ࡱ> 7 2bjbjUU .7|7|P-l0000000DhIhIhI8II$DkJJKKKKKKjjjjjjj$k mj0KKKKKjX00KKjXXXK0K0KjXKjXb Xc00cKJ @DZD$FhIQccj0kcnVSJncXDD0000PRECIPITATION INFLUENCES ON MAIZE YIELDS IN EASTERN CROATIA Kovacevic Vlado Faculty of Agriculture, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia Introduction Maize is the most widespread crop on arable lands in Croatia. It occupies nearly 0.5 million hectares or nearly a third of arable land areas of the country. Maize grain yields in eastern Croatia are about 30% higher in comparison with mean yields of the country. Besides the degree of soil fertility, precipitation quantities and their distribution during a growing season significantly influence maize yields as well. In general, under environmental conditions of eastern Croatia, there is usually a close connection between low maize yields and precipitation shortage, especially during the two summer months, July and August (Kovacevic and Josipovic 1998, 2001). These findings are consistent with experiences from the USA Corn Belt (Shaw, 1988). Material and methods The data of State Bureau for Statistics were used as the source of grain yields data. The eastern Croatia region covered 11,090 km2 until 1992. It was divided in 14 municipalities. The following four former municipalities were chosen for our study: Vukovar (VU) and Osijek (OS) = eastern part; Donji Miholjac (DM) and Podravska Slatina (PS) = western part of the region. Due to war escalation in Croatia in the period from 1991 to 1995, the official statistics represent data collected only from the non-occupied territory of the country. Also, maize yields in this period were low mainly due to war-induced factors and did not result only from weather and soil characteristics. Therefore, only data for the 1996-2003 period were shown. Since 1992, according to the new territorial division eastern Croatia includes five counties (c) with the total area of 12.452 km2: Vukovar-Sirmium (VSc), Osijek-Baranya (OBc), Brod-Posavina (BPc), Pozega-Slavonia (PSc) and Virovitica-Podravina (VPc) County. Yield data for the entire region and three counties (VSc, OBc and VPc) for the 1996-2003 period were shown. Soil characteristics of the Eastern Croatia Pedologic characteristics of the Eastern Croatia elaborated in detail by Janekovic (1971), Kovacevic and Basic (1997). On the Pleistocene terrace and plateaus of the Eastern Croatia there is a succession of climatozonal soil complexes. From east to west there is a zonal decrease in soil fertility. As the physical and chemical soil properties deteriorate, the soil profile is increasingly impaired (Fig. 1).  Soil types S = Brown soil LS = Lessive brown soil L = Lessive soil PG = Pseudogley: lessive and marbled PG  Fig 1. Scheme of soil zonality in the Eastern Croatia (Janekovic 1971): climatogenic zonal soils (I), intrazonal hydrogen soils (II), intrazonal substratogenic soils of mountain part above 230 mm of sea level (III) and intrazonal substratogenic soils on relict sand substrate (IV). Results and discussion Considerable variation of maize grain yields among years as well as among different parts of Eastern Croatia for 30-year (1961-1990) period (Table 1) and for 1996-2003 period (Table 2) were found. Increased yield trends for long period is possible to explain by improvement of crop and soil management practices as well as creating of high-yielding hybrids. Affected by soil characteristics, higher grain yields of maize were found in the eastern part of the region compared to its western part. For example, mean grain yield of maize in the DM and PS was 22% lower than in VU and OS area (5.84 and 4.58 t ha-1, respectively). Differences of maize yields were found between VU and PS areas (6.00 and 4.14 t ha-1, respectively). Yield differences in the same period for individual parts of province could be explained only by soil factors, since weather conditions, soil and crop management practices as well as choice of maize hybrids are similar for the region. Weather differences among individual growing seasons are more responsible factor of maize yields for a short period. For example, in the three more favorable seasons (MFS=1982, 1984 and 1986) mean maize yield in the region totaled 6.69 t ha-1, whereas in the three less favorable seasons (LFS=1978, 1980 and 1988) it was 5.11 t ha-1 or 24% lower. Analogical data for the VU area were 7.94 and 6.38 t ha-1 and for PS area 5.34 and 4.14 t ha-1, respectively (Table 1). The amount of precipitation for 4-month period (May-August) was lower in the LFS (3-year means for four tested localities: 285 and 237 mm, for the MFS and LFS, respectively), whereas at the same time precipitation in July was nearly 40% lower (65 and 40 mm, respectively). Table 1. Maize harvested area (ha) and grain yields (t ha-1) in the Eastern Croatia for the period 1961-1990 (Kovacevic and Josipovic, 2001) The Eastern Croatia: Maize harvested area (ha) and grain yields (t ha-1)The 1961-1970 periodThe 1971-1980 periodThe 1981-1990 periodYearhat ha-1Yearhat ha-1Yearhat ha-11961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970173 579 171 546 166 810 168 346 196 690 188 918 206 666 200 333 202 920 194 9812.74 3.28 3.26 3.99 3.48 4.15 4.10 3.69 4.26 4.211971 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980208 892 195 942 216 172 192 182 221 632 201 462 196 650 180 862 196 632 189 6924.06 4.67 4.30 5.16 5.14 4.76 5.80 5.14 5.87 5.421981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990214 301 201 268 209 305 206 779 221 395 217 788 197 149 209 768 208 312 234 1485.72 6.40 6.40 7.08 6.26 6.59 5.33 4.78 5.46 4.31Mean187 0793.72Mean200 0125.03Mean212 0215.83 In the 1996-2000 period, maize harvested area in the region decreased about 20% in comparison with 10-year mean of 1981-1990, whereas yields showed mild increasing trend (Tables 1 and 3). Since 1996 yield variation among years, as well as its dependences on water regime had similar trend as in the previous tested periods (Table 2). Especially low maize yield in the region in 2000 (34% lower in comparison with four previous years) is mainly influenced by water shortage. For example, the amount of precipitation in Osijek for the period May-August in 2000 was 107 mm or only 40% in comparison with 30-year mean (1961-1990). Under these environmental conditions, maize yield differences between more fertile aerated soils of the eastern part of the region (e.g. VSc area) and less fertile compacted soils in its western part (e.g. VPc area) are very small (Table 3). Main reason for this phenomenon is better ascent of underground water in compacted soils. The 2003 growing season was especially unfavorable for maize growing because of water shortage. For example, precipitation in 4-months May-August period was only 162 mm (the data of Osijek Waether Bureau) and it is for 40% lower in comparison with 30-years mean (1961-1990). Under these conditions, maize yield in Eastern Croatia (Table 3) was only 4.53 t ha-1 or 37% lower in comparison with previous year (7.21 t ha-1). Yield difference between 2002 and 2003 growing season is mainly affected by precipitation quantity (May-August: 368 and 162 mm, for 2002 and 2003, respectively). Table 2. Maize grain rain yields (t ha-1) and precipitation for the 1961-1990 period (Kovacevic and Josipovic, 2001) Maize grain yields (t ha-1)*Precipitation (mm): data of the Weather Bureaus Vukovar (VU), Osijek (OS), Donji Miholjac (DM) and Podravska Slatina (PS)YearMay-AugustJulyVUOSDMPSVUOSDMPSVUOSDMPS1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 19703.14 3.73 4.07 4.67 4.09 5.60 6.20 4.73 5.60 5.923.04 4.09 4.15 4.99 4.39 5.41 5.21 4.30 5.27 4.962.03 3.18 3.03 4.27 4.19 4.52 3.81 3.86 4.41 4.602.94 2.89 3.08 3.57 2.98 3.65 3.38 3.21 3.97 3.65163 176 240 294 306 256 224 237 285 405239 194 272 305 303 276 207 274 314 276239 256 274 380 354 329 291 256 201 338320 297 312 358 393 393 289 253 396 30826 103 44 61 36 99 83 55 27 8558 119 61 83 56 83 61 41 57 5662 106 37 94 103 109 159 77 33 5577 124 58 74 96 144 90 49 57 91Mean4.784.583.793.33258266292332626884861971 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 19805.43 6.34 6.55 6.38 6.86 6.63 7.46 6.78 7.46 7.025.45 5.61 5.27 6.01 5.80 5.48 6.38 6.07 6.37 6.504.04 4.23 4.56 5.29 4.61 4.56 5.96 4.42 5.34 5.363.89 3.51 3.33 4.56 4.16 3.96 4.68 3.83 4.75 4.05178 445 296 364 550 373 258 240 270 307197 503 237 351 373 262 237 248 195 300218 558 236 484 410 259 276 250 205 217222 625 221 530 505 288 219 268 270 27518 185 61 69 97 110 85 27 117 3229 274 119 62 89 26 57 41 92 5822 267 94 58 90 31 79 61 87 3853 289 66 67 81 73 73 58 113 39Mean6.695.894.844.07328290311342808583851981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 19906.15 7.40 7.57 8.43 7.80 8.00 6.38 5.33 4.46 3.786.10 7.70 8.01 8.30 6.82 7.51 6.17 5.59 6.05 3.746.32 7.12 6.97 7.72 6.71 7.05 6.50 5.06 6.62 4.354.80 5.00 5.41 5.22 5.05 5.81 5.22 4.53 4.60 4.43298 294 314 331 257 235 250 161 359 238280 267 204 237 271 201 309 184 331 208233 273 324 332 240 248 298 163 337 154304 353 280 320 274 335 264 237 484 18028 95 126 53 44 50 20 8 99 5328 80 43 37 30 41 33 29 15 3929 73 97 47 29 62 45 43 20 3728 86 74 75 38 76 33 48 21 41Mean6.536.606.445.012742492603035838485230-y6.005.695.024.1428726928832667647274* the municipality: VU=Vukovar, OS=Osijek, DM=D.Miholjac, PS= P. Slatina Table 3. Maize harvested area (ha), grain yields (t ha-1) and precipitation (mm) for 30-years (means) and 1996-2003 periods Harvested area (ha), maize grain yield (Y) in t ha-1 and precipitation (mm)*YearEastern CroatiaCounty** (Y)May-Aug. (mm)July (mm)haYVScOBcVPcSBOSBJSBOSBJ1961 - 1990 199 704 4.86The counties in Croatia established 1992  269  64 1991 - 1995 Absence of correspondingly data because of war incidences1996 1997 1998 1999 2000154 202 159 770 169 935 177 353 180 1826.30 7.01 6.20 6.50 4.317.06 7.29 6.49 7.29 4.726.46 7.35 6.53 6.60 3.965.84 6.83 5.88 5.82 4.30243 315 276 403 151280 256 258 407 107271 322 350 415 18647 106 88 210 8895 91 84 95 6359 97 92 93 85Mean168 2886.066.576.185.7327826130910886852001 2002 2003+190 136 185 651 184 2706.63 7.21 4.537.37 6.82 5.156.79 7.50 4.325.94 7.67 4.57310 334 241384 368 162284 475 23757 78 6177 85 7052 78 91 * Weather Bureaues Slav. Brod (SB), Osijek (OS) and Bjelovar (BJ) ** Vukovar-Sirmium (VSc), Osijek-Baranya (OBc), Virovitica-Podravina (VPc) + estimation of yield data for 2003 References JANEKOVIC GJ. 1971. Pedologic characteristics of Slavonia and Baranya (in Croatian with English abstract). Zbornik radova Prvog znanstvenog sabora Slavonije i Baranje, 17-19. svibanj 1970, Osijek , p.115-176. KOVACEVIC V. and BASIC F. 1997. The soil potassium resources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers in Croatia (Country Report 10), International Potash Institute (IPI) Basel. KOVACEVIC V. and JOSIPOVIC M. 1998. Weather and soil limitations for maize growing in the Eastern Croatia. Fifth Congress of ESA (European Society for Agronomy), Short Communications (Vol. II), Zima M. and Bartosova M. L. Editors, June 28 July 2, 1998, Nitra, The Slovak Republic p.157-158. KOVACEVIC V. and JOSIPOVIC M. 2001. Soil degradation and weather influences on corn yields in Eastern Croatia, Proceedings of 3rd Intern. Conf. on Land Degradation, 17 - 21 September 2001, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (edited as a CD). SHAW R. H. 1988. Climatic requirement. In: Corn and corn improvement, Agronomy Monograph No 18 ( Sprague G.F. ed.) ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, p. 609-638. Proceedings of the III. Alps-Adria Scientific Workshop, Dubrovnik, 1-6 March 2004. Croatia. (Szilvia H and Gyuricza C. Editors) Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest. P. 295-299. 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