hrvatski

Zaštitna arheologija u okolici Varaždina : arheološka istraživanja na autocesti Zagreb - Goričan i njezinim prilaznim cestama = Rescue archology in the Varaždin Environs : archeological research on the Zagreb Goričan highway and its access roads

U ljeto 2002.g., tadašnji Odjel za zaštitu arheološke baštine Ministarstva kulture, preuzeo je nadzor nad izgradnjom autoceste Zagreb - Goričan, na dionici Breznički Hum - Varaždin, te priključnim obilaznicama obližnjih gradova. Za organizaciju i vođenje arheološkog nadzora i iskopavanja bio je zadužen autor ove knjige. Tijekom višegodišnjih arheoloških radova na ovim cestama izveden je niz arheoloških iskopavanja, sondiranja i pregleda. Vrlo zanimljivi arheološki nalazi, poradi njihova povijesnog značenja, prikazuju se stručnoj, ali i široj javnosti u opsežnom monografskom izdanju. Ovom su knjigom obuhvaćeni rezultati zaštitnih arheoloških radova na novim prometnicama kroz Varaždinsku i Međimursku županiju. Na prostoru autoceste Zagreb - Goričan i priključnih obilaznica nije poduzet prethodni arheološki pregled prije gradnje, niti preliminarna arheološka sondiranja. Iznimku čini prostor između Drave i Plitvice te iskopavanja dvaju nalazišta na tom prostoru, Šemovec-Kupinje i Zbelava-Pod lipom iz 1997.godine. Stoga je trebalo je obaviti pomni i žurni pregled dionica od Brezničkog Huma do Varaždina, ali istodobno i voditi arheološka iskopavanja novopronađenih nalazišta, što je, s obzirom da su se građevinski radovi gotovo po cijeloj trasi vodili već mjesecima, i to istovremeno, bilo veoma teško kvalitetno realizirati. Dodatno opterećenje prouzročili su i radovi, primjerice izgradnja višekilometarskih prilaznih cesti, obilaznica naselja, regulacija rijeka i potoka, kamenolomi, stovarišta materijala, gradnja dalekovodne, vodovodne, kanalizacijske, telekomunikacijske mreže te različiti drugi iskopi povezani s izgradnjom trase. Za nadzor građevinskih radova na dionicama od Brezničkog Huma do Varaždina bio je uz autora dodatno zadužen apsolvent arheologije Ante Vranković. S obzirom na opisane uvjete u kojima se trebalo raditi, sastavljen je mali, opremljeni arheološki mobilni tim. Ovaj tim reagirao je na trenutačna događanja na trasama i pristupio iskopavanjima čim se ustanovilo da su građevinski radovi oštetili neko novo nalazište. Arheološki radovi započinjali su u roku od dva dana od pronalaska, kako se građevinski radovi ne bi pretjerano dugo obustavljali. Prilikom pronalaska takvih nalazišta, neoštećeni prostori iskopavani su standardnim arheološkim iskopom i sondama, a građevinskim radovima izbačena zemlja je pregledana kako bi se skupilo što više pokretnih nalaza. Pristup iskopavanju prilagođavan je različitim situacijama u kojima su nalazišta zatečena. Svi prikupljeni nalazi (metal, keramika, kamen itd.) konzervirani su i po mogućnosti rekonstruirani. Prikupljana je i određena količina uzoraka zemlje i ugljena koji su kasnije analizirani, kao i životinjske te ljudske kosti. Svi iskopi te pronađeni nepokretni nalazi dokumentirani su totalnom geodetskom stanicom, a na osnovi toga izrađeni su tlorisi. Karakteristični profili dokumentirani su klasičnim tehničkim crtanjem na milimetarskom papiru i potom digitalno obrađeni te georeferencirani. Unatoč tome što je u stručnim krugovima vladalo uvjerenje da na području autoceste Zagreb - Goričan ne možemo očekivati brojna arheološka nalazišta, pomni nadzor nad izvođenjem građevinskih radova dokazao je upravo suprotno. Prilikom izgradnje pronađena su mnogobrojna arheološka nalazišta, što na samoj trasi, a što uz nju. Neka su velika i višeslojna, a druga mala ili u tragovima, ali sveukupno čine potpuno novu i znatno dublju sliku naseljavanja ovog prostora od kamenoga do današnjega doba. Nažalost, većina nalazišta oštećena je provođenim građevinskim radovima, no na svima su provedena istraživanja u skladu s mogućnostima pa su tako barem djelomično dokumentirana. Budući da nisu bila izvedena prethodna rekognosciranja i time kvalitetnija prethodna istraživanja od pronalaženja do samih terenskih iskopavanja, ovdje prikazani radovi zapravo više spadaju u domenu "spasilačke" arheologije nego zaštitne. I zato je sve što se nalazi u ovoj knjizi zapravo neočekivani i veliki dobitak za našu struku, kojeg ne bi bilo bez osobnog entuzijazma svih koji su bili uključeni u te projekte. In the summer of 2002 the Ministry of Culture's former Department for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage took over supervision of the construction of the Zagreb – Goričan highway on the Brežnički Hum to Varaždin section and it's bypasses of nearby cities. The author of this book was charged with organising and leading the archaeological supervision. A series of archaeological excavations, exploratory trenches and surveys were carried out during several years of archaeological works on these roads. Very interesting archaeological finds, on account of their historical significance, are presented to the expert and wider public in a comprehensive monograph. This book covers the results of rescue archaeology carried out on the new roads passing through the Varaždin and Međimurje Counties. Prior archaeological surveys were not undertaken prior to construction on the area covered by the Zagreb – Goričan highway and it's connecting bypasses, nor were preliminary archaeological exploratory trenches dug. The exception was on the area between Drava and Plitvice and the 1997 excavation of two sites in that area, Šemovec-Kupinje and Zbelava-Pod lipom. Careful and quick surveys had, therefore, to be carried out, of the area from Brežnički Hum to Varaždin, and concurrent archaeological excavations had to be made of newly-discovered sites that, considering the fact that construction work had been underway simultaneously along practically the entire route for months, was very difficult to carry out properly. A further burden was caused by works on, for example, the construction of many kilometres of access roads, bypasses of settled areas, the regulation of rivers and creeks, quarries, material dumps, the construction of a high power line, waterways, a sewage network and various other excavations related to the route's construction. Undergraduate archaeology student Ante Vranković was, along with the author, charged with overseeing construction work on the Brežnički Hum to Varaždin section of the route. Given the described conditions for this undertaking a small, equipped, mobile archaeological team was assembled. This team reacted to events as they happened on the route and carried out excavations as soon as it was established that construction work had damaged some new find. Archaeological works commenced within two days of unearthing a find so that construction work would not be overly delayed. During the locating of such sites, the undamaged areas were excavated using standard archaeological excavation procedures and exploratory trenches while the earth displaced by the construction work was examined in order to gather as many finds as possible. The approach to excavation was adjusted to the varying states in which the sites were found. All gathered finds (metal, ceramics, stone, etc.) were conserved and, if possible, reconstructed. A quantity of soil and charcoal samples were gathered for later analysis, as were animal and human bones. All digs and the located features were documented by a complete geodetic survey based on which ground plans were drawn. Characteristic sections were documented by the classic method of drawing on millimetre-grid graph paper, later to be digitalised and geo-referenced. Despite the reigning opinion in expert circles that we could not expect numerous archaeological sites on the area of the Zagreb – Goričan highway, detailed supervision of the construction work being carried out proved precisely the opposite. Many archaeological sites were uncovered during the construction, on the route itself and around it. Some are large and multi-layered, some small and in traces, but in all they form a new picture of significant depth of this area's inhabitation from the Stone Age to the present. Most of the finds were, unfortunately, damaged by the construction works, but research was carried out on all of them as the circumstances allowed and they were, at least in part, documented. Since prior surveying had not been carried out, and thereby better prior research from the point of discovery to the field digs themselves, the works presented here fall more into the category of "salvage" archaeology rather than rescue. This is why everything in this book is actually an unexpected and great profit to our profession, unimaginable without the personal enthusiasm of all those who took part in this project.

arheologija; Varaždin; autoceste; nalazišta

S prilozima Darka Komše i Zorana Markovića

engleski

Rescue archology in the Varaždin Environs : archeological research on the Zagreb Goričan highway and its access roads

U ljeto 2002.g., tadašnji Odjel za zaštitu arheološke baštine Ministarstva kulture, preuzeo je nadzor nad izgradnjom autoceste Zagreb - Goričan, na dionici Breznički Hum - Varaždin, te priključnim obilaznicama obližnjih gradova. Za organizaciju i vođenje arheološkog nadzora i iskopavanja bio je zadužen autor ove knjige. Tijekom višegodišnjih arheoloških radova na ovim cestama izveden je niz arheoloških iskopavanja, sondiranja i pregleda. Vrlo zanimljivi arheološki nalazi, poradi njihova povijesnog značenja, prikazuju se stručnoj, ali i široj javnosti u opsežnom monografskom izdanju. Ovom su knjigom obuhvaćeni rezultati zaštitnih arheoloških radova na novim prometnicama kroz Varaždinsku i Međimursku županiju. Na prostoru autoceste Zagreb - Goričan i priključnih obilaznica nije poduzet prethodni arheološki pregled prije gradnje, niti preliminarna arheološka sondiranja. Iznimku čini prostor između Drave i Plitvice te iskopavanja dvaju nalazišta na tom prostoru, Šemovec-Kupinje i Zbelava-Pod lipom iz 1997.godine. Stoga je trebalo je obaviti pomni i žurni pregled dionica od Brezničkog Huma do Varaždina, ali istodobno i voditi arheološka iskopavanja novopronađenih nalazišta, što je, s obzirom da su se građevinski radovi gotovo po cijeloj trasi vodili već mjesecima, i to istovremeno, bilo veoma teško kvalitetno realizirati. Dodatno opterećenje prouzročili su i radovi, primjerice izgradnja višekilometarskih prilaznih cesti, obilaznica naselja, regulacija rijeka i potoka, kamenolomi, stovarišta materijala, gradnja dalekovodne, vodovodne, kanalizacijske, telekomunikacijske mreže te različiti drugi iskopi povezani s izgradnjom trase. Za nadzor građevinskih radova na dionicama od Brezničkog Huma do Varaždina bio je uz autora dodatno zadužen apsolvent arheologije Ante Vranković. S obzirom na opisane uvjete u kojima se trebalo raditi, sastavljen je mali, opremljeni arheološki mobilni tim. Ovaj tim reagirao je na trenutačna događanja na trasama i pristupio iskopavanjima čim se ustanovilo da su građevinski radovi oštetili neko novo nalazište. Arheološki radovi započinjali su u roku od dva dana od pronalaska, kako se građevinski radovi ne bi pretjerano dugo obustavljali. Prilikom pronalaska takvih nalazišta, neoštećeni prostori iskopavani su standardnim arheološkim iskopom i sondama, a građevinskim radovima izbačena zemlja je pregledana kako bi se skupilo što više pokretnih nalaza. Pristup iskopavanju prilagođavan je različitim situacijama u kojima su nalazišta zatečena. Svi prikupljeni nalazi (metal, keramika, kamen itd.) konzervirani su i po mogućnosti rekonstruirani. Prikupljana je i određena količina uzoraka zemlje i ugljena koji su kasnije analizirani, kao i životinjske te ljudske kosti. Svi iskopi te pronađeni nepokretni nalazi dokumentirani su totalnom geodetskom stanicom, a na osnovi toga izrađeni su tlorisi. Karakteristični profili dokumentirani su klasičnim tehničkim crtanjem na milimetarskom papiru i potom digitalno obrađeni te georeferencirani. Unatoč tome što je u stručnim krugovima vladalo uvjerenje da na području autoceste Zagreb - Goričan ne možemo očekivati brojna arheološka nalazišta, pomni nadzor nad izvođenjem građevinskih radova dokazao je upravo suprotno. Prilikom izgradnje pronađena su mnogobrojna arheološka nalazišta, što na samoj trasi, a što uz nju. Neka su velika i višeslojna, a druga mala ili u tragovima, ali sveukupno čine potpuno novu i znatno dublju sliku naseljavanja ovog prostora od kamenoga do današnjega doba. Nažalost, većina nalazišta oštećena je provođenim građevinskim radovima, no na svima su provedena istraživanja u skladu s mogućnostima pa su tako barem djelomično dokumentirana. Budući da nisu bila izvedena prethodna rekognosciranja i time kvalitetnija prethodna istraživanja od pronalaženja do samih terenskih iskopavanja, ovdje prikazani radovi zapravo više spadaju u domenu "spasilačke" arheologije nego zaštitne. I zato je sve što se nalazi u ovoj knjizi zapravo neočekivani i veliki dobitak za našu struku, kojeg ne bi bilo bez osobnog entuzijazma svih koji su bili uključeni u te projekte. In the summer of 2002 the Ministry of Culture's former Department for the Protection of Archaeological Heritage took over supervision of the construction of the Zagreb – Goričan highway on the Brežnički Hum to Varaždin section and it's bypasses of nearby cities. The author of this book was charged with organising and leading the archaeological supervision. A series of archaeological excavations, exploratory trenches and surveys were carried out during several years of archaeological works on these roads. Very interesting archaeological finds, on account of their historical significance, are presented to the expert and wider public in a comprehensive monograph. This book covers the results of rescue archaeology carried out on the new roads passing through the Varaždin and Međimurje Counties. Prior archaeological surveys were not undertaken prior to construction on the area covered by the Zagreb – Goričan highway and it's connecting bypasses, nor were preliminary archaeological exploratory trenches dug. The exception was on the area between Drava and Plitvice and the 1997 excavation of two sites in that area, Šemovec-Kupinje and Zbelava-Pod lipom. Careful and quick surveys had, therefore, to be carried out, of the area from Brežnički Hum to Varaždin, and concurrent archaeological excavations had to be made of newly-discovered sites that, considering the fact that construction work had been underway simultaneously along practically the entire route for months, was very difficult to carry out properly. A further burden was caused by works on, for example, the construction of many kilometres of access roads, bypasses of settled areas, the regulation of rivers and creeks, quarries, material dumps, the construction of a high power line, waterways, a sewage network and various other excavations related to the route's construction. Undergraduate archaeology student Ante Vranković was, along with the author, charged with overseeing construction work on the Brežnički Hum to Varaždin section of the route. Given the described conditions for this undertaking a small, equipped, mobile archaeological team was assembled. This team reacted to events as they happened on the route and carried out excavations as soon as it was established that construction work had damaged some new find. Archaeological works commenced within two days of unearthing a find so that construction work would not be overly delayed. During the locating of such sites, the undamaged areas were excavated using standard archaeological excavation procedures and exploratory trenches while the earth displaced by the construction work was examined in order to gather as many finds as possible. The approach to excavation was adjusted to the varying states in which the sites were found. All gathered finds (metal, ceramics, stone, etc.) were conserved and, if possible, reconstructed. A quantity of soil and charcoal samples were gathered for later analysis, as were animal and human bones. All digs and the located features were documented by a complete geodetic survey based on which ground plans were drawn. Characteristic sections were documented by the classic method of drawing on millimetre-grid graph paper, later to be digitalised and geo-referenced. Despite the reigning opinion in expert circles that we could not expect numerous archaeological sites on the area of the Zagreb – Goričan highway, detailed supervision of the construction work being carried out proved precisely the opposite. Many archaeological sites were uncovered during the construction, on the route itself and around it. Some are large and multi-layered, some small and in traces, but in all they form a new picture of significant depth of this area's inhabitation from the Stone Age to the present. Most of the finds were, unfortunately, damaged by the construction works, but research was carried out on all of them as the circumstances allowed and they were, at least in part, documented. Since prior surveying had not been carried out, and thereby better prior research from the point of discovery to the field digs themselves, the works presented here fall more into the category of "salvage" archaeology rather than rescue. This is why everything in this book is actually an unexpected and great profit to our profession, unimaginable without the personal enthusiasm of all those who took part in this project.

archaeology; Varaždin; highway; site

S prilozima Darka Komše i Zorana Markovića