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Phylogeny and biogeographical discussion of Wiedemannia Zetterstedt (Empididae: Clinocerinae) with a revision of subgeneric concepts

The phylogenetic relationships and biogeography within Wiedemannia Zetterstedt (Empididae: Clinocerinae) are investigated. The subgeneric division within the genus is poorly defi ned and problematic. Numerous species are not assigned to a subgenus or have been assigned to a subgenus without clarifi cation. In this study, two mitochondrial (COI and Cytβ) and two nuclear (CAD and EF-1α) gene fragments were sequenced to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships within the genus, using both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. All subgenera: Chamaedipsia Mik, Eucelidia Mik, Philolutra Mik, Pseudowiedemannia Engel, Roederella Engel and Wiedemannia (sensu stricto), were represented. The genus is found to be monophyletic, but most of the subgenera are not found to be natural groups, with species assigned to various subgenera intermixed. It is recommended that the subgeneric divisions within Wiedemannia be no longer recognised. Molecular dating using a log normal clock model and calibration with fossil species for the subfamily Clinocerinae and family Empididae indicated that Wiedemannia diversifi ed about 48 MYA in the Eocene, while there was still a land connectivity between Europe and Asia with North America. Wiedemannia has a worldwide distribution, apart from the Australasian and Neotropical Regions and Antarctica. The highest diversity of Wiedemannia occurs in Europe, especially in mountainous areas of the Mediterranean diversity hotspot.

Biogeography, Empididae, Eocene, Europe, Palaearctic, phylogeny, subgenera, Wiedemannia

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