ࡱ> 5@ Dubjbj22 XX8&NNN8T&Azz"www(0*0*0*0=g0D8D@$BRDA>ww>>AA***> (0*>(0**++n @'ZN2'8+.tA0A+Ej)rE+&&E+w|*l%wwwAA&&$J*&&JComparative in vitro activities of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from dogs Branka eol* Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, PO Box 190, Zagreb _____________________________________________________________________ Abstract During six months 50 strains of Staphylococcus intermedius were isolated from different pathological specimens originated from dogs. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against three fluoroquinolones were obtained on 50 Staphylococcus intermedius strains. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed employing the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). The in vitro sensitivity against enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin showed that 98.0% of S. intermedius strains were sensitive and 96% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. One of tested strains shoved multiple resistance to all tested fluoroquinolone. Key words: Staphylococcus intermedius, fluoroquinolones, dogs _____________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Branka eol, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, POB 190, Zagreb, Croatia. Tel. +385 1 2390 205, Fax: +385 01 244 1390, E-mail: seol(vef.hr Introduction Staphylococcus intermedius (S. intermedius) is the predominant type of coagulase-positive staphylococci on normal canine skin (Berg et al., 1984), and it is the causative agent of pyoderma and otitis externa in dogs (Amine-Khodja et al., 1983; Biberstein et al., 1984; Medleau et al., 1986; Ihrke, 1987). Dermatoses account for a large percentage of cases in dogs in the veterinary practice. A primary or secondary bacterial skin infection by bacteria of the Staphylococcus genus is often a component of the skin diseases (Pellerin et al., 1998; Lloyd et al., 1991, Noble and Kent 1992). The flouoroquinolones have revolutionized treatments against bacterial pathogens resistant to traditional antibacterial agents (Walker, 2000). Enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are members of the fluoroquinolones, a class of synthetic antibiotics acting on bacterial DNA topoisomerases II and IV (Wolfson and Hooper, 1989; Drlica and Zhao, 1997). They exhibit high bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of aerobic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasmas (Hannan et al., 1997; Watts et al., 1997). Nearly complete oral bioavailability, excellent pharmacokinetic properties, and low toxicity make them first choice drugs for the treatment of several bacterial infections in dogs and cats (Vancutsem et al., 1990; Brown, 1996). Enrofloxacin is the first fluoroquinolone developed for veterinary application and is approved in dogs and cats for treating urinary tract, respiratory and skin infections (Boothe, 1994). Marbofloxacin, difloxacin and orbifloxacin were introduced in a number of countries for use in animals (Schneider et al., 1996; Matsumoto et al., 1997; Van den Hoven, 1997), but not in Croatia (eol et al., 2002). Ciprofloxacin, fluoroquinolone labelled for humans is also used for animal treatment. In our study we investigated a small collection consisted of 50 S. intermedius strains originated from dog and tested them against three fluoroquinolones: enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Intentions was to give a brief overview about possible resistance to those very extensively used antibiotics. Enrofloxacin, as well as ciprofloxacin, has been in use for animal treatment for several years while marbofloxacin is not yet registred in Croatia. Materials and methods During the short time period clinical specimens collected from dogs suffering from different syndromes suspected to have an infectious aetiology were submitted for bacteriological examination to the Department of Microbiolgy and infectious diseases from several clinics of Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb. Identification of S. intermedius was carried out according to procedure described by Quinn et al., (1994): Gram-positive cocci, catalase-positive, facultative anaerobe, -hemolytic, coagulase-positive, DNAse-positive. The precise species identification was made using the API Staph (BioMrieux, France). In present study, 50 S. intermedius isolates were tested by the Kirby-Bauers disk-diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Prescott and Baggot, 1998) for antimicrobial susceptibility against three antimicrobial agents: enrofloxacin-ENO (5 (g), ciprofloxacin-CIP (5 (g) and marbofloxacin-MAR (5 (g). A standard concentration of a pure culture of S. intermedius was placed on Mueller-Hinton agar (Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, USA), and individual filter paper disk containing known concentrations of individual antibiotics were placed on the pathogen. The culture was incubated for 18-24 hours at 370 C. The zone of inhibition around each disk is measured, and the measurement is compared to a chart presented in Table 1, that classifies the organism into three categories: sensitive, resistant and intermediate sensitive. Results and discussion The majority all tested strains 50 were sensitive against tree tested fluoroquinolone. Marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin were active against 49 (98%) S. intermedius isolates and ciprofloxacin against 48 (96%) tested strains. There were no intermediate sensitivity strains. One S. intermedius strain showed multiple resistances against all tree tested fluoroquinolone. The flouoroquinolones are a group of chemotherapeutics that act rapidly bactericidal against a wide variety of clinically important microorganisms. They have been used extensively during the past 15 years in veterinary dermatology, predominantly for the management of canine pyoderma (Ihrke et al., 1999). More recently, marbofloxacin also has proven successful in treating canine pyoderma (Spreng et al., 1995; Carlotti et al., 1999; Lloyd et al., 1999; Paradis et al., 2001). Our results showed no marked resistance to selected fluoroquiunolone antibiotics. To marbofloxacin, only one strain exhibited resistance, but the same strain showed multiple resistance, also to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The same sensitivity pattern was observed to enrofloxacin, 49 strains were sensitive (98%) and two strains (96%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Piriz et al. (1996) determined antimicrobial susceptibility of 91 methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptibile S. intermedius strains to 15 different antimicrobial agents. Of the fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin showed to be a good useful alternative for the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. intermedius strains. Carlotti et al. (1999) isolated 47 S. intermedius from dogs with pyoderma and found only one strain resistant to marbofloxacin, while Lloyd et al. (1999) found two S. intermedius strains, out of 247 tested to be resistant to enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin. Lloyd and his co-workers (1999) suggested that multiple resistance in S. intermedius detected as resistance to enrofloxacin, extended to marbofloxacin and ciprofloxacin probably results from the same, or very similar, mutations in the gyrA and/or norA genes. Recent studies (Ganire et al., 2001) showed that MICs (minimal inhibitory concentrations) of enrofloxacin against S. intermedius ranged from 0.063 g/mL in year 1995 to 64 g/mL in year 1999. This suggests that inappropriate use might favour the development of resistant strains in vivo. Results of our study are very similar the those discussed above and confimed excellent activity of fluoroquinolones in treatment of S. intermedius infections. References Amine-Khodja, C. A., A. Pellerin, J. L. Chantal, J. Milon (1983): A. Antibiogram in pyodermia and suppurated otitis of the dog. Note 2: The results of bacterial examinations carried out in the National Veterinary School in Toulouse from 1975 to 1979. Rev. Md. Vt. 10, 533-540. Berg, J. N., D. E. Wendell, C. Vogelweid, W. H. Fales (1984): Identification of the major coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. of dogs as Staphylococcus intermedius. Am. J. Vet. Res. 45, 1307-1309. Biberstein, E. L., S. S. Jang, D. C. Hirsh (1984): Species distribution of coagulase-positive staphylococci in animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19, 610-915. Boothe, D. M. (1994):Enrofloxacin revisited. Vet. Med. 89, 744-753. Brown, S. A. (1996): Fluoroquinolones in animal health. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 1-14. Carlotti, D. N., E. Guaguere, D. Pin, P. Jasmin, E. Thomas, V. Guiral (1999): Therapy of difficult cases of canine pyoderma with marbofloxacin: a report of 39 dogs. J. Small Anim. Pract. 6, 265-270. Drlica, K., X. Zhao (1997): DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol. Molecul. Biol. Rev. 61, 377-392. Ganire, J.P., C. Mdaille, A. limet, N. Ruvoen, G.A. Fontaine (2001): Antimicrobial activity of enrofloxacin against Staphylococcus intermedius strains isolated from canine pyodermas. Vet. Dermatol. 12, 171-177. Hannan, P. C. T., G. D. Windsor, A. de Jong, N. Schmeer, M. Stegemann (1997): Comparative susceptibilities of various animal-pathogenic mycoplasmas to fluoroquinolones. Antimirob. Agent. Chemother. 41, 2037-2040. Ihrke, P. J. (1987): An overview of bacterial skin disease in the dog. Br. Vet. J. 143, 112-118. Ihrke, P. J., m. G. Papich, T. C. Demanuelle (1999): The use of fluoroquinolones in veterinary dermatology. Vet. Dermatol. 10, 193-204. Lloyd, D. H., R. P. Allaker, A. Pattison (1991): Carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius on the ventral abdomen of clinically normal dogs and those with pyodermia. Vet. Dermatol. 2, 161-164. Lloyd, D. H., A. I. Lamport, W. C. Noble, S. A. Howell (1999): Fluoroquinolone resistance in Staphylococcus intermedius. Vet. Dermatol. 10, 249-251. Medleau, L., R. E. Long, J. Brown, W. H. Miller (1986): Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from canine pyodermia. Am. J. of Vet. Res. 47, 229-231. Matsumoto, S., M. Takahashi, M. Yoshida, T. Komatsu, Y. Kitadai, Y. Horii, H. Katae (1997): Absorption, distribution and excretion of orbifloxacin in dogs and cats. J. Jap. Vet. Med. Assoc. 50, 470-474. Noble, W. C., L. E. Kent (1992): Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from cases of pyodermia in the dog. Vet. Dermatol. 3, 71-74. Paradis, M., L. Abbey, B. Baker, M. Coyone, M. Hannigan, D. Joffe, B. Pukay, A. Trettien, S. Waisglass, J. Wellington (2001): Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of marbofloxacin (Zenequin) tablets for the treatment of canine pyoderma: an open clinical trial. Vet. Dermatol. 12, 163-169. Pellerin, J. L., P. Bourdeau, H. Sebbag, J. M. Person (1998): Epidemiosurveillance of antimicrobial compound resistance of Staphylococcus intermedius clinical isolates from canine pyodemas. Comp. Immun. Microbio. Infect. Dis., 21, 115-133. Piriz, S., J. Walle, E. M. Mateos, R. De la fuente, d. cid, J. A. Ruiz-Santaquiteria, s. Vadillo (1996): In vitro activity of fifteen antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptibile Staphylococcus intermedius. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 118-123. Prescott, J. F. and J. D. Baggot (1993): Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Press/Ames Quinn, P. J. Carter, M. E., B. K. Markey G. R. Carter (1994): Clinical veterinary microbiology. Wolfe Publishing Schneider, M., V. Thomas, B. Boisrame, J. Deleforge (1996): Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in dogs after oral and pareteral administration. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 56-61. Spreng, M., J. Deleforge, V. Thomas, B. Boisrame, H. Drugeon (1995): Antibacterial activity of marbofloxacin. A new fluoroquinolone for veterinary use against canine and feline isolates. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 4, 284-289. `eol, B., T. Nagli, J. Madi, M. Bedekovi (2002): In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 183 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from dogs to selected antipseudomonal agents. J. Vet.Med. B 49, 188-192. Van den Hoven, R. (1997): A multi-centre observational study on the efficacy of Dicural Palatabs (difloxacin) for the treatment of canine cystitis. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 20 (Suppl. 1) 185-186. Vancutsem, P. M., J. G. Babish, W. S. Schwark (1990): The fluoroquinolone antimicrobials: structure, antimicrobial acitivity, pharmacokinetics, clinical use in domestic animals and toxicity. Corrnell Vet. 80, 173-186. Walker, R. D. (2000): The use of fluoroquinolones for companionanimal therapy. Aust. Vet. J. 2, 84-90. Watts, J. L., S. A. Salmon, M. S. Shancez, R. J. Yancey (1997): in vitro activity of premafloxacin, a new extended-spectrum fluorowuinolone against pathogens of veterinary importance. Antimirob. Agent. Chemotherap 41, 1190-1192. Wolfson, J. S., D. C. Hooper (1989): Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents. Cli. Microbiol. Rev. 2, 378-324. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Charles-Eric Descotes, V(toquinol Sp(cialit(s Pharmaceutiques V(t(rinaires, Lure Cedex, France, for supplying us with marbofloxacin sensitivity discs. _____________________________________________________________________ Sa~etak Tjekom aest mjeseci razdoblja iz pasa izdvojeno je izdvojeno 50 bakterije S. intermedius koji su identificirani uobi ajenim bakterioloakim postupcima. Osjetljivost na enrofloksacin, ciprofloksacin i marbofloksacin istra~ena je disk-difuzijskim Kirby-Bauerovim postupkom. Od 50 pretra~enih sojeva na enrofloksacin i marbofloksacin bilo je osjetljivo 49 sojeva (9 CXYs   K S T t 2 M V ^  ( L M ʿ~w~w~w~w~m~g`gZT hWCJ h} CJ hU6CJ hUCJh2sQh 6CJ h 6CJ h CJh h CJaJh CJaJh CJaJh1bCJaJhsCJaJhCJaJh:CJaJh h1bCJaJhK. 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