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Accumulation of trichothecenes and fumonisins in feeds in response to treatment with acetic acid and antioxidants

The work examined a combined effect of selected antifungal agents (thymol, propyl paraben and butylated hydroxyanisole) and acetic acid on the synthesis of group B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 3-acetyl-DON and 15-acetyl-DON) and fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in feeds. For the purpose, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides were grown on pig and chicken feeds incubated at 25°C and water activity 0.98. Antifungal agents were added to feed mixture each at 250 ppm level for F. graminearum and 200 ppm level for F. verticillioides. The concentration of acetic acid was 0.1% Accumulation of trichothecenes and fumonisins in the feeds was determined using SPE or immunoaffinity clean-up followed by HPLC analysis. An increase of DON (18.31 ± 3.11 vs 29.84 ± 8.66 ppm) and other trichothecenes' concentration was determined in the chicken feed compared to control samples (however, the difference did not reach statistical significance) as opposed to the pig feed in which no mold growth occurred. Quite the opposite was noted in relation to the fumonisin content: both FB1 and FB2 levels were significantly lower in the treated chicken feed (FB1: 115.12 ± 5.87 vs. 3.56 ± 1.22 ppm ; p < 0.01, and FB2: 38.21 ± 3.51 vs. 1.84 ± 0.45 ppm ; p < 0.01) and the levels of both toxins significantly rose in the pig feed (FB1: 179.38 ± 12.88 vs. 234.80 ± 1.80 ppm ; p < 0.05, and FB2: 55.06 ± 7.40 vs. 88.45 ± 2.64 ppm ; p < 0.05). Reasons probably lay in the composition of the feeds, especially the content of fat, which may have influenced the distribution and effectiveness of fat soluble antifungal compounds. Additionally, the concentration of acetic acid and the resulting pH value of watery feed fractions could have affected the growth and sensitivity of the molds. Altogether, the results, although preliminary, indicate that a complex array of factors needs to be considered before application of phenolic antioxidants with antifungal properties as alternatives to fungicides for crop and feed protection.

trichothecenes ; fumonisins ; feeds ; acetic acid ; antioxidants

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