Nalazite se na CroRIS probnoj okolini. Ovdje evidentirani podaci neće biti pohranjeni u Informacijskom sustavu znanosti RH. Ako je ovo greška, CroRIS produkcijskoj okolini moguće je pristupi putem poveznice www.croris.hr
izvor podataka: crosbi

Case Studies on Comparing Sustainable Energy Mixes for Electricity Generation, "Case study for Croatian electrical energy system on comparing sustainable energy mixes for electricity generation" (CROSBI ID 751197)

Druge vrste radova | elaborat/studija

Feretić, Danilo ; Tomšić, Željko ; Kovačević, Tea ; Božičević, Maja Case Studies on Comparing Sustainable Energy Mixes for Electricity Generation, "Case study for Croatian electrical energy system on comparing sustainable energy mixes for electricity generation" // The IAEA Co-ordinated Research Program. 1999.

Podaci o odgovornosti

Feretić, Danilo ; Tomšić, Željko ; Kovačević, Tea ; Božičević, Maja

engleski

Case Studies on Comparing Sustainable Energy Mixes for Electricity Generation, "Case study for Croatian electrical energy system on comparing sustainable energy mixes for electricity generation"

DECADES project for Croatia was carried out in the framework of the Technical Co-operation Program between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, and the country of Croatia. The title of the Program is The Management of the Energy Sector Policy Planning in Croatia (MESPO), registered with the IAEA under the code CRO/0/002. The goal of the MESPO program is to determine the most appropriate strategies for development of the energy and electricity system, that will be cost efficient, provide safe energy supply and comply with requirements of environmental protection adjusted to the country's policy. Since the first research contract with the Agency was signed, Department of Power Systems at FER has been successfully using, together with other tools, the DECADES methodology in Croatian power system planning and assessing the environmental impact of its possible expansion options. DECADES model is designed exclusively for power system analysis. It comprises both optimization of power system expansion options and calculation of their environmental impact. Application of DECADES methods has so far contributed to the quality of the conducted research studies and is expected to do so even more in our future work, since data quality has been improved and planning assumptions have been updated. It seems today that Croatian mid-term energy policy will be based on natural gas and coal power plants. Future electricity supply mix will depend not only on the consumption growth rate, but also on the availability of energy sources and locations for the new generating units. Since energy reserves in Croatia are scarce, the structure of future energy sources will be determined by international energy market. Nuclear power is not considered a viable option yet. One of the reasons for that is very low public acceptance, primarily caused by controversial waste disposal and safety issues. Another reason is too small a system (3700 MW installed) to accept a nuclear unit (of at least 600 MW) before the year 2015. In the first part of the study, feasible energy sources and electricity generating technologies are analyzed, and their state-of-the art described. Emissions to air (SO2, NOx, particulates, as well as CO2) in the years 1990 and 1995 are given. Suggestions for further electricity sector development were made and fuels for future electricity production recommended. Electricity consumption forecast till 2030 was used to create electricity sector expansion options for the period 2001-2030. In the second part of the study, potentials of renewable energy sources for electricity generation were analyzed. The estimated potentials vary between 3500 GWh in a moderate projection to 6000 GWh per year in the most optimistic perspective. In the most optimistic scenario, where renewables would account for almost 20% of forecasted consumption in 2030, cumulative CO2 emission in the period 2001 to 2030 would drop by 18%. However, that is still insufficient to comply with the Kyoto requirement. Third part of the study elaborates on external costs of electricity and impact pathway method for their calculation. This method links burdens to the environment caused by power generation chains with physical impacts they cause and asigns monetary values to those impacts. It the most comprehensive but also a very site-specific routine. External costs of two types of candidate fossil fired power plants are preliminary calculated for Croatian specific conditions, using the impact pathway methodology. The analysis was at this stage limited to priority impacts, i.e. only power generation level was observed and only health damage through air pollution calculated. Location specific meteorological data were only partially available, so local analysis of pollution increments was made only for Zagreb site, where the largest population is exposed. Regional dispersion analysis was conducted for almost all potential locations of future power plants, which resulted in the range of damage costs for Croatia for a would-be power plant. Analysis showed that damages linked to coal power plants are much larger than those linked to gas fired facilities, since the latter are responsible only for NOx emission and nitrates. The largest share in the damage costs accounts for mortality effects. The highest damages are attributable to particulate matter, on local level directly while on the regional level in the form of sulfates and nitrates. Health damages highly depend on the number of people affected - that is why local damages (within 50 km from the source) are much lower than on the Croatian or European scale. The range of damage costs for the whole of Croatia (population 5 million people) varies from 0, 7 to 3, 6 mECU/kWh for the candidate coal power plant i.e. 0, 1-0, 6 mECU/kWh for the candidate gas power plant. Calculated external costs can be applied in various environmental policy case studies. Two of such applications were illustrated here. One is a simple cost-benefit analysis of imposing stricter NOx emission standard. The other, more sophisticated one, was inclusion of external costs in power system expansion planning. The latter showed that external costs due to airborne emissions (particulate matter, SO2 via sulfates and NOx via nitrates) can influence both the optimal capacity mix and operation of the power system. If the higher estimate of calculated damage cost for the candidate coal and gas power plants is added to their private cost of operation and if the appropriate external cost for nuclear power plants is added too, optimal capacity mix shifts to nuclear power plants. However, results indicate that adding external costs only to candidate power plants does not guarantee better environmental performance of the system, since it might happen that the existing, typically less efficient and higher polluting facilities, are more frequently dispatched because they gain priority in the economic loading order. Therefore, the next step in our research should be to examine impact of external costs on power plant dispatch in the system, and consequently on power system emissions.

nije evidentirano

nije evidentirano

nije evidentirano

nije evidentirano

nije evidentirano

nije evidentirano

nije evidentirano

Podaci o izdanju

The IAEA Co-ordinated Research Program

1999.

nije evidentirano

objavljeno

Povezanost rada

Elektrotehnika