most important culture for production of qualitative edible oil. It is one of the four most significant oleaginous plants, planted on more than 20 million hectars worldwide with grain yield varying from 0.5 to 3.6 tha-1 and an average grain yield of 1.16 tha-1 (FAOSTAT Database, 2002). The yield of crop cultures significantly varies depending on the climate conditions in the certain year and genotypes (Kerekes, 2004, Liovic at al., 2006, Hudec, 2006, Husti, 2006, Gksoy and Turan, 2007). The main goal of crop improvement is to make new high productive hybrids tolerant or resistant to dominant pathogens, with increased drought and lodgging resistance and increased oil content. Current production includes hybrids with the yield potential of over 5 tha-1, oil content of 50 - 55 % and high tolerancy to the most important pathogens (Phomopsis helianthi Munt.-Cvet. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary). Sunflower is a host for almost forty pathogenic organisms (Gulya et al., 1997). Those pathogens are very important in Eastern Croatia (Cosic et al., 2005, Vrandecic et al., 2006). Therefore the breeding program on sunflower has to be based on creation of new tolerant lines and hybrids (Vrataric and Sudaric, 2004, Liovic et al., 2006). Over the years many factors influenced the variation in yield, disease appearance and oil content. The most significant factors were the quantity of rainfall and the temperature over the vegetation (Hunyadi Borbly et al., 2007). Based on the results of field experiments the producers select the most suitable hybrids (Liovic et al., 2006). Materials and methods Sunflower field experiments (2005 - 2007) were conducted on two locations (Vinkovci and Osijek) with seven hybrids (Apolon, Favorit, PR63A90, PR63A42, Heliasol, Opera, NS-H-111) of recognized world companies (Pioneer, RWA, KWS, Institute for crop and vegetables Novi Sad, Agricultural Institute Osijek). Experiments were set up in randomised block design. The size of the main plot was 15.4 m2. Sowing was performed with pneumatic sawing machines and with plant density of 65 000 grains. Experiment included common sunflower production agricultural technic, without using fungicides. Intensity of incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was evaluated at stage R8 (stages according to Schneiter and Miller, 1981) and for each hybrid forty plants were examined. Grain yield was determined after the harvest with an electric scale (Schrran Engeneering, model 715) and presented in tons of dry grain per hectar (9% water in the grain, 2% ingredients). Grain moisture was determined with Dickey John measurer, model GAC 2000 (Grain analyses computer). Results of the study were processed by Statistica for Windows v. 6.0. Significant differences among the treatments were determined by analysis of variance applying LSD test. Climate conditions Over the vegetation period (April - August) of the each year of the experiment climate conditions varied in the amount of rainfall as well as in the average temperatures. The driest year was 2007 with quantity of rainfall 94 and 106 mm, respectively and average temperature 19.78 and 20.11C, respectively. In wet 2005 the amount of rainfall over the vegetation period was from 4 to 5 time higher (496 and 514 mm, respectively) than in 2007 (Table 1). Table 1. The amount of rainfall and average temperatures over the vegetation LocationYearAmount of rainfall (mm)Average temperatures CVinkovci200551417,87200648318,47200710620,11Osijek200549617,99200646118,2220079419,78Average amount (1970 2005)502,6717,47 Results and discussion The average grain yield was 2.36 tha-1 of dry grain, regardless the location, year and the hybrid. The highest grain yield was in 2007 (Opera 3.72 tha-1) and the lowest in 2005 (NS-H-111 0.87 tha-1). The highest average 3-year grain yield had the hybrid Opera (2.81 tha-1) and the lowest hybrid NS-H-111 (1.97 tha-1) (Table 2). Analysis of variance showed that the major influence on yield variation and disease appearance had the year of production (P>0,01) and hybrid (P>0,05) (Table 3). Accordance to the results of the experiment, production of sunflower significantly depends on agroclimate conditions of the production year. In average production conditions the difference between the yields of the most important hybrids varies approximately 15%, on the other hand in unfavourable years those differences are significantly decreased or they almost do not appear. Comparing these results with multiannual experiments (1997 - 2001) grain yield was not significantly increased, but disease appearance and oil yield significantly varied depending on the year of production (Liovic et al., 2006). There are different caueses of variation, but the most important is the influence of unfavourable climate conditions during the vegetation. In years with wet and cold summer months there is a significant disease intensity of white rot of the middle part of stem and white rot of the head (S. sclerotiorum) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr) of the sunflower. Negative consequences of such weather conditions on grain and oil yield were noticed in 1996, 1999 and 2001 (Liovic et al., 2006). Intensity of disease incidents and variation of grain and oil yield show that still there are no hybrids which have a wider genetic tolerance towards pathogens. Therefore the optimal use of genetic potentials of the existing hybrids will be possible only with use of modern agricultural technic - crop rotation, use of qualitative protection from weed, disease and pests (Kerekes, 2004). Table 2. The average grain yield and infection with S. sclerotiorum (2005 - 2007) Hybrid (A)Yield (tha) (B)White rot (%) (C)Apolon2.399Favorit2.416PR63A902.4212PR63A422.2815Heliasol2.2510Opera2.7811NS-H-1111.9717Average2.3612 Table 3. Analysis of variance Source of variationGrain yieldIntensity of white rot appearanceF-testLSD-testF-testLSD-test0,050,010,050,01Hybrid (A)7.719*0.2900.41046.184**2.3463.235Year (B)58.051**0.3370.44277.856**2.4282.886Location ( C)n.s.0.4861.417n.s.1.4561.921Interaction (AB)24.567**1.4152.98645.567**4.2195.569Interaction (AC)n.s.1.7181.933n.s.4.3845.617Interaction (BC)14.123*1.1731.85822.53**4.9685.156Interaction (ABC)19.567*1.9462.15437.567**5.2375.318 Over the years intensity of white rot varied depending on weather factors and susceptibility/tolerance of hybrids. The highest percentage of stem and head infection in 2005 was determined with hybrid NS-H-111 (43%) and the lowest with hybrid Favorit (1%). In 2005 on both location was determined extremely high number of heads infected with S. sclerotiorum (40 - 80%) what confirms that weather factors have crucial influence on disease incidence. In dry and hot 2007 there was sporadic incidence of disease caused by S. sclerotiorum. Conclusions Based on the carried experiment it can be concluded that the most important influence on sunflower grain yield have agroclimate conditions of production, while the selection of hybrids has less influence. Appearance and intensity of disease significantly depend on the choice of hybrid and agroclimate conditions (temperature, amount and distribution of rainfall) of the production year. Breeding program acchieved significant results on creation of new genotypes, but only to certain pathogens, while the problem of multiple tolerance yet needs to be solved. References Cosic, J. - Jurkovic, D. - Vrandecic, K. - Duvnjak, T. : 2005. Occurrence of diseases on sunflower stems in eastern Croatia. Agriculture, 11: 11-16. Gksoy, A. T. - Turan , Z. M.: 2007. Correlations and path analysis of yield components in synthetic varieties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 55: 3. 339-345. Gulya, T.J. - Rashid, K.Y. Masirevic, S.N.: 1997. Sunflower diseases. In Sunflower technology and production, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 263 - 379. Hudec, K.: 2006. Influence of seed treatment, temperature and origin of inocula on pathogenicity of Fusarium species to wheat and barley seedlings-Cereal Research Communications, 34: 2-3. 1059-1066. Hunyadi Borbly, . Csajbk, J. Lesznyk, M.: 2007. Relations between the yield of sunflower and the characteristics of the cropyear. Cereal Research Communications, 35: 2. 285-288. Husti, I.: 2006. The main elements of sustainable food chain management. Cereal Research Communications, 34: 1. 793-796. Kerekes, G.: 2004. Effect of some new compounds on kernel infection with Fusarium, germination ability and thousand-grain weight of wheat-Cereal Research Communications, 32: 4. 525-531. Liovic, I. - Kovacevic, V. - Krizmanic, M. - Mijic, A. - Simic, B.: 2006. Precipitation influence on edible oil production from sunflower in Croatia. Cereal Research Communications, 34: 1. 573-576. Schneiter, A.A. - Miller, J.F.: 1981. Description of Sunflower Growth Stages. Crop Science 21: 901-903. FAO data, from Internet (FAOSTAT Database Results, 2002.) Vrandecic, K. - Duvnjak, T. - Jurkovic, D. - Mijic, A.: 2007. Reaction of sunflower stems to inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolated from sunflower and Abutilon theophrasti. Cereal Research Communications, 35: 2. 1317-1320. Vrataric, M. Sudaric, A.: 2004. Sunflower breeding and genetics. In: Vrataric, M. (ed.), Sunflower. The Agricultural Institute Osijek, Osijek. 69-169.     Vol. 36, 2008, Suppl. Cereal Research Communications VII. Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop Stara Lesna, Slovakia, 2008 PAGE 4 PAGE 3 DOI: 10.1556/CRC.36.2008.Suppl.0020 Ke   O P Q k l m p ~gT~HhO( hE**5CJaJ$hh0J>*B*CJaJph,jhhB*CJUaJphhhB*CJaJph&jhhB*CJUaJphhCJaJhhCJaJhhCJH*aJh2ahE**EHmHsHhM_mHsHh2ahH*mHsHh2ahmHsHh*kh56;h*kh5m Xf $$Ifa$gd~@ $xxa$gd*k$a$gdJe$gd|`0gdJe$$a$gda'$gda'xgd) $xa$gd*kxgd*kgd4f5 R ] 4 . 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