ࡱ>   bjbj||>$r ,,,,l,l|||||[[[kkkkkkk$ oqFk!W[!!k||Bl#0#0#0! ||k#0!k#0#0QU|buH,u,S"kXl0l%SrS.rDUU r_ []#0[[[kk/[[[l!!!!r[[[[[[[[[  : Ru~ica Jur evi Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Pedagogy Zagreb, Croatia Neoliberal American Dream The economic crisis the world is faced with today has become one of the greatest assaults on global economic stability in this millennium. It has caused fluctuations in worlds financial institutions, leading to more intensive crisis in political, cultural, social and educational fields. According to Kevin Rudd, the crises resulted as the greatest regulatory failure in modern history (Rudd, 2009, at HYPERLINK "http://www.themonthly.com.au"www.themonthly.com.au), and even after the world has begun to recover, mass unemployment and attacks on people living standards have continued. Extreme cuts of financial assistance due to austerity measures led to a situation of poor survival in some cases. This has resulted in increasing disparities between the rich and the poor. Such statement was emphasized in World Bank/IMF Annual Meeting in 2009: What started as a financial crisis has become a social and human crisis. The global crisis has come on the heels of the food and fuel crises, which had already weakened people in the region by reducing their purchasing power. Today, rising poverty and joblessness are pushing households into poverty and making things even harder for those already poor (Philippe Le Hourou, at http://web.worldbank.org). Consequently, money and the need for money have become the prime motive and something more valuable than humanity itself. It has become an issue in international, national and local relations and interests, serving as a model for determining social status due to the premises: more money- more power- better status in society. Gaining material wealth has become a modern goal of the society which can be tied to the belief of pursuing the American Dream - an ideal originated from The United States. The American Dream provides a sense of hope and faith that leads to the fulfilment of human desires. However, with the spread of a materialistic culture imposed by neoliberalism, a certain shift in the understanding of American Dream has happened. Although it has been considered as a positive motivation, the Dream is nowadays centred on material goods, prestige and visible markers of success (Anderson, 1999, in Inderbitzin, 2007:247). As this modern dream of money-making disrupted social connections, growing poverty deepened social differences and reduced the state and social support. This has had a particularly devastating effect on youth, with high rates of youth unemployment and growing social insecurity. Developments in the economic sphere have shown that labour market demands become so contradictory, making it difficult for young people to make rational decisions on their own education and professional goals (Iliin, 2006:12). As Henry A. Giroux states, young people are being increasingly excluded from decent jobs, health care, and social services, while being even more insistently subject to the terrors of the present economic crisis (Giroux, 2009:77). Given that young people are being prepared for inclusion into or exclusion from the global economy, competitiveness for better jobs and status has become a part of their lifestyles. This economic Darwinism can be observed both as race to the top or as race to the bottom (Ruddick, 2003:356/357). Those who have possibilities to succeed compete with others to get to the top, but those who lack the opportunities to legally pursue wealth and success through education and work, sometimes turn to criminal act, competing in a different race- the one to the bottom, resulting with their incarceration and imprisonment. This paper will explore the nature of American Dream and its shift towards neoliberal ideas imposed to the world. Without denying it as a moral framework that provides hope for better living, the term will be used in an way by which it will be possible to link the global strive for money and downsizing the human values of young people in todays world full of fast and unexpected changes marked by neoliberal ideas, such as consumerism and marketization. Furthermore, the paper will seek to answer the question whether social workers are ready to take the role of redefining the American Dream in todays globalized world, meaning helping juvenile offenders to adopt goals that are consistent with the opportunities given in their local communities, or are they in some way, just like this youth, caught in quixotism, pursuing ideals with vain and meaningless endeavour. American Dream as an ideal Before engaging in deeper discussions about its relation to juvenile delinquency, there is the need to elaborate the meaning and the history of the American Dream. Since it was first used in 1931 by historian James T. Adams, the American Dream has become one of the worlds most famous clichs ever used. Even though its meaning is still pretty vague and unclear to many, it encapsulates the dreams and ideals of generations of Americans and many others around the globe. Many authors will conclude that it has been the greatest American product sold out worldwide, as well as all other products coming from The United States. Today a growing number of debates have evolved over definitions, dimensions and characteristics of this widespread ethos. There is a belief that it originates from the ancient dream of a perfect society that existed long before the continent of America was discovered. Once discovered it was considered as the land of perfect democracy, hope, peace and tranquillity, fairness and solace. This Promised Land was supposed to offer a prosperous life and the fulfilment of ones dreams and desires. Even Adams definition of The American Dream emphasizes the need for a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement (Library of Congress, at HYPERLINK "http://www.loc.gov/teachers"http://www.loc.gov/teachers). With the America as a Promised Land, American Dream became a national ethos in which freedom included a promise of the possibility of prosperity and success. According to Adams, the American Dream is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position (Adams, 1931, at http://www.goodreads.com). It simply indicates the ability, through participation in the society and economy, for everyone to achieve prosperity. According to the dream, this includes the opportunity for one's children to grow up and receive a good education and career without artificial barriers (Rhodes, 2010). It represents the opportunity to make individual choices without the prior restrictions that limit people according to their class, religion or ethnicity. However, by the end of the twentieth century a significant alteration in the American Dream was taking place. New scientific conceptions of work and money were being advanced by political economists, making it more difficult to integrate moral considerations into formal discussions of economic life. Work and money became more linked to each other, but farther removed from those conceptions of the human spirit that had once constrained them (Wuthnow, 1996:5). American Dream articulated the dominant understanding of how the family should relate to the wider economy. This meant that the family should not expect material help, either from local organizations or from government. Success, however, was something for which the family should strive. Parents were to facilitate the effort of being financially successful by managing the family budget, providing emotional support and presenting an appearance of material success to neighbours and friends. They were also supposed to encourage the children to be successful. Still, many families could never provide good life against the economic forces unleashed against it (Giroux, 2009:10). Hence the relationship between economic life and the quest for deeper human values was becoming increasingly problematic. The Dream was increasingly transformed into a race for material goods that remained out of reach for poor people, who didnt have the opportunity to be part of the consumer economy. And since the dream of wealth was everywhere, not just in America, the rapid change of what the Dream must consist of wasnt surprising. Soon it has become a part of neoliberal movements and, in that way, has supported the development and strengthening of consumerism. Ownby (1999) identifies four American dreams that the new consumer culture addressed. The first, Dream of Abundance was in some way general- offering material goods to all people. The second was the Dream of a Democracy of Goods, where everyone had access to the same products regardless of race, gender, or class, challenging in that way norms where only rich people are granted access to wealth. The third one, Dream of Freedom of Choice, allowed people to chase their own particular life style. The Dream of Novelty in which ever-changing fashions, new models, and unexpected new products broadened the consumer experience in terms of purchasing skills and awareness of the market, and challenged the conservatism of traditional society and culture, and even politics (Morris, 2001). Ownby acknowledges that the Dream has become corrupt resulting in the slow corrosion in the new consumer culture. Similar to these opinions, in F. Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby clearly states that the modern society is taking over and replacing the American Dream with corruption and bare materialism. Fitzgerald reveals that the American Dream was transformed from a pure idea of security into a scheme of materialistic power. What is new about this version of the American Dream in the last few decades is that it has become normalized and now, as Giroux claims, serves as a powerful force that shapes lives (2009:19). The questions about the impact of such altered dream, neoliberal forces, money-having and crisis on peoples lives, especially on young people, are being asked now. While youth have always represented an ambiguous category, within the last 30 years they have been perceived as potentially dangerous to society. Youth have become collateral damage of neoliberal politics and active agents of materialism (Wuthnow, 1996:249) by which they lost their rich cultural heritage, support and social control that were once part of traditional society. As Giroux claims, young people have become a generation of suspects in a society destroyed by the merging of market fundamentalism, consumerism, and militarism, behaving in a way that was unthinkable 20 years ago, including criminalization and imprisonment, the prescription of psychotropic drugs [and] psychiatric confinement&  (2009:12/19). Most of them are facing a world that is much more complex, different, and often much more unpleasant than the one in his family, in which there is no privileged position enjoyed by the family (Singer, Mikaaj-Todorovi, 2008). Growing up in this unique socio-historical period is marked by individual search for identity and orientation in the choice of life goals (Wallace 1998; Tomusk, 2000; Ule, 2000; Kovatcheva 2001; Roberts, 2003; in Iliin, 2005). However, because of lack of financial resources, shrunken labour market and cultural change young people find it increasingly difficult to gain identity and to settle in jobs and families. As Giroux stated, Indeed, we have an entire generation of unskilled and displaced youth who have been expelled from shrinking markets, blue-collar jobs, and the limited political power granted to the middle-class consumer (2009:68). This can ultimately lead to behavioural disorders. Growing up in neoliberal environment Growing up in neoliberal environment is marked by a double transition, first, the young pass through a transition period from adolescence to adulthood, and secondly, this process takes place in a society that is in the process of social transformation itself. This transformation to adulthood is getting longer, more complex, pluralized and uncertain, more individualised and more open to risks as well as opportunities and it is no longer prescribed. Traditional transitions, with fixed and universal patterns with no significant risk of failure no longer exist. Leaving school, starting work, leaving away from parental home, setting up an independent home and beginning a family are now being delayed. The question now is whether these changes create pathways that prepare adolescents to become healthy and productive adults, or whether the pathways increase risks for adolescents, and ultimately for their societies, when these youth enter into adulthood (Larson, 2002). Here the arguments are given for the latter. According to G. Jones (2006, in Briggs, at www.uel-cswr.org), transition to adulthood can be slow track and fast track. Slow track transitions are characterised by longer education (until 30 or later), which is undoubtedly related to longer socio-economic dependence of young people. This can become problematic for those young people who dont have financial support from their families, resulting in that way, in broken or fractured transitions. Wuthnow (1996) argues that without family financial support youth find it harder to achieve economic stability. Consequently, they dont know how to think about work and money, and how to pass these essential values to their children. This can cause depression, lowered self-esteem and delinquency (Trachte and Ross 1985; Waldinger and Bailey 1985, in Ruddick, 2003). Fast track transitions, however, are characterised by leaving education on or before minimal age. This can lead to risks of unemployment or poor wages, resulting in early family formation, higher anti-social behaviour rates and social exclusion. All of these can cause uncertain and more difficult creation of identity and individual strategies of social integration (Wallace, Kovatcheva, 1998, in Iliin, 2006). Prolonged education, unemployment and lack of social integration produced concerns about the possibilities of deviancy, because of stigmatizing youth for their inability to achieve the transition appropriately. Due to economic forces and austerity measures most of these appropriate transitions werent realised, leaving youth in poverty and with unrealized hopes of material achievement (Ct, 1994; Dasen, 1999, in Larson, 2002: 13). Consequently, not having time to adapt to new and risky environment resulted in greater exposure to health risks and addictive forms of behaviour and greater tolerance towards illegal behaviour (2006:13). As David Abrahamsen say, The American dream is, in part, responsible for a great deal of crime and violence because people feel that the country owes them not only a living but a good living (San Francisco Examiner and Chronicle, 1975, at  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/American_Dream" http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/American_Dream). American Dream gone wrong The version of the American Dream that dominates our time, what Cullen calls the Dream of the Coast is one of personal fulfilment of fame and fortune all the more attractive if achieved without obvious effort (Cullen, 2004). The reason can be found in the fact that every person seeks rewards versus punishment, success versus failure, easily gotten goods versus hard earned success (Tracy, 2004:142). Such Dream is mostly expressed in the culture of Hollywood and results in higher rates of crime and various forms of deviant behaviour (Iliin, 2005: 19). As Messner and Rosenfeld explain: Culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on the goal of monetary success and a weak emphasis on the importance of the legitimate means for the pursuit of success. This combination of strong pressures to succeed monetarily and weak restrains on the selection of means in intrinsic to the dominant cultural ethos: the American Dream. The American Dream contributes to crime directly by encouraging people to employ illegal means to achieve goals that are culturally approved (Messner and Rosenfeld, in Inderbitzin, 2007:236). Within this cultural discourse, poverty, joblessness, alcoholism, homelessness and illiteracy are viewed as character flaws or as personal failings. Those problems are in most cases criminalized (Salsbury, 2010), causing growing youth-crime complex. Criminological literature emphasizes increasing number of perpetrators of property crimes, especially the young. Comparative studies on monitoring, volume and movement of juvenile crime in the second half of the 20th century pointed to the fact that juvenile delinquents are significantly more likely to criminal behaviors than before. (http://www1.zagreb.hr). However, in the past few years, most countries recorded a stagnation or decline of criminal activities such as bullying, violence and attacks. At the same time, young people are getting more involved into gangs, petit robberies, illegal deals with drugs and any other activities that could provide them money, success and status (Table 1.) Table 1. The relative proportion (%) of young people of all suspected persons by age and type of crime: 1998-2000 (in Singer, 2008:110) Type of crimeUp to 21 years Up to 18 years All suspects24.211.5Property crimes (excluding robbery)33.822.1Criminal acts of violence22.69.8Misuse of drugs39.611.9 Engdahl (2008) claims that money can motivate crime and that it serves as a practical instrument facilitating it. Existing theories are based on the assumptions that money fosters attitudes that reduce moral questions to technical problems. It gives rise to feelings of self-sufficiency that cause people to become detached from one another and from the webs of social obligation that counteract crime (same, 2008). The decision to rob is based on youths desire for money. Money therefore serves as an important incentive for the acquisition of material value, even at the cost of crimes. Money and material possessions are maybe more important to those who do not have them and lack access to conventional opportunities for obtaining them. Committing crimes for profit can help such young people meet their financial needs and counter threats to their self-perception as component (Inderbitzin, 2007). This also goes along with the fact that crime can provide young people with sense of belonging and identity theyve been struggling to find. Just like Sullivan claims, crime provides some youth not only with money and goals but also with a social and occupational identity that has meaning beyond its monetary returns (Sullivan, 1989, in Inderbitzin, 2007:237). But despite the fact that neoliberalism creates situations in which money is consider to be the major tool of success, it also serves as tool to punish everyone who are designated other through an often-groundless association with redundancy, poverty, or simply disposability (Giroux, 2009:77). Since those who have committed crime, along with other without wealth, are being defined as flawed consumers with no market value, society took the right to remove them from the social order. This served as a springboard for neoliberal politics and punishing state. As Giroux stated, neoliberalism not only extends the rationality of the market [into] domains that are not primarily economic (Giroux, 2009:32) but also creates more punishing models of governance. Rather than investing in the public good and solving social problems, the state now punishes those who are caught in disrupting the economic policies. And young people, especially young delinquents, belong to this group. The punishing state connects with the logic of the market to produce priorities and policies, as Giroux argues, that disinvest in the future of children and assert a ruthlessness that largely treats them as reified commodities or disposable populations (2009:62). Punishing state, linked with neoliberalism, reproduces racial inequality, social misery, and individual suffering, but also serve[s] as a main socializing and controlling agent for youth who have been labelled deviant (Giroux, 2009:35). However, according to Victor M. Rios (2006), youth not only experience this hyper-criminalization from criminal justice institutions but also from non-criminal justice structures traditionally intended to nurture: the school, the family, and the community centre. This has created youth control complex, in order manage, control, and incapacitate youth. However, it is well known that neoliberalism has overstated the supposed rise of generation of disorderly and dangerous youth as a suspects and a threat to the social order, allowing neoliberalism to further privatize those public spheres that youth need, such as education and health care, while developing policies that move away from social investment to matters of punishment and containment. Its real purpose was to collapse the distinctions between crime and social problems, prison and school, and race and disposability. (Giroux, 2009:79) Consequently, links between the society and young people are broken, and social guarantees for youth, as well as civic obligations to the future, vanish from the agenda of public concern (Giroux, 2009:68). In view of the above mentioned, the question is what can social workers do, as key actors in dealing with youth in crime, in order to respond to such forces that label every young person as potentially dangerous to society? But far more important question is how do social workers address burning issue of money and money-having and downsizing the moral values of the society? What do they need to do in order to change the meaning of this dream? Is the responsibility on them or society? Are social workers ready to help juvenile offenders to adopt goals that are consistent with the opportunities given in their local communities or are they also in some way, just like this youth, caught in quixotism, pursuing ideals with vain and meaningless endeavour? Why focusing on solving problems of society and pursuing ideals meaningless to others? How can social work unravel the tight link between young peoples strive for money and easy living, global crisis and austerity measures, growing crime and neglect of society? Again, these are the question still to be answered. Social work and downsizing the American Dream Giving that the core principles of neoliberalism are less state, more market, more individual responsibility (Weber, 2001, in Lorenz, 2005:93), re-organization of social services, including social work, are translated into the demands for deregulation, privatization and flexibilization. Since the emphasis is on individual responsibility for ones behaviour, social work found itself rather lost in solving problems of society. Making efforts for betterment of society in some occasions counter to the need for economic security. Social work points the need for rapid and systematic response to the effects of economic and financial crisis in the groups that are furthest from the market, but solving these problems becomes difficult. Social workers are asked to do more with less. In view of these pressures it is understandable that social workers often try to ignore changes and withdraw into a private world of therapeutic relationships in which the methods they were trained are still valid (Lorenz, 2005), or they simply go along with new practice without asking too many questions. Both reactions fail to question what the "social" can still mean in the light of these changes and how social workers can fulfil their mandate to be responsible for the social dimension of public life (Willke 2003, in Lorenz, 2005). Based on specific situation in which social work and its practitioners find themselves, i.e. 1. addressing problems that will never be solved, and 2. addressing theory and practice under influence of neoliberalism, crisis and austerity measures, the profession has the choice of either conforming to these conditions and becoming what it had always refused to become in its history, despite all compliance with the broad outlines of the nation state project, an uncritical servant of social policies (Lorenz, 2005:99) or it must develop a framework for action that takes a critical distance from this agenda on the basis of an autonomous analysis of what is happening to the society as a result of globalization. Margaret Sherraden is optimistic when saying that the growing field of economic empowerment represents an exceptional opportunity for the social work profession. Arguably, no other profession is as well positioned as social work to assume leadership (http://www.globalenvision.org/). Yet, social work remais marginalized and slowly looses the race against requirements of economy. Hence the question when is the time for social work and social problems? Will there ever be time for state to ensure enoguh resources for development of social work? Or social work will have to struggle in the war against economy? Nevertheless, social workers strive to bring young people slight, but positive changes in their lives. Their fundamental objective is not to earn money, but to create an environment where the development is not centred on money. They want social development and justice. One positive example of such practice can be found in one ethnographic study in 2007, in a cottage for violent offenders in state's maximum-security training school. The focus on this study was to attempt to normalize juvenile delinquents and to model their behaviours, while encouraging them to leave the wrong version of American Dream theyve fully embraced. The mission of social workers was to teach them to limit the aspirations and adopt goals given by their community (Inderbitzin, 2007), without returning to crime. Finally, they have succeeded, when some of the boys in this study began to redefine the success and change their attitude towards money. However, since social workers have extremely difficult position in altering attitudes of young people when it comes to money, the responsibility also lies on the society. Together with social workers, a new dream for young people as moral framework in which they could find their identity can be created. One of such attempts is called European Dream. American Dream vrs. European dream- better future for young people? The rise of this new dream can be seen as a step in new global consciousness of mankind, or as a development of more caring and better connected society. Jeremy Rifkin claims that the relationships within the community are more important than individual autonomy, cultural diversity is more important than assimilation, quality of life more than the accumulation of wealth, sustainable development more than limited material growth, a commitment to yourself is more important than hard work, universal human rights and the right to healthy environment are more important than property rights, global cooperation is more important than unilateral domination of force (Rifkin, 2006, at www.cpi.hr). These are the values that European Dreams promotes. As a dream of hope, as Rifkin emphasizes, the European Dream is acceptable for majority of people, especially for younger generation, because it is based on the elements of inclusion, diversity, quality of life, sustainability, commitment to self, universal human rights and the rights of nature and peace. European Dream will attract generation that seeks for global connectivity, while integrated into the local environment. According to Rifkin, European Dream will overcome the raw power and establish a moral conscience as well as operational principles which will lead the humanity. It will give young people the power on the yourney towards a third stage of human consciousness (same, 2006). Without deeper involvement about European Dream and its relation to American Dream, the conclusion is that young people are prone to taking risk, enchanted by the desire to succeed. At the core of this desire lies the ambiguous concept of the American Dream, a concept that for better and worse has proven to be amazingly elastic and durable for hundreds of years and across racial, class, and other demographic lines (Cullen, 2004). As for social work, moving beyond the American Dream requires that public sector keeps away from austerity consultations (Hayes, 1998). It is clear that any anti-neoliberal answer to the economic crisis will depend upon public sector workers and organizations using the power they potentially have. If society continues to live in a world where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where anyone class is made to feel that society is in an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob, and degrade them (Douglass, in Hayes, 1998:1) neither persons nor property will be safe. REFERENCES Adams, James T., 1931. The Epic of America. [Online], Available at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/show/235517" http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/show/235517 Briggs, S. Late adolescence and the transition to adulthood; changes, new thinking and implications for mental health and psychotherapy. [Online], Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.uel-cswr.org/.../Lateadolescenceandthetransitiontoadulthood.ppt"www.uel-cswr.org/.../Lateadolescenceandthetransitiontoadulthood.ppt Cullen, J., 2004. 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Kriminoloake osobitosti maloljetni ke delikvencije. Nakladni zavod Globus: Zagreb. Tracy, B., 2004. Something for Nothing: The Causes and Cures of All Our Problems and What You Can Do to Save the American Dream. Eagle House Publishing Corporation: Las Vegas. Wuthnow, R., 1996. Richards Principle: Recovering the American Dream through the Moral Dimension of Work, Business, and Money. Princeton: New Jersey.  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