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Glass Phalerae in the Roman Province of Dalamatia

Dalmatian phalerae belong to types VI (from military camp in Burnum, held in the Archaeological Museum in Zadar) and IV (one probably from Tilurium or maybe from Aequum, held in the Archaeological Collection of the Franciscan Monastery in Sinj and one from Tilurium – the Legio VII camp) of the Boschung classification. Type VI shows Tiberius as he was depicted from roughly the year 10 BC, and particularly from 4 AD, when he was adopted by Augustus, to 14 AD. The marble adoptive type bust of Tiberius from the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen is from Fayoum in Egypt. Boschung associated the central figure on the type IV glass phalerae with a series of replicas of the Tiberius Copenhagen 624 type, which after 14 AD was applied to portrayals of the new emperor. The princes stand behind the emperor’s shoulders, most likely Germanicus and Drusus the younger, whose portraits are often placed together with Tiberius Copenhagen 624 type portraits. The Burnum phalera was probably conferred to a soldier of Legio XX for services in the revolt of the Delmatae-Pannonians or Bato’s Revolt (Bellum Batonianum). The focus of the revolt moved from Pannonia in the initial phase in 6 AD to Delmatae territory in its final phase in 9 AD. At the time, Legio XX Valeria Victrix was stationed in the camp, arriving in Burnum at around 20 BC from the province of Hispania. To renew the garrisons on the Rhine which suffered due to the defeat of Varus in 9 AD, it was deployed to Germany in 10 AD. This legion’s stay in Dalmatia is confirmed by the gravestones of Titus Fufitius from Salona, an unknown veteran from Iadera and the centurion Salvius Phrebranus Baculus from Burnum. Perhaps the phalera was in fact conferred to the latter. Legio XI came to Burnum after the departure of Legio XX. It was precisely Legio XX that was called to fealty by Tiberius, to transform the guilt of mutiny in 14 AD to glory. In line with Boschung, it may be assumed that the Tilurium phalerae were worn by soldiers who had participated in the Germanic wars from 14 to 16 AD. The Tilurium phalerae could have been conferred to troops during the time when Drusus was in Dalmatia with some interruptions, from 17 to 20 AD.

Glass; Phalera; Dalmatia

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