engleski

Biomarker responses of Enchytraeus albidus to fungicide azoxystrobin: differences between active ingredient and commercial product

Strobilurin fungicides (SFs) are a group of new fungicides produced by strobilurin A as a lead compound. Azoxystrobin, the best-selling SF, is a highly efficient broad-spectrum fungicide with relatively high-water solubility, which can lead to accumulation in water, sediments, and soil. Due to its wide application and impact on non-target soil organisms, azoxystrobin has attracted attention. Soil dwelling organisms are among the first in line of exposure to pesticides. However, their risks are often based on the pure active ingredient (AI) and not on the commercial products (CPs) actually applied in the field. Enchytraeus albidus is a model species in soil ecotoxicology used for the assessment of environmental risk. Due to their important role in proper soil functioning, it is essential to investigate the toxicity and adverse effects of fungicides used in agriculture on enchytraeids. Previous research has demonstrated a negative impact of azoxystrobin on the reproduction and oxidative status of earthworms, and the survival, reproduction, and hatching success in enchytraeids. However, most studies have assessed the effect of AI, while only a few use a CP. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pure AI, azoxystrobin, and CP Quadris on survival, reproduction, MXR activity and oxidative stress biomarkers in E. albidus. The results showed that CP exhibited higher toxicity in terms of survival (LC50CP = 16.7 mg/kg soil, LC50AI = 15.3 mg/kg soil), while reproduction was affected only by CP (EC50 = 3 mg/kg soil). Furthermore, while AI caused induction of the multixenobiotic resistance system, CP caused inhibition. Moreover, although both tested substances caused oxidative stress, the toxicity of the CP was higher and long term impact in form of lipid peroxidation was observed. These results suggest the importance of evaluating the effect of AI and CP. Furthermore, to obtain more accurate information on the mode of action, access is required through different endpoints. These findings highlight the need to further explore the toxicity of CPs compared to AIs, in order to predict a more realistic environmental hazard of fungicides.

azoxystrobin, ; Enchytraeus albidus ; reproduction ; oxidative stress

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