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Determination of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa extracts obtained by conventional and deep eutectic solvents

Currently, there is a growing market demand for products derived from industrial hemp for food, recreational and medical use. This plant is widely known to be the major source of cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN). Cannabinoids are very significant group with strong remedial potential against inflammation, depression, nausea and epilepsy. On the other hand, THC is mostly responsible for psychotropic activities, so it is a controlled substance. Given that, cannabinoids are carriers of biological activity of industrial hemp, which is increasingly used in various forms (food, cosmetics or tinctures), it is important not just to develop a fast and reliable method of quantification of cannabinoids in hemp samples but to find the most suitable solvent and extraction conditions. The aim of this paper was to select the most suitable solvent and conditions among conventional (aqueous ethanol solutions (30-70% (v/v)), ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile) and hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (hDESs), as well as the development of HPLC method for the detection of cannabinoids in prepared extracts. Depending on the conditions used and the solvent, different cannabinoids were extracted. The solvents show different ability to extract cannabinoids, so the conclusion about a universal solvent for all cannabinoids cannot be made. However, in terms of CBD, as the best known cannabinoid and its precursor, CBDA, the most suitable solvent is ethanol when extracted at 70 °C for 30 min. On the other hand, the most suitable hDES is a menthol:acetic acid (1: 1) for 60 min at 70 °C. Using ethanol as solvent 7.57 ug/mg of plant CBD and 100.25 ug/mg of plant CBDA was extracted, while by using menthol: acetic acid(1:1) 10.0 ug/mg of plant CBD and 128.67 ug/mg of plant CBDA was extracted proving that hDES can be a good substitute in the extraction of bioactive components from industrial hemp.

Cannabis sativa ; hemp ; extraction ; cannabinoids ; hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents

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