ࡱ> E@Cbjbj (thhhhhhh|$|+8Q4*******-R/*h*hh+X*hh**hhh, p=hhD+0+|0ad0(h||hhhhh00h**||diU ||iAssesment of toxic and potentially toxic elements in potato and cabbage grown in different locations in Croatia D. Vitali1,*, I. Vedrina Dragojevi1, B. `ebe i1, K. Valid~i 1Department of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmcy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kova ia 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Abstract To evaluate cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc and copper contents in cabbage and potatoes, the most consumed vegetables in Croatia, and to examine if the war-time operations in Croatia affected investigated metals levels in vegetables, cabbage and potatoes cultivated in the war re and out of war regions were analyzed.. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) of obtained results showed no significant differences between war and outside of war regions.The results of analysis revealed that all cabbage samples met Public Health Regulation Standards regarding investigated metals. However, potatoes from nine investigated locations exceeded the Maximum Permssible Concentrations (MPC) allocated for lead and met the standards considering other investigated elements. In the view of obtained results, pointing out lead as major problem regarding heavy metal polution of investigated vegetables, literature data estimating lead intake in Croatia were compared to average lead intake in other countries and it was found to be simmilar to other considered countries. Based on obtained results and available statystical data, heavy metal intake through cabbage and potato consumption was estimated and expressed as the percentage of Croatian tolerable daily (weekly) intake for each investigated element. Keywords: toxic elements, vegetables, sanitary safety. *Corresponding author. Tel./fax.: +385 (0)1 4612690 E-mail address:  HYPERLINK "mailto:dvitali@pharma.hr" dvitali@pharma.hr Mailing adress: Farmaceutsko biokemijski fakultet, Zavod za kemiju prehrane, A. Kova ia 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. Zusammenfassung Zur Gehaltberechnung von Cadmium, Blei, Quecksilber, Arsen und Kupfer in Kohl und Kartoffel, dem in Kroatien in der Ernhrung meist benutzten Gemse, und zur Bestimmung des Einflusses der Kriegsgeschehnisse in Kroatien auf den Gehalt der geprften Metalle wurden Proben von Kohl und Kartoffel untersucht, die innerhalb und auerhalb der Kriegsgebiete gezchtet waren. Durch die statistische Analyse der Ergebnisse (ANOVA) wurde bewiesen, dass es keine statistisch bedeutenden Unterschiede in Bezug auf den Gehalt der geprften Metalle in den Proben aus zwei Lokalittengruppen besteht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass der Gehalt der geprften Metalle in Kohlproben in den geltenden Hchstmengen liegt. In Kartoffelproben, die an neun geprften Lokalitten entnommen worden sind, wurde indessen Bleigehalt nachgewiesen, der die maximal zulssige Konzentration (MZK) berschreitet und Konzentrationen anderer Metalle innerhalb der zulssigen Grenzen. Hinsichtlich der Untersuchungsergebnisse, die auf Blei als grtes Problem der Gemsekontamination mit Schwermetallen hindeuten, wurden die Angaben ber die durchschnittliche Aufnahme von Blei mit der Nahrung in Kroatien mit denjenigen in anderen Lndern verglichen und es wurden dabei keine Unterschiede festgestellt. Auf Grund der Untersuchungsergebnisse und der verfgbaren statistischen Angaben wurde die durchschnittliche Aufnahmemenge von Schwermetallen durch Kohl- und Kartoffelverbrauch bewertet, und die Werte als prozentuale zulssige tgliche Aufnahmemenge ausgedrckt. 1. Introduction Monitoring the content of toxic and potentially toxic elements is one of the most important aspects of controling food safety. The environmental persistence of metals, additionaly associated with their considerable use in modern society, resulted in accumulation of significant levels of these contaminants in the environment. They are being absorbed by plants to different extent depending on their source, soil and climatic factors, plant genotype and agrotechnical conditions, entering thereby the human food chain 1). Some of them are essential for plant growth and /or different human metabolic processes in small amounts, resulting in adverse health effects at high levels of consumption while others show major toxic effects at the lowest rates of exposure. In order to establish tolerable intakes of different contaminants that exhibit thresholds of toxicity, international or regional scientific commitees and national regulatory agencies define termins relating to permissible or acceptable intake of contaminant expressed on daily or weekly bases. Most often used terms regarding heavy metal intake are provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDIs) and provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWIs) allocated by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Commitee on Food Additives (JECFA). PTWIs are established for contaminants that are not rapidly eliminated from the body and tend to accumulate within the body. PMTDIs are allocated for contaminants that do not tend to accumulate and they usualy relate to trace elements that are both essential nutrients and also contaminants, depending on their level. The aim of our study was to determine contents of lead, total mercury, arsenic, cadmium, zinc and copper in samples of cabbage and potato, the most consumed vegetables in Croatia2), and to estimate dietary intake of investigated elements through potato and cabbage consumption. In the framework of our research we also assessed the impact of war time operations on the quality of crops grown in that area several years after the war, regarding their content of investigated elements. Therefore, ten out of twenty sampling sites included in our investigation were situated in northeastern part of Croatia that was affected by war during the five-year period and other ten (control group) were situated in parts of the country that were not affected by war. Pb, Hg, As and Cd were chosen as target contaminants of the investigation because they are known to be the most important to consider in terms of food-chain contaminantion1). Zn and Cu were also investigated, since in higher concentrations they can also be considered as contaminants and therefore their Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) have been determined by Public Health Regulation in Croatia, too3). The main source of toxic metal emisson to the environment are different antropogenic activities such as industrial, agricultural and urban activities. Main sources of lead in the soil are atmospheric depositions from combustion of gasoline containing Pb additives 4). Mercury is usually added to soils in fertilizers and manure 5). Largest emissions of cadmium to the soil are by waste disposal, but also to the lesser degree through coal combustion, iron and steel production, phosphate fertilizers etc 6). Its concentrations in foodstuff vary widely, and considering food crops, the highest levels of that metal are found in leafy vegetables and rooty crops 7). The greatest accumulation of arsenic occures in the areas exposed to industrial effluents and especially in areas next to smelters and mine spoils 8). Some literature data point to increased emissions of different contaminants, including toxic metals, in times of war as well. Namely, during the war time lot of army vehicles, chemical warehouses, ammunitial dumps and industrial facilities were destroyed and huge amounts of toxic chemicals were released to the environment. Such explosions can significantly increase the amounts of some toxic metals in the soil. For example, explosion of one ammunitial dump in Croatia significantly increased content of cadmium and total mercury in the soil at the place of explosion. Amounts of cadmium were increased 200 times and total mercury content 100 times related to the levels in the surrounding unpoluted area 9). Since northeastern part of Croatia (Slavonija) is one of the most important areas of agricultural production, and potato and cabbage are highly produced and consumed vegetables in Croatia2), it is of great importance to investigate if there are significant differences in toxic element content just in those vegetables planted in war affected and out-of-war areas and also to find out if analysed samples meet the standards of the Public Health Regulation in Croatia. All samples were collected from individual producers since they participate with 98.8% in production of potatoes and with 98.9% in cabbage production in Croatia2) . 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection and preparation Potato and white cabbage samples were collected in 20 different locations in Croatia; ten locations (samples 1 10) are located in Slavonija in a theritory that was affected by different war time operations through a five-year period. Those areas were bommbed with hundreds of tones of different ammunitions during the war and today are the areas of intensive agricultural production. Other ten location (samples 11 20) are situated in the other parts of the country that were spared of war time operations so that normal agricultural production remained viable even during the war. From each location two heads of cabbage and 2x1 kg of potato were collected. In cabbage samples all damaged outer leaves were removed and the rest of the sample was chopped and homogenized . Potatoes were washed several times with tap water, followed by destilled water, and after the excess water was wiped off using filter-paper, potatoes were peeled, chopped with disposable plastic knife to small peaces and mixed thoroughly. Afterwards, samples were first air dried for several days and then dried in an electric furnace at 105C to constant weight. For further analysis samples were stored in polyethylene bottles at 4C. Moisture was determined in fresh samples by drying them to constant weight at 105 C in an electric furnance. 2.2. Determinatiom of toxic and potentially toxic elements In order to determine Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As and total Hg amounts in investigated vegetables, 1g 0.0001 of homogenized, dry samples were weight into the vessels and wet digested using HNO3 conc. and 30% H2O2 in an microwave unit.( MLS-1200 Mega Microwave Digestion System). After digestion process, clear solutions were transfered to 50 ml volumetric flasks and diluted with deionized water. Mercury and arsenic were determined by atomic absorbtion spectophotometry - AAS (Pye Unicam SP9 Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer), using hydride technique at 193.7 nm (As) and 253.7 nm (Hg). Content of all other investigated elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy - ICP-AES (Liberty 200 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer). The analytical wavelenghts of the elements of interest were as following: 228.802 (Cd), 220.353 (Pb), 324.754 (Cu) and 213.856 (Zn). All measurments were carried out in duplicates. 3. Results and discussion Amounts of toxic and potentially toxic elements detected in investigated vegetables are shown in Table 1, and are characterized by a large variability within investigated groups. Performing statystical analysis (one way ANOVA) showed that there were no significant differences between two investigated groups of samples (samples from war-affected and outside-of-war area) considering either one of investigated metals. Arsenic was not detected in any of investigated samples, while measurable levels of mercury were only found in the part of investigated potato samples. 3.1. Zinc and copper contents in investigated vegetables Zinc and copper levels were investigated in this context since too high intake of those, otherwise essential metals can show adverse health effects. The range of zinc contents were 1.7 3.4 mg/kg fresh weight (FW) (mean 2.5 mg/kg FW) in cabbage grown outside of war region and 0.97 4.27 mg/kg FW (mean 2.00 mg/kg FW) in samples from war affected locations. Although obtained results point to on an average higher Zn levels in samples from outside of war region, performing statystical analysis showed that those differences were not statisticaly significant. Zinc levels found in potato samples were higher compared to those of cabbage and they ranged from 3.42 14.11 mg/kg FW in outside of war region and 2.64 8.34 mg/kg FW in war affected areas. The differences between the two group of samples were statistically insignificant as well. Obtained copper levels were rather uniformed ranging from 1.02 2.57 mg /kg FW (outside of war region) and 1.55 2.98 mg/kg FW (war region) in potatoes while levels found in cabbage were somewhat lower ranging from 0.26 0.40 mg/kg FW in outside of war areas and 0.17 0.62 mg/kg FW in war region. No significant differences were found between two investigated groups of samples regarding their Cu and Zn content. 3.2. Cadmium, total mercury and lead contents in investigated vegetables As opposed to Zn and Cu present in plant tissues in amounts that pose little risk for human health, Cd, Hg and Pb are elements that most commonly give rise to health concernes about food safety 10). The mean contents of cadmium in investigated groups of vegetables were 0.008 mg/kg FW (war region) and 0.014 mg/kg (outside of war region) in cabbage and 0.021 mg/kg FW (war region) and 0.035 mg/kg FW (outside of war region ) in potatoes. Obtained differences between means from war- and outside of war areas were statistically insignificant. All cabbage samples can be considered as sanitary safe becauses allocated MPCs for Cd in leafy vegetables is 0.2 mg/kg FW 3). However, potatoes were found to contain higher levels of Cd compared to cabbage, especially potato samples from locations 3 ,12, 14 and 16, but they still didn't exceed MPC (0,1 mg/kg fresh weight) allocated by Croatian law, and therefore all samples can be considered as sanitary safe regarding values obtained for Cd content. Revealed mercury levels were also characterized by large variability of results within groups. Mercury was undetectable in all cabbage samples and also in some potato samples regardless of them originating from war- or outside-of-war areas. The highest mercury contents were found in potatoes from locations 6, 7, 8 and 18 (0.024 0.04 mg/kg FW) but obtained values were still lower than MPC for mercury ( 0.05 mg/kg fresh weight) allocated by Croatian law 3). The mean contents of lead were higher in potato samples from war affected areas (0.12 mg/kg FW) related to control group (0.068 mg/kg FW) while obtained values in cabbage samples were almost the same for samples from both investigated groups (0.024 mg/kg FW war region and 0.022 mg/kg FW outside of war regions). It has been noted that both, cabbage and potato samples from one location in out of war region (location 17) showed rather high lead content (0.284 mg/kg FW in cabbage and 0.380 mg/kg FW in potato), so Q-test for rejecting of data was performed. It indicated that samples of issue don't belong to their respective groups so they were excluded from further statystical analysis. Those aberrations point to the probable local lead contamination. It is important to emphasize that as much as eight out of twenty investigated potato samples don't meet new standards of the Public Health Regulation in Croatia allocating MPCs for lead 0.1 mg/kg FW3), while all cabbage samples can be considered as sanitary safe because obtained lead content values were lower than MPC allocated for leafy vegetables (0.3 mg/kg FW). However, according to the contemporary MPCs, at the time of sample collection all investigated samples were considered sanitary safe since allocated MPCs for lead were 1mg/kg fresh weight11). Although recovered results seem very alarming considering increased lead levels in as many as nine out of twenty investigated locations, it is important to say that emphasizing the lead as the main toxicological problem considering sanitary safety of investigated samples, is partially due to drastical changes of MPCs for heavy metals in food in Croatia. Namely, in order to coordinate its regulatives to the ones in the European Union, Croatian MPCs for lead were decreased in 2001, from 1 mg/kg FW to 0,1 mg/kg FW and 0.3 mg/kg FW for potatoes and leafy vegetables, respectively. At the same time new MPCs allocated for mercury and cadmium allowed higher contents of those metals in fresh vegetables compared to the previous regulations. (MPC for Cd has been changed from 0.05 mg/kg FW to 0.1 mg/kg FW and 0.2 mg/kg FW for potatoes and leafy vegetables, respectively. MPC for Hg has been changed from 0.02 mg/kg FW to 0.05 mg/kg FW). Reviewing obtained results in the view of previous regulations would result in completelly different picture since all investigated samples would be sanitarily safe considering lead levels. On the other hand, eight potato samples wouldn't meet standards of the Public Health Regulationin Croatia from 1994. due to increased content of Cd (four samples) and Hg (four samples) exceeding allocated MPCs while all cabbage samples would be considered as sanitary safe. 3.3. Impact of war operations on crop quality It is obvious from obtained results that war time operations didn't cause any significant changes regarding environmental pollution caused by increased levels of toxic and potentially toxic elements, at least not to the extent that it would decrease crop sanitary safety in investigated locations. Namely, statystical analysis showed no significant differences in eather potato or cabbage toxic element content ratio between two investigated groups of samples. In spite of the fact that obtained results were a little unexpected, they were found to be very satisfying considering intensive agricultural production in northeastern part of Croatia in the after-war period. The results can be explained by the fact that during the war, the population size in affected areas of Croatia was drasticaly decreased and agricultural and industrial production completely stopped. Therefore, emissions of toxic and potentially toxic elements originated from industrial and agrotechnical (fertilizers, pesticides) polution had been decreased during that period. Such effects were also observed in Katela goal (southern Croatia) where complete collapse of industry during the war caused significant decrease in mercury content in fishes related to the pre-war period 12). 3.4. Estimation of dietary intakes of investigated toxic and potentially toxic elements through potato and cabbage consumption in Croatia. In order to estimate the hazard effects of toxic and potentially toxic elements present in food on human health, it is of great importance to precisely estimate their daily intake through food consumption. Most frequently, it is being done by conducting total diet studies that cover all foodstuffs consumed by an average person. Since results considering lead concentrations obtained in potato samples seem rather alarming in the view of the new regulations, we thought that it would be interesting to compare average lead dietary intake in Croatia to intakes in some other countries. The results of total diet studies conducted in different countries considering daily lead intakes are shown in table 2. Variability of some results refering to the same country are due to differences in applied method and size of the study. Therefore it is very important to consider mentioned differences when interpreting the results. It is obvious from the presented data that daily lead intake in Croatia, estimated by Postruznik et al. (1996)13), doesn't exceed PTWI for lead of 25g/kg b.w./week, allocated by WHO and that it is simmilar to intakes in other countries, although rather high compared to some EU members (Table 2). In the view of those considerations, it seems that necessity of applying European standards regarding MPCs for lead in foodstuffs might be justified although the possibility of its implementation remains questionable. Other conducted diet studies dealt with average cadmium intake, estimating it to be 121.4 g/person/week 13). Average dietary mercury intake in Croatia can be estimated based on average fish and mussel consumption since methyl-mercury is more toxic than its inorganic form and it accumulates in marine organisms. Therefore, mercury levels have been revealed in such samples by different authors. Based on data obtained by Bonir et al., 1999 14), it was estimated to be 0.019 mg of total mercury /person /week. Daily dietary intake of Zn and Cu was investigated by Blanua and Jorhem 199015) and it was estimated to be 8.1 g/person/day for zinc and 0.6 g/person/day for copper. Due to allready mentioned high potato and cabbage consumption in Croatia we also estimated the significance of cabbage and potato in participating in daily intake of investigated elements. Data are shown in Table 3. It is obvious, from presented data, that cabbage and potato consumption significantly contributes to daily dietary intake of investigated elements covering from 8.73% (Zn) to 31.57% (Hg) of estimated daily dietary intakes for investigated metals in Croatia. Comparing obtained Zn and Cu levels to Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Zn (ranging from 8 -11 mg/day ) and for copper (900 g/day) 16) and to PTMDIs (Table 2) allocated for those metals, it is obvious that in the case of investigated cabbage and potato samples, they can not be considered as contamitants, but only as nutrients present in investigated vegetables that considering their average daily consuption can cover up to 10 % of RDA for Zn and up to 25% of RDA estimated for Cu. The information considering the percentage of total mercury intake through potato consumption was rather surprising since usually sea food is considered to be the richest source of this metal. However, obtained results could be the consequence of very low average year consumption of fish in Croatia, estimated to be around 8 kg/person, which makes only 1.3 % of total annual food consumption while on the other hand an average potato consumption is very large, estimated to be 42 kg/person/year 2) 5. Conclusions In the framework of our research we conducted the evaluation of sanitary safety of cabbage and potato samples, grown by individual producers in different locations in Croatia. Revealed levels of toxic and potentially toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cu and Zn) were compared to valid Croatian MPCs adjusted to EU regulations, as well as to previous Croatian regulations, that were valid in the period of collecting the samples. It is very satisfactory that all randomly selected samples meet the Public Healt Regulations in Croatia for all investigated metals except for lead. As discussed before large number of samples exceeding MPCs allocated for lead can partially be explained by drastical changes of Croatian regulations concerning permissible lead levels in fresh vegetables that are now ten times lower compared to previous regulations. However, in the view of obtained results, showing that 45% of randomly selected potato samples dont meet the standards set by the EU, it seems that additional exert efforts will have to be made in order to achieve acceptable lead levels in crops grown in Croatia. On the other hand, it is obvious that coordinating existing public health regulations with the EU standards doesnt necessary lead to increasing sanitary safety of crops and food, since Croatian MPCs for Hg and Cd in foodstuff are 2 and 2.5 times lower, compared to newly introduced EU standards. Our investigation also showed that important agricultural areas in Croatia that were engulfed by different war time operations several years ago can be considered as safe as those situated outside of war areas, regarding the levels of investigated metals determined in potatoes and cabbage grown in that area. 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Dietary intake of lead by children and adults from Germany measured by the duplicate method.  HYPERLINK "http://www.scopus.com/scopus/source/sourceInfo.url?sourceId=21466" \o "Go to this journal's page" Int J Hyg Envir Heal 2003; 206: 493-503. Stelz A, Georgii S, Brunm H, Muskat E. Fremdstoffe in Lebensmitteln-Ermittlung der taglichen Aufnahme mit der Nahrung. Deut Lebensm-Rundsch 1990; 86: 10-12. Louekari K, Uusitalo U, Pietinen P. Variation and modifying factors of the exposure to lead and cadmium based on an epidemiological study. Sci Total Environ. 1989; 84: 1-12. Skibniewska KA. Diet monitoring for assessment of human exposure to environmental pollutants. Environment International 2003; 28: 703 709. Moon CS, Zhang ZW, Shimbo S, Watanabe T, Moon DH, Lee CU, Lee BK, Ahn KD, Lee SH, Ikeda, M. Dietary intake of cadmium and lead among the general population in Korea. Environ Res, 1996; 71: 46-54. De Vos R, Van Dokkum W, Olthof, PDA, Quirijns JK, Muys T, Van Der Poll JM. Pesticides and other chemical residues in Dutch total diet samples (June 1976-July 1978). Food Chem Toxicol 1984; 22: 11 - 21. Saleh ZA, Brunn H, Paetzold R, Hussein L. Nutrients and chemical residues in an Egyptian total mixed diet. Food Chem, 1998; 63: 535 541. Table 1. Content of toxic and potentially toxic elements in investigated samples * / - concentrations are below the limit of detection of applied method (LDAs= 0.5g/l, LDHg= 0.5g/l, LDPb=2g/l). Levels of investigated toxic elements that were below the limits of the detection of applied methods, were considered to be zeros for the sake of statistical analysis. Cabbage (mg/kg FW)Potato (mg/kg FW)Sampling site NoCuZnCdPbtotal HgAsCuZnCdPbtotal HgAswar engulfed areas10.240.970.0120.006* //1.554.330.0200.100.003/20.171.450.0060.012//1.608.340.0390.060.007/30.231.800.0080.023//1.595.100.0590.14//40.624.270.0090.114//1.952.640.0120.14//50.311.600.0050.039//1.903.940.0080.11//60.382.190.0070.012//2.986.450.0120.270.040/70.382.350.0070.020//1.874.570.0100.080.025/80.332.330.006///1.853.960.0270.140.030/90.251.590.0070.018//1.714.050.0220.060.010/100.171.450.006///2.464.040.0050.110.017/outside of war area110.303.400.0070.027//1.023.420.0100.070.004/120.402.910.0170.021//1.675.850.0630.060.017/130.383.030.0270.011//2.574.690.0400.030.008/140.312.440.0070.014//2.0014.110.0570.080.005/150.392.030.0140.026//1.718.570.0310.040.015/160.352.370.0100.002//1.754.860.0580.040.002/170.322.420.0200.284//1.394.390.0210.38//180.262.210.006///1.264.340.0080.010.024/190.382.460.0150.110//1.585.120.0410.110.019/200.301.700.0100.005//1.763.900.0200.170.007/ Table2. Estimated daily lead intakes in some countries countrydaily intake (g/ 70 kg person)referencesCroatia15 100Blanua and Jurea (2001)17) Sapunar-Postruznik et al. 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(1994)19)Belgium179Buchet at al. (1983)20)United Kingdom115 150 24Hazell (1985)21) MAFF UK (2000)22) Ysart et al. (1999)23)Chile206Munoz et al. (2005)24)Spain28.4 43 Llobet et al. (2003)25) Urieta et al. (1996)26) Germany19 18 77.7Seifert and Anke (2000)27) Wilhelm et al. (2003)28) Stelz et al. (1990) 29)Finland52,9Louekari et al. (1989)30)Poland68.2Skibniewska (2003)31)Korea20.5Moon et al. (1995) 32)Netherlands32de Vos et al. (1984)33)Egypt242Saleh et al. (1998)34) Table 3. Estimation of toxic and potentially toxic element intake through cabbage and potatoe consumption in Croatia POTATOPbCdtotal HgZnCuaverage (mg/kg FW)0.0960.0280.0115.3341.809average potatoe consumption42.51 kg /person/yearestimated weekly (daily) intake through potatoe consumption - on 70 kg body weight basis.0.078 mg0.023 mg0.009 mg(0.621 mg)(0.210 mg)PTWI (PMTDI) for 70 kg person1.75 mg0.49 mg0.35 mg(70 mg)(35 mg)estimated intake as percentage of PTWI (PMTDI)4.45%4.69%2.86%(0.88%)(0.6%)TDI in Croatia weekly (daily) intake*- on 70 kg body weight basis.0.701 mg0.1214 mg0.019 mg8.1 mg0.6 mgestimated intake as percentage of Croatian TDI11.13%18.95%47.36%7.67 %35 % CABBAGEPbCdtotal HgZnCuaverage (mg/kg FW)0.0240.010302.2490.324average cabbage consumption11,73 kg/person/yearestimated intake weekly (daily) through cabbage consumption 0.005mg0.002 mg0(0.072 mg)(0.01 mg)PTWI (PMTDI)1.75 mg0.49 mg0.35 mg(70 mg)(35 mg)estimated intake as percentage of PTWI (PMTDI)0.29%0.41%0%(0.10%)(0.03%)TDI in Croatia - weekly (daily) intake*- on 70 kg body weight basis.0.701 mg0.1214 mg0.019mg(8.1 mg)(0.6 mg)estimated intake as percentage of TDI0.71%1.65%0%0.89 %1.67 % TOTALestimated intake weekly (daily) through cabbage and potatoe consumption0.0830.0250.009(0.693mg)(0.22mg)estimated intake as percentage of PTWI (PMTDI)4.74%5.10%2.86%(0.98%)(0.63%)estimated intake as percentage of TDI11.84%20.59%47.60%8.56%36.67% *TDIs for Pb and Cd 13) TDI for Hg 14) TDIs for Cu and Zn 17) -.6?)$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*kdnT$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 lad$>&`#$/Ifgd"*d$>&`#$/7$8$H$Ifgd"*),-NQRz}~ 589NQRX^fijȱȜȱȜhh"*CJH*mHsH)h"*CJH*OJQJaJmHnHsHtH,hh"*CJOJQJaJmHnHsHtH,hh"*CJOJQJaJmHnHsHtH h"*CJhh"*CJhh"*CJH* h"*CJH*66:RSbfjmAkdGU$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 lad$>&`#$/Ifgd"*$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*m~WAA$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*kd V$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 lad$>&`#$/Ifgd"* jTTTTAAd$>&`#$/Ifgd"*$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*kdV$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 la   9U????$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*kdW$$Ifl+F  @  t 6`>06    44 lad$>&`#$/Ifgd"*9Rjks='$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*kdX$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 lad$>&`#$/7$8$H$Ifgd"*d$>&`#$/Ifgd"*sxAkdY$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 lad$>&`#$/Ifgd"*$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*jTTAd$>&`#$/Ifgd"*$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*kdeZ$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 lajTT9$d$>&`#$/7$8$H$Ifa$gd"*$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*kd>[$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 la !"#$%&')*IJQ.056:<ABFHil졝~u~uououououououououououou hCJhhCJhh5CJ\h( hhh/Mhxh hh/he4h"*CJH*OJQJaJmHnHsHtH)h"*CJH*OJQJaJmHnHsHtH,hh"*CJOJQJaJmHnHsHtHhh"*CJhe4h"*CJH** "hRR:d$>&`#$/7$8$H$Ifgd"*$d$>&`#$/Ifa$gd"*kd\$$Ifl,F  @  t 6`>06    44 la"#$%&'(*jb]QLG?$a$gdi$a$gdx $<`<a$gdxgd$a$gdkd]$$IflF  @  t 6`>06    44 la*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGgdGHIJKLMNOPQsikd]$$Ifl|#e$ t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4dgd`gdgd   $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4.4:90$$ $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4kda^$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la:@FLM-kd._$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4Mi m|kd_$$Ifl|0 #  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4  *2:90$$ $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4kd`$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la+,24;< GHNOUV[\gY\bcmoyz'(NOWXabjkshh5CJ\ hCJhhCJhh6CJ]V:BJRS-kdda$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4S $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde490$$ $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4kd1b$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la -kdc$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4ELSZaf $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4fg9- $$Ifa$gde4kdc$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4ikdd$$Ifl|#e$ t0e$644 la90$$ $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4kd*e$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la-kde$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4Yajlwm|kdf$$Ifl|0 #  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4 90$$ $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4kd`g$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la-kd3h$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4 $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4MV`90$$ $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4kdi$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la`hqz{-kdi$$Ifl|ֈ 8#  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4st>?DEJKQR[\%()=>ABCѽѵ hhhe4hH*he4he4CJH*aJhe4CJaJhe4CJH*aJh _hCJaJhh5CJ\hhCJ hCJ5{ $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde49- $$Ifa$gde4kdj$$Iflֈ 8#  t0e$644 la=CIOYb $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4ikdyk$$Ifl#e$ t0e$644 labc90$$ $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4kdk$$IflBֈ 8#  t0e$644 la-kdl$$Iflֈ 8#  t0e$644 la $$Ifa$gde4 $$Ifa$gde4 $Ifgde4)94)) $da$gdgdkdm$$Iflֈ 8#  t0e$644 la)BC`gd $da$gde4&1h:p/M. 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