engleski

Adjuvants - Modulators and potentiators of immune response against proteins and peptides.

An increasing trend from classical attenuated or killed whole pathogen vaccines towards chemically defined subunit vaccines, generated problems associated with their limited immunogenicity. Along with the novel methods of the antigen preparation, new adjuvants and delivery systems for targeting an appropriate immune response, are under development. Since early this century, various substances have been added and certain formulations have been revised in an attempt to render immunization more effective. However, many classical adjuvants may not fulfil the requirements to induce an appropriate immune response without significant side-effects or toxic reactions. The advances in the elucidation of the structure, function and mechanisms of the systems involved in the induction of the immune response, facilitate the rational development of new adjuvants, as well as allowed a better understanding of the modes of the action of the traditional adjuvants. A new double water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (WOWE) characterized by a low oil-to-aqueous phase ratio, low viscosity and high stability was prepared and tested by us. The WOWE was easy for injection and lesions at the place of the vaccine application were not observed. The experiments carried out with the viral subunits adjuvanted with the WOWE showed that a satisfactory cellular, and a high, long-lasting humoral immune responses were generated. The kinetics of the humoral response is different than that usually observed for the primary or the secondary response. During the first period of the postvaccination, the production of antibodies is similar to that generated by the exogenous antigens and is characterized by a lag phase followed by an exponential increase which reaches a peak, plateaus for a while, and then declines. Afterwards, instead of a gradual drop, the second increase of the antibody level is observed when the WOWE vaccine is administered, and not earlier than a second peak is reached, antibody level decreases.

adjuvants; vaccine; peptides; proteins; immune response

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