ࡱ> f`gOh+'0 4 DP l x  WAir Traffic Flow Management in Croatia Possibilities of International Airways Returnir mirkoafirk Normal.dot mirko.d7rkMicrosoft Word 8.0n@T"@~@࿾@E¾E&/0Aosoft Word 8.0n՜.+,D՜.+,@ hp|   rd9  WAir Traffic Flow Management in Croatia Possibilities of International Airways Return Title 6> _PID_GUIDAN{C04BA8F3-2BE7-11D3-ABE5-00Air Traffic Flow Management in Croatia  Possibilities of International Airways Return S. Steiner, J. Bo~i evi, . Ivakovi University of Zagreb  Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering Mrs. Sanja Steiner, Ph.D. is assistant professor at University of Zagreb  Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, and head of Chair of Air Traffic Engineering and Safety. She is engaged in numerous scientific projects regarding national traffic system development. Mr. Josip Bo~i evi, Ph.D. is professor at University of Zagreb Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering in which he has been dean in several mandate. He has been minister of Traffic and Communications in first Croatian Government (1991/1992), and is actually counselor of Croatian Premier for strategic questions of traffic development. He is ordinary member and member of Presidency of Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Mr. edomir Ivakovi, Ph.D. is professor and actually dean of Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering. He is co-ordinating the scientific research projects in field of traffic sciences for Ministry of Science and Technology of Croatia. Overview By analysing the air traffic flows dynamics within Europe and the actual traffic load on international air routes within the European network, the traffic isolation of the Croatian airspace becomes evident. The strategic orientation of Croatia towards European integration dictates also a harmonised traffic policy. This includes connecting and co-ordination of development plans with Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina as an optimal option of reintegration into the international air routes system, i.e. co-ordinated requirements regarding reestablishment of air corridors, as well as the possible marking out of the new air routes. The preconditions for air traffic development in Croatia and reintegration into the system of air traffic flows are based on the favourable geo-traffic position, i.e. interest of the international operators to use the shortest routes, and on the readiness of Croatia to co-operate in the projects of harmonising and integrating the air traffic control system in Europe. The paper analyses the guidelines regarding air traffic development in Croatia within the context of integration processes of the European countries, which has been articulated by the EATCHIP and EATMS project as a unique European air traffic management. The positive projection of the development is based on the reintegration of the existing international air routes (overflights) with the Croatian interests from the geo-traffic aspect mostly overlapping with the interests of Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Beside that there are many arguments for assessment justification of tracing new Adriatic corridor on the Croatian coastline. Air Traffic Development in Croatia conceptual guidelines Development strategy is focused on the basic items - infrastructure, which includes airports, air traffic control system and fleet, administrative structure, standardisation and personnel potential, as well as aspect of air traffic flow management. There are seven international airports, providing instrumental approach and tree smaller for referent aircraft up to fifty seats. There are also numerous small airports for non-commercial purposes. Many airports are located along the coast, a main airport and flag carrier base is in Zagreb, capital of Croatia. Beside air traffic control system, airports have been especially damaged during the recent war, tree of them completely destroyed (Dubrovnik, Split and Zadar). Osijek Airport is still out of exploitation. Currently, almost all existing airports are more or less reconstructed and modernised. The Area planning strategy foresees possible locations for minor airports, and the final decisions regarding locating and construction need to take into consideration the findings and conclusions of the feasibility studies. Regarding the needs for satisfying the increased traffic demand during tourist season as well as projections of demographic and economic development plans of the traffic isolated regions, primarily the Adriatic islands, the possibilities of locating VTOL and hydro-ports need to be analysed. As well as economic justification of exploiting the non-conventional aircraft. Ecological aspects, especially imposed in tourist attractive region, such as Adriatic islands, would additionally contribute to mentioned development option. In January 1996, ICAO formally confirmed full authority of Croatia within the flight information region - FIR Zagreb (EUR Air Navigation Plan - Doc. 7754), that is, the authority of the area control center Zagreb for flights in the Croatian airspace and over a part of the Adriatic high sea. Croatian Air Traffic Control Authority is EUROCONTROL member since 1997 and has been commercialised last year by accepting the Act on the Foundation of the Croatian Control. The development guidelines of the national air traffic control system are marked by integration into a unique technical system of the European air traffic control with the compatible institutional organisation (on a commercial basis) and technical and procedural harmonisation i.e. modernisation of communication, navigation and radar devices. In this sense Croatia is participating in relevant European projects, primarily in EATCHIP and CEATS. Croatia Airlines was established 1992 as National air carrier, B 737s bought and civil air transportation renewed. Beside flag carrier there are several private operators with pass/mail/cargo services. Croatia Airlines is operating AIRBUS A 320, A 319, Boeing 737 and ATR 42, which are JAR/FAR certified. Maintenance of this fleet is in accordance to JAR standards, since there is implemented "contracted maintenance system" with Lufthansa. Croatia Airlines maintenance and certifying staff has been trained in Airbus and Lufthansa Training centers. Today, they perform A, B and recently for the first time C check. The development of air carrier fleet in Croatia is related to the gradual elimination of aircraft of national carrier, which do not satisfy the noise standards in the international traffic, and progressive introduction of a new Chapter 3 generation - mid- and long-range aircraft. In domestic flights, the fleet development should be directed towards intensifying the small- and mid-size aviation, which would justify regular flight connections between the Adriatic airports. Recognised as independent state by UN in 1992, Croatia has entered in membership of ICAO and ECAC as well. Administration has been restructured last year in new Civil Aviation Authority. Actually, there are tree main department - Department of Legal and International Affairs, Department of Airports and Department of Standardisation and Flight Safety. Autonomous department of aviation inspection also needs to be planned. It would be reasonable foreseen separately activity of the advisory board (of scientific profile) at the government level with aviation safety mission. Because of centralised character of the civil aviation administration and inferior position within the air traffic system of the former state, Croatia encountered also a general disorder in the aviation regulation. By becoming a member of ICAO, ECAC and EUROCONTROL, Croatia also accepted the obligations of harmonising the national aviation regulations. In accordance with the strategic orientation of Croatia toward Euro-Atlantic integration, the implementation of the European aviation standards (Joint Aviation Requirements) has been foreseen as a precondition for joining the JAA. During 1998, the basic acts have been accepted - Air Traffic Act and Act on Obligatory and Legal Relations in Air Traffic. Harmonisation process and formal international standards implementation (JARs) will be provided through subordinate legal regulations and related documents. Training courses for aviation personnel civil and military pilots as well as air traffic controllers, has been organised since 1992 on the Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering Department of Aeronautics, University of Zagreb. The training curricula are in accordance with the ICAO standards, whose minimum requirements have been incorporated in the specific conditions of the Croatian higher education (legal provisions related to scientific and research studies, i.e. verification of the study curricula). Croatia Airlines and aircraft manufacturers perform additional flight crew training. A plan to upgrade existing training center (up to professional license with IFR rating) for service common European market needs to be analysed because of Adriatic airports incapacity during the winter period and favourable climate conditions. Air Traffic Flow Management The pre-war period was marked by regular international air flows for overflying traffic through the Croatian airspace. The international air traffic along several frequent air routes amounted to an average of 1,000 to peak 1,600 overflights daily. There were ca 220 thousand overflights in 1990. During war, the international air traffic routes were redirected over the neighboring countries airspace. The international air traffic network in Croatia was, thus, completely excluded from the international air traffic system, and this unnatural isolation of the Croatian airspace, regarding geo-traffic aspect, continued after the war as well. In March 1997, on the initiative of the international community, a temporary trilateral agreement on co-ordination (Letter of Agreement) between the air traffic control Zagreb and Belgrade with SFOR was signed regarding opening of air routes for overflights in the upper airspace of Bosnia and Herzegovina (UB5, UB1, UB4, UG23). These routes, however, have not been significantly operationalised in practice, and the majority of aircraft in overflying between North-western Europe and South-eastern Europe (and the Near and Far East) continue using air routes outside Croatian aerospace. As implications, besides actual flight delays there are significant increased mileage and flight duration, as well as exploitation costs of the international operators. In 1998 only one of mentioned airways through the Croatian airspace has been used. There were approximately 80 thousand overflights. It should be pointed out that Croatia is a full member of ICAO, as well as of the European aviation associations ECAC and EUROCONTROL, and that she participates in the relevant projects, e.g. EATCHIP and CEATS (Central European Air Traffic Services). It would, therefore, logically follow that precisely the mentioned organisations would contribute most to the reintegration of Croatia into the international air traffic system. They would reactivate the existing air routes in Croatia, since the overflight charges over CRCO (Central Route Charges Office) would provide the source of allocated funds for modernisation of the CNS system and investment into the necessary air traffic infrastructure in Croatia. This would also provide a positive feedback from the point of view of Croatian participation in the European integration programs (EATCHIP, EATMS, ATM 2000+). In recent period, escalation of Kosovo cries has again effected negatively on air traffic in Croatia with 90 % traffic decrease. From the aspect of geo-traffic connections, the explication of air traffic development guidelines in Croatia necessarily includes the unsolved problem of exploiting air traffic in the neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina. Specific problems of air traffic development in Bosnia and Herzegovina, that have resulted from the war in this region, but also due to problems of the triple administration (at government level, at the Federation level and at the level of the Republic of Serbia) are manifested in the impossibility to operationalise an integrated aviation administration, including the reintegration of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the system of international air traffic flows. This example shows clearly the inertia of the European aviation associations in the attempt of finding a suitable solution, primarily for the international operators, and then for a harmonised development of air traffic in Europe. Apart from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the reactivation of the existing international air routes lies also within the interests of Slovenia, whose airspace is mostly isolated from the traffic point of view, and partly delegated to the authority of the Austrian air traffic control (the Mura region). Therefore, a synchronised engagement of these countries would mean a lot in solving the operative problems of the existing international air routes, and especially a common strategy within ICAO-EANPG (European Air Navigation Planning Group), a co-ordination body for aviation planning, development and legislation in the region of Europe and the countries of former USSR, as well as in co-ordination of development plans of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. From the geo-traffic aspect, the interests of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina also overlap in issues regarding possible marking out of new international air corridors within the international initiative of traffic connecting the Baltic and the Adriatic (Mediterranean). Adriatic Corridor The positive development projection is based on the reintegration of the existing international air routes (overflights), but also on the assumptions of tracing a new corridor - the Adriatic. On the map of European airspace is evident how link of London and Athena naturally covers precisely Croatian coastline and it would be basis for Adriatic corridor tracing. Adriatic corridor would contribute in a wider region to a more rational usage of geo-traffic facilities and take the load of the existing European corridors. From the aspect of her geo-traffic position, the Croatian airspace provides the possibility of choosing the shortest air routes between North-west Europe and the Near East. References Steiner, S., Galovi, B., Ivakovi, .: Croatian ATC System Development within European Integration Programmes. 43rd Annual Air Traffic Control Association Conference Proceedings, Atlantic City, New Jersey USA, November 1-5,1998, p. 223-227. Steiner, S., Rada i, }., Pavlin, S.: Croatian Air Traffic in the Integration Process of the Countries of 21st Century Europe. 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