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ZDENKOFRANI`,DOBROSLAVCESAR,GORDANAMAROVI`   ANDJASMINKASENbAR   ,_  Institutzamedicinska_istraivanja_Ԁimedicinurada `  Jedinicazazatituodzracenja L   Ksaverskacesta2,p.p.291,HR10001Zagreb,HrvatskaEmail:4B CO  5  franic@imi.hr6CO4  7  $t   Abstract 󀄀Thispaperpresentstheresultsoflongterminvestigationsofradioactivematter 8  gatheredfromtheairinthecityofZagreb.Totalbetaactivityintheairhasbeenmeasuredeversince1961.Gammaspectrometricairanalysishasbeencarriedoutcontinuouslysince1983,anddeterminationof90Srsince1987.Thepresenteddataindicatethattheradioactivematterinthe  Zagrebair,aswellasinentireCroatiafrom1961to1996,hasbeenmanifestingaconstantexponentialdecreaseinquantity.Theonlyexceptionwasnaturally_produced_Ԁ_7Be,_Ԁwithalmost  unchangedspecificactivityconcentrationsthroughoutthemeasurementperiod.Mainsourcesofradioactivematterintheairarestillnuclearexplosionsconductedintheatmospherein1960s.TheChornobylnuclearaccidentcausedasignificantincreaseintheairradioactivity_onlyin1986.__However,i__n_ԀthefewsubsequentyearsitdecreasedtopreChornobylvalues._ԀDespitetheconstantpresenceofradioactivematterintheZagrebair,theactivityvalueshaveneverexceededthelegallimitforthelastthirtysixyears.Keywordindex:radioactivity,air,derivedactivityconcentrations,Chornobyl 8  Saetak 󀄀Uradusuopisanirezultatiadugogodinjihistraivanjaradioaktivnihtvariuzraku ! sakupljanomuZagrebu.Ukupnabetaaktivnostmjeriseod1961.Gamaspektrometrijskaanalizakontinuiranoseprovodiod1983,aodreOivanje90Srod1987.Prikazanipodaciukazujuna t#! eksponencijalnipadradioaktivnihtvariuzagrebackomzraku,kaoiucijelojHrvatskojuperiodu `$" od1961.do1996.godine.Jedinijeizuzetakprirodni7Be,cijesuspecificneaktivnostiucijelom L% # promatranomperiodugotovonepromijenjene.Najvanijiizvorradioaktivnihtvariuzrakujosu 8&!$ uvijekatmosferskenuklearneeksplozijeizpocetka1960tihgodina.Nuklearnanesreaau $'t"% bornobiljuprouzrocilajeznacajnijiporastradioaktivnostiuzrakusamo1986.godine.No,vea (`#& slijedeaihgodinaopetjeopalanapredbornobiljskevrijednosti.Usprkosstalnomprisustvu (L$' radioaktivnihtvariuzagrebackomzraku,aktivnostiuproteklihtridesetestgodinanikadanisu )8%( premailezakonomdoputenevrijednosti.Kljucnerijeci:radioaktivnost,zrak,izvedenekoncentracijeaktivnosti,bornobilj  -(, 7T 7 7  _@GG#c INTRODUCTION     Longrangeatmospherictransportprocessescancausewidespreadglobaldistributionofradioactivematteralthoughitsometimes,likeinChornobyl,originatesinasinglepoint.Suchradioactivityeventuallyreachesmen,eitherdirectlyorindirectlythroughthefoodchain.Inordertostudythefateanddistributionoftheradionuclidesintroducedintheatmosphere,aswellastoassesstheimpactonhumans,itisnecessarytomeasuretheradioactivityinair(Cesar_etal.__1992,_Cesar_andSencar1996)._  t   In1960smeasurementsofthetotalbetaactivityintheairhasbeentheworldwidemostlyutilizedmethodforcontinuousmonitoringofradioactivecontaminationintheair.However,inlate1970s,duetoscientificadvancementsinthefieldofelectronics,gammaspectrometricmeasurementsbecamethebasicmethodforqualitativeandquantitativedeterminationsofradionuclidesinvarioussamples,includingtheair.Inaddition,gammaspectrometryhasnumerousadvantagescomparedtothetotalbetaactivitymeasurements._Thelattermethodcannotdiscriminatebetweencontributionofparticularradionuclidesandformoreinformationtimeconsumingandtediousradiochemicalanalysishadtobeperformed.Contrary,gammaspectrometricalmeasurementsimultaneouslygivesinformationaboutthepresenceofdifferentradionuclides.Asradionuclidesaremostlygammaemitters,onlyfewimportantonesareleftthatcannotbedeterminedgammaspectrometrically.Theseare89Sr,90Sr,239Pu,240Pu,14Cand   3H._Fortunately,theseradionuclidesarenotveryvolatile(except3H).Therefore,theyarenot p expectedtobereleasedintheenvironmentinmajorquantities_even_Ԁinthecaseofseverenuclearaccidents.____  Fissionradionuclides(thirtyfive)routinelygammaspectrometricallymeasuredintheairasapartofthemonitoringprogrammeofenvironmentalradioactivecontaminationinCroatiaare:   24Na,51Cr,54Mn,56Mn,57Co,58Co,60Co,59Fe,65Zn,88Rb,95Nb,95Zr,99Mo,99mTc,103Ru,106Ru,  110mAg,124Sb,125Sb,129I,131I,132I,133I,134I,135I,132Te,134Cs,136Cs,137Cs,138Cs,140Ba,140La,141Ce, m 144Ceand239Np.Inaddition,_elevennaturalradionuclidesare_Ԁalso_measured:_Ԁ7Be,40K,208Tl,212Bi, Y 214Bi,214Pb,226Ra,228Ac,234mPa,234Thand235U. E    Investigationsofthedistributionandfateofnatural,weapon-producedandreactor-releasedradionuclidesintheZagrebairhavebeenconductedintheUnitofRadiationProtectionofthisInstitute,asapartofanextendedmonitoringprogramme.Theresults_havebeen__published_Ԁyearly(Popovia19621978,Bauman_etal.1979_1992,Kovac_etal.1993_1997).Total $X" betaactivityintheairinCroatiahasbeenmeasuredeversince1961,whilegammaspectrometricmeasurementsstartedin1981.Investigationsof90Srinvolvingradiochemicalmethodsstartedin &0!$ 1987,ayearaftertheChornobylnuclearaccident.InadditiontoZagreb,theradioactivecontaminationofairhasbeenmonitoredovershorterorlongerperiodsoftimeonsomeotherlocationsinCroatia:_Zadar_Ԁ_(1964_1996),Puaa(19941996),MedvednicaSljeme(19621964), })#' Virovitica(19691990),Bistra(19811993),Struec(19851987),Gospia(19861990)and i*$( Plomin(19871990).  Amonganthropotropic(i.e.manmade)radioactivenuclidesfissionproducts137Csand90Sr --'+ havebeenregardedasthefissionproductsofagreatpotentialhazardtolivingbeingsduetotheuniquecombinationoftheirsrelativelylonghalf-lifes,andtheirchemicalandmetabolicproperties /|)- resemblingthoseofpotassiumandsodiumrespectively.  137Csis_abeta_Ԁemitterwithahalflifeof30years.Hisradioactivedaughter,137mBa,is_a a gamma_Ԁemitter_with_Ԁthehalflifeof3minutes.Caesiumisalkalimetallike_potassium_Ԁanditresemblespotassium_Ԁmetabolically._ԀItbelongstothecategoryofhighlyradiotoxicnuclides(groupII)(ICRP1983,S.l.SFRJ1986,S.l.SFRJ1984,N.N.1991).  90Srhasaradioactivehalflifeof29.12yearsanddecaysbybetaemission.Its_daughter90Y  t isalsoradioactive,withahalflifeof64hours,anddecaysbybetaemissiontothestableisotope  ` 90Zr.Strontiumisanalkalineearthelementandissimilartocalcium,bariumandradium.  L  Therefore,itfollowscalciumthroughthefoodchainsfromenvironmenttoman.Likecalcium,strontiumisretainedinthebodylargelyinbone.Therefore,90Srbelongstothecategoryofhighly $  radiotoxicnuclides(groupI)(ICRP1983,S.l.SFRJ1986,S.l.SFRJ1984,N.N.1991)._  7Beisagammaemittingradionuclidewithahalflifeof53.28days.Itbelongstothethird q  group_ofmoderately_Ԁradiotoxicnuclides_Ԁ(groupIII)(ICRP1983,S.l.SFRJ1986,S.l.SFRJ1984,N.N.1991).__@33c MATERIALANDMETHODS    __  TotalbetaactivityintheairinCroatiahasbeenmeasuredeversince1961.Airsampling,rangingfrom100to200m3daily,wascarriedout1mabove_Ԁthe_ground.Ai______ris_Ԁcontinuously H pumpedthroughSchneider&_Poelman_Ԁfilterpaper(blue)._ԀTheactivitywas_measuredafter_Ԁ120h(inordertoallowdecayofshortlivedbeta_radionuclides)_Ԁbyalowlevelanticoincidence,USUK.,shieldedUK.,US.,-Ԁbeta_counter._Forrespectiveyearswerecalculatedmeanvaluesof_adaily_Ԁ_foff__fftotal_Ԁbetaactivities.______  Gammaspectrometricairanalysishasbeencarriedoutcontinuouslysince_1983._ԀAirispumpedthroughanairglassfiberfilterdeviceplaced1maboveground,themonthlyvolumerangingfrom10,00030,000m3.USUK.,Agamma-rayspectrometrysystembasedonaGe(Li)detector 1! (relativeefficacy_15.4%_ԀwithFWHMresolutionof_1.87_ԀkeVat1.33MeV)coupledtoacomputerizeddataacquisitionsystem(a4096channelpulseheightanalyzerandapersonalcomputer)wasusedtodetermineradioactivitylevelsinthesamplesfromtheirgamma-rayspectra.Thedetectorisshieldedwith10cmthickleadthatislinedwith2mmofcadmiumand2mmofcopper.Samplesweremeasuredincylindricalplasticcontainersofappropriatevolumeplaceddirectlyonthedetector.UK.,US.,f0_Ԁee__ee__e  eThe_Ԁsamesampleswereafterwardsusedforradiochemicallyseparation(Harley1970)of90Sr.USUK.,Theradioactivityof90Sr_was_Ԁdeterminedbybeta-countingitsdecayproduct '"% (90Y),inalow-backgroundanti-coincidence,Geiger-Mllercounter.UK.,US.,3_ (#& `  `__ForrespectiveyearswerecalculatedmeanavaluesofamonthlybvaluesofZZb90Sr,137Cscandcdid7Bespecific i*$( activities._USUK.,  Countingtimeofallsamplesdependedonsampleactivityconcentration,butwasneverlessthan60,000_s.EfficiencycalibrationswerecarriedoutusingsourcesprovidedbytheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)andWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).  /|)- UK.,US.,%6_@//c RESULTSANDDISCUSSION   __  Themoratoriumonatmospherictestingofnuclearweaponsinearly1960sresultedinconstantdecreaseofradioactivematterinair,asseenfromFigure1thatshowslongtermdataforthetotalbetaactivityintheZagrebair.___Althoughsomeothermathematicalmodelscanleadtobetterfitofexperimentaldata,thebestphysicallyacceptablefitfortheexperimentaldataistheexponentialfunction:____0]qH_OKz| 27 p @Xdddddddd@E/ f7 vKE . ""__԰    ""whereA(x)_Ԁ_andA(0)areactivityconcentrationsintimesxandzerorespectivelyandkisconstant.__ $  ReciprocalvalueofconstantkisthemeanresidencetimeTmof_Ԁtheobservedradionucideinthe   air,_i.e.:________0OPX_OKz| 27 p @Xdddddddd@Ef7F :cbEq. ""________԰    ""  TransientincreasesinFigure1canbeexplainedbysmallerscaletestsperformedbyChina_andFrance______Ԁin_Ԁspiteof_anuclear_Ԁmoratorium,aswellasbyavarietyofenvironmental_physicalfactorsthatnaturallyfluctuate._Forthetotalbetaactivityintheairthe_Ԁfitofexperimentaldatatoafunction(1)wasobtainedbyregressionanalysis,leadingtotheequation:0;<s_OKz| 7 p @Xdddddddd@Ef7v KbL. ""_԰   ""withP(t)<0.001.Timeisinyears,thestartingyear_x=1_Ԁbeing1963.The1986.activitypeakiscausedbythepresenceofChornobylradionuclideslike137Csand131I,asconfirmedby  gammaspectrometricmeasurements.However,ayear_later_ԀtotalbetaradioactivitylevelsdecreasedtopreChornobylvalues.Therefore,fortheoverallobservedperiod,thispeakdidnotinfluenceonasignificanceofregressioncurveasindicatedbytheFischerttest.@%c FIGURE1 " @//'cHERE   #    Figure2.showsthespecific137CsactivityconcentrationsintheZagrebairfrom1983to $X" 1996.The1986.activitypeakiscausedby137CsoriginatedinChornobylaccident.Thedatafor %D # 137Csspecificactivityconcentrationsarefittedtotheexponentialfunction: &0!$ _0KNv_OKz| 7 p @Xdddddddd@E(f70Ze bL(. ""__԰   ""withP(t)<0.02.Timeisinyears,thestartingyearx=1being1986.@%c FIGURE2 --'+ @//'cHERE  .(,  /|)-   ___Fromequations(2)and(4)themeanresidencetimeof137CsforthepostChornobyl  period,characterizedbyrapiddecreaseof137Csintheair,is_____1.8_Ԁyears.Forcomparison,mean u residencetimeof137CsinfalloutfortheperiodMay1986December1990is0.71years(Frania, a _1992).__  ____________Figure3.Showsspecific90SractivityinBqm3intheZagrebairfrom1987to1996.The %  bestfitforthe90Srspecificactivityconcentrationsistheexponentialfunction   0Z[w_OKz| 7 p @Xdddddddd@E f7Z5bL . ""_԰   ""withP(t)<0.01.Timeisinyears,thestartingyear_x=1_Ԁbeing1987._@%c FIGURE3   @//'cHERE      Fromequations(2)and(5)themeanresidencetimeof90Srintheairis_______2.9_Ԁyears.For ]  comparison,meanresidencetimeof90Srinfalloutfortheperiod19621993is5.6years. I However,the90Srmeanresidencetimefortheperiod19621967,thatfollowedthemostintensive 5 atmosphericnuclearweapontestsisonly1.27years(Frania,1994).Namely,likethepost ! Chornobylperiodfor137Cs,19621967periodischaracterizedbyrapiddecreaseof90Sractivity   concentrationsintheair._____________  ThenuclearaccidentatChornobyl(26April1986)didnotcause___significant_Ԁincreasein H 90SractivityinenvironmentalsamplesinCroatia(including_air____),_Ԁcontraryto_137Cs._ԀUnlikethe 4 debrisfromtheatmospherictestingofnuclearweapons,theradionuclidesthatoriginatedfromtheChornobyldamagedreactorwerenotreleaseddirectlyintotheupperatmosphere.Astheresultofthereleasemechanism(continuingreleasesover10dayperiod,steamexplosionsandfireofthegraphitemoderator)andtheprevailingmeteorologicalconditionsatthetime,thelessvolatilecomponentsoftheChornobyldebris(e.g.90Sr)weredepositedclosertotheaccident Y locationthanthemorevolatileconstituents,e.g.radiocaesium(Whiteheadet_al._Ԁ1988).Thus,90Sr E  wasnotsubjectedtotheglobaldispersionprocesses,beingdepositedtotheEarth'ssurfacewithinaperiodofafewdaystoafewweeksaftertheaccident.Generally,changingmeteorologicalconditionswithwindofdifferentdirectionsatvariousaltitudesandprolongedreleasesresultedinaverycomplexdispersionpatternoverEurope.Consequently,_majorpartsofCroatia____________were__________initially_Ԁunaffectedbytheplumesofcontaminatedair(UNSCEAR1988,UNEP1991).__  Thespecificactivityconcentrationsof7BeandintheZagrebsurfaceairduringthestudy &0!$ period19831996are_shown_ԀinFigure_4.____@%c FIGURE4 })#' @//'cHERE  i*$( ______  __Lines_Ԁpresentmeanvalueandcorrespondingstandarddeviations.Forobserved19821996periodnotrendsin7Bespecificactivityconcentrationscanbeobserved.Themeanvalue(W@A! `E -UU -UW) --'+ forthe19821996periodis(6_2)'10_3Bqm3with33%standarderror_(gs).Similarvalueshave .(, beenobservedelsewhere(Paatero_etal.1996)._Ԁ___ԀRelativelyhighstandarderrorindicates /|)- pronouncedfluctuationsin7Bespecificactivityconcentrations.Thesefluctuationscanbe  explainedbythemechanismofproductionandtransportof7BetotheEarthsurface.7Be,being u  cosmogenicradionuclideisproducedintheuppertroposphereandstratosphereinnuclearreactionsinducedbycosmicraysinatmosphericoxygenandnitrogenatoms_(Lujanas1979)._About75%of___7Be_Ԁisproducedinthestratosphereand25%inuppertroposphere_(Johnsonand 9  Viezee_Ԁ1981).Thedescendingmovementofairduringhigh-pressuresituationssubsequentlybrings7Be_downwards.___Therefore,7Beactivityconcentrationsinnearsurfaceairareinavery   complexwaydependantuponmeteorologicalconditions.__  Toconvenientlypresenttheimpactoftheradioactivematterintheaironhumans,thedatafortotalbetaactivitymeasuredandspecificactivitiesof7Be,137Csand90SrareinTable1showed 8  asthepercentagesofderivedairconcentrations(%__IK),i.e.limitvaluesdetermined____by_ԀCroatianlow._(S.l.SFRJ1987,S.l.SFRJ1984,N.N.1991).__ԀItcanreadilybeseenthatinthesurfaceairinZagrebforthewholeobservedperiodconcentrationsofradioactivematterneverexceededtheallowedvalues._@&c TABLE1 I @//'cHERE  5 ____________________@$c CONCLUSIONS  \ _  Generally,onthebasisofpresented_data_Ԁcanbeconcludedthatfortheoverall19611996periodtheconcentrationsofradioactivematterintheZagrebairexponentiallydecreased,theonlyexception_being_Ԁactivityconcentrations_ofnaturallyproduced7Be._ԀThenuclearaccidentin   Chornobylcausedanactivitypeakin1986.However,inthesubsequentyearsitsinfluenceonthequantitiesofradioactivematterintheairwasnegligible.Therefore,themainsourceofradioactivematterintheairarestilltheatmosphericnuclearexplosionsperformedin_1960s.  ContinuousmonitoringduringtheobservedperiodshowedthattheactivityconcentrationsoftheradioactivematterintheZagrebairneverexceededallowedvalues._ԀHowever,inordertoprotectthegeneralpublic,monitoringisnecessary,alsoasapartofgeneralemergencypreparednessinthecaseofanuclearaccident.  #l! _@$c REFERENCES   BaumanA,CesarD,FraniaZ,KovacJ,LokobauerN,MaroviaG,MaraciaM,NovakoviaM. a _(19791992)_ԀResultsofenvironmentalradioactivitymeasurementsintheRepublicofCroatia1978-1990.Summaryreports1978-_1990._ԀInstituteforMedicalResearchandOccupationalHealth,Zagreb__Ԁ(InCroatian).CesarD.,Kovac__ԀJ.,BaumanA.(1992)RadioaktivnostuzrakunapodrucjuRepublikeHrvatske  t od1961.do1991.godine.ZbornikradovaPrvogasimpozijaHrvatskogadrutvazazatituod  ` zracenja,HDZZZagreb,___287__Ԅ291.___  L  CesarD.,SencarJ.(1996)Prisutnostcezija137iberilija7uzrakusjeverozapadneHrvatskeiu $  Zagrebuod1983.do1995.godine.ZbornikradovaTreaegasimpozijaHrvatskogadrutvaza   zatituodzracenja,HDZZZagreb,281_Ԅ285____.   FraniaZ.(1992)137CsuradioaktivnimoborinamauZagrebu.Hrvatskimeteorolokicasopis,27, ]  63-68____FraniaZ.(1994)DistributionAnalysisandMeanResidenceTimeof90SrinWetFalloutinZagreb. ! Hrvatskimeteorolokicasopis,29,76-83__._   HarleyJ.J.(Ed)(1970)HASLProceduresMannual,USAECReportHASL300._ICRP(International_ԀCommissiononRadiological_Protection)_Ԁ(1983)Radionuclide_transformations.__ԀICRP_ԀPublication38.PergamonPressOxford,NewYork,Toronto,Sydney,_Frankfurt.____JohnsonW.B.and_Viezee_ԀW.,1981.Stratosphericozoneinthelowertroposphere-I.Presentationandinterpretationofaircraftmeasurements.Atmos.Env.15(7),1309-1323._Kovac_J.,_ԀCesar_D.,_ԀFrania_Z.,_ԀLokobauer_N.,_ԀMarovia_G.,_ԀMaraciaM._(19931997)Results_Ԁof 1! environmentalradioactivitymeasurementsinRepublicCroatia1992-1996.Summaryreports1992-1996.InstituteforMedicalResearchandOccupationalHealth,_Zagreb._Ԁ(InCroatian).LujanasV.(1979)Kosmogennyeradionuklidyvatmosfere. Mokslas,Vilnius1979.N.N._(Narodnenovine)_Ԁ_51/1991._ԀZakonopreuzimanjusaveznihzakonaizoblastizdravstvakojiseuRepubliciHrvatskojprimjenjujukaorepublicki_zakoni.__ԀN.N.53/1991.p.1524. '"% _____PaateroJ.,HatakkaJ.andMattssonR.(1996).MeasurementsofAirborneBeryllium-7inNorthernFinland.In:___Walderhaug_Ԁ_T.and_ԀEinarPallGuthlaugsson(Eds.).Proceedingsofthe11th i*$( OrdinaryMeetingoftheNordicRadiationProtectionSocietyand7thNordicRadioecology U+%) Seminar,26.-29.August1996,Reykjavik,Iceland,ISBN9979-60-351-1.p.263-269.____AvailableonInternetat:4lh CO  5  http://www.geirik.is/nsfs/paatero1.htm.6F{COZ{  7{ԀURL(checked11May1998)__ --'+ _ /|)- PopoviaV.EnvironmentalradioactivityinYugoslavia1963-1977.Summaryreports  1963-1977.FederalCommitteeforLabour,HealthandSocialWelfare,Belgrade1964-1978.(InCroatian).S.l.SFRJ_(Slubenilist)__(1986).__Pravilnikostavljanjuuprometiupotrebiradioaktivnihtvari 9  iznadodre|enegraniceaktivnosti,rendgenskihaparataidrugihaparatakojiproizvodeionizirajuaa %  zracenjateozatitnimmjeramaodzracenjatihizvoraS.l._ԀSFRJ_40/1986_Ԁ_p._Ԁ_1168.   _S.l.SFRJ_(Slubenilist)(1987)._ԀPravilnikomaksimalnimgranicamaradioaktivnekontaminacije  ` covjekoveokolineioobavljanju_dekontaminacije._Ԁ_S.l.SFRJ8/1987.__Ԁp.226.  L  _____S.l._ԀSFRJ_(Slubenilist)(1984)._ԀZakonaozatitiodionizirajuaihzracenjaioposebnimmjerama $  sigurnostipriupotrebinuklearne_energije.__S.l.SFRJ62/1984.__p.1377.__UNEP(United_ԀNationsEnvironment_Programme),_ԀMediterraneanactionplan(1991)AssessmentofthestateofpollutionintheMediterraneanSeabyradioactivesubstances.UNEP,Athens._UNSCEAR(United_ԀNationsScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomic_Radiation)___Ԁ(1988)Sources,EffectsandRisksofIonizingRadiation,UnitedNations,NewYork.Whitehead_N.E.,_ԀBallestra_S.,_ԀHolm_E.and__Walton_ԀA._(1988)Air_ԀRadionuclidePatternsObservedatMonacofromtheChernobylAccident.J.Environ.Radioactivity__7,249-264.  \ __m)h9)%`|1 t `t!cEufOfOeum ""                         ""Figure1:Totalbetaactivity(b)expressedinBqm3intheZagrebairfrom1961to1996withthe m pertainingregressioncurve.Slika1.Ukupnabetaaktivnost(b)uBqm3uzrakugradaZagrebaod1961.do1996.godinei 1! pripadajuaaregresijskakrivuljapravac. "   #  m)b9)%`|! t `^Ef(f(esm ""                         ""Figure2.137Csspecificactivityconcentrations(aC)expressedinBqm3intheZagrebairfrom1983 m to1996withthepertainingregressioncurve.Slika2.Specificneaktivnosti137Cs(aC)uBqm3uzrakugradaZagrebaod1983.do1996. 1! godineipripadajuaaregresijskakrivuljapravac._ " ______________________________________________________________________________   #  __m)L9)%`|1 t ` EufDfDfum ""                         ""Figure3.90Srspecificactivityconcentrations(aS)expressedinBqm3intheZagrebairfrom1987 m to1996withthepertainingregressioncurve.Slika3.Specificneaktivnosti90Sr(aS)uBqm3uzrakugradaZagrebaod1987.do1996.godine 1! ipripadajuaaregresijskakrivuljapravac.__  " igghhijj__nkp)Y< ,(`~0 a   ` EC f f   pknnnlm)j9 )%`|1 t `eEf?f?e mlmlm)j9 )%`|1 t `eEf?f?e mlmll__kjp)Y< ,(`~0    ` Ef f e> pjkkknp)Y< ,(`~0 -   ` Ef f ^k p ""                         ""nFigure4.7Bespecificactivityconcentrations(aB)expressedinBqm3intheZagrebairwiththe m pertainingaverageandstandarddeviation.Slika4.Specificnekoncentracijeaktivnosti7Be(aB)uBqm3uzrakugradaZagrebaipripadajuaa 1! prosjecnavrijednostsastandardnomdevijacijom.______ "    #  __Table1.Totalbetaactivityexpressedthroughpercentageofaderivedconcentrationforunknownmixtureofradionuclidesandspecific7Be,137Csand90Sractivitiesexpressedthroughpercentage u ofacorrespondingderivedconcentrationintheZagrebairfrom1961to1996.Tablica1.Postociukupnebetaaktivnosti(b)uodnosunaizvedenukoncentracijuzanepoznatusmjesuradionuklidaispecificnihaktivnosti7Be,137Csi90Sruodnosunaodgovarajuaeizvedene %  koncentracijeuzrakugradaZagrebaod1961.do1996.godine(%IK).*o,pFd dd Xdd Xdd X"",E^^",^^",^^",k^^",l^^",n^^",^^"+  /% $  P/ AVVWW\,!< " Ab AVVWW\,!< "VVWW\ A AVVWW\,!< "VVWW\ Ab AVVWW\,!< "VVWW\ A7Be AVVWW\,!< "VVWW\ A137Cs AVVWW\,!< "VVWW\ A90Sr YVVWW\D,< "  P VVWW\ PYIK/Bqm3 fVVWW\Q!X "VVWW\ ffffff?7.00E-1ffffff?f0.7 fVVWW\QFX " ffffff?7.00E-1 ffffff?VVWW\ f fVVWW\Q!X "VVWW\ ffffff?7.00E-1ffffff?f0.7 VVWW\uFX " ffffff?7.00E-1 ffffff?VVWW\ @@2.0E+3@@2000 VVWW\tEX " @@2.0E+3 @@VVWW\ $@1.0E+1$@Ѐ10 VVWW\tEX " $@1.0E+1 $@VVWW\ ?4.0E-1?0.4 }VVWW\hPX " ?4.0E-1  P ?VVWW\ P}Year AVVWW\,!t "VVWW\ A%IK AVVWW\,!t "VVWW\ AYear EVVWW\0!t "VVWW\ E%IK VVWW\j/t "  P VVWW\ P@1961.@1961 ~tD " @1961. @VVWW\ j@2.14E+2j@~214 zVVWW\e7 " j@2.14E+2 j@ @1979.@z1979 ~tD " @1979. @VVWW\ K7A`?7.93E-1K7A`?~0.793 LB7 !" K7A`?7.93E-1 K7A`? LЄ ' "" 'Є ' #" 'Є mVVWW\X $"  P P@1962.@m1962 ~tD5%" @1962. @VVWW\ ffffff9@2.54E+1ffffff9@~25.4 zVVWW\e75&" ffffff9@2.54E+1 ffffff9@ @1980.@z1980 ~tD5'" @1980. @VVWW\ = ףp=?1.14E+0= ףp=?~1.14 LB75(" = ףp=?1.14E+0 = ףp=? LЄ '5)" 'Є '5*" 'Є mVVWW\X5+"  P P@1963.@m1963 ~tDQ," @1963. @VVWW\ >@3.00E+1>@~30 zVVWW\e7Q-" >@3.00E+1 >@ @1981.@z1981 ~tDQ." @1981. @VVWW\ '1Z?8.86E-1'1Z?~0.886 LB7Q/" '1Z?8.86E-1 '1Z? LЄ 'Q0" 'Є 'Q1" 'Є mVVWW\XQ2"  P P@1964.@m1964 ~tDm3" @1964. @VVWW\ = ףp=@5.81E+0= ףp=@~5.81 zVVWW\e7m4" = ףp=@5.81E+0 = ףp=@ @1982.@z1982 ~tDm5" @1982. @VVWW\ Pn?1.29E-1Pn?~0.129 LB7m6" Pn?1.29E-1 Pn? LЄ 'm7" 'Є 'm8" 'Є mVVWW\Xm9"  P P@1965.@m1965 ~tD:" @1965. @VVWW\ 333333&@1.11E+1333333&@~11.1 zVVWW\e7;" 333333&@1.11E+1 333333&@ @1983.@z1983 ~tD<" @1983. @VVWW\ Pn?1.29E-1Pn?~0.129 pf7=" Pn?1.29E-1 Pn? -C6*?2.0E-4-C6*?p0.0002 KA6>" -C6*?2.0E-4 -C6*? K<1.5E4 '?" 'Є mVVWW\X@"  P P@1966.@m1966 ~tDA" @1966. @VVWW\ d;O?5.81E-1d;O?~0.581 zVVWW\e7B" d;O?5.81E-1 d;O? @1984.@z1984 ~tDC" @1984. @VVWW\ 48EG?7.14E-248EG?~0.0714 pf7D" 48EG?7.14E-2 48EG?  W(?1.9E-4 W(?p0.0002 KA6E"  W(?1.9E-4  W(? K<1.5E4 'F" 'Є mVVWW\XG"  P P@1967.@m1967 ~tD8H" @1967. @VVWW\ On?4.23E-1On?~0.423 zVVWW\e78I" On?4.23E-1 On? @1985.@z1985 ~tD8J" @1985. @VVWW\ lV}?8.86E-2lV}?~0.0886 pf78K" lV}?8.86E-2 lV}? 9̗7?3.6E-49̗7?p0.0004 KA68L" 9̗7?3.6E-4 9̗7? K<1.5E4 '8M" 'Є mVVWW\X8N"  P P@1968.@m1968 ~tDTO" @1968. @VVWW\ K7A`?7.93E-1K7A`?~0.793 zVVWW\e7TP" K7A`?7.93E-1 K7A`? @1986.@z1986 ~tDTQ" @1986. @VVWW\ LC@3.86E+1LC@~38.6 pf7TR" LC@3.86E+1 LC@ 3.