ࡱ> ikfghq`|bjbjqPqP @::@I#2t~\ (2222Hgw$hB 228^^^, p22^^^R-l52 }Y֨ !4 N0~?$Ҷp$<5$5^|B~$G[:[$2 Short Term Experiment with Different Soil Tillage Systems in Production of Winter Barley and Maize in Posavina, Croatia Silvio Kosutic1), Igor Kovacev1), Dubravko Filipovic1), Milan Pospisil2), Zlatko Gospodaric1), (Arial, 14 pt, justified alignment, indentation: hanging 1.0 cm, paragraph: line spacing single, 3pt before) 1) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,  HYPERLINK "mailto:skosutic@agr.hr" skosutic@agr.hr 2) 2Department of Filed Crops, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,  HYPERLINK "mailto:mpospisil@agr.hr" mpospisil@agr.hr The paper presents results of the two years experiment in winter barley and maize production with four different soil tillage systems carried out in Western Slavonia, at agricultural company PK Nova Gradiska in village Staro Petrovo Selo, located 150 km south-east from Zagreb (45 10 N, 17 30 E). Energy requirement comparison showed that CT system in both crops production had the highest fuel consumption of 56.07 L ha-1 (winter barley) and 62.93 L ha-1 (maize). The best energy saving system in winter barley was RT1 with 37.58 L ha-1 and RT2 with 36.30 L ha-1 in maize production. Soil tillage systems comparison regarding labour requirement unveiled that conventional tillage required 2.39 h ha-1 and 0.52 h Mg-1 in winter barley, while in maize production required 2.62 h ha-1 and 0.35 h Mg-1. The lowest labour requirement of 1.35 h ha-1 and 0.32 h Mg-1 obtained RT2 in winter barley, while in maize production RT2 achieved 1.48 h ha-1 and RT1 0.15 h Mg-1. The highest average yields were obtained by CT system in winter barley and RT1 in maize production, while the lowest yields were with RT1 in winter barley and RT3 in maize production. Introduction Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) are among the most important arable crops in Croatia. The mainly utilised soil tillage system in these crops production is conventional system, based on mouldboard ploughing as primary tillage operation, followed with secondary tillage performed by disc harrow and seed-bed implement. This tillage technology is, from one side, the most expensive, complicated, organisationally slow, with high fuel consumption and labour requirement, and, from another side, ecologically unfavourable (Zugec et al., 2000). Pellizzi et al. (1988) reported that 55-65% of direct field energy consumption could be accounted to soil tillage. According to Conservation Technology Information Center (2000) no-till system in USA is applied to almost 40 % of arable land. Many authors from Central Europe, Borin and Sartori (1995), Kornmann and Kller(1997), Knakal and Prochazkova(1997), Malicki et al.(1997), Tebrgge et al. (1998), pointed out of ecological and economical benefits, which can be achieved by using non-conventional tillage systems instead of conventional. Although it is known that non-conventional tillage systems in comparison to conventional tillage system can save enormous quantity of energy and labour, decreasing thus environment pollution and production costs, currently 93.7% of the fields in Croatia are being tilled by the conventional tillage system (Zimmer et al., 2002). Materials and methods The experiment was performed at agricultural company PK Nova Gradiska in village Staro Petrovo Selo, located 150 km south-east from Zagreb (45 10 N, 17 30 E). Experimental field was consisted of 12 plots with dimension length 250 m x width 56 m each, organized as randomized blocks with three replications. The tillage with different systems was performed on the Hypogley-vertic type of soil, (Anonymous, 1998). Its texture in ploughed layer according to Anonymous (1975) belongs to the silty clay loam (Table 1). Implements, which were included in different tillage systems, are as follows: 1. Conventional tillage - plough, disc harrow, seed-bed implement (CT); 2. Conservation tillage 1 - chisel plough, disc harrow, seed-bed implement (RT 1); 3. Conservation tillage 2 - chisel plough, rotary harrow, drill (RT 2); 4. Conservation tillage 3 plough, rotary harrow, drill (RT 3). In winter barley production an integrated implement consisted of rotary harrow and drill was used. Depth of tillage for mouldboard plough was in average 20.6 cm, disc harrow 10.2 cm and seed-bed implement 6.8 cm. Chisel ploughing was done to 26.6 cm in average. The energy requirement of each tillage system was determined by tractors fuel consumption measurement for each implement in each tillage system applying volumetric method. Energy equivalent of 38.7 MJ L-1 (Cervinka, 1980) was presumed. In this experiment 4WD tractor with engine power of 141 kW was used. The working width of the tillage implements was chosen according to the pulling capacity of the tractor. The labour requirement was determined by measuring the time for finishing single tillage operation at each plot of the known area (14000 m2). The yields were determined by weighing grain mass of each harvested plot. Table 1. Soil particle size distribution and soil type ( Hypogley-vertic ) Soil layer (cm)0.2-2 m (%)0.05-0.2 m (%)0.002-0.05 m (%)<0.002 m (%)Soil type*0-3516.028.022.034. 0SCL36-5513.032.026.029.0SCL - SL56-8513.031.028.028.0SCL86-17016.031.024.029.0SCL *SCL=Silty clay loam, SL=Silty loam Air temperatures in cropping period 2004-2006 were generally within twenty year's average (Figure 1). Total precipitation during cropping period of winter barley was within twenty years average with no significant deviations recorded (Figure 2). During maize growing period the significant lack of precipitation occurred in July 2006 (37 % of average), while in August 2006 more then double quantity of monthly precipitation was recorded. So weather conditions regarding precipitation for maize flowering were unfavourable.  Figure 1. Mean air temperature during cropping period  Figure 2. Precipitation during cropping period Schedule of the field operations (tillage, fertilizing, sowing, crop protection, harvesting) and soil moisture content at the moment of tillage are shown in Table 2. On the experimental field previous crop was winter wheat. Working conditions regarding soil moisture content, soil compaction and post-harvest residues at the beginning of experiment were equal for all tillage treatments. Table 2. Date of field operations, soil moistures and application rates DescriptionWinter Barley 2004/2005Maize 2005/2006Tillage & SowingPrimary tillage1st September 20045th 7th November 2005Soil moisture (%) at 5; 15; 30 cm depth22.3; 31.8; 32.724.7; 45.6; 47.3Secondary tillage8th October 200418th May 2006Soil moisture (%) at 5; 15; 30 cm depth26.4; 30.8; 32.228.0; 46.3; 47.3Sowing date8th October 200418th May 2006Crop (cultivar)Regina C1PR 37H24FertilizingApplication date8th October 20044th November 2005Fertilizer-rate (kg ha-1)NPK (90-41-60); MAP (80); KCl (100)NPK (17.8-22.5-22.5)Application date2nd March 200516th May 2006Fertilizer-rate (kg ha-1)CAN 27% (150)Urea 46% (250)Application date5th April 200518th May 2006Fertilizer-rate (kg ha-1)CAN 27% (150)NPK 15:15:15 (150)Application date22nd June 2006Fertilizer-rate (kg ha-1)CAN 27% (150)Crop protectionApplication date25th October 200420th May 2006Chemical-rate (l ha-1)alphacypermethrin (0.1)terbuthylazine + acetochlor + dichlormid (5)Application date18th April 200514th June 2006Chemical-rate (l ha-1)bentazon (1.5); fluoroxypyr (0.4)dicamba (0.5)Application date13th May 2005Chemical-rate (l ha-1)metaconazole + azoxystrobin (0.5); epoxyconazole (0.5)Application date5th July 2005Chemical-rate (l ha-1)carbendazim (0.5)HarvestHarvesting date5th July 2005 2nd November 2006 Results and discussion Yield In the first experimental season the greatest average winter barley yield of 4.58 Mg ha-1 achieved CT system. RT3 system obtained average yield of 4.50 Mg ha-1 and RT2 system 4.21 Mg ha-1. RT1 system had the lowest average yield of 4.17 Mg ha-1. In spite of noticed average yield differences, statistical analysis showed they were not significant. Moret, Arrue et. al. (2007) experimenting with different tillage systems in winter barley production during three consecutive cropping seasons reported that no clear differences in crop yield were observed among the tillage treatments in the study period. Chatskikh and Olesen (2007) reported that spring barley dry matter grain yields were reduced by 14% for RT and 27% for DD (direct drill) compared to CT. In maize production RT1 achieved the greatest average yield of 9.65 Mg ha-1 followed by RT2 with average yield of 7.95 Mg ha-1 and CT with 7.48 Mg ha-1. The lowest average maize yield obtained RT3 with 6.84 Mg ha-1. According to ANOVA differences among average maize yields obtained by different soil tillage systems were statistically significant. So, the greatest average yield obtained by RT1 was significantly different from all other tillage systems at probability level of p<0.05. Differences of average yields between RT2 and RT3 were also significant at probability level of p<0.05, while average yield of CT wasnt significantly different from yields obtained by RT2 and RT3 (Table 3). Bakhsh, Kanwar et. al. (2000) experimenting with different tillage systems in maize and soybean production found that average corn yield on chisel plots was significantly (p=0.05) higher then with no tillage system. On the contrary, Kosutic, Filipovic et. al. (2001) reported of the greatest maize yield achieved by CT system in comparison to non-conventional tillage systems. Results of Tolimir, Veskovic et. al. proved that conventional tillage yields were 24 % and 84 % higher compared to reduced and zero tillage, respectively. Table 3. Energy and labour requirement of different soil tillage systems Winter Barley Cropping period 2004/2005Maize Cropping period 2005/2006Tillage systemFuel L ha-1Energy MJ Mg-1Productivity h ha-1 h Mg-1Fuel L ha-1Energy MJ Mg-1Productivity h ha-1 h Mg-1CT Average Yield = 4,58 Mg ha-1 a(1)Average Yield = 7,48 Mg ha-1 bcPlough35,96303,91,540,3442,45219,61,720,23Disc harrow12,24103,40,380,0810,3453,50,310,04Seed-bed impl.4,5338,30,230,056,6834,60,230,03Drill3,3428,20,250,053,4617,90,350,05Total56,07473,82,390,5262,93325,52,620,35RT 1Average Yield = 4,17 Mg ha-1 aAverage Yield = 9,65 Mg ha-1 aChisel20,43189,60,740,1818,2673,20,600,06Disc harrow9,2886,10,380,0910,3441,50,310,03Seed-bed impl.4,5342,00,230,056,6826,80,230,02Drill3,3431,00,250,063,4613,90,350,04Total37,58348,81,590,3838,74155,41,490,15RT 2Average Yield = 4,21 Mg ha-1 aAverage Yield = 7,95 Mg ha-1 bChisel20,43187,80,740,1718,2688,80,600,07Rotary harrow20,34187,00,610,1514,5870,90,530,07Drill3,4616,80,350,04Total40,77374,81,350,3236,3176,61,480,19RT 3Average Yield = 4,50 Mg ha-1 aAverage Yield = 6,84 Mg ha-1 cPlough35,96309,31,540,3442,45240,11,720,25Rotary harrow12,27105,50,630,1414,5882,50,530,08Drill3,4619,60,350,05Total48,23414,82,170,4860,49342,22,610,38(1) Different letters indicate significant (pd" 0.05) differences Energy requirement The conventional tillage system (CT) was expectantly the greatest fuel consumer with 56.07 L ha-1 in winter barley and 56.07 L ha-1 in maize production. RT3 system enabled saving of 14 % of energy per hectare in winter barley and 4 % in maize production. The greatest energy saving per hectare in winter barley production of 33 % was obtained by RT1 system, while in maize production it was 42 % by RT2 system. Bowers (1992) showed a composite of average fuel consumption and energy expended, based on data from different countries around the world and reported that average fuel consumption for mouldboard ploughing is 17.492.06 L ha-1, chisel ploughing 10.201.50 L ha-1, while no-till planter required 4.021.03 L ha-1. In comparing these data to other sources, wide variations can be expected due to soil types, field conditions, working depth, etc. On the other hand, Kller (1996) reported that the fuel consumption was 49.40 L ha-1 for mouldboard ploughing, 31.30 L ha-1 for chisel ploughing and 13.40 L ha-1 for no-till. Hernanz and Ortiz-Caavate (1999) presented data that coincide between previously mentioned results. Economic analysis Total costs include all the inputs (labour, machine costs, seed, fertiliser and plant protection chemicals) from soil tillage to harvest, including grain transport within field. Storage and handling costs werent taken into account since its great variability. In both seasons CT system resulted in the highest costs with 705 ha-1 (winter barley) and 633 ha-1 (maize). In winter barley production the income/costs ratio differences showed that RT3 system obtained the best economic result but there were no statistically significant differences among tested tillage systems (Table 4). On the contrary, ANOVA unveiled that difference of income/costs ratio in maize production were statistically significant at probability level p<0.05. The best economic result obtained RT1 system, while the next was RT2 followed by CT and RT3. Table 4. Total cost, gross income and gross margin for winter barley and maize TillageWinter BarleyMaizeGross income ha-1Total costs ha-1Gross margin ha-1Income/ Costs ratioGross income ha-1Total costs ha-1Gross margin ha-1Income/ Costs ratioCT16697059642,37 a(1)167463310422,65 cRT 115406788622,27 a212060515143,50 aRT 215526379162,44 a177156412073,14 bRT 316446649802,47 a15435929512,61 c(1) Different letters indicate significant (pd" 0.05) differences Conclusions Summarizing results of short term experiment results together with previously acquired experience following could be concluded: In comparison to conventional tillage (CT) the greatest energy saving per hectare of 33 % in winter barley production was obtained by RT1 system, while in maize production it reached even 42 % by RT2 system. The lowest labour consuming soil tillage system in both cropping seasons was RT2, enabled savings of 44 % in winter barley and maize production too. Since soil tillage systems in winter barley production didnt obtain statistically significant yield differences, the system with the best income/costs ratio could be right choice, due to its lowest total costs. In maize production soil tillage systems obtained statistically significant different yields, so the best solution would be RT1 system, due to its highest yield and best income/costs ratio. This short-term experiment showed that non-conventional tillage systems due to their lower energy and labour requirement could be economically important tool to decrease production costs. References Anonymous. Soil Taxonomy. Soil Survey Staff of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1975. Anonymous. World reference base for soil resources. FAO, 1998. Anonymous. Market Information System in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of Republic of Croatia, 2004. Bakhsh, A., Kanwar, R. S. Tillage and nitrogen management effects on crop yield and residual soil nitrate. Transactions of the ASAE, 2000, 43(6): 1589-1595. Borin M., L. Sartori. Barley, soybean and maize production using ridge tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage in north-east Italy. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1995, 62: 229~236. Bowers, W. Agricultural field equipment. In: Fluck, R.C., (Ed.) Energy in World Agriculture, Vol. 6. Energy in Farm Production. Elsevier, 1992, Amsterdam, pp. 117-129. Cervinka, V.. Fuel and energy efficiency, in Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture, Pimentel , D., Ed., CRC Press., Bocaraton, FL, USA, 1980, (pp. 15-21). Chatskikh, D. and J. E. Olesen. "Soil tillage enhanced CO2 and N2O emissions from loamy sand soil under spring barley." Soil & Tillage Research, 2007, 97(1): 5-18. Conservation Technology Information Center. http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/Core4/CT/ctsurvey/2000/ GraphCTAll.html, 2000. Hernanz, J.L., & Ortiz-Caavate, J. Energy saving in crop production. In O. Kitani (Ed), CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 5. Energy and Biomass Engineering, 1999, (pp. 24-39). St Joseph, MI, USA: ASAE. Knakal Z., B. Prochazkova. Soil conservation systems under different agroecological conditions of the Czech Republic. Proceedings of 14th ISTRO Conference, 1997, Pulawy, Poland: 379~382. Kller, K. Production de crals sous labor. Revue Suisse d agriculture, 1996, 28, 30. Kornmann M., K. Kller. Ecological and economical effects of different tillage systems. Proceedings of 14th ISTRO Conference "Agroecological and Economical Aspects of Soil Tillage", 1997, Pulawy, Poland: 391~394. 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Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, 2001, 10(2): 81-90. Malicki L., M. Ochal, E. Podstawka-Chmielewska. Energetic effectiveness of various soil cultivation systems. Proceedings of 14th ISTRO Conference, 1997, Pulawy, Poland: 445~446. Moret, D., Arrue, J. L. Winter barley performance under different cropping and tillage systems in semiarid Aragon (NE Spain). European Journal of Agronomy, 2007, 26(1): 54-63. Pellizzi G., A. Guidobono Cavalchini, M. Lazzari. Energy savings in agricultural machinery and mechanization. Elsevier Applied Science, 1988, London-New York. Tebrgge F.J., R.A. Dring, A. Bhrnsen, U. Gross, W. Gruber, A. Wagner. Interactions between different soil tillage intensity on soil properties with consideration of environmental and economical benefits. Proceedings of the International Agricultural Engineering Conference", 1998, Bangkok, Thailand: 98~113. Tolimir, M., Veskovic, M. et. al. Influences of soil tillage and fertilitzation on maize yield and weed infestation. Cereal Research communications. 2006, 34(1): 323-326. Zimmer, R., Milakovic, Z., Milos, B., Krzek, Z., Bracun, M., Zuzjak, S., Ipsa, J., Seput, M.. Soil tillage and arable crops sowing practice in Slavonia and Baranja. 30th Intl sym. Actual tasks on agric. eng., 2002, Opatija, Croatia, Proceedings, p.197-210. Zugec I., Stipesevic B., Kelava I.. Rational soil tillage for cereals (Winter wheat - Triticum aestivum L. and Spring barley - Hordeum vulgare L.) in eastern Croatia, 15th ISTRO Conference (CD ROM), Fort Worth, USA, 2000. E %|vwWXkly{|Ȼh5h)h3Sh;mH sH hh^JmHsHhCh^JmHsHh^JmHsHhC^JmHsHhChC^JmHsHhn^JmHsHijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{| ^`gd:v>xhxxhxhxxhxhxx......... 0 0&P P/R 8$:pH. 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LaserJet 2100 PCL6\\MEHHP2100M\HP LaserJet 2100 4C 4dXXA4DINU"4O \\MEHHP2100M\HP LaserJet 2100 4C 4dXXA4DINU"4O  4)@{,-23%5%6%7BdI@<@6p@>@BD@@UnknownG: Times New Roman5Symbol3& : Arial;& z Helvetica5& zaTahoma3z Times##Æææ= R>% R>%!xx4dII 2qHP v22D:\arbeit\IFL\cigr\2006\9 April 2006\2006paper.dotFull Paper Format John Alexakis mehanizacija<         Oh+'0: 0< \ h t Full Paper FormatJohn Alexakis2006paper.dotmehanizacija61Microsoft Office Word@?6@lxX@j*\@HzY R>G 9 Rt    `a."Systema :I9K -{@ Arial- b2 \O:ahShort Term Experiment with Different Soil Tillage Systems YQQ4,4QJ4v4YJQJ4%vJQ,3k%,Q3`%,,J4JQ,3YQ%%3Q%%%JQJ3YGJ,JvJ%\2 O6ahin Production of Winter Barley and Maize in Posavina, %QVY4QQQJ,%QQVQ,U~%Q,J4U`J4%JGUJQQUoJ%CJU%QUYQJJG%QJ%%2 OahCroatia `4QJ,%J 2 ah J@ Arial- 2 :OahSilvio KosuticN9ACNA;A!;@ Arial-2 )ah1)*-2 :lah, !C2 : ahIgor Kovacev!AA'CNA9A;A9- 2 ah1*- 2 ah)-2 :ah, !B&2 :A ahDubravko FilipovicTAA'A9;ABGAA9;-2  ah1)*-2 :^ ah, !B 2 : ahMilan PospisilaAABNA;A;-2 ah2)*-2 :ah, !!-%2 ;ahZlatko GospodaricGA!;A<[A;AAAA';- 2  ah1*- 2 7ah)-2 Pah, !;2  ah(Arial, 1'N'A!;A 2 Z ah4A2  ah pt, i;A!!;(2  ahjustified alignmentA;!!AA;AAAaAA!2 Xah, inden !;AAAA2 ahtation: !A!AA!!2 H; ahhanging 1.0AAAAAA!A!A2 Hah cm!;a2 H\ah, !!82 Hahparagraph: line spacing singleAA'AA'AAA!!AA!;AA;AA!;AAA2 H ah, 3pt before!!AA!!AA!A'A 2 Hah)' 2 H,ah ?@ Arial-2 Oah1) - 2 ah 2 lahDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000 6***?***2*&***2*******.*&*%*2****?%6*%*&%*.****2%**&?**&&********%2 @;ahZagreb, Croatia, .****6*** "2 @qahskosutic@agr.hr&&*&*&L***- @ !#Hq-  2 @ah (-2 Oah2) - 2 ah s2 Eah2Department of Filed Crops, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Zagreb*6***?***.**6**&.*&*%*2****?%6*%*&%*.****2  ah, =2  !ahSvetosimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, e2%**&?**&&********.****2 Y;ahCroatia,6*** 2 YCah  #2 YXahmpospisil@agr.hr?**&*&L***- @ !MaX-  2 Yah ( 2 Oah (@ Arial-82 OahThe paper presents results of 933<3333<33.33.<3.3.<3<2 ahthe 33<2  ahtwo yearsA3<-33.2 ) ah ex;3-(2 ahperiment in winter 33M33;3;A33;#2 ahbarley and maize333-;333;M3-3 2 ah ha- @ !F C-'#2 I Oahproduction with 3333.33;A3;2 I ahfour33R2 I /ah different soil tillage systems carried out in ;3333:.3:343:.-.3M.:.333:33:3:2 I ~ ahWestern [3.33:2 I ahSlavonia=3-333 2 I qah, 2 I ah :2 I ahat 32 OWahagricultural company PK Nova Gradiska in village Staro Petrovo Selo, located 150 km i34.333*.3M333-*==*B3-3*H33./3**3*-343*=33*=33-3*=33)3.333)333)/M2 Oahsouthn.333 2 0ah-G2 O(aheast from Zagreb (45 10 N, 17 30 E).33.3M8343333%33B33%33= 2 ah A2 $ahEnergy requirement comparison showed=334-3433M33.3M33.33.33A332 [ah that 33-(2 & OahCT system in both cB9.-.3M3333.#2 & ahrops production 33.3333.332 & #ahhad333&2 & ah the highest fuel 333433.33)2 & j ahconsumption of 56.07.33.3M33333333 2 & ah 2 & ahL ha333@ Arial- 2 ah-- 2 ah1 - 2 & ah 2 & ah(winter A33-%2 Oahbarley) and 62.93.333-"333"3333 2 *ah "2 LahL ha3"33- 2 ah-- 2 ah1 - 2 :ah "&2 \ah(maize). The best M3-3"933"33."D2 [ &ahenergy saving system in winter barley 3334-".3-34".-.3M"3"A33"333-"2 ahwas RT1 A3."B93-2 d O ahwith 37.58A333333 2 d ah 32 d =ahL ha3333- 2 6 ah-- 2 6 ah1 - 2 d <ah 3&2 d oahand RT2 with 36.303333B933A333333 2 d ah 32 d ahL ha3333- 2 6 ah-- 2 6 ah1 - 2 d ah 32 d < ahin maize33M3-3 2 d ah 22 d ahproduction3333.33 2 d ah. 2 d ah 2+2 d ahSoil tillage systems =323432.-.3M.2 OTahcomparison regarding labour requirement unveiled that conventional tillage required .3M33.33$343334#3333#3433M33#33-333#33#.33-33333#343#34333#2  ah2.393332 ah h #3-2 Oahha33- 2 tah-- 2 tah1 -2 ah and 0.e33332 ah52332 lah h Mg03K4- 2 tVah-- 2 tiah1 -%2 ah in winter barley3A33333-2 ah, whileeA33.2  ah in maize production re3M3-33333.3332  ahquired e43332  ah2.32 (ah62332 ah h had333- 2 t]ah-- 2 tpah1 -2 ah and 0.e33332 ah3533 2 ah -2 AOahh Mg3K4- 2 ah-- 2 2ah1 -2 ARah. D2 A&ahThe lowest labour requirement of 1.35 9333A3.33333433M3333332 A ahh ha333- 2 } ah-- 2  ah1 -2 A ah and 0.e33332 A ah32332 A6 ah h Mg03K4- 2 " ah-- 2 5 ah1 -/2 AU ah obtained RT2 in winter 333333B933A33-Y2 O4ahbarley, while in maize production RT2 achieved 1.48 333-0A33030M3-303333.330B93/3.33-33/333/2 e ahh ha3/33- 2 - ah-- 2 @ ah1 -2 ` ah and 0/333/2 W ahRT1 B93/2 4ah0.3 2 ah13 2 ah532 ah h/3 2 Iah /2 xahMgK4- 2 ah-- 2  ah1 - 2 *ah.2 Dah The 0/9332 Oahhighest 3433./2 ahaverage 3-3343/2 "ahyieldg-332 ahs were./A33 2 ah /2 / ahobtained 333333/2 ahby 3-/2 M ahCT systemB9/.-.3M@2  #ah in winter barley and RT1 in maize .3.A33.333-.333.B93.3.M3-372 Oahproduction, while the lowest 3333.337A3363363A3.62 Aahyields-33. 2 *ah 6S2 `0ahwere with RT1 in winter barley and RT3 in maize A336A36B93636A336333-63336B93636M3-32 O ahproduction.3333.33 2 ah 1ha- @ !C-' 2 Oah 1@ Arial- 2 VO ahIntroduction8$888388 2 Vhah 3-2 OXahWinter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) are among the most important [33=33-B3333M-34333333M3-3833M3-.3333M33433M3.M33332 xOXaharable crops in Croatia. The mainly utilised soil tillage system in these crops producti3333%.33.%3%B333%933%M33-%3.33%.3%343%.-.3M%3$33.3$.33.$3333.2 xFahon is 33$.2 OZahconventional system, based on mouldboard ploughing as primary tillage operation, followed .33-33333!.-.3M!33.33!33!M3333333 3334334 3. 3M3- 343 333333 33A33_2 O8ahwith secondary tillage performed by disc harrow and seedA36.3.3333-63436333M3363-63..6333A63336.333 2 X ah-52 w ahbed implement. This tillage 3336M33M33693.6343|2 UOKahtechnology is, from one side, the most expensive, complicated, organisation3.33334-'.'3M'333'.33&33&M3.&3-333.-3&.3M3.333&3433.333#2 Uahally slow, with 3-&.3A&A32 OSahhigh fuel consumption and labour requirement, and, from another side, ecologically d343C33C.33.3M333C333C3333C3433M33B333B3MB33333B.33B3.334.3-2 O ahunfavourable333-33333)2 bah (Zugec et al., 2000$8343.$3#3#33332 ah). #"2 ahPellizzi et al. =3--#3#32  ah (1988) #3333%2 : ah reported that 550#33333#33#33 2  ah-)2 ah65% of direct field 33R#3#33.#33^2 2O7ahenergy consumption could be accounted to soil tillage. d3334-I.33.3M333I.333I33I3..33333I3I.3H343H22 2 ahAccording to Conservation =..3334H3HB33.3-333-hhaagg``ff__ee^^dd]]cc\\bb[[aaZZ``YY _ _X X  ^ ^W W  ] ]V V  \ \U U  [ [T T ZZSSYYRRXXQQWWPPVVOO՜.+,D՜.+,P  hp  AgEng2008 Secretariat%I Full Paper Format Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSA @tmailto:mpospisil@agr.hrI>mailto:skosutic@agr.hrI  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]_`abcdejRoot Entry FYlData }N1Table`WordDocument@SummaryInformation(@;DocumentSummaryInformation8^CompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q