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Kontributi i arkeologëve dhe i historianëve kroatë në fushën e ilirologjisë

Croatian territory was inhabited by Illyrians throughout prehistory. There are plenty of archaeological remains that testify to the presence of Illyrian tribes during the Bronze age and from the middle of the 1st millennium we can trace records of them in Greek sources and afterward from Roman sources as well. Croatian historiography dealt with the history of Illyrians from the very beginning, but we should emphasize that the results of this research must be divided in two phases. First phase of the research started early in the 16th century and lasted till the 19th century and in that period most of Croatian historians collected and published ancient sources, and the political reality (with the intellectual efforts trying to establish national identity) unfortunately took those researchers away from the scientific path by creating a mythological connection between Illyrians and Croats. But, the second phase of illyrology resulted in a scientific renaissance which put the research back on the methodological and scientific path which resulted in many archaeological investigations and research that helped in understanding the history, art and religion of Illyrians. The earliest mention of Illyrians in Croatian historiography is hard to determine, mostly because it is hard to distinguish early historical research from literary expressions. Most probably, the earliest record of the Illyrians is the one written by Juraj Šižgorić in the 15th century. His work De situ Illyriae et civitate Sibenici is a geographical work about the town of Šibenik and the geography of Illyricum, but it wasn’t written for the purpose of the reconstruction of history, instead it was a rather patriotic work in the time of the Turkish campaigns. During the 17th century Juraj Ratkaj published his work Memoria regum et banorum regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae et Sclavoniae i Inchoata ab origine sua, et usque ad praesentem anum MDCLII, a monumental work considered to be the earliest systematic paper about the Croatian land and people. Ivan Lučić Lucius set the foundations of Croatian historiography with his De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae published in 1666., and he is the first historian who collected and presented many classical sources in that work. The political situation in Croatia during the 17th and 18th century oriented historians to focus their research on aspects of history which can determine the connection of the Croats to the people who inhabited the land in ancient times and also to provide proof of the ownership of these lands. In the 18th century Pavao Ritter Vitezović published his work Croatia rediviva regnante Leopoklo Magno Caesare and with some of his other works it represented the idea of unification of all Croatian lands, a sort of “Great Croatia= Illyriana”. He implanted the thought of Illyrian language as the one which will unite all Croatians and his ideas found their way to Ljudevit Gaj, the founder of the Illyrian movement. We should also note that Vinko Pribojević wrote De origine successibusque Salvorum in the 16th century and in it he incorporated the Illyrian myth and also the pan-Slavic myth. Ljudevit Gaj wrote numerous articles in his paper Novine Horvatzke (which changed their name in 1936. to Ilirske narodne novine) and in those papers Gaj quoted many classical authors (such as Herodotus and Livius) trying to explain who were the Illyrians and trying to establish the newborn Croatian spirit, but enabled to carry out the Illyrian movement Gaj directed the movement towards growing aspirations trying to prove the pan-Slavic theory in which all Slavs were the descendants of the ancient Illyrian tribes. A large step forward in Croatian historiography was introduced in the 20th century. Alojz Benac and Borivoj Čović made a huge improvement in illyrology by discrediting earlier theories and by establishing a theory that Illyrians were an autochthonous groups of people who inhabited the Balkan area. By that time many archaeological excavations provided new material and better insight in Illyrian culture and from the middle of the 20th century onwards we can trace truly scientifical achievements in Croatian historiography. First of all we should mention the work of Aleksandar Stipčević. He wrote the first synthesis on Illyrian art Arte degli Illiri, published in 1963. in Milan in Italian language, and in 1966. Gli Illiri (Uomo e mito). His comprehensive work Iliri. Povijest, život, kultura published in 1974. in Zagreb in Croatian became the first obligatory literature for every historian and by this day this book experienced nine editions, and was translated in four languages. Duje Rendić Miočević is a Croatian archaeologist and historian who has done important work investigating Illyrian onomastic, history and cult and he wrote numerous works on the subject of illyrology from the period 1948. to 1989. resulting in his great masterpiece Iliri i antički svijet published in 1989. in Split. His fellow colleagues Mate Suić and Marin Zaninović must not be left behind. Their comprehensive work on the Illyrian tribes of Liburni, Japodi and Delmati made foundations for all the succeeding researchers. Not only did the archaeological revelations improved the knowledge of Illyrians, there were also very important linguistical researches that provided better insight in the history of Illyrians. The most important ones were the works of Radoslav Katičić, a Croatian academic whose works such as “Illyrii proprie dicti”, “Zur Frage der keltischen und pannonischen Namengebieten im römischen Dalmatien”, Ancient languages of the Balkans and Illyricum mythologicum published in 1995. in Zagreb provided valuable resources for future research. Many archaeologist and historians focused their research primarily on the religious aspects of Illyrian culture and their cults. Vesna Girardi Jurkić wrote many papers on the religion of the Illyrian tribe Histri, such as “Cults in roman Istria”, “Autochthonous and Syncretised deities in Roman Istria”, and Duhovna kultura antičke Istre I published in 2005. in Zagreb. Sineva Kukoč investigated solar cults in the Illyrian tribe of Japodi and her latest work is a synthesis of her early works Japodi-fragmenta simbolica published in 2009. in Split. Stašo Forenbaher excavated a cave at the Pelješac peninsula with his colleague Timothy Kaiser and revealed a well preserved Illyrian sanctuary. Their results can be found in a paper “Nakovana Cave: an Illyrian ritual site” and in a book Spila Nakovana: ilirsko svetište na Pelješcu written both in Croatian and English and published in 2003 in Zagreb. Many Croatian archaeologists and historians focused their research on the history of Illyrians, some of them producing valuable results in their final thesis (both MA and PhD), such as Julian Medini’s MA thesis Antički kultovi na području ilirskih plemena Histra, Liburna i Japoda from 1974., Slobodan Čače's PhD thesis Liburnija od 4. do 1. stoljeća p. n. e. from 1985., Boris Olujić's PhD thesis Japodi od 5. do 1. stoljeća prije Krista. Kultura u prostoru između latenske kontinentalne i jadranske (sredozemne) civilizacije from 1999., Siniša Bilić Dujmušić's MA thesis Ratne operacije u provinciji Ilrik 49.-47. pr. Kr. from 2001. and his PhD thesis Oktavijanova kampanja protiv Delmata 34.-33. pr. Kr. from 2005. Croatian scientists published their results in many relevant journals in Croatia such as VAMZ, Opuscula Archeologica (OA), VAHD, Numizmatičke vijesti, Histria Antiqua (HA), Diadora, and also many international journals such as Živa antika, GZM, Godišnjak ANUBiH-a, GJASSHH, AV, AI, Studia Albanica. They also organized many symposiums on the subject of illyrology and many papers were published in international proceedings of conferences and in specialized monographs and bibliographies. It is important to note that there are plenty more Croatian historians and archaeologist who dealt with the illyrological subjects in their research but who couldn’t be mentioned in this brief overview.

arkeologëve ; historianëve ; ilirologjisë

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