ࡱ> SVZTRG lAbjbjَ 5]ZZZZD4" bbbbb===; = = = = = = $ <a i=|===a ZZbb_b=Z8bb; ZZZZ=; " V @; bTO|UYp/ THE COMPARISON OF SPORT INTERESTS IN METROPOLITAN AND SMALL TOWN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BOYS Bosnar, K.1, Goanik, J.2, Hoaek-Momirovi, A.3, and Prot, F.1 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb1 Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb2 Faculty of Physical Education, University of Pritina3 Abstract The aim of this work is to establish the differences of sport preferences in elementary school pupils from small town with modest sport infrastructure, and big town with number of sport facilities. The subjects were male elementary school pupils aged 11-15 years from small town in continental part of the country, and from hundred times more inhabited capital. Total number of both samples is 1072 boys. The subjects were given the list of 52 sports to be evaluated on five-point scale ranging from particularly unattractive sport to activity particularly attractive to examinee. The results show that the rank of the most popular as well as least popular sports is the same in both samples. However, discriminant analysis shows that differences do exist. The discriminant function is defined mainly by baseball, skating and scuba diving at the negative pole, and by bowls and box at the positive side. Small town boys are more ready to accept non-elite bowls and box, while metropolitan boys more often prefer typically urban skating, rather new baseball, and fashionable scuba diving. It could be concluded that differences in metropolitan and small town way of life reflect in sport preferences in elementary school boys. Introduction The position of an individual in stratification system may have important effects on many areas of life (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Stratification dimensions responsible for the processes of social differentiation can influence the level of sport engagement as well as the preference of different sports (Petrovi  and Hoaek, 1986; Doupona, 2001). Among them, the characteristics of the place of residence can be predictors of different behavior related to sport. The distance of the residence from the center of the city can predict the attitude toward particular sport, as was shown by Haddad (2002) researching attitudes toward football. On the other hand, mass media and communication technology bring common experience to large socially mixed and widely dispersed audiences (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000) and can be factor which homogenize values, attitudes or interests of different parts of population. Sport preferences could be shaped by specific residential characteristics as well as by common impact of media. The prevalence of one set of factors could be reflected as existence or non-existence of differences in sport interests in subjects of different residential status. The aim of this study is to establish the differences in sport preferences in elementary school pupils from small town with modest sport infrastructure and big town with number of sport facilities. The results can indicate which processes predominate. Methods The research was done in small town from continental part of the country (Naice) and hundred times more inhabited capital (Zagreb). The subjects were 5th to 8th grade elementary school male pupils from three metropolitan schools (from Zagreb) and two small town elementary schools (from Naice) with total of 1072 boys. The metropolitan sample consists of 685 boys, i.e. all male pupils from three schools attending physical education classes at the measurement days. The sample from small town consists of 387 boys and that is more than 90% of all 5th to 8th grade elementary school male pupils from Naice. The subjects were given the list of 52 sports to be evaluated on five-point scale during regular physical education classes. The highest value 5 denotes activity particularly attractive to examinee and the lowest value 1 denotes particularly unattractive sport. The differences in sport preferences of two groups were established by canonical discriminant analysis. Table 1. Means and standard deviations of the on the results of each sport for municipal sample (ZAGREB, n=685), small town sample (NAICE, n=387) and total (n=1072), F- tests of equality of group means and significance (SIG) of F-value with degrees of freedom df1=1 and df2=1070. SPORTZAGREBNAICETOTAL F-value SIGMeanS. D.MeanS. D.MeanS. D.Skating2.341.242.281.332.321.27.479.489Swimming3.631.173.541.353.601.241.486.223Skiing3.191.383.471.343.291.3710.272.001Roller skating2.731.442.831.412.761.431.232.267Volleyball2.991.303.121.283.031.302.728.099Ice hockey3.181.493.391.463.251.495.130.024Mountaineering3.021.453.181.503.081.473.128.077Basketball3.831.273.841.313.831.28.022.883Sports gymnastics2.221.262.911.442.471.3767.044.000Acrobatics2.171.342.791.512.391.4447.751.000Athletics2.951.373.161.453.031.405.547.019Football4.261.164.411.064.321.134.290.039Rhythmic gymnastics1.46.872.031.241.671.0578.580.000Dance1.841.222.171.361.961.2816.253.000Judo2.731.403.151.492.881.4421.362.000Table tennis3.661.253.751.253.701.251.290.256Rowing3.151.313.221.373.181.33.745.388Box2.781.483.691.463.111.5494.428.000Scuba diving3.651.363.581.453.631.39.721.396Alpinism ( climbing)2.881.472.971.402.911.45.931.335Spear-fishing3.181.513.211.553.191.52.111.739Taekwondo2.841.423.521.453.091.4756.111.000Fencing2.531.393.371.512.831.4985.136.000Cycling3.911.204.111.213.991.216.927.009Bowls (boules)2.311.293.331.432.681.43141.164.000Weightlifting2.721.473.591.403.031.5188.525.000Handball3.561.343.771.353.631.356.014.014Badminton2.881.433.361.403.051.4429.113.000Tennis3.561.303.611.333.581.32.405.524Schooting3.411.433.831.393.561.4322.157.000Wrestling2.441.353.181.542.711.4767.400.000Water skiing3.621.473.771.483.681.472.486.115Sledging3.191.463.901.283.441.4465.670.000Waterpolo3.321.383.501.413.391.393.923.048Equestrian2.461.402.991.472.651.4534.322.000Archery3.071.533.591.443.251.5229.562.000Karate2.881.473.671.473.171.5272.451.000Baseball3.401.453.541.473.451.462.387.123Surfing3.181.453.441.483.281.467.675.006Diving3.441.413.671.413.521.426.389.012Canoeing2.881.442.941.472.901.45.451.502Orienteering2.771.413.101.482.891.4412.621.000Auto-moto sports4.121.324.351.114.201.258.953.003Aeronautics3.361.483.501.483.421.482.179.140Parachuting3.451.523.731.483.551.518.479.004Rugby2.871.493.451.583.081.5435.565.000Synchronized swimming1.971.202.541.432.181.3247.633.000Bodybuilding2.681.513.241.552.881.5532.451.000Aerobics1.851.162.681.462.151.33104.882.000Field hokey2.641.413.391.472.911.4867.729.000Sports fishing3.031.573.501.543.201.5722.868.000Pin bowling2.581.443.471.482.901.5291.228.000Results and discussion The results in Table 1. show that the rank of the most popular sports is the same in both samples. Football is the most popular sport, auto-moto sport is the second, cycling and basketball are the third and fourth, in municipal as well as small town sample. The least popular are also the same in both samples - the lowest mean value is for rhythmic gymnastics, and then for dance. Popularity of football and auto-moto sport, and rejection of "female" sports again proved to be constant in young male population in this part of the world (Bosnar, Gonik and Prot, 2002). However, the small town boys have systematically higher evaluations of sports than boys from Zagreb have. It seams that small town boys are not so particular in sport preferences and are more ready to accept some sport from wider set of sports. Perhaps, results reflect the adaptation to different opportunities of small and big towns. Municipal boys can afford themselves to be more specific in their choice of sport, being able to fulfill their wishes much more often than small town boys are. Although the rank of the first and last preferred sports is the same in two samples, discriminant analysis showed that significant differences of sport interests do exist (Table 2). The discriminant function is defined mainly by baseball, skating and scuba diving at the negative pole, and by bowls and box at the positive side (Table 3). Aeronautics, athletics, roller-skating and tennis are the next by size of the coefficients with negative sign, and sports gymnastics, sledging, skiing and aerobics are sports with some visible coefficients at the positive side. Table 2. Results of discriminant analysis of sports interests in municipal and small town boys EigenvalueCanonical CorrelationWilks' LambdaChi-squareDegrees of freedomSignificance of c2 test.549.595.646456.57352.000 Centroids of groups on discriminant function are presented in Table 4. and Figure 1. Figure 1. Discriminant function of sports interests in municipal and small town boys municipal boys small town boys - -0.556 0 +0.984 + baseball, skating, scuba bowls, box, sports diving, aeronautics, roller gymnastics, sledging, skating, athletics, tennis skiing, aerobics Table 3. Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients (W), unstandardized canonical discriminant function coefficients (X), and correlation of variables and discriminant function (F) SPORTWXFSkating-.239-.188-.029Swimming-.088-.071-.050Skiing.229.168.132Roller skating-.174-.121.046Volleyball-.128-.099.068Ice hockey-.020-.014.093Mountaineering-.010-.007.073Basketball-.042-.033.006Sports gymnastics.241.181.338Acrobatics.127.090.285Athletics-.180-.128.097Football.034.030.085Rhythmic gymnastics.167.164.366Dance-.016-.013.166Judo-.104-.072.191Table tennis-.111-.088.047Rowing-.054-.040.036Box.328.223.401Scuba diving-.226-.162-.035Alpinism (rock climbing)-.098-.068.040Spear-fishing-.158-.104.014Taekwondo.066.046.309Fencing.181.126.381Cycling-.017-.014.109Bowls (boules).364.271.490Weightlifting.180.124.388Handball-.011-.008.101Badminton.095.067.223Tennis-.175-.133.026Schooting.041.029.194Wrestling.001.001.339Water skiing.027.018.065Sledging.238.170.334Waterpolo.020.014.082Equestrian.138.097.242Archery-.005-.003.224Karate.146.100.351Baseball-.251-.173.064Surfing.035.024.114Diving-.059-.042.104Canoeing-.161-.111.028Orienteering-.005-.004.147Auto-moto sports-.039-.031.123Aeronautics-.182-.123.061Parachuting.120.080.120Rugby.036.024.246Synchronized swimming.007.005.285Bodybuilding-.093-.061.235Aerobics.219.172.423Field hokey.143.099.340Sports fishing.038.025.197Pin bowling.181.125.394 Table 4. Group Centroids at discriminant function ResidenceFunction 1Zagreb-.556Naice+.984 The centroid of the municipal sample is placed at the negative side, and centroid of the small town sample is positive and placed notably further from zero point. Small town boys are more ready to accept non-elite bowls and box with low reputation, while metropolitan boys more often prefer typically urban skating, rather new in the community baseball, and fashionable scuba diving. In metropolitan area bowls are preoccupation of elderly males and that could be the reason for rejection of activity by young boys. Skating facilities, scuba diving schools and baseball clubs are available in capital but not in small countryside towns. The opportunity of participating could perhaps explain differences in attitude toward those sports. Box is another sport accepted by small town children and not treated in the same way by municipal boys. It is an old and well-known sport that is generally loosing its popularity, but not in this sample of small town boys. Small town boys are also more ready to accept sports on the snow, sports gymnastics and aerobics. Besides skating, scuba diving and baseball, metropolitan boys show more interest to roller-skating, tennis, athletics, and aeronautics. The differences in sport interests of municipal and small-town children could be partially explained by differences in opportunities for various sports, and partially by conservatism of small community, producing acceptance of traditional activities. Some differences are not easily explainable, like those regarding aerobics, and further research should have to be done. References Bosnar, K., Goanik, J. Prot, F. (2002). Primerjava latentnih struktur preferenc aportov pri de kih razli ne starosti. Zbornik prispevkov "Otrok v gibanju". Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani. Doupona, M. (2001). Influence of some aspects of parental socio-economic status on the attitude towards sports. Kinesiology 33(1), 94-104. Haddad, H. (2002). Odnos prema nogometu djece osnovnoakolskog uzrasta. Zagreb: Kinezioloaki fakultet. Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. (2000). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London: Collins. Petrovi , K., Hoaek, A. (1986). The determination of sports activities in the canonical configuration of the latent stratification dimension. In: Petrovi , K., Hoaek, A. (Eds.): Prilozi za sociologiju sporta., Knjiga 2. 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A!"#$%5 0. A!"#$% P0+w  0. A!"#$% 0. A!"#$%THE COMPARISON OF SPORT INTERESTS IN METROPOLITAN AND SMALL TOWN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BOYS Bosnar, K.1, Goanik, J.2, Hoaek-Momirovi, A.3, and Prot, F.1 Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb1 Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb2 Faculty of Physical Education, University of Priatina3 Abstract The aim of this work is to establish the differences of sport preferences in elementary school pupils from small town with modest sport infrastructure, and big town with number of sport facilities. The subjects were male elementary school pupils aged 11-15 years from small town in continental part of the country, and from hundred times more inhabited capital. Total number of both samples is 1072 boys. The subjects were given the list of 52 sports to be evaluated on five-point scale ranging from particularly unattractive sport to activity particularly attractive to examinee. The results show that the rank of the most popular as well as least popular sports is the same in both samples. However, discriminant analysis shows that differences do exist. The discriminant function is defined mainly by baseball, skating and scuba diving at the negative pole, and by bowls and box at the positive side. Small town boys are more ready to accept non-elite bowls and box, while metropolitan boys more often prefer typically urban skating, rather new baseball, and fashionable scuba diving. It could be concluded that differences in metropolitan and small town way of life reflect in sport preferences in elementary school boys. Introduction The position of an individual in stratification system may have important effects on many areas of life (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Stratification dimensions responsible for the processes of social differentiation can influence the level of sport engagement as well as the preference of different sports (Petrovi  and Hoaek, 1986; Doupona, 2001). Among them, the characteristics of the place of residence can be predictors of different behavior related to sport. The distance of the residence from the center of the city can predict the attitude toward particular sport, as was shown by Haddad (2002) researching attitudes toward football. On the other hand, mass media and communication technology bring common experience to large socially mixed and widely dispersed audiences (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000) and can be factor which homogenize values, attitudes or interests of different parts of population. Sport preferences could be shaped by specific residential characteristics as well as by common impact of media. The prevalence of one set of factors could be reflected as existence or non-existence of differences in sport interests in subjects of different residential status. The aim of this study is to establish the differences in sport preferences in elementary school pupils from small town with modest sport infrastructure and big town with number of sport facilities. The results can indicate which processes predominate. Methods The research was done in small town from continental part of the country (Naaice) and hundred times more inhabited capital (Zagreb). The subjects were 5th to 8th grade elementary school male pupils from three metropolitan schools (from Zagreb) and two small town elementary schools (from Naaice) with total of 1072 boys. The metropolitan sample consists of 685 boys, i.e. all male pupils from three schools attending physical education classes at the measurement days. The sample from small town consists of 387 boys and that is more than 90% of all 5th to 8th grade elementary school male pupils from Naaice. The subjects were given the list of 52 sports to be evaluated on five-point scale during regular physical education classes. The highest value 5 denotes activity particularly attractive to examinee and the lowest value 1 denotes particularly unattractive sport. The differences in sport preferences of two groups were established by canonical discriminant analysis. Table 1. Means and standard deviations of the on the results of each sport for municipal sample (ZAGREB, n=685), small town sample (NA`ICE, n=387) and total (n=1072), F- tests of equality of group means and significance (SIG) of F-value with degrees of freedom df1=1 and df2=1070. SPORTZAGREBNA`ICETOTAL F-value SIGMeanS. D.MeanS. D.MeanS. D.Skating2.341.242.281.332.321.27.479.489Swimming3.631.173.541.353.601.241.486.223Skiing3.191.383.471.343.291.3710.272.001Roller skating2.731.442.831.412.761.431.232.267Volleyball2.991.303.121.283.031.302.728.099Ice hockey3.181.493.391.463.251.495.130.024Mountaineering3.021.453.181.503.081.473.128.077Basketball3.831.273.841.313.831.28.022.883Sports gymnastics2.221.262.911.442.471.3767.044.000Acrobatics2.171.342.791.512.391.4447.751.000Athletics2.951.373.161.453.031.405.547.019Football4.261.164.411.064.321.134.290.039Rhythmic gymnastics1.46.872.031.241.671.0578.580.000Dance1.841.222.171.361.961.2816.253.000Judo2.731.403.151.492.881.4421.362.000Table tennis3.661.253.751.253.701.251.290.256Rowing3.151.313.221.373.181.33.745.388Box2.781.483.691.463.111.5494.428.000Scuba diving3.651.363.581.453.631.39.721.396Alpinism ( climbing)2.881.472.971.402.911.45.931.335Spear-fishing3.181.513.211.553.191.52.111.739Taekwondo2.841.423.521.453.091.4756.111.000Fencing2.531.393.371.512.831.4985.136.000Cycling3.911.204.111.213.991.216.927.009Bowls (boules)2.311.293.331.432.681.43141.164.000Weightlifting2.721.473.591.403.031.5188.525.000Handball3.561.343.771.353.631.356.014.014Badminton2.881.433.361.403.051.4429.113.000Tennis3.561.303.611.333.581.32.405.524Schooting3.411.433.831.393.561.4322.157.000Wrestling2.441.353.181.542.711.4767.400.000Water skiing3.621.473.771.483.681.472.486.115Sledging3.191.463.901.283.441.4465.670.000Waterpolo3.321.383.501.413.391.393.923.048Equestrian2.461.402.991.472.651.4534.322.000Archery3.071.533.591.443.251.5229.562.000Karate2.881.473.671.473.171.5272.451.000Baseball3.401.45J;L;<=>`?bAdAfAhAjAlAJL$~xx$ & F3.541.473.451.462.387.123Surfing3.181.453.441.483.281.467.675.006Diving3.441.413.671.413.521.426.389.012Canoeing2.881.442.941.472.901.45.451.502Orienteering2.771.413.101.482.891.4412.621.000Auto-moto sports4.121.324.351.114.201.258.953.003Aeronautics3.361.483.501.483.421.482.179.140Parachuting3.451.523.731.483.551.518.479.004Rugby2.871.493.451.583.081.5435.565.000Synchronized swimming1.971.202.541.432.181.3247.633.000Bodybuilding2.681.513.241.552.881.5532.451.000Aerobics1.851.162.681.462.151.33104.882.000Field hokey2.641.413.391.472.911.4867.729.000Sports fishing3.031.573.501.543.201.5722.868.000Pin bowling2.581.443.471.482.901.5291.228.000Results and discussion The results in Table 1. show that the rank of the most popular sports is the same in both samples. Football is the most popular sport, auto-moto sport is the second, cycling and basketball are the third and fourth, in municipal as well as small town sample. The least popular are also the same in both samples - the lowest mean value is for rhythmic gymnastics, and then for dance. Popularity of football and auto-moto sport, and rejection of "female" sports again proved to be constant in young male population in this part of the world (Bosnar, Goanik and Prot, 2002). However, the small town boys have systematically higher evaluations of sports than boys from Zagreb have. It seams that small town boys are not so particular in sport preferences and are more ready to accept some sport from wider set of sports. Perhaps, results reflect the adaptation to different opportunities of small and big towns. Municipal boys can afford themselves to be more specific in their choice of sport, being able to fulfill their wishes much more often than small town boys are. Although the rank of the first and last preferred sports is the same in two samples, discriminant analysis showed that significant differences of sport interests do exist (Table 2). The discriminant function is defined mainly by baseball, skating and scuba diving at the negative pole, and by bowls and box at the positive side (Table 3). Aeronautics, athletics, roller-skating and tennis are the next by size of the coefficients with negative sign, and sports gymnastics, sledging, skiing and aerobics are sports with some visible coefficients at the positive side. Table 2. Results of discriminant analysis of sports interests in municipal and small town boys EigenvalueCanonical CorrelationWilks' LambdaChi-squareDegrees of freedomSignificance of c2 test.549.595.646456.57352.000 Centroids of groups on discriminant function are presented in Table 4. and Figure 1. Figure 1. Discriminant function of sports interests in municipal and small town boys municipal boys small town boys - -0.556 0 +0.984 + baseball, skating, scuba bowls, box, sports diving, aeronautics, roller gymnastics, sledging, skating, athletics, tennis skiing, aerobics Table 3. Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients (W), unstandardized canonical discriminant function coefficients (X), and correlation of variables and discriminant function (F) SPORTWXFSkating-.239-.188-.029Swimming-.088-.071-.050Skiing.229.168.132Roller skating-.174-.121.046Volleyball-.128-.099.068Ice hockey-.020-.014.093Mountaineering-.010-.007.073Basketball-.042-.033.006Sports gymnastics.241.181.338Acrobatics.127.090.285Athletics-.180-.128.097Football.034.030.085Rhythmic gymnastics.167.164.366Dance-.016-.013.166Judo-.104-.072.191Table tennis-.111-.088.047Rowing-.054-.040.036Box.328.223.401Scuba diving-.226-.162-.035Alpinism (rock climbing)-.098-.068.040Spear-fishing-.158-.104.014Taekwondo.066.046.309Fencing.181.126.381Cycling-.017-.014.109Bowls (boules).364.271.490Weightlifting.180.124.388Handball-.011-.008.101Badminton.095.067.223Tennis-.175-.133.026Schooting.041.029.194Wrestling.001.001.339Water skiing.027.018.065Sledging.238.170.334Waterpolo.020.014.082Equestrian.138.097.242Archery-.005-.003.224Karate.146.100.351Baseball-.251-.173.064Surfing.035.024.114Diving-.059-.042.104Canoeing-.161-.111.028Orienteering-.005-.004.147Auto-moto sports-.039-.031.123Aeronautics-.182-.123.061Parachuting.120.080.120Rugby.036.024.246Synchronized swimming.007.005.285Bodybuilding-.093-.061.235Aerobics.219.172.423Field hokey.143.099.340Sports fishing.038.025.197Pin bowling.181.125.394 Table 4. Group Centroids at discriminant function ResidenceFunction 1Zagreb-.556Naaice+.984 The centroid of the municipal sample is placed at the negative side, and centroid of the small town sample is positive and placed notably further from zero point. Small town boys are more ready to accept non-elite bowls and box with low reputation, while metropolitan boys more often prefer typically urban skating, rather new in the community baseball, and fashionable scuba diving. In metropolitan area bowls are preoccupation of elderly males and that could be the reason for rejection of activity by young boys. Skating facilities, scuba diving schools and baseball clubs are available in capital but not in small countryside towns. The opportunity of participating could perhaps explain differences in attitude toward those sports. Box is another sport accepted by small town children and not treated in the same way by municipal boys. It is an old and well-known sport that is generally loosing its popularity, but not in this sample of small town boys. Small town boys are also more ready to accept sports on the snow, sports gymnastics and aerobics. Besides skating, scuba diving and baseball, metropolitan boys show more interest to roller-skating, tennis, athletics, and aeronautics. The differences in sport interests of municipal and small-town children could be partially explained by differences in opportunities for various sports, and partially by conservatism of small community, producing acceptance of traditional activities. Some differences are not easily explainable, like those regarding aerobics, and further research should have to be done. References Bosnar, K., Goanik, J. Prot, F. (2002). Primerjava latentnih struktur preferenc aportov pri de kih razli ne starosti. Zbornik prispevkov "Otrok v gibanju". Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani. Doupona, M. (2001). Influence of some aspects of parental socio-economic status on the attitude towards sports. Kinesiology 33(1), 94-104. Haddad, H. (2002). Odnos prema nogometu djece osnovnoakolskog uzrasta. Zagreb: Kinezioloaki fakultet. Haralambos, M. and Holborn, M. (2000). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London: Collins. Petrovi , K., Hoaek, A. (1986). The determination of sports activities in the canonical configuration of the latent stratification dimension. In: Petrovi , K., Hoaek, A. (Eds.): Prilozi za sociologiju sporta., Knjiga 2. Zagreb: Fakultet za fizi ku kulturu.  02:<>^$$U4 tֈ D9`PPP``$$$$$$x:<>LN\"$:hjJLb 2   b d n    0!2!@!!!!!! 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