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HP LaserJet 4L,,LL,,0<( 9Z &Courier RegularX($UKUS.,,..,    TRW\6&A4W\6&A46&A46&A4TPX#%k$3|x,rAZ"Arial Regular/i% UDUDDDDVU IstarskeTopliceIstrian<)Z.HRAvantgard RegularTABLE ALevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5\TABLE A\TABLE AWWWW'dxd d(3$ !UKUS.,,..,    TRX6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T  (3$ !UKUS.,,..,    TRX6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T   0daaaa'dxdj^ZkVC<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  pZqA<<BLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(P$ Table  1  !UKUS.,,..,    TRX6&A4X3' Letter6&A43'T  _   X<XXX  RADONATTHEISTARSKETOPLICEHEALTHRESORT        NevenkaLokobauer,ZdenkoFrania,DraganKubelka,JasminkaSencar,Enis t   Sokolovia `   InstituteforMedicalResearchandOccupationalHealth,ZagrebKsaverskacesta2,POBox291,HR10001Zagreb,CroatiaTel.:+3851467334188,Fax:+38514673303203986^Abstract  ThispaperdealswiththedeterminationofradonconcentrationsandestimationsofradiationriskfromradoninhalationinthespaofIstarskeToplicewhichisknownas"sulfurradioactivespa".Investigationsincludeindoormeasurementsaroundthepoolandpremisesusedforamedicalcurewithspringwaterorhealingmud(fango).SinceallthepremisesinatherapeuticwardofIstarskeToplicewereinterconnected,measurementswerealsoperformedinthepremisesforrehabilitationandelectrotherapy.Takingintoaccountobservedvariationsin226Raconcentrationsinspringwater,which H leadtovariabilityinindoorradonconcentrations,measurementswererepeatedseveraltimesinoneyearinordertoassessoccupationalexposureasaccurateaspossible.Indoormeasurementsweremostlyperformedatthelevelofabout2maboveawatersurface.Averageannualradonactivityconcentrationsmeasuredatselectedmeasuringsitesinsidethesparangedfrom9825to872112Bqm3.Estimatedeffective 4 dosesforworkerswhospendthewholeworkingdayatselectedmeasuringsitesrangedfrom1.50.1to6.30.8mSvy1.   Analysesofchromosomeaberrationinthebloodsamplesofelevenworkerswerealsoincludedinthestudy.Introduction  Theassessmentoftheradiationdosesinhumansduetonaturalsourcesisofparticularimportancebecausenaturalradiationisthelargestcontributortoacollectivedoseoftheworldpopulation.Offallnaturalsourcesofradiation,ithasbeenestimatedthatinhalationofradon(222Rn)anditsshortliveddecayproductsaccountsonaverage )X$( foraboutonehalfoftheeffectivedose(1).OverthepastfewyearstheRadiationProtectionUnitoftheInstituteforMedicalResearchandOccupationalHealth,Zagreb,hasbeenengagedinthestudyofindoorradonactivityconcentrationsintheRepublicofCroatia.Elevatedconcentrationofradondetectedatcertainlocationspointedtoaneedformoredetailedassessmentofradonlevelsandassociatedrisktosomepopulationgroups.Thispaperdealswiththeinvestigationsofradonconcentrationsandestimationsofradiationriskfromradoninhalationforoccupationallyexposedpersonswhowork h0+0 aroundtheindoorswimmingpoolandpremisesusedforamedicalcureattheIstarskeToplicehealthresort.ThespaofIstarskeToplice(IstrianPeninsula)isknownas"asulphurradioactivespa".Investigationsofradonactivityconcentrationsinthespahavebeenconductedsince1992.DetailedinvestigationsatselectedmeasuringsitesinsidethespaofIstarskeToplicewereperformedfromMarch1994toMarch1995asapartofaprojectwithInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyentitled"Elevatedradonconcentrationandrelatedhealtheffects".Theprimaryaimoftheinvestigationswastoestimateexposuredosesfromradoninhalationtorelevantoccupationallyexposedpersons.Methods  RadonactivityconcentrationsweremeasuredbysolidstatenucleartrackdetectorsKodakPatheLR115films,typeII.Investigationswereperformedbymeansofopen(cassette)andfiltereddetectors(diffusionchamber).Detectorsinadiffusionchamberwithavolumeof0.24dm3werecoveredwithaglassfiberfilterof0.07kgm2   surfacedensity.Thedetectorswereexposedindoors(atthelocationsofinterest)overtheperiodoftwotosixmonths,andwerethenetchedin2.5NNaOHaqueoussolutionat60$Cfor90min.Thetrackdensitiesofbareandfiltereddetectorswerecounted H visuallyusinganopticalmicroscope,magnification10x15.KodakLR115filmsinadiffusionchamberandinacassettewerecalibratedinNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoard,Chilton,Didcot,GreatBritain.Forthepurposeofintercomparisonoftheobtainedresults,atseverallocationsradonactivityconcentrationsweremeasuredbymeansofaRadhomesilicondetector(CMPR,France)andbyKfKradondiffusionchamber(MAKROFOLE).Inthespadetectorsweremostlyinstalledatthelevelofabout2mand,iffeasible,0.5mabovewatersurfaceorfloor.Resultsanddiscussion  PreliminaryinvestigationsofradonactivityconcentrationsinthespaofIstarskeToplicestartedin1992.Theyincludedindoormeasurementsaroundtheswimmingpoolandinsomepremisesusedforamedicalcure.Theelevatedradonactivitiesdetectedinpreliminarymeasurementsperformedin1992and1993inthespaofIstarskeToplicecalledforfurtherinvestigations.Takingintoaccountobservedvariationsin226Raconcentrationsinspringwater(2) $X" whichleadstovariabilityinindoorradonconcentrationsfromMarch1994toMarch1995measurementswererepeatedseveraltimesinordertoassessoccupationalexposureasaccurateaspossible.Investigationincludedindoormeasurementsaroundthepoolandpremisesusedforamedicalcurewithspringwaterorhealingmud(fango).SinceallthepremisesinatherapeuticwardoftheIstarskeToplicewereinterconnected,measurementswerealsoperformedinthepremisesforrehabilitationandelectrotherapy.ResultsofradonactivityconcentrationsinthespaofIstarskeToplicearegiveninTable1.Table2givesaverageindoorradonactivityconcentrationsmeasuredfromMarch1994toMarch1995atselectedmeasuringsitesinsidethespa.Thetablealsogivestheestimatedannualeffectivedosesfrominhalationofradonandradonprogenyforworkerswhospendthewholeworkingdayatselectedmeasuringsites(annualoccupancyof2,000hoursperyear).  0@,0 X@XX X<  XX@3 ,Xa} XX3Table1 0 a IndoorradonactivityconcentrationsinthespaofIstarskeToplicemeasuredfromMarch1994toMarch  1995 a"a" *hWZddd Xdd Xdd X"",^^ ,d/#,/d ,d/#,/d ,//#,p/c ,//#,/d +  # p #E N nX,Xa} XE MEASURINGSITE <2#$>oo < EXPOSUREPERIOD %$" % %   %MarchMay1994 .$ p" .MayJuly1994 .$ p" .JulySep.1994 .$ p " .Sep.1994March1995 % p " % %  P  % Activityconcentration(Bqm3) 2(d  " /2Swimmingpool PF#{   [[  @932 @P932 9/*{    @932  @ 938 ${  $  {  H E;{  @882@E882 9/*{  @882 @ 931 E;{  Ȏ@985Ȏ@E985 9/*{  Ȏ@985 Ȏ@ 942 7-{  /0  3/7 <2 [  @944@<944 H>9  @944 @ H35/ H>  @689@H689 H>9  @689 @ H22 I?  0@11000@I1100 I?:  0@1100 0@ I55/K '  ' '  ' ?5#  /0 3  3? 7-  7903R TJ$ " @735@T735 H>9  @735 @ H28 '  ' '   ' ' ! ' ' " ' E;# # 0 3  3/ETherapeuticbath SI#@ $  @695@S695 E;9@ % @695 @ E30  @ &  $@ ' $H 9/ @ ( @659@9659 E;9@ ) @659 @ E31 9/ @ * @722@9722 E;9@ + @722 @ E23 0&@ , /0 3 30 * D , * 'D - ' H>D . @605@H605 H>9D / @605 @ H26 'D 0 ' 'D 1 ' 'D 2 ' 'D 3 ' E;#D 4 0 3  3/EElectrotherapy SI#V 5# a@140a@S140 E;9V 6 a@140 a@ E14  V 7  $V 8 $H 8. V 9  U@84U@884 D:8V :  U@84 U@ D9 8. V ;  @S@77@S@877 D:8V <  @S@77 @S@ D7 0&V = /0 3 30 * Z = * 'Z > ' G=Z ?  V@90V@G90 G=8Z @  V@90 V@ G10 'Z A ' 'Z B ' 'Z C ' 'Z D ' A7#Z E 0 3  b/AGymnasium KA F  {@434 {@K434 WMB G3  {@434  {@ W24 KA H p@270p@K270 WMB I3 p@270 p@ W19 KA J `l@227`l@K227 WMB K3 `l@227 `l@ W17 KA L `r@294`r@K294 WMB M3 `r@294 `r@ W18 ;1 N /0 b b/;Inhalatoryroom KAnO @958@K958 WMBnP3 @958 @ W35 KAnQ u@348u@K348 WMBnR3 u@348 u@ W22 KAnS |@459|@K459 WMBnT3 |@459 |@ W24 KAnU x@398x@K398 WMBnV3 x@398 x@ W23 ?5nW /0 b /?Fangopreparation QG#X0DD5  @1022@Q1022 :0+Y @1022 @ :36 E;Z @546@E546 9/*[ @546 @ 924 E;\ @657@E657 9/*] @657 @ 928 E;^ ؀@539؀@E539 9/*_ ؀@539 ؀@ 924 <2#` /0   /<  l`  'a ' UKb @@500@@U500 ukEc" @@500 @@ @880@u880 H>9d @880 @ H32/ 'e ' 'f ' <2#g /0   /<  g  'h ' H>i @540@H540 H>9j @540 @ H49K 'k ' 'l ' 'm ' 'n ' <2#o /0   <  o  'p ' H>q 0@6460@H646 H>9r 0@646 0@ H29/ 's ' 't ' 'u ' 'v ' I?#w 0   b/cIFangotherapy ;1#<xY ; 6,!<y3 6H KA<z g@184g@K184 WMB<{3 g@184 g@ W16 KA<| l@229l@K229 WMB<}3 l@229 l@ W17 KA<~ @k@218@k@K218 WMB<3 @k@218 @k@ W16 =3< /c b bc= KAo h@192h@K192 H>9o h@192 h@ H12 'o ' 'o ' 'o ' 'o ' 'o ' 'o '3)'o c b   3W1,XZFhh x(#XN nXW Z H0 F diffusionchamberdamagedortakenaway  R0hF"F"activitymeasuredbyRadhomedetector1h"h"  Z  F datafrombaredetector   h   K0 h activitymeasuredbyKfKdetector1h"h"  Z /0 F detectorwassetup0.5mabovethewaterlevel#X@X ## X<XXX@#F"F"  X@XX X<USUK,. XX@i1,XZahh x(#X,XZFhh x(#XiTable2 0 a AverageannualradonactivityconcentrationsinthespaofIstarskeTopliceandtheestimatedeffective #U dosesfortheworkerswhospendthewholeworkingdayatselectedmeasuringsites a"a" *hW5d Zd^^ d/#/d d/#/d //#p/c p//#/d hW"", d ,8d/#,U/d , d/#,"/d +   %!  MEASURINGSITE +!)&y! + Activityconcentration )&y! (Bqm3) .$&1"" . Effectivedose )&y! (mSvy1) !&1"" !Swimmingpool 6, -(}# @@872@@6872 9/*-(}# @@872 @@ 9112 E;-(}# 333333@6.3333333@E6.3 9/*-(}# 333333@6.3 333333@ 90.8 $-(}# $Therapeuticbath 9/ q)$ @670@9670 E;9q)$ @670 @ E44 9/ q)$ 333333@4.8333333@94.8 E;9q)$ 333333@4.8 333333@ E0.3  q)$ Electrotherapy 8. *&  X@98X@8Ѐ98 D:8*&  X@98 X@ D25 9/ *& ffffff?0.7ffffff?90.7 E;9*& ffffff?0.7 ffffff? E0.2  *& Gymnasium 9/ +I'  s@306 s@9306 E;9+I'  s@306  s@ E78 9/ +I' @2.2@92.2 E;9+I' @2.2 @ E0.6  +I' Inhalatoryroom 9/ =-( @541@9541 E;9=-( @541 @ E244 9/ =-( 333333@3.9333333@93.9 E;9=-( 333333@3.9 333333@ E1.8  =-( Fangopreparation 6, .) @691@6Ѐ691 9/*.) @691 @ 9197 E;.) @5.0@E5.0 9/*.) @5.0 @ 91.4 (.) c(Fangotherapy 9/ /+ i@206i@9206 E;9/+ i@206 i@ E18 9/ /+ ?1.5?91.5 E;9/+ ?1.5 ? E0.1/+ dc  #X@X C## X<XXX@B#UK,.US.,B  0(, Themaximalradiationdosewasreceivedbytheworkerswhospendthewholeworkingdayaroundtheswimmingpoolorintheroomforfangopreparation.Theestimatedannualeffectivedosesforthemare6.3mSvand5.0mSv,respectively.SincethepremisesinthetherapeuticwardofthespaofIstarskeToplicewereinterconnected,allworkers(medicalnursesinparticular)areoccupationallyexposedtoelevatedradonconcentrations.Assumingthattheyspendonehouradayatselectedsiteswhereradonmeasurementswerecarriedout,andanadditionalhouratacanteen(measuredradonactivitywasfoundtobe60Bqm3)eachworkerwouldreceivethe $ t annualeffectivedoseof3.3mSv.    ` Geneticdamageis(owingtoitsconsistency,universalityandsensitivity)agoodparameterformeasuringtheeffectofionizingradiationondifferentbiologicalsystem(3).Forthisreasonanalysisofchromosomeaberrationswaschosentodeterminepossibleeffectofradonintheworkingenvironment,inallworkersoccupationallyexposedtoelevatedradonconcentrations.Theinvestigationwascarriedoutinthesampleof11workerswhodifferedbyage,sexandoccupation.Thefrequenciesofchromosomalaberrations(200metaphasespereachsubject)aregiveninTable3. X@XX X< XX@Table3 0 a Frequenciesofchromosomalaberrations(200metaphasespereachsubject)Ha"a" *d5d d 8d/#8U/d U d/# "/d "hW"",dd , dd ,`dd ,q dd +  ," X //,SubjectI ' '#X@X U#y5XX@uu#X@Xy5W# XX@ ' 'SubjectVII ' '#X@X 0X#y5XX@u#X@Xy5X# XX@ ?5 //  //?SubjectII '0 '#X@X "Y#y5XX@uu#X@Xy5Y# XX@ '0 'SubjectVIII '0 '#X@X %Z#y5XX@#X@Xy5Z# XX@ ?50 //  //?SubjectIII ') '#X@X [#y5XX@uuu#X@Xy5[# XX@ ') 'SubjectIX ')  '#X@X \#y5XX@u#X@Xy5\# XX@ ?5)! //  //?SubjectIV '" '#X@X \#y5XX@u#X@Xy5]# XX@ '# 'SubjectX '$ '#X@X ]#y5XX@uu#X@Xy5^# XX@ ?5% //  //?SubjectV '+{& '#X@X ^#y5XX@u#X@Xy5_# XX@ '+{' 'SubjectXI '+{( '#X@X _#y5XX@#X@Xy5`# XX@ ?5+{) //  //?SubjectVI '$* '#X@X `#y5XX@u#X@Xy5a# XX@ '$+ ' '$, '-#!$- //   -T,XF} X,XZahh x(#XT3 F #X@X a#y5XX@u#X@Xy5b# XX@ } Chromatidbreak N!-  F #X@X ;c#y5XX@#X@Xy5c# XX@ } Chromosomalbreak k".  F #X@X c#y5XX@#X@Xy5d# XX@ } Accentricchromosome #/ #  yU## X<X d#3bAnalysisofchromosomeaberrationshowedthatobtainedvalueswereinaccordancewiththecontrolvaluesforgeneralpopulationoftheRepublicofCroatia.FutureinvestigationofindoorradonactivityconcentrationsinthespaofIstarskeToplicewillbecontinuedandcytogeneticinvestigationofambientalexposuretoradonintheworkingenvironmentshouldberepeatedintheperiodofmaximalradonconcentration.References  ,A(9 T1,Xahh x(#X,XF} XT1.0  UNSCEAR.SourcesandEffectsofIonizingRadiation.UnitedNations,NewYork, --): USA1993. "" 2.0  IAEA.TheEnvironmentalBehaviourofRadium.TechnicalReportsSeriesNo.310. /+< Vol.1.InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,Vienna,Austria,1990.0+="" 3.0  PohlRulingJ.: Chromosomeaberrationsofbloodlymphocytesinducedbylow  leveldosesofionizingradiation,AdvancesinMutagenesisResearch.Ed.:Obe  G.2,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Deutchland,1992,pp155190. ""