engleski

Winter wheat agronomic traits as affected by soil cadmium contamination

Due to anthropogenic pollution soil Cd concentration can exceed permitted limits and that could lead to production of food that contains high level of Cd in edible plant parts. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of soil Cd contamination on winter wheat agronomic traits (plant height (cm), spike length (cm), plant weight (g), spike weight (g), number of fertile spikelets per spike, number of sterile spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike (g) and 1000 kernel weight (g)) as well as Cd concentration in different plant parts in anthesis and full maturity. Experiment was carried out in semi controlled conditions. Based on the results of previous research, ten winter wheat cultivars that had wide range of grain Cd concentration were selected and included in this research. Cultivars were sown in the pots that were filled with soil contaminated with 0, 2 and 5 mg Cd kg-1 soil. Experiment was set up according to completely randomized block design with four replicates. First sampling was carried out in anthesis when ten randomly chosen plants were cut form the pot and samples of root, stem, flag leaf, leaves and spike were collected. In the second sampling that was carried out in full maturity, samples of straw, leaves, glumes and grain were collected from ten randomly chosen plants from each pot. Cd concentration in samples was determined by ICP-OES technique. Measures of descriptive statistics were calculated for all examined traits. Effect of examined treatments was tested with factorial analysis of variance (p<0.01) and where necessary, differences between levels of examined treatments were assessed by Tukey’s HSD test (p<0.01). Statistical analysis was carried out in SAS 9.4. for Windows and SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1. As results showed, plant height (F (18) = 3.5 ; p<0.01), spike length (F (18) = 2.1 ; p=0.013) and number of sterile spikeltes per spike (F (18) = 2.3 ; p<0.01) were under significant cultivar x Cd interaction effect. Plant weight (Fcultivar (9) = 5.4 ; p<0.01 and FCd (2) = 14.8 ; p<0.01) and spike weight (Fcultivar (9) = 4.8 ; p<0.01 and FCd (2) = 9.3 ; p<0.01) were under significant effect of cultivar and Cd treatment, but there was no evidence of significant interaction effect. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in number of grains per spike (F (9) = 2.4 ; p=0.019) and 1000 kernel weight (F (9) = 6.5 ; p<0.01) between cultivars. Soil Cd contamination significantly increased Cd concentration in all examined plant parts in anthesis and full maturity. In general, highest Cd concentration in all examine plant parts has been determined under highest Cd treatment (5 mg Cd kg- 1 soil). In anthesis, highest average Cd concentration was determined in roots (29.5 mg kg- 1), followed by leaves (4.92 mg kg-1), stem (3.71 mg kg-1 ), flag leaf (1.63 mg kg-1) and spike (0.97 mg kg-1). In full maturity, average Cd concentration under highest Cd contamination was as follows: straw (4.28 mg kg-1), leaves (3.69 mg kg-1), glumes (1.49 mg kg-1) and grain (1.34 mg kg-1). Additionally, examined cultivars differs significantly in Cd concentration in examined plant parts on uncontaminated and Cd contaminated soil, indicating on genotype specificity regarding Cd accumulation in different plant parts.

cadmium ; winter wheat ; contamination ; agronomic traits

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