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Two or Three Principles? Aristotle Physics I, 6

What are the principles (arhai) of natural change? In Physics I, 6 Aristotle provides a survey of earlier philosophy of nature on this question and considers what constitutes a principle of change in natural bodies? Natural things have an internal cause of change within them (as opposed to artefacts, which require an external cause). Principles are shown thereby to differ from consituents, elements. Principles must not come from each other or from other things. All things come from them. To determine the exact number of principles reasoned analysis is required. Aristotle notes that most of his predecessors cited contraries among their principles, arguing instead that there cannot be more than one primary pair of contraries. He finds that all natural change involves passage from one contrary to another, from privation of form to its possession Furthermore, that something must underlie as subject/matter the change from one contrary to another in order to be acted on by these, or possess them as attributes. Aristotle's final decision for 3 principles appears at the end of 1, 8 (191a20).

Aristotle; principles; change; nature; physics; reason; contraries; hypokeimenon; matter

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