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Bildung and paideia. Philosophical Models of Education

The roots of Western philosophy, like the roots of Western education as we know it, lie with the Greeks. Western culture is in this regard "Hellenocentric" (Jaeger). Yet education and philosophy come to be in response to a universal human need – and the ideals toward which they aim are correspondingly universal. Since the appearance of Socrates on the stage of human history, the task of philosophy has been inseparably bound to the task of education. The concept of paideia expresses the sum of a number of elements: cultivation of our physical, emotional and intellectual powers, transmission of skills for the production of things useful and pleasing, of cultural norms and heritage, cultivation of the excellence proper to our humanity. In the period of Classical Greece, its meaning included child-rearing in its physical, moral and intellectual aspects, as well as ‘higher’ education, including formation in good taste, manners and rhetoric, in practical and theoretical pursuits, as well as in morality and culture. Closely related to the concept of paideia is the German concept of Bildung, whereby Bildung incorporates elements from the Judaeo-Christian religious tradition, along with their Platonist counterparts. Introduced into the German language by the philosopher and mystic Meister Eckhart, the idea of Bildung traces its roots to the Judaeo-Christian belief that human beings are created in God's image, as image – Bild or Abbild – of the divine archetype or Urbild (the so-called imago Dei doctrine). The same idea is encountered in the closely connected conceptual pair “likeness to God” and "becoming like God" (homoiosis theoi) as it appears in Plato, and was transmitted to later periods by Platonist and Neoplatonist philosophy. Contemporary educational systems, with their professed ideals of self-directed and life-long learning, acquisition of “competencies” and promotion of skills for realization of competitive, knowledge-based economies, are centred around a vague idea of humanity

Bildung, paideia, philosophy, culture, humanism, humanities, education, competency, judgment, traditional, critical, imagination, reflection, community, policy

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