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In vivo and in vitro cross-reactivity to fondaparinux in a stroke patient with IgG- PF4/heparin antibody-negative delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated adverse drug reaction caused by IgG antibodies to complexes of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin which can activate platelets, causing the release of prothrombotic platelet-derived microparticles that promote both arterial and venous thrombosis. Delayed- onset HIT is characterised by thrombocytopenia that begins or worsens several days after stopping heparin. These patients can be challenging to manage because of the very high titres of IgG antibodies to PF4/heparin complexes and higher IgG-induced heparin- dependent and heparin-independent platelet activation that causes life-threatening thrombosis and profound thrombocytopenia. First-line treatment of "classical" HIT includes stopping heparin and "switching" to a non-heparin anticoagulant, such as argatroban or bivalirudin. However, even in the absence of randomised trials, fondaparinux has been used worldwide to treat HIT, as the risk of HIT is thought to be negligible with this medication. In this paper, we present a case of in vivo and in vitro cross-reactivity to fondaparinux in an ischaemic stroke patient with IgG-PF4/heparin antibody-negative delayed-onset HIT.

delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia ; fondaparinux ; stroke ; heparin-induced platelet aggregation ; platelet factor 4 antibodies

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