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Effect of charge and surface ligand properties of silver nanoparticles on toxicity in mammalian cells in vitro

The toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to organisms in the environment has been gaining attention due to their exponentially growing applications in consumer products. Available research data suggest that nanomaterials will present hazards based on their structure and chemistry. The chemical properties imparted by the lignads attached to NP surfaces affect charge, surface area, particle size, and aggregation potential, playing an important role in toxicity. Thus, this study aimed to explore the toxicity mechanisms of different AgNP on human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and pig kidney (Pk15) cells. We have selected 5 types of AgNPs which differ according to the coating agent (cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), poly-L-lysine (PLL), and bovine serum albumin(BSA)) applied for surface modifications. In order to draw valid conclusions from the evaluation of the cellular influences of NPs, we performed comprehensive evaluation on characteristics and stability of AgNPs. For all types of AgNPs tested, the aggregation behaviour was demonstrated upon suspension in cell culture medium. The results showed particles organized in nanometric, but also in micrometric agglomerates. It was also found that biocompatible bulky capping agents, such as bovine serum albumin, provided steric colloidal stabilization. The results showed that all AgNPs reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values of CTA, PVP, AOT, PLL and BSA-AgNPs were 50, 75, 50, 30 and 20 mg/L, respectively, in HepG2 cells. The AgNPs effects were significantly more toxic to Pk15 cell with IC50 values of 15, 8, 4, 7 and 7 mg/L for CTA, PVP, AOT, PLL and BSA-AgNPs, respectively. Finally, our study provides evidence that the type of surface group of AgNPs has a substantial influence over toxicity in mammalian cells in vitro.

silver nanoparticles; in vitro toxicity; surface coating; cell viability; mammalian cells

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