engleski

Effects of three strobilurin fungicides on survival, reproduction and biochemical parameters in Enchytraeus albidus

Due to their high efficiency, broad spectrum, and security to crops, strobilurin fungicides are among the most widely used agricultural fungicides. With extensive and continuous use, strobilurin fungicide residues can occur in soil, air, and water, leading to ecological impact and potentially adverse impact on nontarget organisms. Commercial preparations of fungicides often get applied directly in soil ecosystems through agricultural practices, even though only the effects of the active substance are included in common EU regulations. Thus, the toxicity of commercial fungicide preparations should be investigated in more detail to better understand their effects on e.g. enchytraeids that are known to play an important role in soil fertility and quality. In addition, enchytraeids are often used as a model organism in soil ecotoxicology. To fill the knowledge gaps about the impact of strobilurin fungicides on enchytraeids, this study evaluated the impact of three commercial products on E. albidus. To obtain a broader picture of the mode of action, multiple endpoints were assessed. The test species E. albidus was exposed to commercial fungicide products based on the active ingredients pyraclostrobin (Retengo), trifloxystrobin (Zato WG) and kresoxim-methyl (Stroby WG). Standard guidelines for the Enchytraeid Reproduction Test were followed. Standard enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT) showed that, in terms of survival, pyraclostrobin (LC50=7.57 mg/kg) was the most toxic, followed by trifloxystrobin (LC50 = 72.98 mg/kg) and kresoxim-methyl (LC50=73.12 mg/kg). Reproduction was affected in the same order (pyraclostrobin EC50=0.98mg/kg, trifloxystrobin EC50=9.39 mg/kg and kresoxim-methyl EC50=>30 mg/kg). Furthermore, tested fungicides exhibited adverse effects on MXR activity, biochemical parameters of oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S- transferase (GST) activity, and lipid peroxidation - malondialdehyde (MDA) content), and available energy (protein, lipid and carbohydrate content). Results of this study show a broad spectrum of negative effects of the investigated fungicides on enchytraeids, and also indicate the need to investigate, not only the active substances, but also the commercial preparations. Otherwise, environmental risks could be significantly underestimated.

Biomarkers ; Enchytraeidae ; Reproduction ; Strobilurin fungicide ; Ecotoxicology

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