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Convex AC Optimal Power Flow Method for Definition of Size and Location of Battery Storage Systems in the Distribution Grid

Majority of low carbon (LC) technologies such as photovoltaic (PV), electric vehicles (EV) and electric heat pumps (EHP) are and will be connected close to the final user at the low voltage (LV) level. These energy sources and consumers are assumed to have a low impact on the electricity grid, especially when their penetration level is low. Flexibility from these technologies is not stimulated as existing feed-in tariffs and static billing tariff systems do not stimulate intelligent price led production/consumption. The stochastic nature of LC technologies will, when reaching a significant share in the grid, result in undesirable events such as high spikes, overloading and under voltage sags. The basic assumption of the paper is that each consumer or producer is or will be led by market signals while the technical price signals for changing their production/consumption do not exist and are out of the scope of the paper. For each of the analyzed cases, the distribution system operator (DSO) is the one handling technical constraints and ensuring they are not violated. The goal of the paper is to identify the role, size and placement (centralized, decentralized) of electricity storage owned by DSO. Consumption and production decisions are a result of Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) economic dispatch and their impact is analyzed on typical Croatian distribution grids. As it will be shown, the battery storage reduce sudden demand or excess production spikes, voltage problems, equipment overloading and is, at the same time, flexible in terms of responding to market signals and different future scenarios. The analyses result in a techno-economic framework for short-term and long-term network planning of low carbon active distribution networks.

Battery Storage Systems; Distribution Network; Linearity; Renewable Energy Sources

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