engleski

Clinical importance of muscle variation in dogs

Introduction: Muscle variations are defined as the appearance of additional muscle bundle or belly, unusual muscle origin or termination, as well as complete absence of a muscle. Muscle variations are very interesting regarding their embryonic development, but their importance increases during some surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to describe the abundance and clinical importance of some muscle variations in the dog. Methods: A total of 57 dogs, conserved with 4% formalin fixative solution, were dissected within a gross anatomy course at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb. The animals were handled in accordance with the Croatian Animal Protection Act (2006), and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Results: Muscle variations were observed in 13 (22.8%) of 57 dogs in different body region as follows: in pectoral girdle muscles (brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, rhomboideus capitis and serratus ventralis cervicis) ; in neck muscles (strenocephalicus, sternohyoideus, stylohyoideus and scalenus dorsalis) ; in the muscles of the thorax (intercostales muscles) and in hindlimb muscles (sartorius). The most of variations were observed in pectoral girdle muscles (7 dogs), followed by neck muscles (4 dogs), while variations of thorax and hindlimb muscles were observed only in one dog each. Conclusion: Muscle variations are important during surgical procedures because they are part of the surgical field. Moreover, rhomboideus and serratus ventralis are important during forelimb amputation. Additionally, serratus ventralis muscle is crucial for intercostal thoracotomy. The sternocephalicus and sternohyoideus are important during cervical vertebrae approach and intervertebral disks repairs, while the structure of sternohyoideus and stylohyoideus should be taken in account during cervical soft tissue approach. The sartorius muscle is implemented in repairs of traumatic caudal abdominal hernias and large inguinal hernias. Therefore, our study confirms the strong bond between basic anatomical research and clinical science.

dog; anatomic variations

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