ࡱ> .0+,-`bjbj .F{&lSlSlS8ShT ULlU"UUUUlXPYt$qh٫RPaUUPaPaUU?XXXPat,UUXPaXXrXTXUU Pcb`lSčU0+h+XX\+Y6[X]D^~YYYXYYYPaPaPaPa<hAhA NASLOV: Zna aj hamularne udaljenosti prilikom izbora airine gornjih prednjih zuba AUTORI: Nikola Petri evi, dr. * Asja elebi, Prof. dr.sc * Maja Bau i, mg. sc. * Robert Antoni, mg. sc. ** USTANOVA: * Stomatoloaki fakultet, Sveu iliate u Zagrebu, Gundulieva 5, 10000 Zagreb ** Medicinski fakultet, Studij stomatologije, Sveu iliate u Rijeci, Kreaimirova 40, Rijeka Adresa za dopisivanje: Dr. Nikola Petri evi, Zavod za mobilnu protetiku, Stomatoloaki fakultet, Gundulieva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska e-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:nikolapetricevic@yahoo.com" nikolapetricevic@yahoo.com tel. ++ 385 1 4802 165 ZNA AJ HAMULARNE UDALJENOSTI PRILIKOM IZBORA `IRINE GORNJIH PREDNJIH ZUBA UVOD Smatra se da je estetski odgovarajua proteza ona koja se zna ajno ne razlikuje od prirodnih zuba (1-4). Zato je izbor prednjih zuba jako va~an faktor prilikom izrade proteza. Pri izboru zuba su najva~niji faktori ispravne dimenzije, boja i oblik (5-7). U povijesti izbora umjetnih zuba postojale su razli ite teorije prema kojima bi izbor umjetnih zuba bio zadovoljavajui. Najstarija je teorija temperamenta (8), koja je potpuno neznanstvena. Najpoznatija Williamsova teorija (9,10) nastala je dvadesetih godina proalog stoljea, a odnosi se na istovjetnost obrnutog i umanjenog oblika lica i oblika zuba, pri emu se razlikuju 3 osnovna oblika (ovalan, etvrtast i trokutast). Ova teorija ne daje smjernice o izboru veli ine zuba. Nakon Williamsa, Fisher i Frush (11-13), etrdesetih godina tvrde da je najva~niji SPA faktor (sex, personality, age), tj. da se prilikom izbora zuba treba voditi ra una o spolu, osobnosti i dobi pacijenta. Lowery i Nelson (14, 15) pridodali su teoriji o istovjetnosti oblika lica i sredianjeg gornjeg sjekutia joa i oblik nepca. Meutim, najnovija istra~ivanja negiraju postojanje korelacije izmeu oblika lica i sredianjeg gornjeg sjekutia (16-18) ili oblika nepca i sredianjeg gornjeg sjekutia (19). Takoer se u literaturi navodi da umjetni zubi u protezi ne djeluju prirodno jer su esto preuski ili preduga ki (20), a usporedba dimenzija umjetnih i prirodnih zuba pokazala je da su u najveem postotku umjetni zubi preuski. Stoga je svrha ovog istra~ivanja bila ustanoviti mo~e li se temeljem mjerenja odreenih dimenzija tvrdog nepca rekonstruirati ispravne dimenzije gornjih prednjih zuba. ISPITANICI I POSTUPCI U istra~ivanju je sudjelovalo 80 ispitanika Angle klase I (26 muakog spola i 54 ~enskog spola, u dobi od 18 do 30 godina), ali su dopuatena minimalna odstupanja (male rotacije i kompresije zuba) . Iz ispitivanja su bili isklju eni ispitanici kojima je nedostajao jedan ili viae zuba (izuzev umnjaka) te ispitanici sa ispunima na prednjim zubima, protetskim radovima ili abrazijom. Ispitanici sa ortodontskim anomalijama, asimetrijama i genetskim poremeajima veli ine i oblika zuba takoer su eliminirani iz ovog istra~ivanja. Isklju eni su i ispitanici koji su bili i trenutno su u ortodontskoj terapiji. Svi ispitanici bili su informirani o cilju i na inu provedbe istra~ivanja te su dali svoj usmeni pristanak. Ispitanicima u uzeti otisci gornje eljusti u alginatu (Alginoplast fast set, Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany), a potom su modeli izliveni u tvrdoj sadri (Vel-Mix Stone, Kerr Italia S. p. A., Salerno, Italy). Mjerenja na modelima izvraio je jedan istra~iva  pomou precizne pomi ne klizne mjerke (TMA MEBA, Zagreb, Hrvatska) preciznosti 0,1 mm. Na svim zubima gornje fronte izmjerene su airine zuba na najairem dijelu. Izra unat je zbroj airina sredianjeg lijevog i desnog, bo nog lijevog i desnog inciziva i oba o njaka. Takoer je izmjerena airina zubnog luka tako da se na model prislonilo fleksibilno ravnalo te o itao opseg od distoaproksimalne plohe lijevog o njaka do distoaproksimalne plohe desnog o njaka u razini kontaktne to ke sa prvim premolarima. Izmjerena je pomou pomi ne mjerke i udaljenost izmeu vrakova kanina. Na nepcu je izmjerena hamularna udaljenost (udaljenost izmeu lijeve i desne hamularne udubine), prednja gornja airina (airina izmeu fisura gornjih prvih premolara) i stra~nja gornja airina (airina izmeu fisura gornjih prvih molara). Statisti ka obrada napravljena je pomou programa SPSS 12 for Windows. Normalnost distribucije testirana je pomou Kolmogorov-Smirnovljevog testa, izra unate su srednje vrijednosti i standardne devijacije izmjerenih varijabli, a za usporedbu zna ajnosti razlike izmeu aritmeti kih sredina pojedinih varijabli upotrebljen je t test za zavisne uzorke. REZULTATI Kolmogorov-Smirnov test pokazao je da su za sve izmjerene varijable distribucije bile normalne (p>0,05). Aritmeti ke sredine i standardne devijacije za izmjerene airine svakog pojedina nog zuba gornje fronte prikazane su na slici 1. Testiranje zna ajnosti razlike izmeu zuba na lijevoj i desnoj strani zubnog luka prikazano je u tablici 1. Nije bilo statisti ki zna ajne razlike izmeu airina istovjetnih zuba s desne i lijeve strane zubnog luka (p>0,05). Aritmeti ke sredine i standardne devijacije airine izmeu vrakova o njaka, zbroja airina svakog pojedinog zuba gornje fronte, opsega zubnog luka gornje fronte (mjerena fleksibilnim ravnalom), prednje gornje airine, stra~nje gornje airine i hamularne udaljenosti prikazane su na slici 2. Testiranje zna ajnosti razlike izmeu airina nepca i zbroja airina gornje fronte prikazano je u tablici 2. Nije bilo statisti ki zna ajne razlike izmeu hamularne udaljenosti i zbroja airina gornje fronte te izmeu stra~nje gornje airine (udaljenost centra fisura gornjih aestica) i zbroja airina gornje fronte (p>0,05), ato zna i da su ove vrijednosti istovjetne te se hamularna udaljenost i stra~nja gornja airina mogu uzeti kao mjera za izbor ukupne airine gornje fronte u razini kontaktnih to aka. Statisti ki zna ajna razlika postoji izmeu ostalih airina (p<0,05), te se ove vrijednosti ne mogu uzeti kao mjera za izbor ukupne airine gornje fronte u razini kontaktnih to aka. RASPRAVA Izbor prikladnih umjetnih zuba va~na je faza u protetici zbog njezina estetskog zna aja. U odlu ivanju koji prikladni zub odabrati treba voditi ra una o obliku i dimenzijama, zuba. S obzirom na sredianji polo~aj prednjih zuba razumljiva je va~nost njihove estetske uloge, posebno gornje fronte (21). Od gornje fronte najairi su gornji sredianji incizivi, zatim kanini, a naju~i su bo ni incizivi (slika 1). U literaturi se navode srednje vrijednosti zuba na lijevoj i desnoj strani zubnog luka. Testirana je zna ajnost razlika izmeu airina zuba na lijevoj i desnoj strani zubnog luka (tablica 1). Nije bilo statisti ki zna ajne razlike (p>0,05). Prema Brandu i Isselhardu (22) i Berkovitza i sur. (23) centralni gornji inciziv airok je 8,5 mm, lateralni gornji inciziv 6,5 mm, a gornji o njak 7,5 mm, ato je u skladu s rezultatima ovog istra~ivanja. Za estetiku gornje fronte, a pogotovo pri izboru umjetnih zuba za proteze, bitna je ukupna airina (zbroj) gornjih frontalnih zuba. U radu se ~eljelo usporediti airinu gornje fronte (zbroja airina svakog pojedinog zuba gornje fronte, opsega zubnog luka gornje fronte mjeren fleksibilnim ravnalom i airina izmau vrakova o njaka) sa airinama nepca (prednja gornja airina, stra~nja gornja airina i hamularna udaljenost). Dobivene vrijednosti prikazane su na slici 2. Izmjerene je opseg zubnog luka (52,05 mm), zatim stra~nja gornja airina (46,1 mm), zbroj airina gornje fronte (46,04 mm), prednja gornja airina (35,8 mm) i udaljenost izmeu kuspisa o njaka (34,19 mm). Ukupan zbroj airina gornjih prednjih zuba va~an je kod izbora zuba za protezu. Va~an je i opseg zubnog luka (luk u kojem su zubi postavljeni), a i udaljenost izmeu vrakova o njaka. U radu se ~eljela usporediti ukupna airina gornje fronte sa hamularnom udaljenoau, stra~njom i prednjom gornjom airinom, tj. testirana je zna ajnost razlike. Takoer je testirana zna ajnost razlike izmeu hamularne udaljenosti i opsega zubnog luka gornje fronte (mjeren izmeu distoaproksimalnih ploha gornjih o njaka savitljivim ravnalom preko zubnog luka), te izmeu hamularne udaljenosti i airine izmeu incizalnih vrakova gornjih kanina. Nije bilo statisti ki zna ajne razlike izmeu stra~nje gornje airine i zbroja airina gornje fronte (p>0,05, tablica 2), niti izmeu hamularne udaljenosti i zbroja airina gornje fronte (p>0,05, tablica 2). To zna i da se zbroj airine prednjih gornjih frontalnih zuba zna ajno ne razlikuje od stra~nje gornje airine, niti od hamularne udaljenosti. Nakon vaenja svih zuba, nestaje stra~nja gornja airina, koju je nemogue rekonstruirati zbog individualne resorpcije alveolarnog grebena. Meutim, hamularna udaljenost se ne mijenja tijekom ~ivota i ne ovisi o zubima, ve o anatomskoj grai svakog pojedinca (24), tako da je hamularna udaljenost prikladna anatomska veli ina za odreivanje ukupne airine gornje fronte. Prednja gornja airina bila je zna ajno manja od zbroja airina gornje fronte (p<0,05, tablica 2). `irina izmeu vrakova o njaka bila je zna ajno manja od hamularne udaljenosti (p<0,05, tablica 2). Interkanina udaljenost (izmeu kuspisa) (34,19 mm) ne razlikuje se od vrijednosti drugih autora (25, 26). Opseg zubnog luka gornje fronte mjeren fleksibilnim ravnalom bila je zna ajno vea od hamularne udaljenosti (p < 0,01, tablica 2). Takoer je opseg zubnog luka gornje fronte mjeren fleksibilnim ravnalom zna ajno vei i od zbroja airine gornjih prednjih zuba (p < 0,01, tablica 2), uslijed postave po zubnom luku, koji je airi od zbroja pojedina nih airina svakog zuba gornje fronte. ZAKLJU CI: Prosje ne vrijednosti airine gornjih prednjih zuba mogu koristiti prilikom proizvodnje umjetnih zuba za proteze. Hamularna udaljenost (udaljenost izmeu hamularnih udubina na nepcu) statisti ki se zna ajno ne razlikuje od zbroja airina svih zuba gornje fronte (p>0,05) te se mo~e koristiti prilikom izbora ukupne airine gornje fronte. SA}ETAK: Nije jednostavno izabrati prikladne umjetne zube za protezu ukoliko ne postoje predekstrakcijski modeli ili fotografije. Ovim istra~ivanjem ~eljele su se utvrditi prosje ne airine prednjih gornjih zuba i nepca. Takoer vrha je bila ustanoviti mo~e li se temeljem mjerenja odreenih dimenzija tvrdog nepca rekonstruirati ispravne dimenzije gornjih prednjih zuba. U svrhu istra~ivanja izmjerene su dimenzije zuba i nepca na modelima gornje eljusti 80 mlaih ispitanika (26 muaka pacijenta i 54 ~enska pacijenta) s intaktnom denticijom i Angle klase I. Rezultati ovog rada pokazali su da je najairi centralni gornji sjekuti,neato je u~i o njak, a naju~i je lateralni gornji sjekuti. Vrijednosti su dobijene za opseg zubnog luka (52,05 mm), zatim za hamularnu udaljenost (47,1 mm), za stra~nju gornju airinu (46,1 mm), za zbroj airina gornje fronte (46,04 mm), za prednju gornju airinu (35,8 mm) i za udaljenost izmeu vrakova o njaka (34,19 mm). Pri izboru airine gornje fronte mo~e nam poslu~iti hamularna udaljenost (udaljenost izmeu hamularnih udubina na nepcu) i stra~nja gornja airina (udaljenost centra fisura gornjih prvih kutnjaka), jer se statisti ki zna ajno ne razlikuju (p>0,05). Nakon vaenja svih zuba nestaje stra~nja gornja airina i nemogue ju je rekonstruirati zbog individualne resorpcije alveolarnog grebena. Meutim, hamularna udaljenost se ne mijenja tijekom ~ivota i ne ovisi o zubima tako da je prikladna anatomska veli ina za odreivanje ukupne airine gornje fronte. Klju ne rije i: hamularna udaljenost, airine prednjih gornjih zuba, stra~nja gornja airina LITERATURA: Jerolimov V, Kraljevi K. Antropometrijsko-estetski aspekt totalne proteze. Dostignua u stomatoloakoj protetici II. Zagreb: SNL; 1982. elebi A, Knezovi-Zlatari D.  HYPERLINK "http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&rad=138151" \t "_blank" A comparison of patient's satisfaction between complete and partial removable denture wearers. J Dent 2003; 31: 445-51. Allen F, Locker D. A modified short version of the Oral health impact profile for assesing Health-related quality of life in edentulous adults. Int J Prost 2002; 15: 446-50. elebi A, Knezovi-Zlatari D, Papi M, Carek V, Bau i I, Stipeti J.  HYPERLINK "http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&rad=141798" \t "_blank" Factors related to patient satisfaction with complete denture therapy. J Gerontol Series A Biological Sciences Medical Sciences 2003; 58: 948-53. Brisman AS. Esthetics. A comparison of dentists, and patients, concepts. J Am Dent Assoc 1980; 100: 345-352. Sellen PN, Jagger DC, Harrison A. Methods used to select artificial anterior teeth for the edentulous patient: a historical overview. Int J Prost 1999; 12: 51. Ibrahimagic L, erolimov V, Celebic A, Carek V, Baucic I, Zlataric DK. Relationship between the face and the tooth form. Coll Antropol. 2001; 25: 619-624. White JW. Temperamental theory in relation to the teeth. Dental Cosmos 1884; 26: 113-120. Williams JL. The temperamental selection of artificial teeth, a fallacy. Dent Digest 1914; 20: 63-75. Williams JL. A new classification of human tooth with special reference to a new system of artificial teeth. Dental Cosmos 1914; 56: 627- 636. Frush JP, Fisher RD. How dentogenic restorations interpret the personality factor. J Prosth Dent 1956; 6: 441-449. Frush JP, Fisher RD. How dentogenic restorations interpret the sex factor. J Prosthet Dent 1956; 6: 441. Frush JP, Fisher RD. The age factor in dentogenics. J Prosth Dent 1957; 7: 5-12. Nelson AA. The esthetic triangle in the arrangement of teeth. National Dent Assoc J 1922; 9: 392-401. Lowery PC. Art and esthetics as applied to prosthetics. Dental Cosmos 1921; 63: 1223-1226. Mavroskoufis F, Ritchie GM. The face-form as a guide for the selection of maxillary central incisors. J Prosthet Dent 1980; 43: 501-508. Bell RA. The geometric theory of selection of artificial teeth: is it valid? J Am Dent Assoc 1978; 97: 637-640. Lindemann HB, Knauer C, Pfeiffer P. Morphometric relationships between tooth and face. J Oral Rehabil 2004; 31: 972-978. Sellen PN, Phil B, Jagger DC, Harrison A. Computer-generated study of the correlation between tooth, face, arch forms and palatal contour. J Prosth Dent 1998; 80: 163-168. LaVere AM, Marcroft KR, Smith RC, Sarka RJ. Denture tooth selection: size matching of natural anterior tooth width with artificial denture teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1994; 72: 381-384. Payne SH. Contouring and positioning. In: Moss SJ ed. Esthetics. New York: Medcom Inc; 1973. p. 50-54 . Brand RW, Isselhard DE. Anatomy of orofacial structures. St Louis: The CV Mosby Co; 1977. Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxam BJ. A color atlas and textbookof oral anatomy. London, Bristol: Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd; 1977. Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Dellavia C, Colombo A, Ferrari RP. Three-dimensional hard tissue palatal size and shape: a 10-year longitudunal evaluation in healthy adults. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2002; 17: 51-58. Keng SB, Foong KWC. Maxillary arch and central incisors dimensions of an etnic Chinese population in relation to complete denture prosthodontics. Dent Journal Singapure 1996; 46: 103-107. Hoffman W, Bomberg TJ, Hatch RA. Interalar width as a guide in denture tooth selection. J Prosthet Dent 1986; 55: 219-221. TITLE: IMPORTANCE OF HAMULAR DISTANCE FOR CALCULATION OF THE WIDTH OF MAXILLARY ANTERIOR TEETH AUTHORS: Nikola Petri evi, dr. * Asja elebi, Prof. dr.sc * Maja Bau i, mg. sc. * Robert Antoni, mg. sc. ** INSTITUTION: *School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Gundulieva 5, 10000 Zagreb **School of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Department of Prosthodontics, Kreaimirova 40, 51000 Rijeka Address for correspondence: Dr. Nikola Petri evi, Department of Removable Prosthodontics School of Dental Medicine, Gundulieva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:nikolapetricevic@yahoo.com" nikolapetricevic@yahoo.com tel. ++ 385 1 4802 165 IMPORTANCE OF HAMULAR DISTANCE FOR CALCULATION OF THE WIDTH OF MAXILLARY ANTERIOR TEETH INTRODUCTION Esthetically acceptable dentures do not differ from the natural teeth (1-4). Therefore the the selection of artificial teeth is an important phase in complete denture construction. Dimensions, shape and colour are the most important factors in selection of artificial teeth (5-7). Attempts have been made to find a method for satisfactory selection of anterior teeth. The temperamental theory was the first one introduced (5), but unfortunately completely unscientific. Almost 90 years ago, Williams (9,10) suggested that a correlation existed between the upside-down facial shape and the shape of the upper central incisors. The dental outlines of the upper incisor were classified into three categories: tapered, ovoid and square-shaped. Leon Williams theory was the most accepted one although it did not suggest the size of the teeth. Frush and Fisher (11-13) introduced the dentogenic (SPA) theory. Selection of artificial teeth was determined on the basis of sex, personality, and age (SPA) of any individual. Lowery and Nelson (14, 15) proposed that a close relationship existed between face, tooth and tooth arch form (palate form). However, new studies neither were able to confirm the relationship between face form and the shape of upper central incisor (16-18), nor between palatal shape and a form of upper central incisor (19). The appearance of artificial teeth is usually not as natural as it should be. It has been documented in the literature that artificial teeth are too narrow or too long since the size of the prosthetic molds were too narrow in comparison with natural teeth (20). The aim of this study was to determine a possibility of reconstruction of maxillary incisors and frontal teeth dimensions using some dimensions of the hard palate. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 80 individuals (26 men and 56 women and 18-30 years old) participated in the study. Individuals were Angle class I occlusion (mimimal tooth rotations or compressions were allowed). Exclusion criteria were: one or more teeth missing (except third molars), frontal teeth dental restorations, prosthetic appliance or attrition. Patients undergone orthodontic treatment or patients with asymmetries and abnormalities in tooth size or shape were also excluded from this study. 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Alginate impressions of maxillary jaw were made (Alginoplast fast set, Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany) and casts were poured in the hard stone (Vel-Mix Stone, Kerr Italia S. p. A., Salerno, Italy). Measurements were made on the casts using a precise caliper (TMA MEBA, Zagreb, Croatia). All the measurements were made by one person. The width of maxillary frontal teeth was measured at their widest part. A sum of widths of upper frontal teeth was computed by summing the widths of left and right central incisor, the left and the right second incisors and the left and the right canines. A flexible millimeter ruler was also used to measure a curved distance between the disto-aproximal contact points of the canines and the first premolars. The distance between the cusp tips of maxillary canines was also measured. Hamular distance (distance between the left and the right hamular notch), frontal maxillary width (distance between central fissures of maxillary first premolars) and distal maxillary width (distance between the apices of the mesial triangular fossae on the right and left maxillary first molars) were measured on the casts. Statistical analysis was made in SPSS 12 for Windows. Normality of the distribution was checked by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Means and standard deviations were calculated and the significance between means was tested using paired t test. RESULTS The distribution of the data was not different from normal distribution, as revealed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p>0,05). Means and standard deviations of maxillary frontal teeth's widths are shown in the Figure 1. Significance of the differences between dimensions of the maxillary frontal teeth on the left and on the right side of dental arch is shown in the Table 1. No statistically significant differences were found between the widths of the teeth on the left and right side of the dental arch (p>0,05). Means and standard deviations between canine cusp tips, sum of the width of all maxillary frontal teeth, width of maxillary frontal teeth arch (measured with a flexible ruler), frontal maxillary width, distal maxillary width and hamular distance are shown in the Figure 2. Significance of the difference between palate width and sum of the widths of all maxillary frontal teeth is shown in the Table 2. No statistically significant difference was found between hamular distance and sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth. Also, no statistically significant difference was found between distal maxillary width and the sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth (p>0, 05). Since the widths are not significantly different hamular distance dimension, as well as distal maxillary width could be used for selection of the sum of widths of all maxillary frontal artificial teeth. Statistically significant differences were found between other tested widths (p<0,05) and therefore are not suitable for selection of the width of all frontal artificial teeth. DISCUSSION Selection of artificial teeth is very important in removable prosthodontics for its esthetic value. Decision on the selection of artificial teeth has to be based on the proper shape and exact dimensions. Central position of the frontal teeth, especially maxillary frontal teeth, has the strongest influence to esthetics (21). Among maxillary frontal teeth, central incisors are the widest and canines are wider than second incisors (figure 1). In dental literature mean values are presented for the teeth, no matter of their position on the left or right side of the dental arch. Significance of the differences between dimensions of equivalent teeth on the left and right side of dental arch was tested (table 1). No statistically significant differences were found (p>0.05). According to Brand and Isselhard (22) and Berkovitz et al. (23) maxillary central incisor is 8.5 mm wide, maxillary second incisor 6.5 mm, and maxillary canine 7.5 mm. These results are in agreement with our results. Sum of the width of all maxillary frontal teeth is important for esthetics of frontal dental arch. This study aimed to examine a relationship between the width of maxillary frontal teeth (sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth, dimension of maxillary frontal teeth arch measured with a flexible ruler, width between canine cusp tips) and the palate widths (frontal maxillary width, distal maxillary width and hamular distance). Results are shown in the Figure 2. Width of maxillary frontal teeth arch (measured with a flexible ruler) is 52,05 mm, the hamular distance 47,1 mm, distal maxillary width 46,1 mm, sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth 46,04 mm, frontal maxillary width 35,8 mm, and finally width between canine cusp tips is 34,19 mm. Width of maxillary frontal teeth is important for selection of artificial teeth in removable prosthodontics. Width of the dental arch and width between canine cusp tips are also important. Significance of the differences was tested between the sum of the widths of all maxillary frontal teeth and other widths: the frontal maxillary width, distal maxillary width and hamular distance. Significance of the differences was also tested between hamular distance and the width of maxillary frontal teeth arch measured with a flexible ruler, and between hamular distance and the width between canine cusp tips. Neither statistically significant difference was found between the distal maxillary width and the sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth, nor between hamular distance and the sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth (p>0.05, Table 2). The sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth is not significantly different from distal maxillary width or hamular distance. After the extraction of the all teeth, distal maxillary width is lost and it is not possible to reconstruct it because of the individual rate of alveolar bone resorption. On the other hand, hamular distance does not change during the life period (24), and it is not determined by teeth position but by anatomical structures. That is the reason why the hamular distance is suitable reference for maxillary frontal teeth width selection. Frontal maxillary width is significantly smaller than the sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth (p<0.05, Table 2). Width between canine cusp tips was significantly smaller than the hamular distance. Width between canine cusp tips measured in this study did not differ from values reported from other authors (25, 26). The dimension of maxillary frontal teeth arch measured with a flexible ruler is significantly bigger than the hamular distance (p < 0.01, Table 2). It is also bigger than the sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth (p < 0.01, Table 2). This is due to the position of the teeth in the dental arch. CONCLUSIONS: The values of the dimensions of frontal maxillary teeth may be helpful in dental industry for appropriate tooth molds. Hamular distance dimension (distance between left and right hamular notch) is not statistically different from the sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth (p>0.05), so it is suitable for the selection of the width of all maxillary frontal artificial teeth. } SUMMARY: Without pre-extraction photographs or casts it is not easy to select suitable artificial teeth. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the width of frontal maxillary teeth and the width of hard palate. The aim was also to determine the possibility to reconstruct maxillary frontal teeth dimensions based on hard palate dimensions. Teeth and hard palate dimensions were measured on maxillary casts of 80 fully dentate individuals (26 men and 56 women) of Angle class I occlusal relationship. The maxillary central incisor is the widest among frontal maxillary teeth and canines are wider than second incisors. The width of maxillary frontal teeth arch measured with a flexible ruler is 52,05 mm, the hamular distance is 47,1 mm, distal maxillary width 46,1 mm, sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth 46,04 mm, frontal maxillary width 35,8 mm, and finally the width between canine cusp tips is 34,19 mm. Based on the results of this study, the sum of all maxillary frontal teeth widths is equivalent to hamular distance dimension, as well as to the distal maxillary width, as there were no statistically significant difference between them. After extraction of all teeth, distal maxillary width is lost and it is not possible to reconstruct it because of the individual rate of alveolar bone resorption. On the other hand, hamular distance remains of the same dimension during the life, because it is not determined by teeth position, but by anatomical structures. Therefore, the hamular distance dimension is a suitable reference for determination of the dimension of the sum of all maxillary frontal teeth width. Key words: hamular distance, maxillary frontal teeth width, distal maxillary width  ratioAritmeti ke sredine i standardne devijacije airine svakog zuba gornje fronte (21= airina gornjeg lijevog sredianjeg sjekutia; 11= airina gornjeg desnog sredianjeg sjekutia; 22= airina gornjeg lijevog bo nog sjekutia; 12= airina gornjeg desnog bo nog sjekutia; 23= airina gornjeg lijevog o njaka; 13= airina gornjeg desnog o njaka) Figure 1. Means and standard deviations of the maxillary frontal teeth widths (21= left central incisor; 11= right central incisor; 22= left second incisor; 12= right second incisor; 23= left canine; 13= right canine)  Slika 2. Aritmeti ke sredine i standardne devijacije: 1= opseg zubnog luka gornje fronte (mjeren savitljivim ravnalom), 2= zbroj airina svakog pojedinog zuba gornje fronte, 3= airina izmeu vrakova o njaka, 4= prednja gornja airina, 5= stra~nja gornja airina i 6= hamularna udaljenost Figure 2. Means and standard deviations of: 1= width of maxillary frontal teeth arch (measured with a flexible ruler), 2= sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth, 3= width between canine cusp tips, 4= frontal maxillary width, 5= distal maxillary width and 6= hamular distance Tablica 1. Testiranje zna ajnosti razlike izmeu aritmeti kih sredina gornje fronte s lijeve i desne strane zubnog luka; x=aritmeti ka sredina; SD=standardna devijacija; t=t vrijednost; df=stupanj slobode; p=razina zna ajnosti; NS=nije zna ajno Table 1. Significance of the difference between mean values of maxillary frontal teeth on the left and right side of the dental arch; x=mean; SD=standard deviation; t=t-value; df=degree of freedom; p=level of significance; NS=statistically not significant Parovi (Pairs)x1-x2SD (X1-X2)tdfp `irina gornjeg lijevog sredianjeg sjekutia - `irina gornjeg desnog sredianjeg sjekutia Width of maxillary left central incisor- Width of maxillary right central incisor,02130,19730,964790,338 NS `irina gornjeg lijevog bo nog sjekutia - `irina gornjeg desnog bo nog sjekutia Width of maxillary left second incisor- Width of maxillary right second incisor-,00630,2356-0,237790,813 NS `irina gornjeg lijevog o njaka  `irina gornjeg desnog o njaka Width of maxillary left canine  Width of maxillary right canine-,01750,2260-0,693790,491 NS Tablica 2. Testiranje zna ajnosti razlike izmeu aritmeti kih sredina; x=aritmeti ka sredina; SD=standardna devijacija; t=t vrijednost; df=stupanj slobode; p=razina zna ajnosti; NS=nije zna ajno Table 1. Significance of the difference between different variables; x=mean; SD=standard deviation; t=t-value; df=degree of freedom; p=level of significance; NS=statistically not significant Parovi (Pairs)x1-x2SD (X1-X2)tdfp Hamularna udaljenost - Zbroj airina gornje fronte Hamular distance - Sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth0,9525,0561,685790,096 NS Prednja gornja airina (udaljenost fisura gornjih prvih premolara) - Zbroj airina gornje fronte Frontal maxillary width - Sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth-10,1822,225-40,92879<0,01** Stra~nja gornja airina (udaljenost centra fisura gornjih prvih molara) - Zbroj airina gornje fronte Distal maxillary width - sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth0,0553,1591,156790,877 NS Hamularna udaljenost - Opseg zubnog luka gornje fronte mjeren savitljivim ravnalom Hamular distance - Width of maxillary frontal teeth arch measured with a flexible ruler-4,6844,876-8,20679<0,01** Hamularna udaljenost - `irina izmeu incizalnih vrakova gornjih o njaka Hamular distance - width between canine cusp tips12,8074,86323,55679<0,01** Zbroj airina gornje fronte  Opseg zubnog luka gornje fronte mjeren savitljivim ravnalom Sum of widths of all maxillary frontal teeth - Width of maxillary frontal teeth arch measured with a flexible ruler6, 0021,09847,08179<0,01**     PAGE  PAGE 19 (,<0Vdf԰RVhtv0jz|²>@tƳ,jԴܴDFеҵ0¶Ķܶ޶ зԷڷ޷~v|ĺ̺ԺD hMh` hMh3^~h3^~U]DһԻVhz~ 26>Ftx&(*z~JTV\t(2lz^lBD4\txBDh?h3^~ hMh3^~_8@J 0b"b(*@v 8:<FHJX\btv L\^P`hMh3^~B*phh3^~B*phhB*phh hMh3^~h3^~T*,&(*,.02468:<>@BF $da$gd3^~$ & Fda$gd3^~$d`a$gd3^~`dl"d(,2:TZ*.LTrtJf .0`~<>Jlhh3^~B*\phhMh3^~B*\phh3^~ hMh3^~V HXZb048fL`p| 4lz,f| <P \d$&(>h?B*\phh3^~ hMh3^~hMh3^~B*\phh3^~B*\phT>@FXprt $*<F&(:D*,8djlV`,2@Bbdr$26VȽȽȽȽȽh3^~B*phhMh3^~B*phhB*phhh3^~ hMh3^~hMh3^~B*\phhtBB*\phh`B*\phGFX&j<PRTVXZ^$a$gdMvgdeK$d`a$gd3^~$d`a$gd3^~ $da$gd3^~VNPRr$&,>Rt,Nbhlrt<Ttxhh3^~mH sH h3^~mH sH heKmH sH jhh>UmH sH  hMh_Oh_OhMh3^~B*phhB*phh3^~ hMh3^~C ,DV\BP6NRZ\ 6JN^,06DFRbh潮hh|omH sH hh{mH sH h~mH sH hh*mH sH j hh|oUmH sH hh>mH sH hhPkmH sH h?mH sH hh?mH sH hheKmH sH h`hhMvmH sH 4hn~8B,28XZjp(6V*갞ׂׂwlhhllmH sH hh mH sH hhmH sH  hhPkB*\mH phsH #hheK5B*\mH phsH  hheKB*\mH phsH hhI'0mH sH hh{mH sH hhPkmH sH h[{mH sH hheKmH sH hh|omH sH *^ t r~Ff$$7$8$H$Ifa$gdgl 7$8$H$gdeK$ 7$8$H$a$gdMv$a$gdMv*L\nrFXZp~ƭ|||ffMffMff1hhVB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH +h?B*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH 4hheKB*CJH*OJQJ^JaJmH phsH +hgB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH 1hheKB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH  hhB*\mH phsH hheKmH sH hmH sH hhmH sH hhmH sH ~ Z\ &,>@BFTFf$$7$8$H$Ifa$gdVFfi$$7$8$H$Ifa$gdglFZl>`汕raVKVKVKV@V8hmH sH hhmH sH hhllmH sH hhmH sH  hhB*\mH phsH #hheK5B*\mH phsH  hheKB*\mH phsH 7hh>5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJmH phsH 7hheK5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJmH phsH 1hhVB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH 1hheKB*CJOJQJ^JaJmH phsH Tbpv >7$8$H$gdeK 7$8$H$gdeKFfe#$$7$8$H$Ifa$gdglZ 7$8$H$gdeK 7$8$H$gd 7$8$H$gdeK >7$8$H$gdeK    . 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