ࡱ> TVSYYbjbj[[ 8\9 \9 \3+ 8H\!0ppaaa}       $"%. aaaaa !I I I a} I a} I I I LRI i !0!I &^&I &I aaI aaaaa I aaa!aaaa&aaaaaaaaa > :One More Example of Supporting the Restoration of East Adriatic Cathedral Churches in the Late Middle Ages. The contribution of Pore  s Denizens in Reconstruction of the Cathedral Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century In 1447 Parentine communal council made the decision related to the reconstruction/rebuilding of the central communal sacral institutions the cathedral church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary also known as Euphrasian Basilica. According to that decision, the decree related to the reconstruction of the cathedral church was made by the communal council. That decree urged all Parentine testators to financially or in some other way support the reconstruction of the cathedral church. A similar decree may be found in one reformation recorded in the Statute law of ibenik in 1430 entitled Quod notarii teneantur recordare testatoribus ecclesiam sancti Iacobi. In this presentation I shall shortly focus on the problem of participation of the denizens of Pore  in the reconstruction of mentioned sacral object, which was in the middle of the fifteenth century in a rather ruined condition. Reasons for that were not only in weak financial ecclesiastical conditions but were also caused by the earthquake that struck Pore  in 1440. East Adriatic coast was often struck by earthquakes in the medieval period and there is information about catastrophic earthquakes in the Croatian Littoral in 1323. quotatio: I v to vrime tresiae se zemlj[a] va Vinodoli i v otoci, i gradi se // razvaljivahu, i bihu ljudi pe alni veliko. In the same period as Pore  city of Rovinj was also struck by a heavy earthquake, and there were several earthquakes in Istria in 1504., 1510., 1511. and 1517. In the fifteenth century, on the 21st of January 1469. terraemotus magnus struck `ibenik as noted by certain writer Helias Bavaritus Sibenicensis (Ilija Banjvari). As testified in sources, that earthquake significantly damaged the cathedral church. That event was an impetus for communal authorities to invite denizens of Pore  in assisting the renovation of the cathedral church. Therefore in the middle of the fifteenth century started the process of neccessary reconstruction of the Eufrasiana church. Namely, as pointed out by Milan Prelog, recent archeological excavations and artistic researches show that exactly in the second half of the fifteenth century were conducted extensive reconstruction of one part of the cathedral complex, in particular of the southern side of the basilica. The middle nave of the cathedral was raised again and several new decorative windows that exist today. It should be mentioned here that process of reconstruction or building of various ecclesiastical buildings and caritative institution such as hospitals, churches or monasteries was common characteristic of many East Adriatic communes in the fifteenth century, partially resulted as a consequence of social Christianity as a dominant type of piety at that time (e. g. in ibenik, in Rab and Zadar). The most important extant sources in researching of the contribution of Parentine denizens in reconstruction of the cathedral church of in here examined period are last wills and codicils recorded for inhabitants from all strata of Parentine communal society patricians, citizens, inhabitants, villagers from district villages, foreigners and immigrants. For this occasion, I examined the gender and the origin of testators, their social position to get information concerning their social status. As for the sources, I analyzed 61 extant documents written by notary Anthony de Teodoris- 55 last wills and six codicils. Unfortunately, Anthonys last wills for the period previous to 1464 and after 1487are not preserved and therefore I will rely on the data from preserved last wills and codicils written in the period spanning from 1464 to 1487. As presented in Parentine sample, similar to other late medieval East Adriatic communes the share of male and female testators was not equal but the share of males was not so dominant as it was in the thirteenth century. Since this is the oldest notary book preserved for the Croatian part of Istria, it may be concluded that the process of democratization in the recording of private documents in Istria followed a similar process in Dalmatia of that time. Regarding the annual distribution of last wills and codicils, it should be said that it was significantly influenced by plague epidemics which periodically appeared in Pore  in that period as recorded by our notary as well. Thus, Anthony recorded the last will of certain Anthony hospitis in 1477. The will was written super hostio hospitii Georgii Papogni ... sedens ad balchionem sue domus ... peste grauatus, that is outside the city walls because the testator was infected by the plague. In July of 1479 certain Nicholas de Blagnio, habitator Parentii recorded his will again outside the city walls super districtu Parentino penes ecclesiam sancti Luce ... iacens penes monumentis dicte ecclesie sancti Luce ... peste grauatus. The examination of the origin of Parentine testators in the examined period gives rather surprising results. Namely, the testators mentioned in this sample originated from 26 different cities, regions or villages that make us believe that commune of Pore  was an attractive place where many foreigners wanted to settle permanently. Yet, this is in certain contradiction with some of the pilgrims' descriptions of Pore  in that period. Some of them stated that it was a small, unattractive commune with a small population, humble urban appearance, and generally underdeveloped. However, the data presented on graph 3 pointed out that Pore  still presented certain economical attractiveness of the commune, not only for immigrants from Slavonia, Croatia, and Dalmatia (partly caused by Ottoman military presure) but also from the Apennine peninsula (Venice, Como, Ancona). Regardless of certain multiethnic features, it is understandable that most of the testators originated from Pore  i. e they were Parentine patricians and citizens. The share of domicile inhabitants in the total number of testators was 27.8 percent. Yet, it is interesting that the share of domicile Parentine testators is much lesser than in some other contemporary Dalmatian communes like Zadar or `ibenik, where they always made more than 50 to 60 percent of all of the testators. Regarding the social and legal position and status of Parentine testators in the examined period, Anthony de Teodoris, rather frequently mentioned data concerning that matter. The notary almost regularly mentioned the social status of patricians, citizens, and inhabitants, but he also frequently indicated the origin of foreigners or immigrants. Thus, he mentioned terms civis, civis et incola or civis et habitator, habitatorand incola), nunc Parentii incola. impresentiarum Parentii habitator or impresentiarum Parentii incola, forensis and hospes. Bequests donated for the reconstruction of the cathedral church In contrast to ibenik in the middle of the fifteenth century where 128 out of 219 examined i. e. 58.5 percent of all testators donated various bequests in order to support the construction of communal cathedral of St. James, the testators from Pore  were not so devoted to the goal of  reparatio ecclesie cathedralis . Namely, out of 61 testators from the analyzed period only 14 or 23 percent of them. expressed that type of devotion. The main reason for the weak respons of Parentine testators is certainly in the fact that denizens of Pore  considered the existence of Parentine cathedral church as something normal since that ecclesiastical institution was incorporated in the city for over than a thousand years. On the other hand, the inhabitants of benik, as testified in their last wills and breviaries, yearned that their bishopric gets new and representative cathedral. Another reason is certainly in the fact that during the first half of the fifteenth century was the period of most intensive works on the construction of St. James cathedral. In contrast to that, the Parentine cathedral of the Assumption of Virgin Mary was not built from its fundaments since civil and ecclesiastical authorities expected to make renovation mainly of the southern nave of the cathedral which was mostly destroyed during the above-mentioned earthquake. Besides that, the general economic and social situation in the two communes was very different. ibenik in that period experienced general flourishing in economy (as testified by numerous merchants and artisans of different professions) and civil and ecclesiastical financial situation was at its medieval zenith. Contrary to `ibenik, the fifteenth-century economic situation in the commune of Pore  was rather much worse as testified in various notary records written during that period for the Parentine denizens. Only a few patrician families distinguished themselves  [  >@%0"">""Z##/////////////0080:0B0G0M0O0P00<@DDDjEGG-I6IIIIIII@JTJuJJJJKrKyKKrL|L}LP꽵h.xB*ph)h.xh.x5B*ph)Uh;0JB*ph)h.x0JB*ph)h;0JB*ph)h;B*ph)h;0J5B*\ph)G 5#'.O0P00SD8IqLrL}L,Y.Y2Y4Y8Y:Y>Y@YDYFYd$da$$d[$\$a$with their financial wealth and as the owners of significant land estates situated in the district. The layer of in Dalmatian communes newly established class of wealthy citizens (e . g Michael, son of Peter from Zadar, some intellectuals and medical workers) is almost invisible in Parentine sources. Therefore, it may be said that there was no existing layer of denizens being able to significantly support the reconstruction of the cathedral church. The Parentine commune was also not attractive for wealthy foreigners but rather for poor immigrants, many of them being forced by Ottoman raids to live their homes. And that was the reason why most of Parentine testators did not distribute legacies for that purpose. Moreover, Parentine communal authorities, same as in the other communes where similar actions were conducted, did not order obligatory testamentary donations for the reconstruction since such bequests were voluntary. All of these caused that the cathedral church was only partially reconstructed, mainly its southern nave where were also built new gothic windows that exist until today. For above-mentioned reasons in 47 last wills and codicils testators (25 male and 22 female) from all social layers being interrogateda nobis(i. e. notary)vigore partis capte si uellet quod relinquere ecclesie maiori ... respondit quod non, respondit non posse or respondit nil. Even most of those of testators who ordered to be buried in their family crypts situated in the cathedral or its yard most frequently did not feel obliged to donate certain legacy for the reconstruction of the cathedral. For instance, in 1479, although, when asked by the notary regarding the legacy to the cathedral, certain dona Dominica, a citizen of Pore respondit non posse. Still, she requested to be buried in her family's tomb in the cathedral cemetery. There are many similar examples. Also, in many cases members of most influential patrician families (de Caprolis, de Bullicone, and other), when asked to donate some bequest for the reconstruction of the cathedral church answered with words:non posse. Regarding the value of donated bequests, they were indeed modest. For example, in 1474 certain Agnexina from Pula,habitatrix Parentii,donated monetary bequestof one ducatducatum vnum; in 1482 certain James from Venice left the greatest monetary bequest valuedducatos quatuordecim; in 1466. certain dona Cusmica,civis Parentii, ecclesie relinquere mantile vnum duplum nouum pro anima sua; in 1476 Lawrencede Pizolo, one of the wealthiest contemporary Parentine patricians,relinquere ecclesie Parentine compra tria vini; venerabilis vir presbiter Nicolaus de Peiodonatedmedium ducatum pro subsidio reparatione ecclesie cathedralis, and so on. Only one donation was immovable. Frances, son of ser James Maiori in the will from 1479 bequeathed ecclesie pratum (livada, panjak) suum de Spiritu Sancto seu sancte Lucie. Conclusion The examined sample of last wills and codicils allow certain conclusions concerning the participation of Parentine denizens in supporting of reconstruction of the cathedral church. First, rather a small share of testators left bequests for that purpose. Second, testators that donated legacy pro reparatione ecclesie belonged equally to all strata of Parentine communal society although one would expect much more significant testamentary support of Parentines by origin, especially of patricians and citizens. And thirdly, donated legacies, whether monetary or movable and immovable goods. were of indeed poor value. The main reason for that was most probably in the weak economic circumstances in the commune of Pore  in the second half of the fifteenth century. Ecclesiastical authorities were also short of money because in 1440 in Venice was painted beautiful polyptych by Anthony Vivarini representing Madonna accompanied with several saints. One of the reasons was also the construction of new city walls in that period because of continual war circumstances and Ottoman danger. These were reasons why the reconstruction of the cathedral was only partial. 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