ࡱ> y{x7 u`bjbjUU 7|7|2l    $& ,,F2^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 9997D9D9D9D9D9D9D$^G ~If]D99999]D,^ ^ E,,,9F^ ^ 7D,97D,",/#C#D^ R [:  )2C#DE0,F DI+I#D,The range of brown bears once covered all Europe, but after centuries of persecution, theirs numbers are much reduced. Following conservation actions bear numbers are increasing in some countries. In Croatia bear numbers are currently stable and the animal is found in the mountains which cover 20% of the country. Smei su medvjedi svojedobno bili rasprostranjeni po cijeloj Europi, ali se njihov prostor jako smanjio nakon stoljea istrjebljivanja. Zahvaljujui akcijama zaatite danas im broj ponovo raste u nekim zemljama. U Hrvatskoj je broj medvjeda stabilan i i ~ive u brdima koja pokrivaju oko 20% povraine zemlje. Why are bears important? Zaato su medvjedi va~ni For mankind Za ljude Brown bears have been both persecuted and valued through the centuries. Like other large carnivores, bears have been considered a menace and hunted down, resulting in reduced numbers in most of western Europe. More recently bears have been valued for trophy hunting. In some areas, their numbers were maintained by hunters who eventually helped bear populations to survive and even to recover. Today bears attract amateur wildlife observers and photographers. For wildlife enthusiasts the presence of a bear can considerably enhance their wilderness experience. Research has shown that a majority of residents in bear areas in Croatia feel that the animals presence attracts tourism. The presence of bears can be used in many different ways to contribute the sustainable local economies. Some of the examples are the use of a bear label to market local traditional products (such as craft work) and organized "bear hikes" to see and photograph the signs of bear activities. Smei medvjedi bili su tijekom stoljea i uniatavani i cijenjeni. Prvo su, kao i druge velike zvijeri, bili smatrani nepo~eljnima i uniatavani, a to je izazvalo njihov nestanak u gotovo cijeloj zapadnoj Europi. Potom su preostali medvjedi postali po~eljni za trofejni lov. U nekim podru jima njihov su broj odr~ali lovci koji su i pomogli njihovom opstanku i porastu broja. Danas medvjedi privla e amatere promatra e i snimatelje divljih ~ivotinja. Prisue medvjeda mo~e bitno unaprijediti njihovo iskustvo boravka u divljini. Istra~ivanja su pokazala da veina stanovnika u podru jima nastanjenim medvjedima u Hrvatskoj osjea da ta ~ivotinja doprinosi turizmu. To se mo~e iskoristiti na razli ite na ine da doprinese odr~ivom lokalnom gospodarstvu. Mogui primjeri su uporaba medvjee  etikete pri prodaji tradicionalnih proizvoda (poput rukotvorina) ili organizacija  medvjeih staza za nala~enje i slikanje znakova aktivnosti medvjeda. Internal note to be excluded from brochure: Food pyramid and position of bears in it, with following description For the environment Za okoli Bears are omnivorous and feed on both plants and animals. However, being a primary plant feeder, the bear is an important seed disperser. Since the animal covers large distances, undigested seeds are carried further away and dispersed. Medvjedi se kao sve~deri hrane i biljkama i ~ivotinjama. Kao prete~ni biljo~der medvjed je va~an raznosa  neprobavljenih sjemenki po airokom prostoru svog kretanja. Bears need large undisturbed areas to live in. These large areas also serve as habitat for other native species and bears are therefore known as umbrella species. Protecting bear habitats thus has a positive impact on other species that are less charismatic but equally important in maintaining the equilibrium of the ecosystem. Za ~ivot medvjedi trebaju velika i mirna podru ja. Ta podru ja su ujedno i staniata ostalih uroenih vrsta i stoga se medvjede naziva  krovnom vrstom. uvanje medvjeih staniata ima stoga pozitivni odjek na ostale vrste koje su manje karizmatske ali jednako va~ne u o uvanju ravnote~e u ekosustavu. Internal note to be excluded from brochure: UMBRELLA species As scavengers, bears help in natures clean-up and recycling process. They reduce amount of dead animals or carrions and make the rest more accessible to natures decomposers. Kao leainari medvjedi poma~u  iaenju i procesima recikliranja u prirodi. Smanjivanjem mase neke leaine oni ubrzavaju rad prirodnih razgraiva a. As predators, bears help in nature s selection process by weeding out weaker animals. Kao predatori medvjedi poma~u proces prirodne selekcije izlu ivanjem slabijih jedinki. How do you know you are in bear country? Kako prepoznati da ste u podru ju medvjeda? Look for Potra~ite: Footprints in mud, dust or snow. Otiske aapa u blatu, praaini ili snijegu The prints are easy to differentiate from other animal footprints. They are 10  15 cm wide, with 5 toes and claws. The front foot is shorter than the hind. If without claws the print of the hind foot may resemble a huge print of a man s bare foot. Otiske medvjeih aapa je lako razlikovati od drugih ~ivotinja. `iroki su 10 do 15 cm, sa po pet prstiju i pand~i, Prednja aapa je kraa od stra~nje. Kad ne bi imao pand~e otisak stra~nje aape nalikovao bi velikom otisku bose noge ovjeka. Scat or faeces. Izmet: Bear scat is large and of various shapes and colours depending on the food ingested. Bears digest plant matter poorly and this often helps in the identification of the food items. Bear scat also has a faint and inoffensive odour. Izmet medvjeda je velik i razli itih oblika i boja ovisno o hrani koju je pojeo. Medvjedi slabo probavljaju biljni materijal, a to olakaava prepoznavanje sadr~aja izmeta. Miris izmeta je blag i nije neugodan. Winter den. Zimski brlog: Bears winter in cavities among rocks or under the roots of a big tree. The den usually contains a bed of conifer twigs, dry grass and leaves. The entrance is normally quite narrow. Medvjed zimuje u aupljinama stijena ili pod korijenima velikog stabla. Brlog obi no sadr~i le~aj od gran ica, suhe trave ili liaa. Ulaz je obi no uzak i ovjek treba puzati po trbuhu da bi uaao. Day bed. Dnevni le~aj Bears rest on a slope behind a big tree or bush during the day. Look for leaves that have been scattered to form a circular space of about 50  90 cm. Preko dana medvjed se odmara na padini iza kojeg veeg stabla ili grma. Mo~e se vidjeti kako je uklonio liae sa tla u krugu od 50 do 90 cm. Tree marks. Oznake na stablu: Bears scratch themselves on tree barks leaving behind fur and smells fur signaling the animal s presence. Look for parallel scratch marks caused by bears claws up to a height of 2 m and sap leaking from a fir or spruce. Medvjedi se eau o koru stabla ostavljajui mirise kao znak svog prisua. Potra~ite paralelne ogrebotine od pand~i i do 2 m u visinu, te smolu koja se cijedi iz jele ili smreke. Feeding activity. Tragovi na mjestu hranjenja: Although signs of a bears feeding depends on the food item, there are usually disturbed leaves in large areas on the forest floor. For instance a bears foraging for beech nuts will leave signs of its activity in the form of scattered leaves. Also look for claw marks on skins of dead animals, and teeth marks on skin turned inside out. Znakovi medvjeeg hranjenja ovise o vrsti hrane, ali obi no je liae razgrnuto na airem podru ju aumskog poda, posebno kada tra~i bukvice. Na mrtvim ~ivotinjama potra~ite ogrebotine pand~ama na ko~i i zubima izvrnutu unutarnju stranu ko~e. Bear country rules Pravila ponaanja u stanitu medvjeda Do not feed bears Ne hranite medvjede Take organic rubbish away with you and make sure all food is inaccessible to bears. Food including discarded remains and that let in rubbish dumps attracts bears. Some bears may make regular forays to rubbish dumps, and can cause damage in their search for food from human sources. Sve organsko smee ponesite sa sobom iz staniata medvjeda i pazite da hrana ne bude dostupna medvjedima. Odba ena hrana i njeni ostaci, kao i smetliata privla e medvjede. Neki medvjedi dolaze redovito na smetliata, a ti onda mogu po eti tra~iti hrani i iz drugih ljudskih izvora, te izazivati tete. Do not surprise bears Nemojte iznenaditi medvjeda When walking in bear area with dense vegetation, make your presence heard. Be loud enough for the bear to hear you from a distance of about 30 m. If you walk quietly you may find yourself within the bears personal space. The bear may feel cornered and see active defense as the only solution, especially if the bear is wounded or a mother with cubs. Dok se kreete podru jem medvjeda sa gustom vegetacijom budite dovoljno glasni da vas medvjed mo~e uti na udaljenost od oko 30 m. Ako se kreete tiho mo~ete se nai unutar prostora medvjee osobne sigurnosti. Medvjed se mo~e osjetiti ugro~enim i vidjeti aktivnu obranu kao jedini izlaz, i to posebno ako se radi o medvjedici sa mladima. Do not approach bears or run away from them Ne prilazite medvjedu niti ne bje~ite od njega Observe bear only from a distance, particularly cubs. Move away from the path of any bear walking towards you. In case of a close encounter, do not run but give space for the bear to retreat. Running may provoke the bear to chase you. Medvjede promatrajte iz daljine, a pogotovo medvjedie. Medvjedu koji se kree prema vama sklonite se sa puta. U slu aju iznenadnog susreta na blizinu nemojte bje~ati nego samo dajte mjesta medvjedu da se povu e. Bje~anje mo~e izazvati medvjeda da vas proganja. Facts about bears injenice o medvjedima Bears in Croatia Medvjedi u Hrvatskoj Brown bears (Ursus arctos) that live in Croatia are one of eight bear species of the world. An estimated 400 to 600 brown bears live in Croatia. Smei medvjed (Ursus arctos) koji ~ivi u Hrvatskoj jedna je od osam vrsta medvjeda u svijetu. Procjenjuje se da u Hrvatskoj ~ivi 400 do 600 medvjeda. Habitat Staniate Bears live in large unfragmented areas with dense and diverse vegetation cover. In Croatia, depending on sex and age each bear may live in an area covering 100 to 300 sq. km. Medvjedi ~ive u velikim i neprekinutim podru jima sa bogatim i raznolikim biljnim pokrovom. }ivotni prostor pojedinog medvjeda u Hrvatskoj kree se, ovisno o spolu i dobi, od 100 do 300 km2. Food Hrana A peculiarity of bears is that although they are the largest member of the carnivore family, they feed predominantly on plant matter such as berries, nuts and tubers. Their diet is also composed of insects, other invertebrates and carrion. On rare occasions they prey on livestock. Iako su najvei predstavnici porodice zvijeri, medvjedi prete~no jedu biljnu hranu poput bobica, tvrdih plodova i gomolja. Prehrana uklju uje kukce, druge beskraljeanjake, te leaine ~ivotinja. U rijeim prilikama napda i stoku. Life cycle }ivotni ciklus Depending on various factors, the life span of a bear in the wild varies. They can, however live over 20 years. Bears mate in the early summer and give birth in the winter. Brown bears hibernate in winter (December-March) and mature females give birth during their hibernation to a litter of 1 to 4 cubs every 2 years on an average. Trajanje ~ivota medvjeda u prirodi ovisi o raznim iniocima. Mogu ponekad do~ivjeti i preko 20 godina. Medvjedi se pare po etkom ljeta, a raaju zimi. Smei medvjedi spavaju zimski san (prosinac-o~ujak), tijekom kojega zrele ~enke svake druge godine raaju leglo od 1 do 4 medvjedia. Social structure Druatvena struktura Bears are solitary but maintain communication with other bears. By making marks on trees and leaving their scent they let each other know that they are present in an area and these may also signify claim on food resources. Failure to heed such marks may result in the death of the weaker bear. Bear behavior varies from animal to animal and each individual develops its own strategy for survival. However, most bears have opportunistic behaviors which quickly turns into learnt behavior. Medvedi ~ive samotno ali komuniciraju sa drugim medvjedima, putem oznaka na stablima i raznih mirisnih znakova .Time ozna uju svoje prisue i brane izvore hrane. Ponaaanje medvjeda je razli ito i svaka jedinka razvija vlastitu strategiju pre~ivljavanja. Veina je medvjeda, ipak, oportunisti ka, a to se brzo razvija u nau eno ponaaanje. Threats to bears Razlozi ugro~enosti medvjeda Habitat change: mature beech whose nuts are the bear s primary food in autumn have in many areas been replaced through silvicultural interventions by managed spruce stands. Rubbish dumps left in and around bear territory: these results in the bears getting used to easy food from human sources and so gradually losing their natural fear of people. Railroads, highways and forest roads running through bear habitat: these fragment bear habitat, introduce disturbance, and pose a danger to roaming bears. Promjene stanita: Udio smreke se poveao aumarskim zahvatima, a na ra un zrele bukve koja daje bukvicu, glavnu medvjeu hranu u jesen. Smetliata u staniatu medvjeda: Medvjedi se brzo nau e na hranu iz ljudskih izvora i postupno gube priroeni strah od ljudi. 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