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Project Tilurium – Glass Findings

Glass findings from Gardun attest to the continuity of life since the Augustan Age. Its quantity and quality is best documented from the period of the 1st century AD, however findings stretch from throughout the period of the entire Empire, and there are also medieval findings. It is clear that the army here was also part of a demanding market where glass workshops meet the needs for the most luxurious products. Cast Glass Mosaic Glass Several fragments of a ribbed bowl were found in Gardun (Isings f. 3), just like those that were produced in Syrian-Palestinian and Roman-Italic workshops in the second half of the lsl century BC and in the lsl century AD. The frag¬ments from Gardun are probably of Roman-Italic production from the Augustan Age. Italic examples were namely distributed exclusively for Italy or for civilian and military settlements founded by Augustus or his immediate successors in the neighboring western provinces. Fragments of smooth bowls and those with wavy sides also have Italian analogies. Ribbed examples of glass mosaics appear in the first half of the 1st century BC. Most of the dated ribbed or ribbon-like mosaic glassware dates from the Augustan Age, and are mostly bowls that have no base-rings, as opposed to its Hellenistic predecessors. These dishes from Gardun were probably imported from Italy in the Augustan Age. Monochrome Glass Found in Gardun were plenty of fragments of Roman monochromatic ribbed bowls (Isings, f. 3) that developed from Hellenistic Syrian-Palestinian prototypes. The Gardun fragments of shallow and deep bowls are primarily in natural shades of greenish colored glass. The ribbed bowls of Gardun are probably imported from Italy - namely, Rome, northern Italy (Aquileia) or Campania, but possibly also from the Syrian-Palestinian area. Only one such bowl from Gardun is kept at the Archaeological Museum in Split. A fragment of a linear-cut bowl belonging to a bowl type that was widespread throughout the Mediterranean basin and produced on the Syrian-Palestinian coast and in Italy found its way to Gardun at the turn of the 1st century BC into the 1st century AD. A fragment of a handle from a rectangular tray belongs to the type confirmed in Italy and the Western Mediterranean in the first half of the 1st century AD. A fragment of a dish, and fragments of a bowl made from transparent glass on ribbon-like legs probably originated from some Eastern (Egyptian or Syrian) workshop, and analogous findings in Dura-Europos from the second half of the 1st century AD also point to this. Only an everted rim of a funnel neck bottle was preserved in Gardun, an example of Islamic glass, possibly of Iranian origin, from the 8th - 10th centuries AD, through either Byzantine intermediation or direct contact between the Croats and the Islamic world. Free-blown Glass Ribbed bowls with marvered threads are the product of Western glass workshops, and in Dalmatia were imported from Northern Italy, most likely from Aquileia. They appeared already in the Augustan or the Late-Augustan Age, were most numerous in the age of Tiberius and Claudius, and disappeared shortly thereafter. In the Archeological Museum in Split there is only one such bowl from Gardun preserved. We associate the fragments of colored glass from Tilurium with picked up decorations with northern Italian glass, mainly jugs and bottles, less often bowls or jars. Such decorated dishes were most popular in the middle of the 1st century AD. Tubular unguentaria are widespread in the Roman world. Unguentaria from Tilurium are western, Italic products, if they were not produced in some local Dalmatian workshop, perhaps from a workshop in Salona. Beakers with applied oval decorations from colorless glass were imported to Gardun probably in the second half of the 1st or beginning of the 2nd century AD, when they were most common, or possibly from the middle of the 1st till the first half of the 3rd century AD when they were being produced in northern Italy. A fragment of a bowl with convex sides possibly belongs to a bowl type that is associated with ceramics, terra sigillata form Dragendorff 35. The time period when this type was most prevalent is between 70 and 120/130 AD. Such bowls are very widespread in western parts of the Empire, especially in Northern Italy. They have been found in the eastern Mediterranean as well, where they may have even been produced. A fragment of a beaker with faceted decorations belongs to the category of luxurious goods of eastern Mediterranean origin, which, due to market demands and judging from their widespread usage in the western provinces, may have also been produced in the west in the late 1st or early 2nd century AD. A fragment of beaker with picked up decorations belongs to the type of beakers, bottles, cups or bowls, that were produced in Western workshops) in the regions of Gaul and along the Rhine, as well an in the East (in Syria and Egypt) throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD - however, later dating is also possible, from the 4th or 5th centuries AD. Bowls or cups with a tubular rib under a rim with a rounded edge were manufactured in Italy, namely in the western provinces of the Roman Empire, in the second half of 1st to the 3rd century AD. Because of the level of fragmentation, we cannot determine with certainty the typology of the fragment of vessels with horizontal linear-cuts, so we mainly date them from the 1st to 4th centuries AD, noting that such forms of decorated glass were also produced later. Some of the examples may belong to the Hofheim cups, which mostly date from the Tiberius-Claudius age, and were popular in the Flavius age. Semicircular and/or conical bowls and/or cups with everted rim knocked off and ground smooth belong to the mostly western Late Antique type of dish¬es, although there is some thought that it could be of a local Dalmatian (Salona) workshop type. Due to the level of fragmentation we cannot be sure of the date, but there are elements that indicate the possibility of earlier dating of the Gardun fragments. Some of the fragments of cups or bowls with rounded rims perhaps were parts of lamps with three handles for hanging (monocandila), conical recipients (they were put into metal frames for more than one cone), funnel shaped lamps or cups on legs, which ould serve as votive lumini. Cups with rounded edges were the most widespread cup type in Rome in the 1st half of the 5th century AD. Cups-lamps belong to long existing types ; some were in use till the end of the 8th century and later. Some of the fragments may be parts of earlier or ordinary cups or bowls. A fragment with tubular rims bent outwards is possibly part of a bowl-lamp with three handles as were used from the 4th to the 8th century and later, as the color of the glass also points to a Late Antique date. Stemmed goblets, chalices or votive lumini, were common inventory in early Christian buildings, especially in the Mediterranean where they were used from the 4th to the 8th century. This type draws its origin from the east and is rare in the west. Conical cups with convex pushed-in open base-rings can be dated to the early Christian age, however due to its level of fragmentation we must be cautious and leave the possibility open for earlier dating. A fragment of a cup with blobbed decoration, given the slope of its edges, is ascribed to the type of hemispherical cup with blobs, which would be variously grouped. This type is documented in the East and in the West of the Empire from the second half of the 3rd century to the first half of the 5th century AD, and is best represented in the 4th century AD. A fragment of colorless glass with applied threads of black glass can be dated from the 14th - 15th century AD. Mold-blown Glass Among glassware blown into a mold, most notable are the findings of probably two, perhaps three, Ennion cups in Gardun, of about 10 found in all of Dalmatia. Dalmatian cups belong to those few that were found outside of the north Italian region. Other than in Tilurium (Gardun), fragments of cups that were made and signed by Ennon and Aristeas in the second quarter of the 1st century AD were also found in Narona(Vid near Metkovic), and in Burnum (Ivosevci near Kistanje). The cup fragment made of almost colourless glass with a greenish hue, bearing an inscription field (tabula ansata) bordered by vertical grooves, and a rounded bottom embellished by vertical grooves with alternating rounded and arrowhead tips, is similar in terms of colour, shape and decoration to the Narona cup made by Aristeas the Cypriot, Ennion's adherent, a master of fine tableware. However, the preserved part of the inscription refers to another master, mainly En¬nion. The last "N" in the first line is, in fact, the last "N" is his name, and the last "I" in the second line is the last "I" in EΠOIEI. ENNIΩN EΠOIEI, or "Enion made me", attests the inscription on the cup. We are most probably dealing with a cup with two handles of the Harden A2iv type. Analogous to this cup from Gardun are the Enion cups in Turin and Newark. Also found in Gardun were fragments of probably another Ennion cup, made of transparent dark-blue glass, Harden type A2iv. Preserved are a fragment of a cylindrical body with five preserved vertical ribs grouped into pairs, with the transition into a subsequent field bordered by a horizontal rib, and the bottom of a cup with parts of a peripheral and internal concentric rib also preserved. The arrangement of the ribs recalls the aforementioned Ennion cup from Gardun, as well as the cups in Turin and Newark. Insofar as this is not an Ennion cup, that Gardun cup, in line with Larese's reasoning, may be attributed to a Northern Italian workshop which imitated the master's style. There is another fragment from Gardun, but it is too small to allow for its attribution to some narrower grouping among Ennion's cups with one or two handles (Harden Al and A2). A fragment with knot-shaped knobs probably belonged to a truncated conical beaker, which were one of the most common types of dishes blown into a mold in the second half of the 1st century AD. In fact, there are not many examples of such decorated bottles, jugs and horns. Such cups are relatively numerous in the military localities of Vindonissa, Vitudurum and in Augst (Switzerland), as well as in Nijmegen (The Netherlands). Fragments from military camps along the Rhine, Bonn and Asciburg (Germany) are well known. From the numerous typological analogies, we separate the fragment from the military localities in Nijmegen, and the cups from Zaton, Asseria, Zadar and Novi Banovci, whose adornments are analogous to the adornments of the fragment from Gardun. Generally, the adorn¬ment imitates the look of Hercules' lumpy club. A cylindrical box (pyxis) from Gardun is identical to the one from Au-gusteum in Narona, and is probably a product of northern Italian workshops from the 1st century AD. A finely ribbed hemispherical bowl with pronounced shoulder is a western product from the second quarter of the 1st - beginning of the 2nd century AD. A small number of fragments of square bottles with short necks are preserved ; everted, bent and flattened rim, with one handle, in the shape of Isings 50. The square bottles or jugs primarily date from the period that lasted from the mid¬dle of the 1st to the 4th century AD, while it should be noted that the bottles from Magdalensberg are the earliest, and that they were common place from the last quarter of the 1th century to the 2nd century AD. Gardun also yielded several fragments of cups with horizontal ribs that are possibly blown into a mold. Since these fragments are of colorless glass, we do not date them prior to the second half of the 1st century AD, or more precisely, not till the age of Flavius when colorless glass came into fashion. It is possible that we are dealing with a Syrian product. Taking into account the adornments on a fragment of a bulbous bottle with lozenges in a shallow relief, it is ascribed to a Syrian-Palestinian bulbous bottle from the 3rd/beginning of the 4th century AD. Such an adornment appears mostly on eastern Mediterranean vessels from the 1st - 7th century AD. A fragment of a grape bunch-shaped bottle belongs to a type that is a variant without handles and was produced in the east of the Roman Empire in the second half of the 2nd century AD. This is a rare find in Dalmatia ; it is related to the Osor examples. MlSCELANEA A fragment of a phalera from Gardun is part of a circular medallion, a military medal, depicting the Emperor Tiberius and his son Drusus the Younger. This phalera was possibly awarded to soldiers for their service in the wars with Germania from the 14th to the 16th centuries AD. Pebbles (latrunculi, calculi) were made of various materials, as well as from glass - most likely formed in a mold and used for social ames, as a game piece on game board games (tabulae lusoriae). A bead with an image of the Emperor from the severan period originates from Gardun from the first half of the 3rd century AD, which is, along with the famous bead from Salona, the third such example from Dalmatia ; similar beads or pen¬dants from eastern, Syrian or Egyptian origin are present in the entire Mediterranean region. A fragment found of a ring, as well as fragment of a bracelet, with ribbed decoration are part of fashion expressions of the 3rd/4th century AD. For the Late Antique period, beads with picked up decoration were characteristic, as were multiple beads in the shape of a spool. Other Tilurian beads were earlier, although mostly long lasting forms.

Tilurium; Gardun; Glass

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