engleski

Stability and toxicity of selected sun protective compounds in disinfection processes

The usage of different solar blocking personal care products to prevent the risk of skin cancer development is increasing constantly. These products contain various protective compounds, which are relatively stable when exposed to UV radiation. However, if they are used under certain special conditions, they might decompose by light or may react with the disinfection agents, such as those commonly present in pools. In the present research, selected benzophenones (BP-3, BP-4, DHHB) were applied as model compounds for the stability and toxicity studies of UV filters in presence of chlorine-based disinfectants such as NaOCl or trichloroisocyannuric acid (TCCA). The results showed that BP-3 and BP-4 react with NaOCl and TCCA, in both cases 5-chloro and 3, 5-dichloro derivative, were identified. In the chlorination experiments of DHHB we observed the formation of 3-chloro derivate of DHHB. Chlorinated products were determined by HPLC and compared with independently prepared standards. For identification of chlorinated products GC-MS and LC-MS were applied. Toxic effects of BP3, BP4 and 5-chloro BP3 were studied on bacteria Vibrio fischeri, algae Desmodesmus subspicatus, water fleas Daphnia magna and zebrafish Danio rerio. We found that UV filter BP3 was more toxic than BP4 ; the highest sensitivity was observed when water fleas and algae were used as test organisms. BP4 revealed adverse effects on aquatic organisms only at concentrations of 10 ppm. The acute toxicity of 5-chloro BP3 did not increase significantly in comparison to BP3 ; increased toxicity was found only in a case of algae. The results of YES assay showed no estrogenic activity of both tested UV filters and chlorinated product. In case of DHHB results revealed 20 % of inhibition in the luminescence of V. fischeri within 30 minutes of exposure (EC20 = 0.96 mg L-1). Aqueous solutions of DHHB (as analytical standard or ‘in-house’ synthesized product) and 3-chloro and 5-chloro DHHB were tested for possible adverse effects on algae Selenastrum capricornutum (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and D. magna. Obtained data demonstrated that algae were more sensitive to DHHB than to its chlorinated products with an EC50 (72 h) for DHHB of 0.011 ppm (analytical standard) and 0.068 ppm ('in-house' synthesized). On contrary, D. magna was affected more by DHHB's chlorinated products, especially 3-chloro DHHB with a EC50 for 24 and 48h of 0.89 and 0.38 ppm, respectively. In general, algae resulted more sensitive to DHHB-mediated action compared to tested microcrustacean.

UV filters; toxicity; DHHB

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