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A l e k s a n d a r S T A N I S A V L J E V I M e r i E N G L E R M i r o s l a v L I S J A K R u ~i c a L O N A R I
F a c u l t y o f a g r i c u l t u r e O s i j e k , U n i v e r s i t y o f J . J. Strossmayer, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia,
e-mail: astanisa@gmail.com
Abstract: In two-year experiment in apple orchard on calcareous soil in eastern Croatia, N fertilization and crop load influence on fruit macroelement content and fruit quality was investigated. The effect of year was significant in all tested parameters except Ca and Mg content in fruits, with higher values observed in dryer 2003 year. The applied N fertilization and crop load did not influence any of tested parameters except fruit weight. The interaction of year and crop load had an impact on fruit Ca content and fruit weight, which was negatively related to all macroelement concentrations as well as fruit dry matter content, total acid and total sugar content in given experimental conditions.
Keywords: apple, calcareous soil, crop load, fruit mineral composition, fruit quality, nitrogen fertilization
Introduction
As stated by Nagy et al. (2006), modern and competitive fruit growing is unimaginable without appropriate location, technology and nutrition that need to be harmonized. Fruit nutrient contents and their interactions, important for fruit quality, can be greatly influenced by abiotic environmental factors, such as soil nutrient supply and climate conditions. According to Nava et al. (2007), vegetative vigour and yield potential of the apple trees primarily depend on the initial soil fertilization, based mainly on N application. In comparison with other nutrients, N has the largest uptake and can as w e l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e u p t a k e a n d c o n t e n t , m a i n l y c a t i o n s ( e . g . K , M g a n d C a ) i n p l a n t s ( T om a e t a l . , 2 0 0 7 ) . T h e r e f o r e , o p t i m a l N f e r t i l i z a t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r f r u i t g r o w i n g a r e a n e e d s t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d c o n s i d e r i n g s o u r c e - s i n k r e l a t i o n s i n f r u i t p l ants, determined by crop load. On acid soil, Vg et al. (2007) obtained the best yields of apples under harmonic nutrient supply, regarding Ca, Mg and B. Low uptake of K on calcareous soil was reported in sweet cherries (Nagy et al., 2007). Mg can strongly compete with Ca and K uptake and transport processes, leading to the development of apple storage disorders (Zavalloni and Marangoni, 2001). The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of broadcast N fertilization and apple crop load on the fruit macroelements composition as well as fruit quality, based on two-years experiment settled in the orchard planted on calcareous soil.
Materials and methods
The field trial was conducted in apple orchard (cv. Idared, grafted on M9 rootstock) on southern side of Baranja mountain in eastern Croatia. The tree density of apples planted in 1989 was 1984 trees ha-1 in form of spindle bush. Design of the experiment was split-plot with 4 nitrogen doses (0-control, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha-1) and 3 crop load pattern (not regulated-control, 50, 100 fruit tree-1 defined by hand after June drop). All experimental combinations were settled in 4 replications with 5 trees each. Broadcast N fertilization was applied during 3 years (2001-2003), about 1 month after bloom (May) in the form of Ca(NO3)2.
The applied fertilization supposed to provide faster and more secure N uptake, including N storage from previous year for subsequent bud formation, and to improve quality of remainig fruit later in season as well.
Table 1. The agrochemical properties of soils and climate data for two-years experiment in apple orchard
(OMC- soil organic matter content)
Initial soil analysis data in the year 2001Soil depth
(cm)pHAL-K2OAL-P2O5OMC
%CaCO3
%NO3-N
mg kg-1H2OKClmg kg-1 soil0-307.947.23210.3296.11.724.5824.0430-607.767.21109.0259.61.365.1321.31Climate condition data in vegetation period (April-September)Years200220031965-2004Total precipitation (mm)430180369Mean air temperature (oC)17.318.615.8
From each repetition, 25 randomly selected commercial fruits were used for nutrient content analyses and quality indices evaluation. After peeling, slices of fruit without seed were homogenized and used for total acids (Mitcham et al., 1996) and total sugars determination. The same fruit samples were used for dry matter and mineral content analysis. After wet ashing using a mixture of sulphuric and perchloric acid, with H2O2 additions, N was analyzed with micro-Kjeldahl procedure, P spectrophotometrycally, while K, Ca and Mg content was determined by AAS. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and F-test for the evaluation of treatments effect, as well as linear correlation analyses and t-test in the assessment of the significance of tested parameters relations.
Results and discussion
The highest influence on the investigated parameters had year what means that P, K, Ca content and fruit FW differed very significantly betw e e n y e a r s ( P d"0 . 0 1 ) , h o w e v e r , y e a r i n f l u e n c e w a s l e s s s i g n i f i c a n t f o r f r u i t N c o n t e n t ( P d"0 . 0 5 ; T a b l e 2 ) . A l l f o u r m a c r o e l e m e n t s h a d h i g h e r c o n t e n t i n f r u i t s i n 2 0 0 3 . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , f r u i t F W w a s l o w e r i n t h a t y e a r . T A a n d T S w e r e a l s o i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e y e a r ( P d"0 . 0 5 ) , s h o w i n g h i g h e r v a l u e s i n 2 0 0 3 . N r a t e i n f l u e n c e d o n l y f r u i t F W , w i t h h e a v i e r f r u i t s o b t a i n e d w i t h h i g h e r N r a t e s ( P d"0 . 0 1 ) . W e s u p p o s e d t h a t i n c r e a s i n g N c o n t e n t i n f r u i t ( F W ) i n t h a t y e a r ( 2 0 0 3 ) i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f N a c c u m u l a t i o n f r o m f e r t i l i z a tion in a previous year (2002), which in the research of Nava et al. (2007) had affected the fruit buds nutrition, considering the significant increase of the fruit number and yield. In both years, the highest dose of 90 kg ha-1 of N increased the number of fruits before June drop (data not shown). Hence, remaining fruits (after adjustment of crop load) were significantly bigger than observed at other N levels applied even in the year 2003, inspite of severe drought (Table 1). As a diference from young fruit trees that have shallow root system, the old trees have their active root zone in much deeper soil level (Nmeth, 2006). Here, the sub-surface soil layer was poor in K2O (Table 1), and considering that no K was added in the applied fertilization treatments, this might explain relatively low K content in fruits (909.4 - 1171.4 mg kg-1 FW).
In comparison with the resu l t s o f m e l i k e t a l . ( 2 0 0 5 ) i n y o u n g a p p l e o r c h a r d o n a c i d s o i l , K c o n t e n t w a s l o w e r a n d C a w a s h i g h e r i n o u r r e s e a r c h , w h a t s e e m s l o g i c a l b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n s o i l n u t r i e n t c o n t e n t a n d p H .
T a b l e 2 . F r u i t m a c r o e l e m e n t c o n t e n t a n d q u a l i t y i n d i c e s i n apple under influence of year, N rate and crop load
(DM fruit dry matter, FW fruit fresh weight, TA total acids as malic acid, TS total sugars)
YearN rate
kg ha-1Crop load
fruits plant-1NPKCaMgDMTATSFWmg kg-1 fruit fresh weight%g2002N0Control410.057.61020.871.246.814.26.097.38216.050510.556.6857.681.735.514.16.676.73246.2100625.698.01027.584.350.214.16.237.67216.2N30Control564.653.7787.567.139.913.46.437.26214.850687.844.71002.981.946.914.95.366.91237.8100536.668.81008.688.549.814.05.906.79217.2N60Control477.650.6874.669.045.214.56.277.31220.250404.550.1755.071.442.414.36.036.71248.6100354.927.7855.669.439.413.95.907.92221.5N90Control456.056.4820.466.741.414.06.147.08224.350572.971.7958.075.643.514.46.537.53273.8100602.950.7943.878.448.614.85.916.89230.32003N0Control738.1118.11239.586.257.115.77.768.97177.950617.0140.01151.673.644.615.56.988.72189.4100726.4116.71218.484.849.515.77.457.99179.0N30Control617.4126.41194.498.248.115.87.209.03173.950734.3114.31120.779.649.415.27.447.29190.2100655.4118.71120.793.448.315.86.838.51178.1N60Control705.6132.21159.477.242.315.67.118.30184.250731.8120.61144.280.445.015.36.938.43197.7100733.4117.11164.076.649.315.67.188.58183.1N90Control776.5115.71224.093.650.715.47.508. 4 7 1 8 5 . 0 5 0 6 2 9 . 3 1 2 4 . 6 1 1 5 0 . 2 9 7 . 1 5 0 . 6 1 5 . 5 7 . 6 4 8 . 1 1 2 0 8 . 3 1 0 0 6 3 0 . 9 1 1 4 . 0 1 1 7 0 . 0 7 4 . 3 4 6 . 9 1 5 . 2 7 . 1 5 8 . 0 3 1 8 6 . 2 A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e ( F t e s t , * P d"0 . 0 5 , * * P d"0 . 0 1 ) Y e a r * * * * * * * n s n s * * * * N r a t e n s n s n s n s n s n s n s n s * * C r o p l o a d n s n s nsnsnsnsnsns**Year x N ratensnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsYear x Crop loadnsnsns*nsnsnsns**N rate x Crop loadnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsYear x N rate x Crop loadnsnsnsnsnsns*nsns
Crop load applied in this investigation failed to influence fruit composition, TA and TS, but it determined fruit FW very significantly ( P d"0 . 0 1 ) . T h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f y e a r a n d c r o p l o a d w a s e x p r e s s e d i n f r u i t C a c o n t e n t ( P d"0 . 0 5 ) a n d f r u i t F W ( P d"0 . 0 1 ) . T A c o n t e n t w a s t h e o n l y p a r a m e t e r t h a t w a s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f a l l t h r e e f a c t o r s .
S i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a m o n g tested parameters (Table 3) whereas only Ca and Mg content did not correlate with TA. Fruit mass was negatively related to nutrient content as well as other fruit quality indices. K was in positive relation to Ca and Mg, so that their antagonism was not observed, based on the fruit mineral content.
Table 3. Coefficients of linear correlations among apple fruit mineral content and quality indices, under influence of year, N rate and crop load
(DM fruit dry matter, FW fruit fresh weight, TA total aci d s , T S t o t a l s u g a r s ; * P d"0 . 0 5 , * * P d"0 . 0 1 )
N P K C a M g D M T A T S P 0 . 7 5 * * K 0 . 8 0 * 0 . 8 9 * * C a 0 . 5 4 * * 0 . 5 5 * * 0 . 6 4 * * M g 0 . 5 9 * * 0 . 5 1 * * 0 . 7 0 * * 0 . 5 9 * * D M 0 . 7 5 * * 0 . 8 4 * * 0 . 8 7 * * 0 . 5 9 * * 0 . 5 7 * * T A 0 . 6 7 * 0 . 8 2 * * 0 . 7 5 * * n s n s 0 . 7 1 * * T S 4 : < R V X Z x z |
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$$If a$gdC $$If a$gdC: $a$gd O $a$gd ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) #) $) ǾϞϓψψtld\ h;" CJ aJ h}4K CJ aJ h> CJ aJ hC: hC: CJ H*aJ hC: CJ aJ hre2 h CJ aJ hi h CJ aJ h CJ H*aJ hre2 hC CJ aJ h]O h]O CJ H*aJ h]O CJ H*aJ h]O CJ aJ h CJ aJ hC: hC CJ aJ hC CJ H*aJ hC CJ aJ hC hC CJ H*aJ ) ) )
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$$If a$gd Ff $$If a$gdC ) ) ) ) * * * * * * * &* '* (* )* -* 3* 8* ?* D* I* N* S* X* ^* _* Ff Ffl $$If a$gd $$If a$gdC D* H* a* c* d* k* l* q* r* v* w* |* }* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * + + + + + + + !+ "+ '+ (+ ,+ -+ 1+ J+ L+ M+ R+ S+ W+ X+ ]+ ^+ b+ c+ g+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hC: hC: CJ H*aJ hC: CJ H*aJ hre2 hC: CJ aJ hC: CJ aJ U_* `* d* l* r* w* }* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ff*# $$If a$gd $$If a$gdC * * * * * * * * * * * * + +
+ + + + + "+ (+ -+ 2+ 7+ <+ A+ Ff) $$If a$gd $$If a$gdC Ff& A+ G+ H+ I+ J+ M+ S+ X+ ^+ c+ h+ m+ r+ w+ }+ ~+ + + + + + + + + + + Ff0 $$If a$gd FfG- $$If a$gdC + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + , , , , , , Ffd7 $$If a$gd Ff4 $$If a$gdC + + + + + + + + + + + , , , , , , , , , 2, 5, 6, ;, <, A, B, H, I, M, N, R, k, m, n, u, v, {, |, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - - - - &- '- ,- -- 2- 3- 9- :- >- ?- C- \- ^- _- d- e- j- k- hC: CJ H*aJ hre2 hC: CJ aJ hC: CJ aJ Z , $, ), /, 0, 1, 2, 6, <, B, I, N, S, X, ], b, h, i, j, n, v, |, , , , , Ff"> $$If a$gd Ff: $$If a$gdC , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , FfD $$If a$gd FfA $$If a$gdC , - - - - - - - - '- -- 3- :- ?- D- I- N- S- Y- Z- [- \- _- e- k- r- FfK $$If a$gd Ff?H $$If a$gdC k- q- r- v- w- {- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . *. ,. 6. 8. D. F. N. P. X. d. f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8/ D/ L/ Z/ \/ `/ h/ j/ / / / º hre2 h CJ aJ h CJ aJ hre2 h| CJ aJ hC hPk3 6CJ aJ hC hPk3 CJ aJ hC: CJ H*aJ hre2 hC: CJ aJ hC: CJ aJ Er- w- |- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ff\R $$If a$gd FfN $$If a$gdC - - - - - - . . . . . . ,. 8. F. P. Z. d. n. x. . . . . . . FfY $$If a$gd FfU $$If a$gdC . . . . . . . . . . ^/ `/ j/ n/ t $$If a$gd m kd^ $$If T l
t 0 6 4 4
l a T Ffy\ $$If a$gdC
n/ t/ z/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 0 0 0 Ffb Ff` $$If a$gdd $$If a$gdC / / / / / / / / / / 0 0 $0 %0 ?0 A0 Q0 R0 k0 m0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 `3 3 3 4 4 4 -5 .5 /5 65 06 46 V6 Z6 ǻǰҥ{ h h[K CJ aJ hC h[K CJ aJ h[K CJ aJ hre2 h[K 6CJ aJ h,q h@ _ CJ aJ h@ _ h,q CJ aJ h4 hl 6CJ aJ h4 hl CJ aJ h,q CJ aJ h4 h4 CJ aJ hXr CJ aJ h CJ aJ hre2 h CJ aJ 00
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0 0 0 0 0 %0 (0 +0 .0 10 40 70 :0 =0 @0 A0 R0 U0 X0 [0 ]0 `0 c0 f0 Ffh Ffe $$If a$gdC $$If a$gdd f0 i0 l0 m0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ffpq Ffn Ffk $$If a$gdC $$If a$gdd 0 0 3 .5 /5 5 Z6 \6 `6 d6 h6 n6 t6 z6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 FfIt $$If a$gdY+ $a$gd[K $a$gd,q Z6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 $7 &7 27 47 @7 B7 N7 d7 h7 t7 v7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 ! " & , - 8 : @ B H J M S T [ \ a g i l q u R X } R T V h7M h[K 5aJ
h[K 5aJ hXr 5 h[K 5h@ _ Uh[K CJ aJ hre2 h[K CJ aJ O6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 &7 47 B7 P7 Ffb| Ffy $$If a$gdY+ Ffv P7 R7 T7 V7 X7 Z7 `7 n7 |7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Ff{ Ffȁ Ff $$If a$gdY+ 0.54**0.80**0.78**0.43*0.43*0.76**0.72**FM-0.61**-0.78**-0.79**-0.42*-0.52**-0.73**-0.73**-0.77**Conclusions
The presented research showed significant effect of the year in all tested parameters except Ca and Mg content in fruits, with higher values observed in dryer 2003 year. N fertilization and crop load influenced only fruit weight. Macronutrients content and fruit quality indices were significantly correlated, whereas fruit weight was in negative relation with other investigated para m e t e r s i n g i v e n e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s .
R e f e r e n c e s
m e l i k , Z . , T o j n k o , S . , U n u k , T . 2 0 0 5 : E f f e c t o f f e r t i g a t i o n w i t h n i t r o g e n a n d f o l i a r a p p l i c a t i o n o f s o m e n u t r i e n t s o n g r o w t h , y i e l d a n d a p p l e f r u i t m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n . P o m o l o g i a C r o a t i c a , 1 1 : 3 - 4 . 1 9 5-209.
Mitcham, B., Cantwell, M., Kader, A. 1996: Methods for determining quality of fresh commodities. Perishables Handling Newsletter, 85: 1-6.
Nagy, P. T., Racsko, J., Vg, I., Holb, I. 2006: Effect of different groundcover matter on nitrogen and sulphur content of soil and leaf in apple orchard in eastern Hungary. Cereal research Communications, 34: 1. 585-588.
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T om a , j . , S k a l i c k , M . , T om o v a , L . , B e r n e k , J . 2 0 0 7 : T h e e f f e c t o f n i t r o g e n a n d c h l o r m e q u a t o n t h e t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f C a , M g a n d K . C e r e a l R e s e a r c h C o m m u n i c a t i o n s , 3 5 : 2 . 1 0 6 9 - 1 0 7 2 .
V g , I . , B a l l a K o v c h , A . , N a g y , P . T . 2 0 0 7 : E f f e c t s o f b o r o n , c a l c i u m a n " ) 0 1 2 5 = E M T \ d l t u V n $ $ ^ `a$gd[K $ gdc0 $ $a$gd@ _ $ gd@ _ Ff Ff. $$If a$gdY+ V j l n t u c e g $ & 4 _ l v x z F J + 9 c e |ssqc hd+I h[K 56CJ aJ Uh@ _ 5CJ aJ hW< h@ _ CJ aJ hd+I h@ _ 5CJ aJ h[K B*CJ aJ ph hW< h[K B*CJ aJ ph #hd+I h[K 5B*CJ ]aJ ph hd+I h[K 5B*CJ aJ ph h[K 5CJ aJ hW< h[K CJ aJ hd+I h[K 5CJ aJ hE** hW h) hE** & s 4 l u $ % ' ( * + - . 0 1 2 3 4 5 gdE $ $h^h`a$gd[K $ $h^h`a$gd@ _ $ $ ^ `a$gd[K d magnesium foliar fertilization on apple (Malus doestica) yields. Cereal research Communications, 35: 2. 1261-1264.
Zavalloni, C. Marangoni, B. 2001: Dynamics of uptake of calcium, potassium and magnesium into apple fruit in a high density planting. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 564: 113-121.
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