ࡱ> .1+,-U -tbjbjnn 8zaaя%8T =(" $eLژ ژ ))) T  ) ))B| @Ӆ?;(hf 0=Έg))pgg$| ) ژژ) = g B F: FAMILY ACCEPTANCE, PEER PREASURE AND ALCOCHOL ABUSE IN YOUNG PEOPLE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marijana Majdak1 Katarina Novosel1 Assist. Prof. Dr. Ante Bagari2 1Univesity of Zagreb, Faculty of Law - Department of Social Work, Republic of Croatia 2 Psychiatric hospital Vrap e, Zagreb, Republic of Croatia Abstract Consumption of alcohol among young people is increasing and it requires the attention of the entire community, especially in terms of prevention. First habits connected to alcohol drinking young people gain in the family. Misuse of alcohol and other addictive substances in young people is often connected to complex family situations and family problems while drinking model is primarily developed in peer groups. The aim of this study was to examine the connection between young peoples perception of parental acceptance-rejection, peer pressure and some sociodemographic characteristic (gender, family structure, parent's education, subjective estimation of family income) with alcohol consumption. The participants were first year students at the University of Zagreb (different faculties) (N=227). The research was conducted during July 2017. using the web Questionnaire consisted of four parts: The Questionnaire of peer pressure (Lebedina-Manzoni, Lotar and Ricija, 2008.), Parental acceptance-rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 1984.), Socio-demographic questionnaire and The Questionnaire about the alcohol consumption both constructed for the purpose of this research. The data were analysed using descriptive statistic and Pearsons correlation. The results have shown significant correlation between alcohol consumption and peer pressure which means that under peer pressure young people consume alcohol more frequently. The perception of parental acceptance-rejection is associated with peer pressure, so students who experience rejection from their parents, experience also more peer pressure. The result also show the connection between some sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol consumption (gender, family structure, mother's educational status and the subjective estimation of family income). Therefore, attention needs to be put on the contemporary family relationships, leisure time of young people and relations with the peers as well as the young people education about the damage of alcohol use. Key words: students, perception of parental acceptance/rejection, peer pressure, alcohol use INTRODUCTION Alcohol abuse is the oldest type of dependence substance in the world which was first used 35 to 40 thousands years ago. In the 20th century alcohol abuse is one of the most serious social problem to which contributed legalization of alcohol, social tolerance and cultural acceptance like different social rituals followed by alcohol consumption (Bognar, 2005.). Although in many countries selling and consumption of alcohol is forbidden under certain age there is more and more children and youth who have problems with and because of alcohol. The motivation for alcohol consumption is complex and mostly connected to the quality of family relations and peer relations ( orak and assoc., 2013.) but also to school surrounding (Sakoman and assoc., 2002.). Researches show that many family aspects are connected to alcohol consumption in youth. Some of the risk factors are lack of communication in the family ( orak and assoc., 2013.), bad family relationship (Brajaa-}ganec and assoc. 2002.), parental rejection and underestimating (Rohner and Khaluegue, 2010.), poor parental supervising (Brickmayer and assoc., 2004.), poor attachment between children and parents (Lackovi- Grgin, 2006, Zrili, 2008.), inadequate parental behaviour like blaming children and lack of praise (Baumrind, 1983, according to Mihi and assoc. 2013.) and law socio-economic family status (Farrington and assoc. 1990, Mihi and assoc. 2013.). On the other side, researchers recognize also many protective factors in the family, like attachment between parents and children (Lackovi- Grgin, 2006.), quality family relationship (Campo and Rohner, 1992.), type of parental style which includes supervision and love (Raboteg-`ari, Sakoman and Brajaa-}ganec, 2002.), parental acceptance and support to children (Rohner and Khaluegue, 2010.). Rohner`s Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory (Rohner, 1984.) explains and predicts how parental acceptance and rejection implicates childrens development and functioning in adult age. Parental rejection is explained as lack of parental warmth, while parental acceptance means parental warmth in bringing up and in relation towards child. Parents who accept their children show this in their physical and verbal behaviour (love, hugging, kissing, supporting) which results in feeling of acceptance and love in children, while parents who reject their children show signs of aggression (hitting, pushing), indifference, neglect, judging, insulting and underestimating to the child. There are also some researches which prove connection of other aspects of the family and parents with the risk for alcohol abuse in children and youth. Some are positive parental behaviour and attitudes towards alcohol (Wood and assoc. 2004.), uncompleted family structure (Ledoux and assoc. 2002.), higher education of parents explained by this that children of educated parents may have more social power and less fear of being discovered and punished for such behaviour by parents (Dantzer and assoc., 2010.). All mentioned above makes it undoubtable that there is a strong connection between unfavourable family conditions and children and youth alcohol abuse. But it is not only family and parents who influence alcohol abuse by children and youth. In the adolescence period the influence of peers is getting stronger and peers make strong pressure on youth (Nygaard, 2001. according to Bognar, 2005. Kindar and Webster, 2010.). Researches show that associating with peers who are risk in behaviour is strongly influencing beginning of alcohol abuse through the Model of easy approach to Alcohol (Cashwell and Vacc, 1996. according to Trucco and associates, 2011.). The Social Learning Theory explains how youth can accept alcohol drinking behaviour through the process of imitating and observing behaviour which is accepted and supported by peers (Patraits and assoc. 1995, Svensson, 2003. Trucco and asocc. 2011.). According to this theory, personal convenience, thoughts and emotions represent components of attitudes which are under the influence of surrounding (Bandura, 1986.). Even when the attitudes of young person are stable, the influence of different surroundings and other`s different attitudes can result in different behaviour of the same individual (Botvin and Griffin, 2003. according to Pa i-Turk and Boakovi, 2008.). There are three constructs which describe how peers influence alcohol consumption: through social influence, social modelling and perceived norms. Social influence includes direct pressure which is the most easy and obvious sort of peer pressure (offering, buying or poring others glass without asking (Wood and assoc. 2004.). Other two dimensions are less obvious because they include indirect peer pressure through social modelling (observing and imitating others who are socially popular and drink alcohol) and perceiving norms (peers give to youth information which form their thoughts and latter determinate their open behaviours (Borsary and Carey, 2011.).Youth often perceive the frequency and amount of alcohol used by peers as well as peers perception about the approval of alcohol (Borsary and Carey, 2011.). Many researches are focused on student population as a risk population among youth for alcohol abuse. Peers are especially important for students who want to be free from parental control and have to accept the new student identity and make the network which will enable them to get necessary support (Maggs, 1997. according to Borsary and Carey, 2001.). Social Identity Theory explains the influence of peers on the student population. According to this theory, every personal identity includes the existence of social identity which arises from belonging to different groups (Tajfel, 1974.). Especially in student surrounding it is important to be connected to the group and to be socially accepted. Students (especially freshmens) who do not drink alcohol lack of social support necessary for the adjustment to student life. Therefore, first year students are in special risk while they are often exposed to high pressure for alcohol use and are in risk to give up the pressure (Borsary and Carey, 2001.). Researches show that students are consuming more alcohol than young persons who are not studying (especially male students) (O`Malley and Johnston, 2002.). Also the prevalence of dangerous drinking is double more present in student population than in the general population of young people (Kypri and assoc. 2005.). According to some authors, more than 90% of student population in Europe consume alcohol, first time consumption was in the age of 12, and first drunkenness was in the age of 14, every 8th student was drunk more than 20 times in life (Anderson and Baumberg, 2006.). In Croatia, researches show that alcohol was the most often used addiction resource among student population, 48,7% of students use alcohol ones monthly, 41,3% uses alcohol 2-4 times per month, while 9% uses alcohol ones a week (Miljanovi and assoc. 2015.). Students in Croatia mostly connect alcohol use with associating with peers and fun (`estan, 2006.). AIMS, PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESES The goal of research is to examine connection between the perception of parental acceptance rejection, peer`s pressure and some socio-demographic characteristic of first year student population with the alcohol consumption. According to the goal of the research, the following problems and hypothesis were defined: Determining the correlation between the perception of parental acceptance rejection and consumption of alcohol by first year students of University in Zagreb, Croatia H1: The expectation is that students who perceive more rejection from their parents will express about more alcohol consumption. Determining the correlation between perceived peers pressure and consumption of alcohol by first year students of University in Zagreb, Croatia H2: The expectation is that students who experienced more peers pressure will express about more alcohol consumption. Determining the correlation between the perception of parental acceptance rejection and perceived peer pressure by first year students of University in Zagreb, Croatia H3: The expectation is that students who perceive more rejection from their parents will express about more perceived peers pressure. Determining the correlation between some socio-demographic characteristics of first year students of University in Zagreb, Croatia (gender, marital status of the parents, education of parents, subjective estimation of financial status of the family) and the consumption of alcohol H4: The expectation is that more alcohol consumption will be expressed by male students, students whose parents are separated, students whose parents are more educated and students who perceive higher financial status of their family. METHODOLOGY Sample Research was conducted on 227 students of first year enrolled at faculties of the University of Zagreb (convenience sample). The study included 36, 1% of male students and 63, 9% female students. The average age (58, 6%) of participants was 21 years (the oldest participant was 22 years old and the youngest was 20 years old). Participants were students from 18 different faculties at the University in Zagreb (most students were studying at the Faculty of Philosophy and Medical faculty). 84, 1% of students come from complete families and are living with both parents. Most of the students parents finished middle school (45%). Students estimation of the financial status of the family is mostly average (45, 4%) or lower than average (33, 5%). Measurement instruments The following measurement instrument were used for research: Socio-demographic questionnaire Questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of these research. It was consisted of 6 items measuring participant`s age, gender, faculty, marital status of participants parents, education of parents and participants estimation of financial status of the family. Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 1984.) The questionnaire is designed to test youth`s perception of parental behaviour towards them. Obtained results show the extent to which participants felt accepted and loved, or rejected and not loved by parents during their childhood. The Questionnaire was revised in 1984. so we used an abbreviated version of the questionnaire consists of 32 items. Participants qualified each statement in the questionnaire by means of a four-level scale (ranging from never =1 to always =4) pertaining to how often parents treated them in a certain way. Parental rejection was determinate by describing conduct which indicates that a parent does not love a child, perceives him/her as a burden, condemns the child, insult and neglects or disparages the child, while parental acceptance was described as expression of parental love and acceptance of a child. The total score (index of rejection) is formed as a linear combination of scale values. The resulting higher total score indicates greater perceived rejection. Cronbach alfa efficiency is between 0, 46 and 0, 84. The Questionnaire of peer pressure (Lebedina-Manzoni, Lotar and Ricija, 2008.) The questionnaire was constructed to test youth level of susceptibility to peers pressure. It is consisted of 25 items. Participants qualified each statement in the questionnaire by means of a five-level scale (ranging from never =1 to always =5). The total result is a sum of all participant`s answers and higher result indicates higher self estimation of susceptibility to peers pressure. The lowest possible result is 25 and the highest is 125. Chronbach alfa coeficiency is 0,89. The Questionnaire about the alcohol consumption Questionnaire was also constructed for the purpose of these research. It was consisted of 5 items measuring participant`s frequency of alcohol drinking, average number of alcohol beverages in one consumption, sorts of alcohol drink, drinking of different alcohol beverages at the same time and binge drinking. Participants were answering on the scale (from never = 1 to always = 6). Data collection and processing The research was conducted by using a quantitative method. Data was collected through web questionnaire survey which was sent through link to student facebook groups at different faculties at the University of Zagreb (29 facebook groups). Before conducting survey all approvals were obtained. Survey was conducted in compliance with all ethical aspects of research. The average time to fill in the questionnaire was 10 minutes. The collected research data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics and by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS Perception of parental acceptance-rejection and consumption of alcohol by first year students of University in Zagreb The participants testimonies about alcohol consumption show that most of the students who participated in this research consume alcohol ones per month (28, 2%), or several times per year (26, 9%), while significant percent of students also consume alcohol ones a week (23, 3%). Around 12, 8% of students consume alcohol several times per week while 6, 6% of students do not consume alcohol at all. Regard to the quantity of alcohol beverages per consummation students state that they usually drink 2-3 alcohol beverages per consummation (45, 8%) and only 13, 7% of students drink only one alcohol beverages per one consummation. Regard to types of alcohol beverages students mostly consume beer (45, 8%), vine (25, 1%) and strong drinks (18, 9%). The results show that 48, 7% of students consume different types of alcohol beverages during one consummation and 31, 4% students drinks quickly alcoholic beverages. Following two tables show results about participant`s perception of parental acceptance-rejection and consumption of alcohol. Table 1. Participants perception of parental acceptance-rejection Parental acceptance-rejectionNMinMaxMSDWarmth and acceptance from mother Warmth and acceptance from father Aggressiveness / hostility from mother Aggressiveness / hostility from father Indifference/ neglecting from mother Indifference/ neglecting from father Undifferentiated rejection mother Undifferentiated rejection father Index of acceptance-rejection mother Index of acceptance-rejection father Complex rejection from mother Complex rejection from father227 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 2275 5 7 7 6 6 6 6 24 24 19 1920 20 21 23 21 24 22 24 75 87 60 678,88 10,22 9,87 9,30 7,98 8,97 8,18 8,23 34,9 36,73 26,02 26,53,09 3,87 2,65 3,3 2,47 3,54 2,94 3,73 9,7 12,72 7,25 9,70 The results show in general higher values than average on all subscales. Participants perceive both the acceptance, but also rejection from parents. Comparing the perceived acceptance from mothers side and acceptance from fathers side we could say that they perceive more warmth and acceptance from fathers than from mothers, but also more aggressiveness and hostility, indifference and neglecting, undifferentiated and complex rejection from fathers. Therefore index of acceptance-rejection is higher regard to fathers than to mothers. Table 2. Participants perception of parental acceptance-rejection and consumption of alcohol The results concerning correlation between the perception of parental acceptance-rejection and consumption of alcohol show no significance which is contrary to our expectations and not in compliance with the results of some earlier researches (Wood and assoc. 2004. Nash and assoc. 2005; Abar and Turrisi, 2008.). Students are tending to separate from their parents and taking more and more responsibility themselves. This is explained in the Theory of separation and individualisation (Mahler, 1979. McClanahan and Holmback, 1992.). Young people tend to form stable experience of themselves, psychological borders and liberation from parental influence. This is especially happening in the late adolescence. It is possible that this important fact was influencing the results in this research. Perception of peer pressure and consumption of alcohol by first year students of University in Zagreb The results presented in Table 3. indicates that participants perceive more than average peer pressure (M = 46, 54) which confirms and is in harmony to earlier researches about the importance of peer influence among student population (Maggs, 1997. according to Borsary and Carey, 2001.). Table 3. Perceived peer pressure NMinMaxMSDPeer pressure2272610846,5411,79 The results in Table 4. presents the correlation between the perception of peer pressure and consumption of alcohol. Table 4. Correlation of perceived peer pressure and consumption of alcohol 1 2 3 4 5 61. Frequency of alcohol consumptionr p N1 0,417** -0,337** -0,339** -0,192** 0,077 0 0 0 0,004 0,245 227 227 227 224 223 2272. Average number of alcohol beverages per consumptionr p N 1 -0,047 -0,519** -0,423** 0,143* 0,484 0 0 0,031 227 227 224 223 2273. Different types of alcohol beveragesr p N 1 0,017 0,045 -0,052 0,803 0,507 0,437 227 224 223 2274. Consumption more types of alc. Beverages at the timer p N 1 0,402** -0,142* 0 0,033 224 223 2245. Quickly drinking of alc. Beverages in short timer p N 1 -0,118 0,078 223 2236. Peer pressurer p N 1 227**p<0, 01; *p<0, 05 According to the results of this research there is a significant correlation found between the peer pressure and an average amount of alcohol beverages in one consumption (r = 0, 143: p < 0, 05) and between the peer pressure and consumption of more types of alcoholic beverages (r = 0,142: p < 0, 05). This result is partly in harmony with our expectations and testifies that those students who experience more peer pressure drink more of different type of alcohol beverages. Earlier researches show that students often motivate each other to drink more alcoholic beverages to be more sociable and brave (Howard and assoc. 2007.). In new peer groups like in the case of first year students it is possible that resisting to peer presure is more difficult because of the need to be accepted and included. Perception of parental acceptance-rejection and peer pressure among first year students of University in Zagreb The results in Table 5. shows significant correlation between the peer pressure and three subscales of perceived parental acceptance-rejection. Table 5. Correlation of perceived parental acceptance-rejection and peer pressure 11. Peer pressurer p N1 2272. Warmth/acceptance by motherr p N0,034 0,613 2273. Warmth/acceptance by fatherr p N-0,025 0,705 2274. Aggressiveness/hostility by motherr p N0,194** 0,003 2275. Aggressiveness/hostility by fatherr p N0,153* 0,021 2276. Indifference/ neglecting from mother r p N0,239** 0 2277. Indifference/ neglecting from father r p N0,199** 0,003 2278. Undifferentiated rejection mother r p N0,185** 0,005 2279. Undifferentiated rejection father r p N0,158* 0,017 22710. Index of acceptance-rejection mother r p N0,181** 0,006 22711. Index of acceptance-rejection father r p N0,134* 0,044 22712. Complex rejection from mother r p N0,227** 0,001 22713. Complex rejection from father r p N0,185** 0,005 227**p<0, 01; *p<0, 05 The perceived peer pressure is significantly correlated with parental aggressiveness and hostility (mother r = 0, 194: p < 0, 05; father r = 0, 153: p < 0, 05), parental indifference and neglecting (mother r = 0, 239: p < 0, 05; father r = 0, 199: p < 0, 05), parental undifferentiated rejection (mother r = 0, 185: p < 0, 05; father r = 0, 158: p < 0, 05), index of acceptance/rejection (mother r = 0, 181: p < 0, 05; father r = 0, 134: p < 0, 05) and complex parental rejection (mother r = 0, 227: p < 0, 05; father r = 0, 185: p < 0, 05). According to our results students in this research who experience more different types of rejection from parents experience also greater peer pressure. These results are in compliance with earlier research results (Savin Wiliams and Berndt, 1990. according to Lebedina-Manzoni and assoc. 2008.) and prove that peer influence is stronger when children and youth do not feeling they have protection, love and necessary supportive relation with parents. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants and consumption of alcohol In this research significant correlation was found between some socio-demographic characteristics of participant`s and consumption of alcohol beverages (Table 6.). Table 6. Correlation between socio-demographic characteristics of participant`s and consumption of alcohol beverages (only variables with founded significant correlation presented) 1 2 3 4 5 6 71. Frequency of alcohol consumption r p N 1 0,417** -0,339** -0,163* 0,132* 0,059 0,028 0 0 0,014 0,048 0,376 0,676 227 227 224 227 224 225 2272. Average number of alcohol beverages per consumption r p N 1 -0,519** 0,025 0,096 0,152* 0,203** 0 0,704 0,151 0,022 0,002 227 224 227 224 225 2273. Consumption more types of alc. beverages at the time r p N 1 -0,008 -0,157* -0,03 -0,046 0,909 0,019 0,656 0,495 224 224 221 222 2244. Gender r p N-0,006 -0,025 -0,008 0,931 0,713 0,899 227 224 225 2275. Marital status of the fatherr p N 1 0,078 -0,05 0,25 0,454 224 222 2246. Educational status of motherr p N 1 0,439** 0 225 2257.Subjective estimation of economic family statusr p N 1 227**p<0, 01; *p<0, 05 There is a significant correlation found between frequency of alcohol consumption and gender of participants (r = -0, 163; p < 0,05), marital status of the father (r = 0,132; p < 0,05), furthermore between average number of alcohol beverages per consumption and educational status of the mother (r = 0,152; p < 0,05) and subjective estimation about the financial status of the family (r = 0,203; p < 0,05) and between consumption of more types of alcoholic beverages at the time and marital status of the father (r = -0,157; p < 0,05). The younger the students are more frequently they consume alcohol which is worrisome. Also, students who come from incomplete families where father is living separate consume alcohol beverages more frequently. Students whose mothers are less educated tend to consume more alcohol bevarages at the time and students who perceive their financial status of the family better tend to consume more types of alcoholic beverages at the time. These results are also in compliance to some earlier research results which show that youth from families where parents are divorced consume more alcohol compared to youth from complete families (Ledoux and assoc. 2002.) as well as that youth of low educated parents and youth who come from families with better economic status also tend to consume more alcoholic beverages (Dantzer and assoc., 2010.). DISCUSSION Parents are important referents in adolescent`s social world affecting both adolescent friendship tie choices and their drinking behavior. Parent`s influences have a critical impact on adolescent development, particularly in the area of building youths' social competence about friendship formation. Parents influences can be crucial for youth`s affiliating with peers with risk behavior and for starting using substances such as alcohol. As such, parents may affect the likelihood that their adolescent children will select friends who drink. It is possible that peer and parental influences may function together in impacting adolescent friendship tie choices and drinking behavior (Wang, Hipp, Buts, Hosse and Lakon, 2015.). Peer networks also shape adolescent drinking behavior. Two important socialization processes operating in peer networks are peer influence and peer selection (Wang, Hipp, Buts, Hosse and Lakon, 2015.). Peer influence means that youth adjust their behavior to the bahaviour of their peers, while peer selection is the process by which youth select friends who are similar to themselves, on various dimensions. Adolescent alcohol use can be conceptualized as a result of both peer influence and selection processes, with friends influencing one another's drinking behavior and adolescents selecting friends who engage in similar levels of drinking (Wang, Hipp, Buts, Hosse and Lakon, 2015.). CONCLUSION The aim of this research was to examine connection between perception of parental acceptancerejection, peer`s pressure and some socio-demographic characteristic of students at first year of studying at different faculties at the University of Zagreb. To answer the goal of the research four problems were determinated with some expectations based on some earlier research results. Analysis of obtained data showed that there was no significant correlation found between participant`s perception of parental acceptance-rejection and consumption of alcohol which was not expected (H1) but can be explained in connection to theory of separation and individualisation because our participants were first year students who are in the period of separation from their parents when the influence of parents is getting weaker and less important comparing to the influence of peers which is evident in the resulst of our second hypothesis (H2). Furthermore, our results show that participants experience high peer presure which is correlated to averige amount of alcohol bevariges per consummation and with consumption of more types of alcoholic beverages. Peers can temper and encourage and mostly it can be very difficult to resist them because young people want to be accepted by peers. Therefore uur second hypothesis (H2) is partly confirmed. Significant correlation between perception of parental acceptance-rejection and peer presure was found which explains also the result of our first hypothesis. The perception of parental acceptance/rejection did not influence alcohol consumption in participants of this research but participants expressed about the high peer presure which means that in the student age peers are much more influential for students than parents which confirmed our third hypothesis. And finaly our fourth hypothesis was partly confirmed because we found significant correlation between frequency of alcohol consumption and gender of participants, frequency of alcohol consumption and marital status of the father, furthermore between average number of alcoholic beverages per consumption and educational status of the mother and between average number of alcoholic beverages per consumption and subjective estimation about the financial status of the family and finaly between consumption of more types of alcoholic beverages at the time and marital status of the father. The results of this research confirms the foundings of many earlier researches and theoretical explanations about the possible influence of the quality of relationships of the family members and emotional climate as well as the influence of sorounding, especially peers in the age of late adolescence on the young people`s risk behaviours. The consumption of alcohol in youth is increasing and therefore, it is neccecary to direct preventive programs into informing, educating and supporting families, young people and student population. It is neccecary to ensure to young people quality lesure time with parents and with peers, active and funy contents, to attract their attention and satisfy their curiosity, interests and needs making possible for them to make right decisions and choices about associating with peers and resisting to peer presure and use of alcohol. It is neccecary to educate students about demage influences of alcohol consumption on their health and behaviours. Reference (1( Ajdukovi, M.,Group approach in psychosocial work: principles and processes, Society for psychological assistance, Zagreb, 1997. (2( Ajdukovi, M., Urbanc, K., Qualitative analysis of professionals experiences as contribution to evaluation process of new model of work in Social Welfare Centre, Annual of Social Work, vol. 17/issue 3, pp 319-352, 2011. (3( Baki, D., Presentation of some models of institutional treatment with offenders, Annual of Social Work, vol. 8/issue 1, pp 35-50, 2001. 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(5( Bla~eka Kokori, S., Majdak, M., Rumenovi, T., Application of educational drama in work with young offenders, Criminology and social integration, vol.19/issue 1, pp 99-110, 2011. (6( Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989. From  HYPERLINK "http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf" http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf (7( a inovi  Vogrin i , G., Kobal, L., Meal, N., Mo~ina, M., Social Work Library, Zagreb, 2007. (8( Hernandez Torres, V., [17PacRimLPolyJ497] Making Good on the Promise of International Law: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Inclusive Education in China and India, 2005. (9( Hoge, R.D., Assessing adolescents in educational counselling and other settings. Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 1999. (10( Jeud, I., Radi, S., Preparation for independent life through life skills training. In }i~ak, A. (Eds), Challenges of group work with children, youth and adults in risk, Faculty for education and rehabilitation, University in Zagreb, pp 199-221, 2009. (11( Jeud Bori, I., Gender sensitivity during assessment of risk and needs and programing interventions for girls with behavioural problems, Annual of Social Work, vol. 19/issue 2, pp 241-274, 2013. (12( Koller-Trbovi, N., The Rights and the needs of children from the perspective of children and adults, In }i~ak, A., Koller-Trbovi, N., Lebedina-Manzoni, M (Eds.), From risk to intervention, Faculty for education and rehabilitation, University in Zagreb, pp 97-117, 2001. 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