hrvatski

Rane emisije farske kovnice iz Remetinog vrta u starom gradu na Hvaru

The 1835 discovery of the Škudljivac hoard in the vicinity of Stari Grad on the island of Hvar, containing exceptionally well-preserved coins of the earliest emissions in the Greek colonies of Pharos and Heraclea and overstrikes of Ionios coins, marked the real beginning of numismatic research in this region, as pointed out by Brunšmid. In a number of studies, our eminent numismatist Dr. Ivan Mirnik covered hoards and coins of Greek towns in the central Adriatic region, and he has taken special care of the protection of this precious archaeological heritage. We wish our dear colleague many productive years ahead, and we contribute this paper on early emissions of coins from the Pharos mint.1 In the late 19th century, J. Brunšmid developed the basic typology and chronology of the Pharos coins known at the time, which had mostly been received by various collections without accompanying data on the circumstances of their discovery. This situation is still the main starting point for the study of Pharos emissions. Recent archaeological excavation of this Greek town has resulted in the first coins of Pharos ever to be found in the context of Greek architecture and associated archaeological material, making it possible to introduce certain corrections to the data on emissions of individual types of coins issued by the Pharos mint and establish a clearer chronology of coinage of one of the oldest towns on the eastern Adriatic coast. Under the patronage of Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, the Parian colony of Pharos was founded in 384-383. In spite of the noteworthy resistance of the indigenous population and their allies – as reported by Diodor – the Parians, assisted by the eparch of Dionysius’s fleet from Issa, stabilized the occupied territory and erected a town by the sea. During the systematic archaeological excavation of the site of Remetin Vrt in Stari Grad on the island of Hvar, carried out between 1994 and 2004, and led by M. Katić and the author of these lines, the south-eastern corner of the ancient town was discovered. Inside the south and east ramparts, recessed towards the north at a right angle and thus creating a protected access to the eastern town’s gate, cultural layers were found whose stratigraphy clearly reveals the painstaking Parian conquest of the land previously occupied by an Illyrian settlement. In addition to the remains of the Illyrian settlement, burnt down and destroyed several times, and of the first Greek nucleus in the conquered territory, which was also burnt down in fierce military clashes, and the main walls of the first stone houses of the pre-colonial population, which were later partially incorporated in the town plans, when the ramparts and new residential buildings were constructed, a significant amount of archaeological material was also discovered, mostly pottery of various shapes, and individual coins. During the archaeological excavation at Remetin Vrt, in the layer containing traces of burning (10 / at ▼316-326 cm) of the first Greek occupation of the land on top of the demolished Illyrian settlement, the earliest bronze coins were found (10-N489, 11-N490), together with shards of fine Greek ware. These are the first Parian coins of the Demeter type with stephane r./ walking male goat l., discovered during the archaeological excavation. Although these coins contain no legend, that is, no designation of ethnicon, the analysis of the metal 1 Our prematurely departed colleague Zdenka Dukat made particular contribution to the expert analysis of the Greek and Roman coins found during the archaeological excavation at the Remetin Vrt site in Stari Grad. This paper contains some of the results of our long joint work. Z. DUKAT †, J. JELIČIĆ-RADONIĆ: Rane emisije farske kovnice..., VAMZ, 3. s., XLV (2012) 255 composition has confirmed that these are Parian coins. Such a finding corresponds to the coin kept in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb (12 - Inv. No. 3078), made of the same metal composition and bearing the inscription PARI on the reverse. Bronze coins issued by the Pharos mint, very similar to the above Parian coins brought to Pharos by colonists, were discovered in subsequent cultural layers. Although these are coins of the same type and small denomination, one third of a trias, certain variations in style and artistic quality of depictions on individual coins are obvious at very first sight. This was also visible in stratigraphic profiles of test pit VII, and thus the coins can be classified in several groups. I (13-N358, 14-N494): obverse – head of Demeter l., linear circle reverse – male goat l., in exergue legend FA, linear circle II (386, 15-N400, 421, 16-N486): obverse – head of Demeter r., hair rolled in a bun reverse – female goat r. III (17-N224, 271, 354A, 440, 18-N493, 648): obverse – head of Demeter l. reverse – female goat l. The current numismatic literature, which follows Brunšmid’s classification and stylistic analysis of types of coins issued by the Pharos mint, maintains that these coins of small denomination, dated to the end of the 4th and 3rd c. BC, show Artemis/goat, and this has been generally accepted, together with the given dating. However, the archaeological excavation at Remetin Vrt resulted in the first coins of Paros and Pharos ever to be found in cultural layers in the context of archaeological material and Greek architecture, thus allowing a more precise dating. Relations among the above groups of Pharian coinage of small denomination can be studied on the basis of the stratigraphy of the northern profile of test pit VII. A coin (14-N494) from the first group was discovered at ▼280 cm, in a layer of dark soil under some stone rubble, separating it from the following upper layer of red soil. This layer can be linked to the early Greek architecture, preceding the planned construction of ramparts. In the following cultural layer of red soil, at the same depth, coins were discovered which were classified into groups II (16-486 at ▼261 cm) and III (Inv. No. 18-N493 at ▼261 cm) on the basis of stylistic variants. On the reverse, a female goat is depicted instead of a male goat, which is a novelty in comparison to the Paros coinage and group I of the Pharian coins. On the obverse, the effigy of Demeter is preserved, as she is the main Parian deity and her importance is reflected in the Pharos coins. In addition to the above emissions featuring Demeter, in its early phase, the Pharos mint issued triases with a likeness of Persephone. Such coins were discovered at the Remetin Vrt site: five at the same depth in test pit VII (3-N373, 4-N380, 6-N381, 7-N492, 8-N495/▼268- 261 cm). In the next test pit, number IX, at the same depth, ▼266 cm, a half-trias coin was found (9-N488), with a depiction of Persephone. According to Brunšmid’s classification, issues with Persephone’s effigy were minted in the late 4th and 3rd c. BC, with two denominations. In view of the overstriking of Issean coins with Pharos trias, Artemis/star, attributed by Brunšmid to the second period of operation of the Issean mint at the end of the 4th c. BC, has been dated to the same period as the Pharian coins featuring Persephone, and this is generally accepted. The overstriking of triases of the tyrants Z. DUKAT †, J. JELIČIĆ-RADONIĆ: Rane emisije farske kovnice..., VAMZ, 3. s., XLV (2012) 256 of Syracuse and the first issues of the Issean colony with the ethnicon mark ISSAIWN with the same type of the Pharian coins with depictions of Persephone undoubtedly indicates that these emissions had been issued before. The first phase of the Pharos mint also encompasses bronze hemilitres of the Zeus/male goat type (1-N226, 2-N249), discovered in the earliest cultural layers. On the basis of the stratigraphic analysis it can be concluded that they belong to emissions preceding the construction of the ramparts and real town planning: that is, that they were struck before the middle of the 4th c. BC and can be linked to the remains of walls of the first Greek architecture discovered in the south-eastern corner of Pharos during the archaeological excavation at Remetin Vrt. In the following cultural layer, there were triases with a likeness of Persephone. On examples that are better preserved (3-N373, 4-N380), one can observe an elaborate goat’s body, similar to that on the above-mentioned issues featuring Zeus and Demeter, but here a plant stem is shown in front of the animal. In the same cultural layer of test pit VII in which these triases featuring Persephone were found, there were also coins of Heraclea and Syracuse, and overstrikes of Syracusan coins. The analysis of the entire archaeological material will contribute to a more precise dating of individual issues. In the same layer of red soil, and at the same depth, third-trias coins were found with the effigy of Demeter, and belonging to groups II and III, where a female goat is depicted instead of a male. The two contemporary variants followed the emissions of coins of group I featuring Demeter rendered in a much more ‘beautiful’ style, and always accompanied by a male goat. A similar stratigraphic picture was observed in test pit I, where a trias with Persephone’s effigy struck over the Issean type Artemis/star was found at the same depth, together with a third-trias coin featuring Demeter and a female goat (17- N224). Therefore, on the basis of the stratigraphic analysis, these issues by the Pharos mint can be dated to the period following the construction of the ramparts of a well-planned town. However, according to the known trias coins featuring Persephone, which are of a high quality, it is likely that the first issues of such coins occurred at the same time as coins with the effigy of Zeus (with or without a snake, such as 1-N226, 2-N249) and the Demeter types (13-N358, 14-N494). After these, trias coins were issued with a representation of Persephone, found at Remetin Vrt, in that some such coins were struck over Syracusan and Issean coins, with a plant appearing in front of the male goat. At that time, half-trias coins were also issued, featuring Persephone (9-N488), and third-trias coins, featuring Demeter (group II/15-N400, 16-N486 and III/17-N224, 18-N493), with a female goat shown on the reverse. Although some colonies minted coins of identical weight and type to those issued by their parent town, differing only in the ethnicon, the early emissions of the Pharos mint belong completely to the Syracusan monetary system. But, as regards their design, the first issues of the Pharos mint rely on Parian coinage, and are not inferior to it in terms of their artistic quality. Deities depicted on early series of coins issued in the new colony undoubtedly indicate that the same cults were worshipped and taken over by protocolonialists from their metropolis, as elements of their identity. The festivities of Demeter and Dionysius, linked to the vitality of land cultivated in the fertile chora of Pharos, reflect the pronounced chthonic character of their religion. This is further confirmed by portrayals of chthonic deities (Zeus, Demeter, Persephone, Dionysius) and their symbols (male goat, snake, bunch of grapes) on early emissions of the Pharos mint. Once the Parians had organized their city-state, the Pharos mint stepped up its activity. This is suggested by numerous emissions of coins of various types and denominations, discovered in the deepest cultural layers during the archaeological excavations carried out at Z. DUKAT †, J. JELIČIĆ-RADONIĆ: Rane emisije farske kovnice..., VAMZ, 3. s., XLV (2012) 257 the Remetin Vrt site. These include primarily the representative bronze hemilitre coins of the Zeus/male goat type, found in the oldest layers, and also third-triases coins of the Demeter/ male goat type. Triases of the Persephone/male goat type were discovered in the cultural layer subsequent to the construction of the ramparts and town planning prior to the middle of the 4th c. BC. In comparison to other coins of a much higher quality and nicer style, making it obvious that these types of coinage of medium denomination were issued at the same time as the first emissions of hemilitres featuring Zeus/male goat and third-triases featuring Demeter/male goat. After the fall of the tyrants of Syracuse in 344, and the subsequent discontinuation of Syracusan patronage over Greek towns in the central Adriatic, the Syracusan coins of the Athens/ hippocampus type and Issean coins of the Artemis/eight-pointed star type were overstruck by the Pharian trias of the Persephone/male goat type, additionally suggesting that it had been used earlier than indicated by Brunšmid’s generally accepted chronology. In the same cultural layer in which the Pharian trias coins were found, there were half-trias coins of the Persephone/ female goat type, and there were also issues of third-trias coins of the Demeter/female goat type (groups II and III). On the basis of the stratigraphic analysis of coins discovered during the archaeological excavations at Remetin Vrt, the conclusion can be drawn that, after the situation had stabilized, that is, at the time of the first Greek nucleus, the Pharos mint issued bronze coins of various denominations. Designs of these early issues include chthonic deities and their attributes, since these cults were taken over by colonists from their metropolis as elements of their identity, and, by worshipping Zeus, Demeter, Persephone and Dionysius, they achieved an ideal continuity with the community they had left for ever. The town, with megalithic ramparts and a new, planned architectural design, was erected by the Parians before the middle of the 4th c. BC, at the time of the reign of the tyrants of Syracuse and their patronage over Greek colonies in the central Adriatic.

Pharos; farska kovnica; rane emisije novca; htonska božanstva; Zeus; Demetra; Perzefona; Dioniz

nije evidentirano

engleski

Early emissions of the Pharos mint from the Remetin vrt site in Stari Frad on the island of Hvar

The 1835 discovery of the Škudljivac hoard in the vicinity of Stari Grad on the island of Hvar, containing exceptionally well-preserved coins of the earliest emissions in the Greek colonies of Pharos and Heraclea and overstrikes of Ionios coins, marked the real beginning of numismatic research in this region, as pointed out by Brunšmid. In a number of studies, our eminent numismatist Dr. Ivan Mirnik covered hoards and coins of Greek towns in the central Adriatic region, and he has taken special care of the protection of this precious archaeological heritage. We wish our dear colleague many productive years ahead, and we contribute this paper on early emissions of coins from the Pharos mint.1 In the late 19th century, J. Brunšmid developed the basic typology and chronology of the Pharos coins known at the time, which had mostly been received by various collections without accompanying data on the circumstances of their discovery. This situation is still the main starting point for the study of Pharos emissions. Recent archaeological excavation of this Greek town has resulted in the first coins of Pharos ever to be found in the context of Greek architecture and associated archaeological material, making it possible to introduce certain corrections to the data on emissions of individual types of coins issued by the Pharos mint and establish a clearer chronology of coinage of one of the oldest towns on the eastern Adriatic coast. Under the patronage of Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, the Parian colony of Pharos was founded in 384-383. In spite of the noteworthy resistance of the indigenous population and their allies – as reported by Diodor – the Parians, assisted by the eparch of Dionysius’s fleet from Issa, stabilized the occupied territory and erected a town by the sea. During the systematic archaeological excavation of the site of Remetin Vrt in Stari Grad on the island of Hvar, carried out between 1994 and 2004, and led by M. Katić and the author of these lines, the south-eastern corner of the ancient town was discovered. Inside the south and east ramparts, recessed towards the north at a right angle and thus creating a protected access to the eastern town’s gate, cultural layers were found whose stratigraphy clearly reveals the painstaking Parian conquest of the land previously occupied by an Illyrian settlement. In addition to the remains of the Illyrian settlement, burnt down and destroyed several times, and of the first Greek nucleus in the conquered territory, which was also burnt down in fierce military clashes, and the main walls of the first stone houses of the pre-colonial population, which were later partially incorporated in the town plans, when the ramparts and new residential buildings were constructed, a significant amount of archaeological material was also discovered, mostly pottery of various shapes, and individual coins. During the archaeological excavation at Remetin Vrt, in the layer containing traces of burning (10 / at ▼316-326 cm) of the first Greek occupation of the land on top of the demolished Illyrian settlement, the earliest bronze coins were found (10-N489, 11-N490), together with shards of fine Greek ware. These are the first Parian coins of the Demeter type with stephane r./ walking male goat l., discovered during the archaeological excavation. Although these coins contain no legend, that is, no designation of ethnicon, the analysis of the metal 1 Our prematurely departed colleague Zdenka Dukat made particular contribution to the expert analysis of the Greek and Roman coins found during the archaeological excavation at the Remetin Vrt site in Stari Grad. This paper contains some of the results of our long joint work. Z. DUKAT †, J. JELIČIĆ-RADONIĆ: Rane emisije farske kovnice..., VAMZ, 3. s., XLV (2012) 255 composition has confirmed that these are Parian coins. Such a finding corresponds to the coin kept in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb (12 - Inv. No. 3078), made of the same metal composition and bearing the inscription PARI on the reverse. Bronze coins issued by the Pharos mint, very similar to the above Parian coins brought to Pharos by colonists, were discovered in subsequent cultural layers. Although these are coins of the same type and small denomination, one third of a trias, certain variations in style and artistic quality of depictions on individual coins are obvious at very first sight. This was also visible in stratigraphic profiles of test pit VII, and thus the coins can be classified in several groups. I (13-N358, 14-N494): obverse – head of Demeter l., linear circle reverse – male goat l., in exergue legend FA, linear circle II (386, 15-N400, 421, 16-N486): obverse – head of Demeter r., hair rolled in a bun reverse – female goat r. III (17-N224, 271, 354A, 440, 18-N493, 648): obverse – head of Demeter l. reverse – female goat l. The current numismatic literature, which follows Brunšmid’s classification and stylistic analysis of types of coins issued by the Pharos mint, maintains that these coins of small denomination, dated to the end of the 4th and 3rd c. BC, show Artemis/goat, and this has been generally accepted, together with the given dating. However, the archaeological excavation at Remetin Vrt resulted in the first coins of Paros and Pharos ever to be found in cultural layers in the context of archaeological material and Greek architecture, thus allowing a more precise dating. Relations among the above groups of Pharian coinage of small denomination can be studied on the basis of the stratigraphy of the northern profile of test pit VII. A coin (14-N494) from the first group was discovered at ▼280 cm, in a layer of dark soil under some stone rubble, separating it from the following upper layer of red soil. This layer can be linked to the early Greek architecture, preceding the planned construction of ramparts. In the following cultural layer of red soil, at the same depth, coins were discovered which were classified into groups II (16-486 at ▼261 cm) and III (Inv. No. 18-N493 at ▼261 cm) on the basis of stylistic variants. On the reverse, a female goat is depicted instead of a male goat, which is a novelty in comparison to the Paros coinage and group I of the Pharian coins. On the obverse, the effigy of Demeter is preserved, as she is the main Parian deity and her importance is reflected in the Pharos coins. In addition to the above emissions featuring Demeter, in its early phase, the Pharos mint issued triases with a likeness of Persephone. Such coins were discovered at the Remetin Vrt site: five at the same depth in test pit VII (3-N373, 4-N380, 6-N381, 7-N492, 8-N495/▼268- 261 cm). In the next test pit, number IX, at the same depth, ▼266 cm, a half-trias coin was found (9-N488), with a depiction of Persephone. According to Brunšmid’s classification, issues with Persephone’s effigy were minted in the late 4th and 3rd c. BC, with two denominations. In view of the overstriking of Issean coins with Pharos trias, Artemis/star, attributed by Brunšmid to the second period of operation of the Issean mint at the end of the 4th c. BC, has been dated to the same period as the Pharian coins featuring Persephone, and this is generally accepted. The overstriking of triases of the tyrants Z. DUKAT †, J. JELIČIĆ-RADONIĆ: Rane emisije farske kovnice..., VAMZ, 3. s., XLV (2012) 256 of Syracuse and the first issues of the Issean colony with the ethnicon mark ISSAIWN with the same type of the Pharian coins with depictions of Persephone undoubtedly indicates that these emissions had been issued before. The first phase of the Pharos mint also encompasses bronze hemilitres of the Zeus/male goat type (1-N226, 2-N249), discovered in the earliest cultural layers. On the basis of the stratigraphic analysis it can be concluded that they belong to emissions preceding the construction of the ramparts and real town planning: that is, that they were struck before the middle of the 4th c. BC and can be linked to the remains of walls of the first Greek architecture discovered in the south-eastern corner of Pharos during the archaeological excavation at Remetin Vrt. In the following cultural layer, there were triases with a likeness of Persephone. On examples that are better preserved (3-N373, 4-N380), one can observe an elaborate goat’s body, similar to that on the above-mentioned issues featuring Zeus and Demeter, but here a plant stem is shown in front of the animal. In the same cultural layer of test pit VII in which these triases featuring Persephone were found, there were also coins of Heraclea and Syracuse, and overstrikes of Syracusan coins. The analysis of the entire archaeological material will contribute to a more precise dating of individual issues. In the same layer of red soil, and at the same depth, third-trias coins were found with the effigy of Demeter, and belonging to groups II and III, where a female goat is depicted instead of a male. The two contemporary variants followed the emissions of coins of group I featuring Demeter rendered in a much more ‘beautiful’ style, and always accompanied by a male goat. A similar stratigraphic picture was observed in test pit I, where a trias with Persephone’s effigy struck over the Issean type Artemis/star was found at the same depth, together with a third-trias coin featuring Demeter and a female goat (17- N224). Therefore, on the basis of the stratigraphic analysis, these issues by the Pharos mint can be dated to the period following the construction of the ramparts of a well-planned town. However, according to the known trias coins featuring Persephone, which are of a high quality, it is likely that the first issues of such coins occurred at the same time as coins with the effigy of Zeus (with or without a snake, such as 1-N226, 2-N249) and the Demeter types (13-N358, 14-N494). After these, trias coins were issued with a representation of Persephone, found at Remetin Vrt, in that some such coins were struck over Syracusan and Issean coins, with a plant appearing in front of the male goat. At that time, half-trias coins were also issued, featuring Persephone (9-N488), and third-trias coins, featuring Demeter (group II/15-N400, 16-N486 and III/17-N224, 18-N493), with a female goat shown on the reverse. Although some colonies minted coins of identical weight and type to those issued by their parent town, differing only in the ethnicon, the early emissions of the Pharos mint belong completely to the Syracusan monetary system. But, as regards their design, the first issues of the Pharos mint rely on Parian coinage, and are not inferior to it in terms of their artistic quality. Deities depicted on early series of coins issued in the new colony undoubtedly indicate that the same cults were worshipped and taken over by protocolonialists from their metropolis, as elements of their identity. The festivities of Demeter and Dionysius, linked to the vitality of land cultivated in the fertile chora of Pharos, reflect the pronounced chthonic character of their religion. This is further confirmed by portrayals of chthonic deities (Zeus, Demeter, Persephone, Dionysius) and their symbols (male goat, snake, bunch of grapes) on early emissions of the Pharos mint. Once the Parians had organized their city-state, the Pharos mint stepped up its activity. This is suggested by numerous emissions of coins of various types and denominations, discovered in the deepest cultural layers during the archaeological excavations carried out at Z. DUKAT †, J. JELIČIĆ-RADONIĆ: Rane emisije farske kovnice..., VAMZ, 3. s., XLV (2012) 257 the Remetin Vrt site. These include primarily the representative bronze hemilitre coins of the Zeus/male goat type, found in the oldest layers, and also third-triases coins of the Demeter/ male goat type. Triases of the Persephone/male goat type were discovered in the cultural layer subsequent to the construction of the ramparts and town planning prior to the middle of the 4th c. BC. In comparison to other coins of a much higher quality and nicer style, making it obvious that these types of coinage of medium denomination were issued at the same time as the first emissions of hemilitres featuring Zeus/male goat and third-triases featuring Demeter/male goat. After the fall of the tyrants of Syracuse in 344, and the subsequent discontinuation of Syracusan patronage over Greek towns in the central Adriatic, the Syracusan coins of the Athens/ hippocampus type and Issean coins of the Artemis/eight-pointed star type were overstruck by the Pharian trias of the Persephone/male goat type, additionally suggesting that it had been used earlier than indicated by Brunšmid’s generally accepted chronology. In the same cultural layer in which the Pharian trias coins were found, there were half-trias coins of the Persephone/ female goat type, and there were also issues of third-trias coins of the Demeter/female goat type (groups II and III). On the basis of the stratigraphic analysis of coins discovered during the archaeological excavations at Remetin Vrt, the conclusion can be drawn that, after the situation had stabilized, that is, at the time of the first Greek nucleus, the Pharos mint issued bronze coins of various denominations. Designs of these early issues include chthonic deities and their attributes, since these cults were taken over by colonists from their metropolis as elements of their identity, and, by worshipping Zeus, Demeter, Persephone and Dionysius, they achieved an ideal continuity with the community they had left for ever. The town, with megalithic ramparts and a new, planned architectural design, was erected by the Parians before the middle of the 4th c. BC, at the time of the reign of the tyrants of Syracuse and their patronage over Greek colonies in the central Adriatic.

Pharos; Pharian mint; early coin issues; chthonic deities; Zeus; Demeter; Persephone; Dionysus

nije evidentirano