engleski

Local approach to renewable district heating: case study Croatia

Highly efficient cogeneration and district heating and cooling systems have a significant potential for primary energy savings which are still highly underutilized in most European countries. They can provide significant benefits to the uptake of waste and renewable heat but also help foster the integration of intermittent energy sources for electricity production for example wind and PV through the use of heat storage systems and power to heat technologies. In order to fully utilize, or in some cases even begin the utilization of said potentials, certain parameters have to be met. District heating and cooling networks are capitally highly intensive projects that present a long term commitment for their utilization. In order to plan, design and implement them in the most cost effective way, spatial distribution of the heating and cooling demands as well as waste and renewable heat sources need to be analysed, mapped and compared to the existing systems. Such an information source enables the optimal utilization of local energy sources and thus ensures the maximum positive impact on both the cost and environmental impact of the heating and cooling sectors. In order to utilize some sources of waste heat, shallow geothermal sources, heat pumps and other forms of renewable heat sources, conditions in the district heating network have to reach certain parameters. Most district heating systems in Eastern Europe still function in the category of so called second generation, meaning that they utilize pressurised hot water with supply temperatures well above 100 °C making them unsuitable for the exploitation of low temperature heat sources. A coherent refurbishment strategy of both the building stock and the district heating systems is necessary for this to change. In order to do so, elaborate strategies are necessary, not only from the technical perspective but also from the sociological perspective. District heating in certain Eastern European countries has a low public acceptance due to relatively high costs, low efficiency, high energy losses and especially unjust historical payment schemes for the final consumer. The goal of this work is to demonstrate both sides of the strategies, technical and sociological, with Croatia as a case study example. In order to start heat/cooling demand mapping, project development and implementation, elaborate schemes towards citizen and public authorities are necessary. Second goal of this work is to demonstrate the heating and cooling demand, as well renewable and waste heat source, mapping methodology and to utilize the obtained results in order to model the impact district heating and cooling can have on the penetration of renewable and waste heat utilization in the overall energy system. The impact that urban refurbishment has on the potential uptake of low temperature heat sources has also been presented. The mapping has been done using the ArcGIS tool while the energy planning has been done using EnergyPLAN.

Heat demand and supply mapping ; Energy Planning ; District heating systems ; Renewable heating and cooling

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