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Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Squalius in the adriatic sea basin.

Squalius is a genus of freshwater fish from Cyprinidae family and Leuciscinae subfamily. Squalius species are widespread in the Mediterranean area, with 7 described species inhabiting the Adriatic watershed in Croatia. Even though phylogenetic relationships inside Leuciscinae family have already been investigated, molecular phylogeny of species from Istria, Dalmatia and Herzegovina is still unresolved. Molecular analysis was based on mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b sequences. Phylogenetic trees were created with maximum parsimony and Bayes analysis. Phylogenetic network was constructed using statistical parsimony and neighbor joining method. Results from all analyses have shown separation of 2 independent, genetically distinct groups. Squalius svallize, Sq. zrmanjae, Sq. illyricus, Sq. microlepis and Sq. tenellus species form Adriatic lineage, while Cephalus lineage include Sq. sp., Sq. squalus and Sq. cephalus species. Adriatic lineage show good separation of species, while Cephalus lineage has more complex relationships. Sq. cephalus species appeared as paraphyletic. Sq.squalus species show large intraspecies diversity, but there is no evidence for separation of species like Sq. janae. Species from the Trebišnjica River completely separated from other taxa in Cephalus lineage with Sq. prespensis as a sister taxon. It seems that colonization of Adriatic rivers and lakes happened at least twice by representatives of two distinct Squalius species. Inside of Adriatic lineage species form monophyletic groups, which implies that current taxonomy reflects molecular systematics. Cephalus lineage is more complicated group and it needs further systematic revision. The paraphyly of Sq. cephalus needs to be confirmed with other genes. Sq. squalus has fragmentary distribution reflected in complex phylogenetic relationships and further effort is needed in defining their taxonomic status. The genetically isolated species from Trebišnjica from Cephalus group needs further revision and description. Interestingly, we have found Sq. illyricus in new localities in Istria (Boljunščica) and Dalmatia (Zrmanja), previously described in Cetina, Krka and Soča.

Squalius species, cytochrome b, phylogeny, taxonomy

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