аЯрЁБс>ўџ ‚„ўџџџ€џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС7 №Пѕ9bjbjUU 2ˆ7|7|M3џџџџџџl:::::::N    (Nl>Ж88888Л=Н=Н=Н=Н=Н=Н=$"? BAмс=E:с=m6::88л&>m6m6m6  :8:8Л=m6Л=m6"m67::78, pVnШ џХNО Г't77,<>0l>7B'6FB7m6NN::::йINFLUENCES OF SOIL TILLAGE AND FERTILIZATION ON MAIZE YIELD AND WEED INFESTATION Miomir TOLIMIR1, -Miladin VESKOVIC1, -Ilija KOMLJENOVIC2, -Ivica DJALOVIC3 -Bojan STIPESEVIC4 1 Maize Research Institute, S. Bajica 1, 11185 Zemun Polje, Serbia and Montenegro 2 University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture, 78000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia nad Herzegovina 3 University in Kragujevac, Faculty of Agriculture, 32000 Cacak, Serbia and Montenegro 4 University J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia Abstract The field experiment was conducted after wheat harvesting (July 1997) on Zemun Polje chernozem. Maize was grown under dry farming system (without irrigation) for three growing seasons (the factor A: 1998, 1999 and 2000). Soil tillage systems (the factor B) included three treatments as follows: B1) zero tillage (direct sowing in non-cultivated soil), B2) minimum tillage (tillage with a soil miller only and sowing) and B3) conventional tillage (stubble field shallow ploughing, ploughing in autumn, presowing soil preparing and sowing). In each soil tillage treatment three levels of fertilization were used as follows: C1) unfertilized (control), C2) the first level of fertilization (kg ha-1: 150 N + 105 P2O5 + 75 K2O) and C3) the second level of fertilization (kg ha-1: 300 N + 211 P2O5 + 150 K2O). The field experiment was conducted in four replicates. Area of base plot was 25 m2. Under drought stress of the 2000 growing season it was only 6.08 t ha-1 or 35% lower compared to 1999. The conventional tillage (yield 9.86 t ha-1) resulted by 24% and 84% yield increases compared to reduced tillage and zero-tillage, respectively. Using the second rate of fertilizer (yield 8.86 t ha-1) increased yields by 17% and 32% compared to the first rate and non-fertilized treatments, respectively. Weeds infestations (weeds m-2) under conventional tillage was considerably lower (7) compared to reduced (39) and zero-tillage (46). Key word: maize, soil tillage, fertilization, yield, weeds Introduction Maize is the first ranged crop on arable lands in Serbia. In the last decade period id was grown between 1.25 and 1.40 million hectares/year or near 40% of total arable lands. As soil tillage influences considerably in increase of inputs, there are conception for its reduction by omission of some tillage intervention. However in Serbia is prevailing conventional or classical soil tillage system including considerable consumption of time, energy and human work. Also, as affected by many soil tillage intervention there are some negative influences on physical properties of soil (Zugec, 1986; Komljenovic. 1994). Aim of this study was testing soil tillage and fertilization systems influences on maize yields and weed composition on chernozem soil. Material and methods The field experiment The field experiment was conducted after wheat harvesting (July 1997) on the experimental field of Maize Research Institute in Zemun Polje (chernozem soil type: pH in H2O = 7.7; pH in 1nKCl = 7.0; AL-method: 16.4 mg P2O5 and 31.2 mg K2O 100 g-1 ). Maize was grown under dry farming system for three growing seasons (1998, 1999 and 2000). Soil tillage systems included three treatments as follows: B1) zero tillage (direct sowing in non-cultivated soil), B2) minimum tillage (tillage with a soil miller only and sowing) and B3) conventional tillage (stubble field shallow ploughing, ploughing in autumn, presowing soil preparing and sowing). In each soil tillage treatment three levels of fertilization were used as follows: C1) unfertilized (control), C2) the first level of fertilization (kg ha-1: 150 N + 105 P2O5 + 75 K2O) and C3) the second level of fertilization (kg ha-1: 300 N + 211 P2O5 + 150 K2O). The field experiment was conducted in four replicates by split – split – plot method. Area of base plot was 25 m2. Weed infestation was determined by the method of testing quadrates. Herbicides were applied post-emergence at early growing stage of maize after determination of weed infestation. Maize hybrid of late-maturity group (ZPSC 704) was sown in the second half of April by pneumatic sowing machine adapted for direct sowing. Density of sowing was 60600 seed ha-1. Maize was harvested manually in the first half of October. Maize yields were calculated on realized plant density and 14% grain mosture basis.The field trial was continued according to same method for the next three growing seasons. Weather conditions Drought stress and excess of precipitation were main weather characteristics for 2000 and 1999, respectively, while 1998 was in that regard similar to long-term means (Table 1). Table 1. Weather characteristics (the data of Weather Bureau Zemun Polje ) Weather properties for three years and long-term means (LTM: 1953-1995)Precipitation (mm)Mean air-temperature (oC)LTMMonth199819992000199819992000mmoCApril (IV) May (V) June (VI) July (VII) August (VIII) September (IX)30.6 55.2 81.2 34.8 41.1 88.573.3 62.9 152.5 264.1 12.6 85.458.8 38.2 30.6 28.4 7.2 57.213.9 16.3 22.1 23.1 22.9 16.412.8 17.4 20.5 21.9 22.7 19.616.1 19.3 21.5 22.0 23.7 17.549.1 62.3 80.1 62.4 50.6 43.511.4 16.7 19.9 21.7 21.2 17.4IV-IX: Total IV-IX: Mean331.4650.8202.6 19.1 19.1 20.0348.0 18.0 Results and discussion Grain yield of maize considerably depended on the year, soil tillage and fertilization. For example, under drought stress of the 2000 growing season it was only 6.08 t ha-1 or 35% lower compared to the previous year. The conventional tillage (yield 9.86 t ha-1) resulted by 24% and 84% yield increases compared to reduced and zero-tillage, respectively. Using the second rate of fertilizer (yield 8.86 t ha-1) increased yields by 17% and 32% compared to the first rate and non-fertilized treatments, respectively. Ziro- tillage resulted by 10% (1998), 48% (1999) and 71% (2000) yield reduction compared to the conventional tillage. Maize yields on unfertilized plots were lower by 35% (1998), 8% (1999) and 32% (2000) compared to the second rate of fertilization. Yield reduction on the unfertilized plots compared to the second rate of fertilization was the higher under conditions of zero-tillage (39%) than on the reduced tillage (18%) and conventional tillage (20%). Influences of soil tillage on yield reduction was depended also on the fertilizaton. For example, yield reductions on the zero-tillage treatment compared to the conventional tillage were as follows: 52%, 49% and 38%, for unfertilized, the first rate and the second rate fertilization, respectively. Table 2. Influences of year (A), soil tillage (B) and fertilization (C) and their interactions (AB, AC and BC) on maize yields (the hybrid ZPSC 704) on Zemun Polje chernozem YearSoil tillage (factor B)Fertilization (factor C)*Mean(factor A)B1B2B3C1C2C3 Grain yield of maize (t/ha on 14% grain moisture basis)Interaction AxBInteraction AxCA1998 1999 20007.18 5.94 2.967.91 10.72 5.157.97 11.47 10.126.32 8.92 4.877.05 9.50 6.209.69 9.72 7.167.69 9.38 6.08Mean C6.707.588.86Interaction BxCBZero tillage (B1) Reduced tillage (B2) Conventional tillage (B3)4.19 7.18 8.735.04 7.87 9.846.85 8.73 10.995.36 7.93 9.86Analysis of variance (LSD and F values)LSD 5% LSD 1%A: 0.40 0.55B: 0.40 0.55 C: 0.30 0.40AB: 0.70 0.95AC: 0.52 0.69BC: 0.52 n.s.F values148.95**277.78**104.62**67.56**16.68**2.97** kg/ha (N+ P2O5+ K2O): C1 = 0 , C2 = 150+105+75, C3 = 300+ 211+150 Table 3. Influences of year and soil tillage on weeds infestations Number of plants per square metterWeed artsZero tillageMinimum tillageConventional tillage199819992000199819992000199819992000Cirsium arvense Convolvulus arvensis Rubus caesius Sorghum halepense Amaranthus retroflexus Datura stramonium Hibiscus trionum Solanum nigrum15.3 4.0 0 2.0 0.7 0 0 06.0 0.6 6.0 6.6 0 0 0 015.3 7.3 0 12.0 11.3 1.3 0.7 4.73.3 2.7 0 0 0 0.7 4.7 08.0 5.3 5.3 12.0 0 0 0 013.3 8.7 0 8.7 8.0 0 1.0 5.30.7 0.7 0 0 0.7 0.7 0 0.71.3 2.6 2.0 2.0 0 0 0 00 2.3 0 0.7 0 0 1.7 0.7The other weed arts2.716.214.42.718.412.60.71.91.3Total more-annual weeds Total annual weeds24.0 0.731.1 4.340.6 36.28.7 1.447.8 1.236.0 21.61.4 2.89.8 04.3 2.8Total24.735.476.810.149.057.64.29.87.1Mean on soil tillage level45.638.97.0Total number of weed arts613116109665 Weeds infestations (weeds m-2) under conventional tillage was considerably lower (7) compaed to reduced (39) and zero-tillage (46). More-annual weeds were dominant compared to annual weeds (Table 3). As under reduced tillage conditions have been evidently perennial weeds increases, application of integral soil and crop management practices including increased fertilization for weed control were suggested (Saric and Djalovic 2004) . As major eastern parts of Hungary and Croatia have similar environmental conditions as northern Serbia, some results of soil tillage treatments under these conditions were shown. For example, Birkas and Gyuricza (2000) tested weed infestation under conditions of Hungary as affected by different soil tillage practices. Lack of fertilization, shallows spring tillage, cropping without rotation, long-term applied shallow tillage, spring ploughing and double disking are noted as factors promoting weed infestation. Birkas et al. (2002) concluded that soil condition deteriorated by disk-pan compaction decreased the maize yield significantly by 20 and 42% (w/w) comparing to soils with no disk-pan. Soil condition deteriorated by disk-pan, increase weed infestation in maize, however, the soil loosening had a limiting effect on the perennial weeds. Percze et al. (2002) concluded that disk tillage combined with loosening proved to be a favourable subsoil conservation method. Birkas et al. (2004a) tested tillage effects on compaction, earthworms and other soil quality indicators in Hungary. The data show that annual disking and ploughing causes subsoil compaction at the depth of tillage within 3 years and that the compacted layer expanded both in surface and deeper layers after the 5th year. Birkas et al. (2004b) tested factors affecting the production loss under drought conditions. In GіdіllQ experiments on Chromic Luvisol, the rata of the clod:aggregate:dust were 54:18:18 % in the annually disked soil, while in the ploughed soil resulted of 52:31:17 %. These rata were differed (49:36:15) by the use of a soil structure conservation method (direct drilling). Stipesevic et al. (2000) applied five soil tillage (ST) treatments for maize- winter wheat – winter barley rotation on loessive pseudogley of Eastern Croatia. ST were as follows: a) conventional (stubble field discharrowing, ploughing to 30-35 cm, spring: diskharrowing and vibrocultivation, inter-row cultivation, b) a following discharrowing in previous year, c) diskharrowing following a in previous year, d) diskharrowing every year, the other as a, e) diskharrowing and loosening of plow-layer (30-35 cm), the other as a. Maize yielded significantly higher following a and b treatments. References Birkсs M., Gyuricza Cs. (2000): Direktsaat-Dauerversuchsergebnisse mit Kіrnermais im pannonischen Produktionsgebeit Ungarns. Die Bodenkultur, 51 (1): 19-34. Birkсs M., Jolсnkai M., Gyuricza C., Percze A. (2004a: Tillage effects on compaction, earthworms and other soil quality indicators in Hungary. Soil Till. Res. Special Issue “Soil Quality as an Indicator of Sustainable Tillage Practices” (ed. Karlen, D.L.) 78 (2): 185-196. Birkсs M., Szalai T., Gyuricza C., Gecse M., Bordсs K. (2002): Effects of the disk tillage on soil condition, crop yield and weed infestation. Rostlinnс Vyroba, 48(1): 20-26. Birkсs M., Ujj, A., Bencsik, K. (2004): Factors affecting the production loss under drought. Proceedings of the 13th conference on nutrition of domestic animals. “ Zadravec-Erjavec Days” (ed. Pen, A.) 4-5 Nov., 2004., Radenci, Slovenia, pp. 47-53. Komljenovic I. (1994): Efekti redukovane obrade zemljišta za kukuruz u agroekološkim uslovima Slavonije (Effects of reduced tillage for maize under agroecological conditions of Slavonia province( - Doctoral Thesis, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture. Percze A., Gyuricza Cs., Birkсs M., SzemQk A, Ujj A. (2002): Extension of the tillagepan compaction and its impacts on some crop production factors. Agriculture, Nitra, 48: 282-290. Stipesevic, B., Zugec, I., Josipovic, M. (2000): Investigation of Rational Soil Tillage for Maize (Zea mays L.) in Eastern Croatia. Proc. of the 15th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO), CD-ROM, 2-7 VII 2000., Fort Worth, Texas, SAD. Saric T., Djalovic I. (2004): The effect of soil tillage systems, crop rotation and herbicides on johnsongrass control in maize. Herbologia 3 (2): 87–96. Zugec I. (1986): The Effect of Reduced Soil Tillage on Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain Yield in Eastern Croatia. Soil & Tillage Research, 7. p.p. 19–28. RSacuvŠ‹œžАГДz{бг,-678˜Ўю№џ   = ? 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