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Chromatographic techniques - analytical tools and control of industrial processes

Chromatographic techniques are the most powerful analytical tool in analysis of very complex samples. They are used for separation, identification and quantitation of specific analyte from the entire matrix. The amount of target analyte is in the range from the trace level to the pure compound. Even though chromatography started at the very beginning as liquid column chromatography in the hands of Michael Tswett some century ago, through the paste it followed requirements of the developing industry. The meteoric growth of various branches of chromatography had a reflecting turning point in chemical industry and technology e.g. when oil and petrochemistry became a dominating branch of chemical industry it elicited the invention of GC. Later on, the appearance of HPLC played a major role, together with advance in life science, to bring about revolutionary changes in pharmaceutical industry. New requirements of safe environment and strong and fast developments of molecular biology and food industry dictated a modification of classical chromatographic separation, involving different separation modes as well as different identification techniques. Nowadays multidimensional separation ( GCxGC, GCxLC, LCxLC ) and multidetection monitor system ( MS, DAD, NMR ) are a common tool meeting the strict industry requirements. Chromatography itself is a sizable industry with worldwide sales of some 6 billion US dollars including instruments, supplies and services1 Oil and petrochemistry Crude oil and its fractions are a very complex mixture of different classes, mainly hydrocarbons, namely saturates, unsaturates, aromatics, polars and combined hetero structures. The number of particular component in each class exceeds many thousands and requires combined chromatographic and identification techniques for the entire analysis. GC has long been vital to oil and petrochemical analysis where its role ranges from classical hydrocarbon analysis to on-line monitoring of process streams, and characterization of feeds, intermediates and products of refinery operations. It is an irreplaceable techique in analysis of natural, refinery and sulfur gases, light and middle fractions, simulated distillation of gasoline and crude oil, BTEX, oxygenates etc. Multidimensional GC enables an easier determination of e of lighter fraction hydrocarbon types. Pyrolysis GC has been applied to obtain the thermal decomposition behaviors of very heavy fractions.

chromatographic techniques; fuel and petrochemistry; pharmacy and phytochemistry; food and environment

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