ࡱ>   `Tbjbj4?9888,,,,d @ 6666$=h8ڇڇڇ66ܕܕܕڇ8686ܕڇܕܕRT< 8|6 ;j, 0)~N)<||)8prܕ'\W̕ڇڇڇڇ $3S. SLD, NEW WAYS IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING  2008-04-08 19.-21. June 2008, Preaov, Slovak Republic Biomass  a Renewable Energy Source in Agriculture Darko KI`, Antun STOI, Tomislav JURI Abstract: The Parliament of the Republic of Croatia adopted in 1992 the Declaration on Environmental Protection based on the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia and the conclusions of the UN Conference oo Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro accepting the sustainable development founded on sustainable agriculture, forestry, maritime business, tourism and industry which rest on envirnomentally acceptable theories with the aim of natioal heritage preservation for the future generations. Key words: biomass, energetic efficiency, oil seed rape straw INTRODUCTION AND THE RESEARCH AIM A constant need for energy is necessary and permanent as far as our modern society is concerned. Civilization improvements have resulted in major discoveries and in an improvement of the life quality. However, a consequence of the above mentioned is high level of dependence on energy resources which allow the maintenance of the achieved progress and make its further development possible. Today we have a large number of projects and studies of different alternative energy resources. Among them the most interesting are biofuels. Nowadays biofuels represent the most valuable form of renewable energy resources. Due to climatic conditions Europe has decided in favour of the oil production for biodiesel fuel with oil seed rape as the most appropriate culture due to the way of its cultivation as well as the way of fuel production. The meaning of oleiferous cultures and their products on the world market is rising. Among them a significant position is taken by oil seed rape, which makes the most important oleiferous culture in about 30 countries in the world. In the last 10 years 4,476,448 ha were harvested in Europe with an average yield of 2.65 t/ha. In the last 10 years the average amount of oil seed rape fields in the Republic of Croatia has been 11,894 ha with an average yield of 2.03 t/ha. PROBLEMS AND A REFERENCE OVERVIEW Besides oil as the basic product oil seed rape has a number of advantages in agriculture. The winter form of cabbage-like oil seed rape prevails both in Europe and in Croatia on more than 90% of the fields. An intense breeding work during the last 35 years has resulted in the oil seed rape cultivars with a favourable amount of fat acids and a high quality of seed cakes of a pellet type ( Mustapic et al., 1994.). The introduction of 00 cultivars is very important together with the increased pellet quality. The amount of glucosinolat in the pellet decreased from former 150 mol/g to under 30mol/g.Further improvements are due to the cultivation of new  000 cultivars, which do not contain eruca acids. They have a very low amount of glucosinolat (0-10mol/g) with reduced linolen acid (0-5%) and a reduced raw fibre amount in the husk from 7 to 10% (Pospiil et al., 1997; Pospiil et al., 2000). The biggest oil seed rape cake and pellet users are China (34%) and the EU-15 (27%) followed by India (12.5%) and the USA (5%) (Gustone, F. D. 2001). A significant biomass amount can be used in energy production (Kati, 1997). Oil rape straw together with oil, pellet, cake and glycerol are becoming important by-products applicable to energy production (about 15 MJ/kg). Oil seed rape straw has the characteristics and burning value similar to other cereal leftovers so that the present machinery can be used for its collection (Bugge, J., 2001; onlagi et al., 2002).The aim of these researches was to investigate the economic and other characteristics of the  00 European oil seed rape cultivars in the Croatian agroenvironmental conditions and based on the results to introduce the most perspective ones into production. MATERIALS AND THE RESEARCH METHODS The research included three 00 oil rape cultivars, namely Bristol, Eurol and Alaska. Bristol and Eurol are French sorts produced at the breeding company of Monsanto S.A.S., and Alaska is a German sort by the the breeding company KWS. It was conducted during a three-year period on the fields of Orahovica. The crop preceding the experiment was wheat. Agrotechnical operations on the whole oil seed rape plot as well as on the experimental plot were the following: stubble field harrowing, initial fertilization with 41 kg N2, 117 kg P2O2 and 176 kg K2O before ploughing, deep ploughing at 30-35 cm, furrow closing twice by a harrow, levelling and planing, incorporation of the following herbicides before sowing: Devrinol 2.7 kg/ha and Triflurolex 1.5 kg/ha, seed-harrowing once, sowing by a wheat sowing machine the sowing norm value being 4.6 kg/ha from 20th of August until 5th of September, the first fertilizing with 54 kg N2 (KAN) from the 12th of February until the 16th of February, the second fertilizing with N2 (KAN) from 28th February until 5th March. The sampling was conducted during the harvesting operation in five repetitions with the following values being measured: the whole plant mass and length, the number of branches, the mass of the central branch and the mass of the side branches, the seed mass per insertion, height up to the branching point, height up to the first husk, height from the branching point to the first husk and the plant length including husks. In this way the morphological characteristics and the components of the 00 oil seed rape cultivars output were determined. Based on the humidity measured for particular insertions and for the mass of particular insertions we obtained the pondered humidity value for the seeds for the whole plant. In this way the real amount of available straw per hectare was determined and the lower heating value of the biomass was calculated ie the influence of the biomass humidity on the amount needed. In other words, during the process of burning biomass spends its own energy for the water evaporation which has a large influence on the energy balance of the co-generational plants. Laboratory data processing was carried out on the stalk samples of the researched cultures in the laboratory Kreka Tuzla, and the basic energy data important for the biomass use as a fuel were calculated. The lower heating value was determined by a calory metre C 4000 whereas the other elements were determined by the process of combustion in ceramic mugs at 900 C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A variance analysis for the yiel of the researched components for particular years and cultivars resulted in the results shown in Table 1. The Seed Yield Oil Seed Rape Cultivars in 2005, 2006 and 2007 on 10% Humidity Base Table 1. YEAR (A)Seed yield (kg/ha)CULTIVARS (B)AVERAGEALASKABRISTOLEUROL200529063430302031182006296832002970304620073061352031563246AVERAGE2978338330493137LSDA**B**(A x B)*0,010,12600,12580,21730,050,08660,09290,1571 An average yield for the researched cultivars during a three-year period was 3.137 kg/ha. The biggest yield was achieved by the Bristol cultivar with an average value for the three-year period of 3.383 kg/ha, the Alaska cultivar had an average three-year yield value of 2.978 kg/ha. The Eurol cultivar had the least three-year average yield value of 3.049 kg/ha. A variance analysis showed that the yield differed significantlly among the years and the cultivars. The results of morphological characteristics and factors are shown in Tabele 2. Taking thebiomass yield into consideration the number of branches is in an important positive correlation with the whole plant mass (0,758*). The higher the stalk and the larger the height up to the first husk (0,990**) the bigger is the length including husks (0,920**). The height up to the branching point correlates in a positive and important way with the plant length with husks (0,920**). The height up to the branching point correlates with the plant length with husks (0,948**) in a positive and important way. The mass of central branches (the mass of a branch without husks) and the mass of side branches correlate in a positive, but not important way (0,633). The higher the plant, the biger is the mass of husks (0,675*). A greater height up to the first height results in a bigger mass of husks (0.678*). The length of a whole plant correlates with the height up to the branching point, the plant length with husks and the height up to the first husk in a significant and very significant and positive way. The results were validated for other cultivars by Pospiail & Mustapi (1997). Multiple correlations of morphological characteristics and the yield Table 2. Yield per plantNumber of branchesWhole plant massCentral branch massMass of side branchesMass of husksWhole plant lengthHeight up to branching pointYieldm20,991**0,696*0,930**0,924**0,697*0,959**0,692*0,515Yield/plant-0,666*0,875**0,882**0,6280,986**0,680*0,517Number of branches-0,758*0,5810,837**0,6100,073-0,161Whole plant mass-0,940**0,857**0,797*0,5990,382Central branch mass-0,6330,819**0,807**0,630Mass of side branches-0,5370,140-0,086Mass of husks-0,675*0,539Whole plant length-0,963**Length of husks0,652 The humidity values of the central and side branches were mesured by a standard procedure in a drying room at 105 C for 3 hours. In this way the real amount of the available straw per hectare was determined. Based on the data mentioned, the biomass value as a fuel (Table 3) with the exploitation of 30% of the straw for the reserached cultivars for the given years the equivalent amount of natural gas, light liquid fuel and mazut per area unit ie per hectare was calculated. The data are shown in Table 4. The value of biomass as a fuel Table 3. ANALYTICAL DATAALASKABRISTOLEUROLCoarse humidity %30,4030,1030,20Ashes%5,444,886,88Volatile matters %46,4749,4544,61Combustible matters%58,3759,2156,68C fix %11,909,7612,07Cokes%17,3414,6418,95Sulphur combustible%NoNoNoSulphur bound%NoNoNoUper heating valuekJ/kg120651301711166Lower heating valuekJ/kg9864106038958Volatile matters (volatiles) without humidity and ashes %79,6183,5278,70 An average value for the biomass and for the equivalents of other fuels Table 4 CultivarYearMass kg/ha w1Mass kg/ha w2= 30%Energy value MJ/ha w2=30%MJ/ha ( = 30%Natural gas equivalent Nm3/haLiquid light fuel equivalent kg/haMazut equivalent kg/haAlaska2005126897,750777,21500866,4150259,94222,213571,073664,88200657589,5215738,39155243,546573,01308,671106,851135,93200757757,0918531,78182797,454839,21540,951303,311337,54Average83890,72357,281993,742046,12Bristol200112582549754,79527550,1158265,14447,153761,323860,12200244655,1913434,83142449,542734,81200,821015,641042,31200368494,7328180,69298799,989639,92518,832130,382186,34Average96879,92722,262302,442362,93Eurol200115522758698525816,7157745,14432,533748,963847,44200259884,5920352,21182315,154694,51536,881299,871334,01200361282,4520372,04182492,754747,81538,381301,131335,31Average89062,42502,602116,652172,26 CONCLUSION Based on an own three-year research (2005, 2006,2007) of the oil seed rape cultivars Bristol, Eurol and Alaska as energy resources in biodiesel production the following conclusions can be made: 1. The biggest average yield for the oil seed rape seed was achieved in 2007 and was 3.246 kg/ha, in 2005 it was 3.118 kg/ha and in 2006 it was at the lowest level of 3.046 kg/ha. The differences in the seed yield for the researched years were statistically very important (p<0,01). 2. When the biomass yield is taken into consideration the number of branches shows a very positive correlation with the whole plant mass (0.758*). Furthermore, the higher the plant and the longer it is up to the first husk (0.990*) the longer is the plant part with husks (0.948**). Central branches mass (the mass of branches without husks) and the mass of side branches correlated in a positive, but yet not important way (0.633). The higher the plant the bigger is the mass of husks (0.678*). The length of the whole plant shows an important as well as a very important positive correlation with the height up to the branching point, the length of the plant with husks and the height up to the first husk. 6. 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CJaJh%wh;h4CJaJh%wh;h4CJaJmHsHh%wh;h45CJaJ)Nm of natural gas or 2.172 t/ha of mazut; the Alaska cultivar has an energy value of 83.890 GJ/ha which is an equivalent value for 2357.28 Nm of methane or 2.046 t/ha of mazut. These values represent large amounts of energy which can be used for oil seed rape seed drying at the humidity of 6% and they can also fulfil other demands for energy. 8. Based on the above said the researched oil seed rape cultivars with their characteristics validate the sowing and can be used as a raw material in oil production and further in the production of biodiesel and biofuels. REFERENCES Bugge, J. (2001): The Energy purpose market for Rapeseed oil. Danish Center for Plant Oil Tehnology,  HYPERLINK "http://www.folkecenter.dk/" www.folkecenter.dk. onlagi, M., Andrejaa, F., Avdi, G. (2002.): Primjena slame u proizvodnji toplinske energije. I Hrvatska konferencija Ekoin~injerstvo 2002, Plitvi ka jezera, 87. Gustone, F. D. (2001): Production and consumption of rapeseed oil on a global scale. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 103, Weincheim, 447 - 449. Kati, Z. (1997): Suaenje i suaare u poljoprivredi. Multigraf, Zagreb. Mustapi, Z.; Pospiail, M.; Kunate[rtԻ4¾00LNPRT $ a$gd=.  & F dgd=. gd%wdgd%w$a$gd%wVXλлһԻ24¾.0.0LNPRTݾݳh;h4hfh%wh;h4CJaJUh=. CJaJmHsH h=. hX=0JCJaJmHsHh=. hX=CJaJmHsH%jh=. hX=CJUaJmHsHn, B. (1994): Mogunosti koriatenja sa me uljane repice novih ''00'' kultivara u hranidbi stoke. Poljoprivredne aktualnosti, Vol 30, Zagreb, 283 - 293. Pospiail, M.; Mustapi, Z., (1995): Evolucija novih ''00''- kultivara uljane repice. Sjemenarstvo, broj 4-5, Zagreb, 273 - 282. Pospiail, M.; Mustapi, Z.; Sever, K. (1997): Prinos i kakvoa novih ''00'' kultivara uljane repice. 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