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"■   ■   #$%&'■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Root Entry         └FЖ╫жй0Щ╜АCompObj            bWordDocument        ЖCObjectPool    Жкuи0Щ╜Жкuи0Щ╜╘ 4@╘ ■    ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ■       └FMicrosoft Word 6.0 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.6;■  ■  рЕЯЄ∙OhлС+'│┘0╨Ш▄ D h М ░╘° @d Им                                C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\NORMAL.DOTFieldwork Projects in Croatiamm▄еe3└ em7ЖCm4>j>jj>j>j>j>j>─>─>─>─>─>─> ╬>─>╡BJ▐>▐>▐>▐>▐>▐>▐>▐>3?5?5?5?.c?Ъ¤@ЪЧB BTSC3╡Bj>▐>▐>▐>▐>▐>╡B▐>j>j>▐>▐>▐>▐>▐>▐>j>▐>j>▐>3?~>Ш>,j>j>j>j>▐>3?▐>U▐> Fieldwork Projects in Croatia Miracle P.T., Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge Downing Street, Cambridge, England Paunoviц M., & JambreЪiц G., Institute of Quaternary Paleontology and Geology Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts A. Kovaшiцa 5, Zagreb, Croatia This is an international project of archaeological excavation under the direction of Dr. Preston Miracle. Field research was undertaken in north-eastern Istria, Croatia, from 9-16 April, 2-3 July, and from 12 July to 20 August 1997. We excavated at four caves, Pupiцina peц, Vela peц, and VeЪanska peц in Vranjska draga near the village of Vranja, and at Кebrn Abri near the village of Brest pod Uшkom in ╞iцarija. The pollen analysis team (Dr. K Willis, director) tested over 10 fields and marshes in ╞iцarija and cored two sites. This project is in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology, University of Zagreb (Professor N. Majnariц-PandЮiц), Archaeological Museum of Istria (Dr. О. Ujшiц. director), and Institute of Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Dr. M. Paunoviц). Financial support was provided by the British Academy and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Project members include Dr. S. Forenbaher (field supervision, Zagreb), S. Vrdoljak (ceramics, University of Zagreb), Dr. P. Galanidou (litics, University of Cambridge), Dr. G. Boschian (sediments, University of Pisa), and 20 students and professional from all over Croatia, England and North America. Pupiцina peц The goals of 1997 excavations at the Pupiцina were to increase our sample of remains from post-Mesolithic levels, stratigraphically link trenches excavated in 1995 and 1996, and to expose a large area of the Mesolithic occupation. We excavated most of a 7x4 m block (24 m2) to a maximum depth of 217 cm below site datum. A total of 83 stratigraphic contexts were excavated, ranging from occupation levels that covered the entire excavated area, to isolated hearths and ash lenses found in individual squares. Significant contexts dating from post-Bronze Age, Bronze Age, Neolithic, and Mesolithic were excavated. Post-Bronze Age layers are undated and contained very little material. Bronze Age material was limited to the edge of a large pit or depression in the center of the site. Finds included a bronze pin, abundant pottery sherds (Late and Middle Bronze Age), animal bones (sheep, goat, pig, cattle), and a few stone tools made of high-Quality, honey-colored flint. Neolithic remains (perhaps spanning from Eneolithic to Middle Neolithic) contained many hearths, ash dumps, and large ash lens. Finds were extremely rich and included several Danilo sherds (including a Rhyton fragment), many black-burnished and incised sherds, a Cetina-type projectile point, a ground-stone axe, many lithics made on high-quality, honey-colored flint, and many animal bones (mostly sheep and goat). A few, isolated human teeth and bones were also found in the Neolithic levels. There is a clear disconformity between the Neolithic and Mesolithic deposits. The uppermost several cm of the Mesolithic deposits were very compact and appear to have been trampled. We distinguished between extremely dense and rich ashy deposits (full of lithics, land snails, marine mussels, red deer, roe deer, boar, and other mammals)and more dispersed refuse in less ashy deposits. A number of calcite features were discovered in the western half of the excavation block, and appear to have formed from dripping water during wetter periods in the early Holocene. Numerous bone tools and Columbella shell beads were found, in addition to river cobbles used for grinding red and yellow ochre. Several small human cranial fragments were also discovered in the midden among the food refuse. Mesolithic -age lithics are being analysed by Dr. P. Galanidou in Cambridge. Ceramics are being analyzed by S. Vrdoljak in Zagreb. Neolithic and Bronze-Age lithics are being analyzed by Dr. S. Forenbaher in Zagreb. Flotation samples are being sorted at the Institute of Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Zagreb. Mollusks are being analyzed by M. Poje, Zagreb (paleontology) and J. Corcoran, Cambridge (taphonomy and paleontology). Sediments are being analyzed by Dr. G. Boschian in Pisa. Faunal remains are being analyzed by Dr. P Miracle. Arrangements are still being made for the analysis of botanical remains and wood charcoal. Samples will be submitted for conventional and AMS 14 C dates. 2) VeЪanska peц VeЪanska Cave is a 9x9 m, SE-facing shelter at an elevation of ca. 200 m/sl. It is located in a small, narrow, wooded side-canyon, approximately a 5-minute walk downstream from Pupiцina. Although wellhidden, the cave provides very quick (5-10 minute walk) access to the gently-rolling countryside west of the canyon. The cave surface was relatively clear of debris and dips gently to the east and south. Patches of what appear to be bedrock are visible at the surface along the NW edge of the cave. A 1x2 - m trench was opened; this trench was excavated by a team of 2-3 students during the spring (supervised by Galanidou) and summer (supervised by Miracle) field seasons). A maximum depth 220 cm below the surface was reached without reaching bedrock; the last 70 cm of deposits were archaeologically sterile. Epipalaeolithic-aged material is present immediately beneath the shelterТs surface. The site was excavated with trowel and hand pick (as necessary). Flotation samples of 2-8 liters were taken from each square from each excavated level. All of the remaining sediments were dry sieved using 3 mm sieves. Soil samples and samples for soil micromorphology were collected by Dr. G. Boschian. Three bore holes were dug with a soil augur to determine the extent of deposits, but did not reveal any significant differences in sediment and stratigraphy from the test trench. Bedrock was not reached anywhere in the trench. No further excavations at VeЪanska peц are planned in the immediate future. Postexcavational analyses are focusing on the dating of the deposits, and analyses of artifacts (Galanidou), faunal remains (Miracle), and sediments (Boschian). All of the flotation samples were processed in the field. They are currently being sorted in Zagreb. First impressions of the artifacts suggest that backed bladelets are present, which stands in marked contrast to Pupiцina peц. Similarly, the faunal remains seem to have a relatively greater frequency of wild caprids (chamois/ibex) and relatively fewer remains of the roe deer relative to Pupiцina. The depositional context at VeЪanska is also very different from that at Pupiцina, namely in the important fluvial? component represented by the sorted gravels and rounded cobbles, in the much more compact nature of the sediments, and in the lack of post-Mesolithic occupation levels at the site. Given VeЪanska's smaller size and placement on a small side canyon, we might also expect it to have been used for different and/of narrower range of activities compared to Pupiцina. As best as we can correlate occupations between the two sites, it will be very interesting to see if they were used at roughly the same time, and in all likelihood by the same people. Analysis of the VeЪanska remains should provide important information about the fluvial history of the gorge, perhaps with implications for climatic conditions in the region, as well as variability in site use and occupation within a microregion. 3. Abri Кebrn Excavations at Кebrn Abri were supervised by Dr. S. Forenbaher from 11-19 August 1997; Forenbaher was assisted by 2-4 students. Кebrn Abri is a 6x4 m overhang that faces SE at ca. 750 m/sl. The shelter overlooks a natural corridor to the uplands of the ╞iцarija Plateau. This is the best point of access to the uplands for several km to either the West or East. Кebrn Abri is about 2.5 km NE of Pupiцina, and it takes approximately 2-3 hours to hike from one cave to the other. The shelter's surface dips gently to the south. A 1x3 m trench was excavated to crumbling bedrock approximately 80 cm below the surface. The site was excavated with trowel and hand pick (as necessary). Flotation samples of 8 liters were taken from each square from each excavated level. All of the remaining sediments were dry sieved using 3 mm sieves. Soil samples and samples for soil micromorphology were collected by Dr. G. Boschian. Further excavations at Кebrn are not planned. Work will focus on postexcavation analyses. Forenbaher is currently inking in the plans and profiles, as well as writing a more detailed report on the excavations. Lithics will be analyzed by Galanidou. Faunal remains will be studied by Miracle, while Boschian is looking at the sedimentology and soil micromorphology. Charcoal samples will be submitted for conventional 14 C dates. Кebrn provides a very interesting contrast to Pupiцina due to its higher altitude and high frequency of backed bladelets. Due to its size and position, one anticipates that site played a very different role from Pupiцina in the overall settlement system. It may have served as a temporary, special-purpose camp for monitoring game, intercepting herds moving between the uplands and lowlands, or as an overnight shelter visited while people were using upland resources or travelling over Auk mountain to the coast beyond. 4) Vela peц Vela peц is a 24x21 m, NW-facing rockshelter at. ca. 250 m/sl, immediately across the canyon from Pupiцina. Access to the cave today is from the stream bed below; the relatively steep slopes of Uшka rise immediately behind the cave. The cave entrance and its surroundings are hidden by dense forest. The cave is roughly funnel-shaped. Like Pupiцina, Vela appears to have been carved by a subterranean river. These caves were probably part of the same channel system that was subsequently bisected by Vranjska Canyon long before they were used by people. Within the drip-line (which extends approximately 15 m from the back wall of the cave), sediments were extremely soft and powdery and had been disturbed in many places by animal dens (probably badger setts). In 1996 we dug a 1x1-m trench to a depth of ca. 130 cm. This trench was enlarged to 1.6 x 1 m and dug to a maximum depth of 277 cm below the surface. The test trench narrows to ca. 0.7 x 1.5 m at 170 cm below surface, and to 0.6 x 0.6 m at its base. Owing to a large limestone block (roof-fall) in the western half of the trench. A complex of ash lens (32-250 cm) did not contain any cultural material. These layers are very similar to those in the top 80 cm at Pupiцina, and probably date to the Bronze Age and/or more recent periods. These ash lenses appear to have formed from the burning of large quantities of vegetation or perhaps animal dung across the shelter surface. As with the upper levels at Pupiцina, we suspect that these may document use of the cave as animal (sheep/goat) pen and its periodic cleaning by burning dung. The lowest layer is a more typical cave soil. It was also sterile, but only a very small part of it was exposed. The age of its deposition is still unknown. Eight bore holes were dug with a soil augur to determine the spatial distribution and thickness of the ash layers. These bore hole show that ash lens over 150 cm thick extend about 20 m from the back wall of the cave. Sediment samples collected from the bore holes still await analysis. We may dig a second test trench (1 x 2 m) near the edge of the ash lenses to expose and sample cave deposits underneath them. Other than this test trench, further work at Vela peц is not planned. Paleoecological investigations The pollen coring team was led by Dr. K. Wills (Godwin Institute, University of Cambridge), with assistance from Dr. K. Bennett (Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge) and two graduate students from Cambridge. The team surveyed and cored sites from July 12-15, 1997. We started by surveying ╚epiц Polje and Boljunsko Polje for suitable pollen coring sites. These are the longest sedimentary basins in the vicinity of Pupiцina cave. Soils at ╚epiц Polje (formerly a seasonal lake that was drained in the 1930s) were too dry to preserve pollen, while no sites suitable for probing were found at Boljunsko Polje. We than tested 8 sites 12-18 km to the Northwest of Pupiцina in the ╞iцarija Plateau. These were Dane, Оejane ( 2 sites), Trstenik (2 sites), Male Mune, LaniЪцe Polje, Vidonji Vrh (East of Rajшa Vas), and Prapoшe. All of these sites were between ca. 550-650 m/sl, with the exception of Vidonji Vrh which was at ca. 950m/sl. Only Dane, Prapoшe and Vidonji Vrh were worth coring, and logistical problems with transporting the corer to Vidonji Vrh forced us to abandon the site. Approximately 2m long sequences (built up from several cores in each case) were recovered from both Dane and Prapoшe. Beneath mixed humus, sediments were brownish gray clays and silts with high organic content. Cores stopped on mineral soils of gray clay and gravel; the top of the gray clay was sampled at each site, but the high stone content prevented the extraction of deeper core. Willis thinks that the gray mineral soils may date to the late Pleistocene; confirmation requires absolute dates. Preliminary analyses by Willis and her students show that these cores contain pollen. Pollen analyses of these cores are in progress. 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