engleski

Metallogenic model of the Trepča Pb-Zn-Ag Skarn Deposit, Kosovo : Evidence from Fluid Inclusions, Rare Earth Elements and Stable Isotope Data

The Trepča Pb–Zn–Ag skarn deposit (29 Mt of ore at 3.45 % of Pb, 2.30 % of Zn and 80 g/t of Ag) is located in the Kopaonik block of Western Vardar Zone, Kosovo. The mineralization, hosted by recrystallized limestone of Upper Triassic age, was structurally and lithologicaly controlled. Ore deposition is spatially and temporally related with the postcollisional magmatism of Oligocene age (23-26 Ma). The deposit was formed during two distinct mineralization stages: an early prograde closed-system and a later retrograde open-system stage. The prograde mineralization consisting mainly of pyroxenes (Hd54-100Jo0-45Di0-45) resulted from the interaction of magmatic fluids associated with Oligocene (23-26 Ma) postcollisional magmatism. Whereas there is no direct contact between magmatic rocks and the mineralization, the deposit is classified as a distal Pb-Zn-Ag skarn. Abundant pyroxene reflects low oxygen fugacity (<10-31 bar) and anhydrous environment. Fluid inclusion data and mineral assemblage limit the prograde stage within a temperature range between 390 and 475°C. Formation pressure is estimated below 900 bars. Isotopic composition of aqueous fluid inclusions hosted by hedenbergite (dD = -108 to -130 ‰ ; d18O = 7.5 to 8.0 ‰), Mn-enriched mineralogy and high REE content of the host carbonates at the contact with the skarn mineralization suggest that a magmatic fluid was modified during its infiltration through the country rocks. The retrograde mineral assemblage comprises ilvaite, magnetite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, pyrite, quartz and various carbonates. Increases in oxygen and sulfur fugacities, as well as a hydrous character of mineralization require an open-system model. The opening of the system is related to phreatomagmatic explosion and formation of the breccia. Arsenopyrite geothermometer limits the retrograde stage within the temperature range between 350 and 380°C and sulfur fugacity between 10-8.8 and 10-7.2 bar. The principal ore minerals, galena, sphalerite, pyrite and minor chalcopyrite, were deposited from a moderately saline Ca-Na- chloride fluid, at around 350°C. According to the isotopic composition of fluid inclusions hosted by sphalerite (dD = -55 to -74 ‰ ; d18O = -9.6 to -13.6 ‰), the fluid responsible for ore deposition was dominantly meteoric in origin. The d34S values of the sulfides spanning between -5.5 and 10 ‰ point to a magmatic origin of sulfur. Post-ore stage accompanied the precipitation of significant amount of carbonates including the travertine deposits at the deposit surface. Mineralogical composition of travertine varies from calcite to siderite and all carbonates contain significant amount of Mn. Decreased formation temperature and depletion in the REE content point to an influence of pH-neutralized cold groundwater and dying magmatic system.

skarn; hydrothermal; fluid inclusions; stable isotopes; phreatomagmatic breccia

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