engleski

Single and combined effects of propiconazole and ZnO (bulk and nano form) on various biomarkers and reproduction in Enchytraeus albidus

Organisms are often exposed to a combination of chemicals. These chemicals may and may not interact with each other and affect their toxicity to an organism. Nanoparticles have been recognised as an emerging contaminants over the last decade. However, the majority of research have dealt with the effect of a nanoparticle as a single stressor. In this study we have investigated whether a combination of fungicide (propiconazole - PCZ) and nanoparticle (zinc oxide - ZnO) have different effect on oxidative stress and reproduction of Enchytraeus albidus than each of these compounds applied separately. Propiconazole was tested as a commercial formulation and ZnO was tested and used in a nano and bulk form. In a preliminary experiment an EC50 value for reproduction for each compound was calculated (480 mg/kg ZnO and 40 ug/g PCZ). In the second experiment encyhtreids were exposed to five concentrations in following ratios: 100% PCZ, 75% PCZ/25% ZnO, 50% PCZ/ 50% ZnO, 25% PCZ/75% ZnO, 100% ZnO. 100% is an EC50 value. The time of exposure in both experiments was 21 days after which adult enchytraeids were removed from soil, following another 21 days for juveniles to hatch, according to OECD protocol. Adult enchytraeids were used for subsequent measurement of biomarkers of oxidative stress (AChE, CAT, GST) and metallothionenin content. The results showed a slightly different response of measured biomarkers to nZnO than to a bZnO in both single exposure and when combined with propiconazole as well as the effect on reproduction.

glutathione S-transferase ; catalase ; acetylcholinesterase

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