WPC  S]o'H lżWv!|mxmEMGw.0~n) I@I BRM#kI߮,Q& a[f 黣}/M@4nĠz6_ax?;CJqg!"Cz BND'",xhm#F f,L(7|Յ *CD΁^}J.?rW_zӐHI\2&AIK8T ֭5 LhkR}NT2i=J!sɉҐбBOJr:zw{2*yf>ByZ3)Uw3n"h9vsiRuݕR@rx"w}ZnoƄvWyu /ӭ`'ҝLMN.)(hj"5m־atX#n_VTuحkk¶_< zury#!U N % 0 ^ w@ 4   m 1u)  M 0c C M' f+ a- U>A M M M f a M B B HP LaserJet 5P,88,0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(f#$UKUS.,TRX6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T"^]( DDDՎ-%wpd 3|xU##37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) (;3$2#  0  .3  0   dTable_A\  `&Times New RomanTable_A d  d #!UKUS.,TRW6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T  _Z+?TRW6&A4W6&A46&A46&A4T& %XX   PM10ANDPM2.5AEROSOLFRACTIONSINZAGREBAIR  Z K._EGA_,J._HRAK_,M._bAbKOVI`_ԀandI._BELI`_  InstituteforMedicalResearchandOccupationalHealth10001Zagreb,P.Box291,Croatia__Keywords:metals,chlorides,nitrates,_sulphates_______INTRODUCTION?  _Sinceconcentrationsof_PM10,_Ԁ_and____PM2.5,aswellastheconcentrationsoftheirconstituents,_Ԁ_andtheirconstituents,show_Ԁmuchhighercorrelationtothenegativehealtheffectscomparedtothetotalsuspendedparticulatematter,theirmonitoringturnedtobeindispensableandroutineprocedureindevelopedcountries.Forthisreasonstartedtheconstructionandassessmentoftheequipment,whichwillduetoitscharacteristicsand___pricefulfiltheneedsofparticulatemonitoringinCroatia.Thispaperpresentsthepilotstudyresultsofsulphate,nitrateandchloride,aswellaslead,manganeseandcadmiumcontentinPM10andPM2.5_and__particle_ԀfractionsinZagrebair.  METHODS _Dailysampleswerecollectedeachdayduringyear1999atonesamplingsitesituatedintheresidentialpartofthetownwithamoderatetohightrafficdensity.Fineparticlefractionswerecollectedonmembranefilters(_Millipore_ԀSSWP09025;AAWP09025;poresize0.8m).Airinletsaredesignedinthewaytominimizetheinfluenceofwind(upto14kmh1)andmist(Liuand_Pui_ ,1981;_Agarwal_ԀandLiu ,1980), 4 whilebothparticlefractionsareseparatedbymeansofinertial_impactors_ԀwithoptimalcharacteristicsconcerningStokes(Stk0.226),Reynoldsnumber(Re3000)andjettoplatedistance/jetdiameterratio1.5 F (_Marple_Ԁand_Willeke_ ,1976).Airflowthroughthesamplerof1.17103m3s1providessufficientmassof " thesamplefrom__approximately__Ԁ100__m3_Ԁofairforfurtherchemicalanalysisofthe_samples._Ԁ__  RESULTS6*ddd Xdd Xdd X?!?!,,,,+   3YY" n## =3 3YY" n## 3%& ?+ 4 <DL!X?  Pollutant =YY,!n#$#YY =S  _N_ =YY,!n#%"YY =Median(gm3) =YY,!n#&2YY =_%g_ ND,n#'" = YY NPM10 '$Q(" '356 '$Q)" '35.9 '$Q*" '2.04 ?5$Q+"  ?PM2.5 's% ," '357 's% -" '28.5 's% ." '2.23 ?5s% /"  ?Pb10 ';& 0" '363 ';& 1" '0.100 ';& 2" '2.14 ?5;& 3"  ?Pb2.5 ''!4" '363 ''!5" '0.095 ''!6" '2.01 ?5'!7"  ?Mn10 ''q"8" '363 ''q"9" '0.0049 ''q":" '2.10 ?5'q";"  ?Mn2.5 '(9#<" '363 '(9#=" '0.0029 '(9#>" '2.08 ?5(9#?"  ?Cd10 '[)$@" '363 '[)$A" '0.00067 '[)$B" '1.74 ?5[)$C"  ?Cd2.5 '#*$D" '363 '#*$E" '0.00059 '#*$F" '1.77 ?5#*$G"  ?Cl10 '*%H" '360 '*%I" '0.262 '*%J" '2.92 ?5*%K"  ?Cl2.5 '+Y&L" '363 '+Y&M" '0.259 '+Y&N" '2.69 ?5+Y&O"  ?NO310 '{,!'P" '360 '{,!'Q" '2.47 '{,!'R" '2.42 ?5{,!'S"  ?NO32.5 'C-'T" '363 'C-'U" '2.03 'C-'V" '2.75 ?5C-'W"  ?SO410 ' .(X" '360 ' .(Y" '4.48 ' .(Z" '2.15 FY5 .(["  FSO42.5 =Y,!.y)\"Y =363 =Y,!.y)]"Y =4.33 _YN!.y)^"Y zG@2.11zG@_2.11#4##& %#^TR.y)_" zG@2.11   zG@Y ^#& %%& #  Table1.Numberofsamples,mediansandgeometricstandard_deviations w0+` _ԇG_MassconcentrationsofPM10andPM2.5fractionsweredeterminedusinggravimetricmethod(5).Massconcentrationsofwatersolublechloride,nitrateandsulphatecontent,inbothparticlefractions,weredeterminedbyionchromatography(Weiss,1995),whilethemetalcontentwasdeterminedbyatomicabsorptionspectrometrymethod(ChristianandFeldman,1970).The_Ԁsampledistributionsofallpollutantscouldbeapproximated(p_<0.001)_Ԁtolognormaldistribution.Numberofsamples,mediansandgeometricstandarddeviationsareshowninTable1.Relationshipsbetweendifferentcomponentswereinvestigatedbymeansoffactoranalysis(Table_2)_*dd?!?!, , , , +  /Y"    /?+ 4 <DL!X?%&  9Y,!  "Y 9 Factor 9Y,!  "Y 9 Factor 9Y,!  "Y 9 Factor UYD,  "  Y U =Y,! "Y = 1 =Y,! "Y = 2 =Y,! "Y = 3 ND, "  Y NPM10 'L " '0.4789 KAL " D9?0.7883D9?K 0.7883 KA6L " D9?0.7883 D9? K0.1006 ?5L "  ?PM2.5 'n " '0.4981 KAn " b=?0.7888b=?K 0.7888 KA6n " b=?0.7888 b=? K0.0976 ?5n "  ?Pb10 '6 " ' 0.8748 KA6 " ?߾?0.2509?߾?K0.2509 oe66 " ?߾?0.2509 ?߾? aTR'?0.0646aTR'?o0.0646 cYA6 " aTR'?0.0646  aTR'? cPb2.5 ' " ' 0.8548 KA " o_?0.2817o_?K0.2817 oe6 " o_?0.2817 o_? z6>?0.0454z6>?o0.0454 cYA !" z6>?0.0454  z6>? cMn10 'l "" ' 0.7748 'l #" '0.2444 KAl $" "~?0.1035"~?K0.1035 cYAl %" "~?0.1035  "~? cMn2.5 '4 &" ' 0.8100 '4 '" '0.3824 KA4 (" fj+?0.0866fj+?K0.0866 cYA4 )" fj+?0.0866  fj+? cCd10 'V *" '0.0871 'V +" '0.0851 'V ," ' 0.9396 ?5V -"  ?Cd2.5 KA." F%u?0.0528F%u?K0.0528 KA6/" F%u?0.0528 F%u? K0.1087 KA0" ?߾?0.9393?߾?K 0.9393 cYA1" ?߾?0.9393  ?߾? cCl10 '2" ' 0.8650 '3" '0.0344 KA4" J +?0.0245J +?K0.0245 cYA5" J +?0.0245  J +? cCl2.5 'T6" ' 0.8209 'T7" '0.0821 KAT8" !u?0.0141!u?K0.0141 cYAT9" !u?0.0141  !u? cNO310 KAv:" cZB>?0.5596cZB>?K0.5596 KA6v;" cZB>?0.5596 cZB>? K 0.7039 KAv<" %䃞ͺ?0.1047%䃞ͺ?K0.1047 cYAv=" %䃞ͺ?0.1047  %䃞ͺ? cNO32.5 KA>>" C6?0.5657C6?K0.5657 KA6>?" C6?0.5657 C6? K 0.6906 KA>@"  -?0.0962 -?K0.0962 cYA>A"  -?0.0962   -? cSO410 KAB" z6>?0.0227z6>?K0.0227 KA6C" z6>?0.0227 z6>? K 0.9448 J@D" V-?0.058V-?J0.0580 e[@E" V-?0.058  V-? eSO42.5 ]S!tF"  -?0.0351 -?]0.0351 ~tEtG"  -?0.0351  -? L F%u?0.9518L F%u?~ 0.9518 nd6tH" L F%u?0.9518 L F%u? Dl?0.069Dl?n0.0690 eYX@tI" Dl?0.069  Dl? e_Expl.Var_ ]YP!<J"Y TR'0@5.2974TR'0@]5.2974 YtE<K" TR'0@5.2974 TR'0@Y sA@4.3899sA@4.3899 YtE<L" sA@4.3899 sA@Y "~j?1.8385"~j?1.8385 yYhP<M" "~j?1.8385  "~j?Y y_Prp.Totl_ aYP!^N"Y 37?0.378437?a0.3784 YtE^O" 37?0.3784 37?Y n?0.3136n?0.3136 YtE^P" n?0.3136 n?Y ~:p?0.1313~:p?_0.1313#& %b$#_`VT^Q" ~:p?0.1313   ~:p?Y `  _Table_Ԁ2.Factorloadings(_Varimax_Ԁnormalized,Extraction:Principalcomponents)CONCLUSIONS  ӄPM2.5andPM10concentrationslevels,aswellastheirratioareinthetypicalrangeforurbanresidentialareas.Nosignificantdifferencebetweenparticlefractionsconsideringmetalandanioncontentisshown.̄Itcouldbeconcludedthatleadandmanganeseareprobablypresentinairintheformofchlorides.̄Nitratesand_sulphates_Ԁcontributesignificantlytotheoverallparticlemass.̄Cadmiuminambientairoriginatefromtheseparatesource,notrelatedtootherpollutants.  REFERENCES?  XX%& 0  ? _Agarwal_,_J.K._ԀandLiu,_B.Y.H._:ACriterionforAccurateAerosolSamplinginCalmAir.AmericanIndustrialHygieneAssociationJournal, 41 (1980)191197.N'!_!! #& %XX?#Christian,G.D.andFeldman,F.J.:AtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopy,_J.Wiley_ԀandSons,London1970. >("` XX%& 0  ? Liu,_B.Y.H._Ԁand_PUI_,_D.Y.H._:AerosolSamplingInletsandInhalableParticles.Atmospheric )#a Environment 15 (1981)589600.#& %XXA#XX%& *$b!! _Marple_,_V.A._Ԁand_Willeke_,K.:_Impactor_ԀDesign.Atmos.Environ. 10 (1976)891896. *%c #& %XX1C#WeissJ.Ionchromatography.2nded._Weinheim_,NewYork,Basel,Cambridge,Tokyo:_VCH_,1995. +&d